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Determinants of resource-use conflicts
over access to land resources between
farmers and pastoralists in Tanzania.
Joseph P. Hella
Sokoine University of Agriculture
Morogoro - TANZANIA
Introduction
Tanzania is an agricultural based economy
Agriculture (crop & livestock) accounts for more that
26% of the GDP and 60% of value of export
The contribution of the livestock sub-sector to GDP
estimated at 18%, or about 30% of Agricultural GDP
Traditional sector sectors contribute most of
agricultural GDP in both crop and livestock sectors
Crop production 95% except tea
Livestock 90%
Despite limited contribution livestock in total GDP, its
contribution to livelihood of al Tanzania is tremendous
Livestock sector cont….
With 18 million herds of cattle Tanzania ranks 3rd in livestock
numbers in Sub-Saharan after Ethiopia & Sudan
About 90% of all domesticated livestock are traditional,
indigenous species of limited genetic potential in terms of
meat and milk production
Livestock are found in all parts of the country with the highest
concentration in semi arid areas,
Number of livestock is in the increasing trend (btw 2000 –
2005)
cattle by16% (from 15.6 to 18.5 millions),
goats by 30% (from 9.2 to 13.1 millions),
pigs by 64% (from 0.43 to1.2 millions) and
chicken by 10% (from 27 to 30 millions)
Estimated livestock population 2000-05
35
Population (millions)
30
Cattle
25 Goat
20 Sheep
15 Chicken
Pigs
10
5
0
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years
Background
There is pressure to increase areas under
conservation and to increase restrictions in
areas already conserved.
This is reflected by policies and legislations
like:
1. Forest Policy of 1998;
2. The Community Based Forest Management
Guidelines of 2001,
3. The Forest Act of 2002,
4. The Environmental Management Act 2004,
5. The Wildlife Policy of 1998,
6. The Strategic Plan for the Implementation of
the Land Acts (SPILL, URT 2005d).
Utilization of semi-arid land in
Tanzania
Government set aside most range lands as Game reserves, national
parks, protected areas
Serengeti,
Ngorogoro,
Ruaha etc
GOT has set aside for large scale farm – Arusha wheat complex
Maasai, Barbeig, and to some extent Sukuma and Gogo move
their herds throughout the year to optimize utilization of rangeland
resources for maximum meat and milk production as coping
strategies
Croppers use extensive production strategies to optimize
production due to high production risks due to high rainfall
uncertainty
WITH INCREASE IN POPULATION (Human & Livestock) IN
RELATION TO AVAILABLE RESOURCES – environmental tall
became inevitable
Trends of land reforms on
pastoralism
In Tanzania the trend has been unfolding
is as follows:
First the colonial legislation and
programmes viewed pastoral land as
reserves awaiting proper allocation and
exploitation.
Wildlife reserves and prime land for
settlers were always cut-out of the
rangelands.
Consequences - 3
Second, the post-independence state
through the adoption of the World Bank's
modernization strategies enacted for the
pastoralist development the Range
Development Act, 1964 which constituted
the official strategy of modernizing the
Massai, and other pastoralists.
The failure of the so-called range schemes
is a lesson on not only the limits of legal
engineering on social change but a
revelation on how the pastoralism can be
misconceived
Consequences - 3
Third, the pastoralist strategies changed
incrementally with the ujamaa
villagisation policy.
Ujamaa strategy emphasized
sedentarisation but failed to benefit the
pastoralist.
Consequences 4
Fourth, the liberalisation of the economy and
emphasis on privatisation fueled by the IMF/World
Bank agenda on markets and privatisation has
increasingly opened the rangelands to a host of
external forces.
Land acquired by the state either for direct
economic activity or for the 'conservation' (e.g.
Mkomazi game reserve and Ngorongoro
conservation area);
Incremental settlement by villagers and state
action required the sedentarisation of pastoralists;
Changes in land use planning and privatization.
Environmental effects
Build up of livestock in small areas
resulted to land degradation
Copping strategies
Reduce livestock number destocking to fit
available resources (less likely-way of life)
Look for new grazing land
Out migration to
new area
searching for
pasture and
water (more
likely)
Maasai
Barbeigh
Mang’ati
Sukuma
Pastoralist migrations
BUK O B A TAR IME
N
KA RA G W E MUS O MA
UKE RE W E
BUN DA SE RE NG E TI
SE NG E RE MA
MA G U
NG AR A NG O RO NG O R O
MW AN ZA
BIH AR AM UL O BA RIA DI
GE ITA KW IMB A
RO MB O
MA SW A MO ND ULI
ME ATU ARU SH A MO S HI
BUK O M BE SHI NY AN G A
MB ULU MW AN G A
KIB O ND O KA HA MA
SIM A NJ IRO
SA ME
NZE GA IRA MB A
KA S ULU LUS HO TO
HAN AN G
MUH EZA
URA MB O KO ND O A
SIN G IDA KO RO G W E TAN GA
KITE TO
TAB O RA HAN DE NI
PA NG A NI
KIG O M A
MP W A P W A
DO DO M A BA G AM O YO
SIK O NG E MA NY ON I
MP AN DA
KIL O SA
MO RO G O R O
KO NG W A
KIS A RA W E
MK URA NG A
IRIN G A
NKA S I
CHUN YA
RUFIJ I
MB AR AL I
SUM B AW A NG A MB EY A KIL O MB E RO
MUFI NDI
MB O ZI
RUNG W E ULA NG A KIL W A
LIW AL E
NJ O MB E
ILE J E
KY EL A
UFUNGUO
Njia toka Kanda ya Ziwa LUD EW A LIND I
RUA NG W A
Njia toka kanda ya Kati MTW AR A
NAC HIN G W E A
Njia toka Kanda ya Kaskazini SO NG E A NEW A LA
Zilizoanza karibuni MB ING A TUNDU RU MA SA S I
Previous studies at Mkata plain
in Kilosa district (Kisoza et al.)
Located in a cool mountain & plateau areas
with ample rainfall
Located adjacent to expansive arid and semi-
arid areas
Towards the 1890s Germans established
sisal plantations but collapsed in 1980s
Majority of inhabitants are immigrant
labourers
After the collapse of the estates, the
labourers settled into multi-ethic villages
Has Mikumi national park and some forest
reserves
Main land use – subsistence farming, large
scale farming, transhumance pastoralism
Spark of conflicts
The co-existence and sometimes overlapping
of different land use systems,
Associated with rapid population increase has
increased pressure on land resources and
strained relationships between different user
groups.
SOME EVIDENCE OF CONFLICTS WAS
APPARENT
Immediate solution was to set out villages
mainly for pastoralists (six villages)
Ntwatwa, Mabwegere, Kiduhi, Luhoza, Mfilisi
& Msowero
Conflicts conti….
Manifested at different intensities
including outright violence, tension,
hostility, competitions and
disagreement over goals and values
Intensity conflicts varied from
1- No Conflict
2- Tension
3- Arguments
4- Disagreement
5- Animosity
6- Violent clash
Objective of the study
To establish the main the
determinants of resource-use
conflicts in a multiple land use and
multiple ethic settings.
Sample size
Village No. HH Sample Sampling
size intensity (%)
1. Msowero 1,700 170 10
2. Mbwade 146 30 20
3. Twatwatwa 250 37 15
4. Mabwegere 90 30 30
2,186 267
Type of reported conflicts
Score and ranking of conflict level
Conflict types
Twatwatwa Mabweger Msowero Mbwade Rank
e
Inter-ethnic NA 1
conflicts
Village vs NA NA 2
Village
conflicts
Village vs state NA NA 3
agents
conflicts
Intra-ethnic NA NA NA 4
group
conflict
Determinant factors
Variables in equation β S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(β)
Herd size 4.276 1.201 12.673 1 .000* 7.197
Market integration .958 .541 3.133 1 .017* 2.607
State intervention 1.465 1.187 1.522 1 .217 4.326
Wealth heterogeneity .812 .532 2.330 1 .127 2.253
Local leadership strength -1.401 .762 3.379 1 .046* .246
Education level -1.215 .619 3.852 1 .050* .297
Migration levels -1.734 1.261 1.891 1 .169 .176
Constant
14.469 4.153 12.140 1 .000 .000
Model summary
- 2 log likelihood = 26.405
Nagelkerke R squared = 0. 846
Determinant factors
Herd size *+
Market integration *+
State intervention -
Wealth heterogeneity +
Local leadership strength *
Education level *
Migration levels +
Mechanism adopted following
clashes
By-law No. 1 of 2002, which provides for
the establishment of conflict resolution
committee at village level to provide fora
through which the pastoralists and
farmers can meet and resolve resource-
use conflicts at local levels.
Effectiveness of these committee is
mixed
Other stakeholders were not taken aboard
Limited understanding on the effect of
underlying causes on determining factors
Current situation: Wide spread
BUK O B A TAR IME
N
KA RA G W E MUS O MA
UKE RE W E
BUN DA SE RE NG E TI
SE NG E RE MA
MA G U
NG AR A NG O RO NG O R O
MW AN ZA
BIH AR AM UL O BA RIA DI
GE ITA KW IMB A
RO MB O
MA SW A MO ND ULI
ME ATU ARU SH A MO S HI
BUK O M BE SHI NY AN G A
MB ULU MW AN G A
KIB O ND O KA HA MA
SIM A NJ IRO
SA ME
NZE GA IRA MB A
KA S ULU LUS HO TO
HAN AN G
MUH EZA
URA MB O KO ND O A
SIN G IDA KO RO G W E TAN GA
KITE TO
TAB O RA HAN DE NI
PA NG A NI
KIG O M A
MP W A P W A
DO DO M A BA G AM O YO
SIK O NG E MA NY ON I
MP AN DA
KIL O SA
MO RO G O R O
KO NG W A
KIS A RA W E
MK URA NG A
IRIN G A
NKA S I
CHUN YA
RUFIJ I
MB AR AL I
SUM B AW A NG A MB EY A KIL O MB E RO
MUFI NDI
MB O ZI
RUNG W E ULA NG A KIL W A
LIW AL E
NJ O MB E
ILE J E
KY EL A
UFUNGUO
Njia toka Kanda ya Ziwa LUD EW A LIND I
RUA NG W A
Njia toka kanda ya Kati MTW AR A
NAC HIN G W E A
Njia toka Kanda ya Kaskazini SO NG E A NEW A LA
Zilizoanza karibuni MB ING A TUNDU RU MA SA S I
Conclusion
Resource - use conflicts in Mkata plains
are centred on interactions between
immigrant pastoralists and smallholder
farmers.
These conflicts assumes ethnic
dimensions mainly due to competitions
for shrinking resource which get
polarized to ethnic divide - pitting
Maasai pastoralists against other
farming ethnic groups.
Conclusion……
The presence or absence of conflict
mediating mechanisms or the social
institutions for conflict resolution are the main
reasons the outcome of conflict process
Sustainable management of natural
resources/livelihoods of communities who are
dependent on natural resources can only be
attained after resolving the inherent resource
use conflicts.
Conclusion……
With determinant factors mentioned above
these conflicts are far from over and might
be of higher dimension than before
The presence or absence of conflict
mediating mechanisms or the social
institutions for conflict resolution are the
main reasons the outcome of conflict
process
The WAY Forward
Formation and sustaining local conflict
resolution committee – varying success?
Enabling pastoral community to
participate into in decision making circles
over the sustainable resource use ?
NEED to improve our understanding
on causal-factors relationship on
conflicts and NEW GOVERNANCE
MECHANISMS
Sokoine University – key
players
Effort to expanding our understanding
about the problem
200e has funded a research 4 years project
worth US$ 140,000 – members’ of staff
investigate causes
New questions
Is indigenous knowledge irrelevant in natural
resource management?
Livestock & croppers’ conflicts over natural
resource use in Tanzania; Is it the institutional
failure or livelihood strategies
Lack of funds is the most limiting factor –
what about CoCooN program
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