Pascal and Archimedes

							Pascal and Archimedes


       P=Po+rgh




      Fbuoy=Wfluid_displ
   Typical content of the atmosphere
   (ppm by volume near the surface)
                    •    N2 780,900
                    •    O2 209,400
                    •    H2O variable (<20,000)
                    •    Argon 9,300
                    •    CO2    380*                NAAQS pollutants (ppm)
                                              •     CO 9 (Prim. standard)
                    •    Neon 18
                                              •     NO2 0.05      (NOx??)
                    •    Helium 5.2           •     O3 0.075
                    •    Methane 1.7*         •     SOx 0.03
                    •    Krypton 1            •     P10 150 mg/m3
                    •    Hydrogen 0.5         •     P2.5 15 mg/m3
                                              •     Lead 0.15 mg/m3



                        * Occur naturally, but variable due to human activity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif
              Atmospheric structure
   T up to 1500 K due to intense
   solar radiation



Chemical composition changes to be
richer in lighter gases, gravitational
stratification almost no H2O or ozone

 T relatively constant, increasing to
 About 200K at the stratopause


   Average dT/dh = -6 K/km
   The region of weather!


     http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html
          Troposphere and Ozone
http://www.weatherquestions.com/troposphere.jpg




                                      10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to
                                      40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

        http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html
           Temperature Inversion

                                                        In extreme cases
                                                        the temperature can
                                                        actually increase with
                                                        height.




http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_a_temperature_inversion.htm
           Temperature Inversion




http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/smog.htm
Example of an inversion (Scotland)




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_inversion
        Schanghai Dec. 1993




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sha1993_smog_wkpd.jpg
               Aerosols




http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Aerosols/
http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html   (2) As of Oct. 2008
    Health Effects:
Time and concentration

                  Sulfur dioxide as an
                  example
                                       On Road Vehicles

                                       Non Road Equipment

                                       Fires                    CO
                                       Residential Wood
                                       Combustion
                                       Industrial Processes

                                       Waste Disposal

                                       Fossil Fuel Combustion

                                       Electricity Generation

                                     Miscellaneous
http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm
                                       Electricity Generation

                                       Fossil Fuel Combustion

                                       Industrial Processes
                                                                SO2
                                       Non Road Equipment

                                       On Road Vehicles

                                       Fires

                                       Waste Disposal

                                       Residential Wood
                                       Combustion
                                     Solvent Use
http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm
                                      On Road Vehicles

                                      Electricity Generation
                                                               NO2
                                      Non Road Equipment

                                      Fossil Fuel Combustion

                                      Industrial Processes

                                      Fires

                                      Waste Disposal

                                      Residential Wood
                                      Combustion
http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm Use
                                        Solvent
Fires

Road Dust

Electricity Generation
                         PM2.5
Industrial Processes

Residential Wood
Combustion
Non Road Equipment

Waste Disposal

Miscellaneous

Fossil Fuel Combustion
                                   On Road Vehicles

                                   Solvent Use

                                   Fires
                                                            VOC’s
                                   Non Road Equipment

                                   Industrial Processes

                                   Residential Wood
                                   Combustion
                                   Miscellaneous

                                   Waste Disposal

                                   Fossil Fuel Combustion
http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm
 Air pollution profile for typical cities




What are the key trends you observed here, and what is behind those trends?
http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html   (2) As of Oct. 2008
         Summary of Tuesday
• Six pollutants controlled under NAAQS: CO,
  NO2, SO2, O3, PM-(2.5,10), Pb; VOC
  contributes to the formation of O3. Amounts
  released:~15 (NO) - 110 (CO) million tons/yr.
• Coal is a major source of PM-X and SO2
• Vehicles are major source of NO2, CO, VOC
  (and therefore O3).
• Temperature inversions concentrate
  pollution, they are not caused by pollution
  nor are they responsible for the pollutants in
  the first place.
K&H fig 8.13
   Typical TRACE
  Impurities in Coal
  (does not include
sulfur, which is not a
 trace impurity, but
 can be several %!)
•How much lead,
mercury, and uranium is
emitted per year in the
US by power plants
burning this stuff?
    Solution I: Build taller smoke stacks




http://science.howstuffworks.com/clean-coal.htm

                                  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_stack




        World’s tallest smoke stack (420 m) in Ekibastusz Kasakhstan at a
        1GWe coal-fired power plant (second tallest, at 380m) is at a nickel
        smelter in the North American Midwest. There are LOTS of tall stacks
        In the Midwest (many at power plants).
               Global wind patterns




http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/wwhlpr/hurricane_globalwinds.rxml?hret=/indexlist.rxml
            Acid rain
           patterns in
             the US


           NOTE: neutral
           water is pH=7;
           the lower the
           number, the
           stronger the
           acid.

ca. 2000
Pollution control devices:
       Power plant
      Control of particle emissions:
        Filters and precipitators
                             H.V. on a wire in the center




Cyclonic (better for large
                                   Electrostatic
>50 mm particles)
                                   (better for small
                                   particles)
                                             See also an IU article
                                             On coal and limestone:
                                     http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v20n3/p9.html




http://www.dukepower.com/environment/air/scrubber_diagram.pdf
    Auto emission controls
                                         •Catalytic Converter:
                                              •Reduce CO, NOx, VOC
                                         •Emission Gas Recirculation
                                         valve (EGR)
                                              •Reduces NOx
                                         •Electronic ignition control
                                              •Reduce CO, VOC
                                         •Positive Crankcase Vent.
                                         Valve
                                              •Reduce VOC emission
                                         •Gas vapor capture
                                              •Reduce VOC emission

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/catalytic-converter.htm
      Emission Standards for cars
             (grams/mile)

Pollutant   1975   1990     2004

VOC         3.4    0.41     0.15

NOx         3.1    1.0      0.43

CO          34     3.4      3.4
Chapter 9 Global Climate Change




http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif
                    Quiz 5
•   Three of the seven pollutants (the six NAAQS
    substances plus VOC’s) we discussed on
    Tuesday are produced in greater quantities
    through natural processes than through
    activities associated with mankind (so-called
    anthropogenic sources). Identify two of these
    three, and provide a BRIEF explanation for
    why we are more concerned with the
    anthropogenic sources than the natural
    sources of these pollutants.
Spectrum of Solar radiation at the
        Earth’s surface

                            H&K fig 6.2




                          Absorption bands due
                          to gasses like CO2,
                          H2O, CH4 etc. These
                          are the so-called
                          green-house gasses.
CO2 Concentrations and Temperature Change




         Note that total temperature change across
         several ice ages was only about 12oC or about 22oF.
http://www.whrc.org/carbon/   (Woods Hole Research Center)
                   Carbon Cycle




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle
Sediments and sedimentary                          1 petagram = 1.1x109 tons
Rocks could account for another
6x107 Petagrams!                                   CO2 emissions are some 65
(www.physicalgeography.net/9r.html)                times the CO emissions

                  http://www.whrc.org/carbon/   (Woods Hole Research Center)
           Carbon Sequestration
        (“Clean coal” as of ~ 2000)




          Research and Creative Activity, Oct 2008, IU OVPR publication

Note that “clean coal” is a term that has been around for a long time, but it
has only recently morphed into this incarnation. Originally it referred simply to
using low-sulfur coal, then to including emission control measures, and finally
to include limits on CO2 emissions. It’s true meaning in the mind of the user
is therefore to be taken with some appropriate degree of skepticism!
      Ozone in the atmosphere:
           good and bad




                                    10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to
                                    40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html
                                          Ozone levels at
                                          Halley Bay station
                                          (Antarctica)




http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html
          TOMS Satellite movie
(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)




http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/anim_toms.html
           TOMS Satellite movie
(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)




http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html
Hurricane Interior
               Global warming:
            What is the controversy?




http://www.junkscience.com/GMT/index.htm




 Interesting NPR story on recently rejected coal power plant in Kansas
 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15546026