Presentation Title Microsatellite Analysis of Yakima Basin Bull Trout

NPIC 2007 Abstracts "Fisheries and Development: Can They Co-Exist?" Program Abstracts By Day, Track, and Session Wednesday AM – Plenary Session Plenary Speaker: Fish and Wildlife Jeff Koenings. Ph.D. – Director, Washington Department of Abstract: Salmon managers must develop new tools or risk irrelevance in a rapidly changing biological, social, and policy environment. Many current salmon assessment and management tools were developed in a different era – an era when we knew substantially less about salmon, when wild salmon populations faced less stress from human development, and when hatcheries were viewed as fish production factories that could replace natural production. Salmon management has often been driven by the assessment of the abundance of a single stock in a stationary environment. Contrary to this simplistic approach, habitat conditions are not stationary, diversity and spatial structure contribute to population viability, and salmon are linked to a multitude of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. One previous keystone of salmon management, maximum sustainable yield, has limited relevance as we grapple with the erosion of the abundance, productivity, diversity, and spatial structure of salmon populations associated with habitat degradation. As we move toward 21st century management of salmon and steelhead, we must develop new analytical tools to improve and integrate our harvest, hatchery, and habitat management decisions and new management tools to increase the selectivity of our fisheries. Plenary Speaker: Aaron Adelstein -- Washington Master Builders' Built Green Program Building a Stewardship Ethic: The Changing Landscape of Development as Greener Building Enters the Mainstream Abstract: The greening of buildings and construction practices is the hottest topic in the building industry and has finally captivated a mainstream audience. This presentation will explore case studies of local developments that have incorporated low impact development practices and examine how and why many local builders are now paying attention to environmental stewardship. Plenary Speaker: Ron Sims -- King County Executive From Kings to Kokanee – Contributions Local Governments Can (Must) Make to Sustaining Salmon Abstract: Riding the wave of the recently approved Puget Sound Chinook Recovery Plan and the creation of the Puget Sound Partnership, this region is more prepared than ever to advance on achieving salmon recovery goals. The alternatives to returning our salmon to robust health and NPIC 2007 Abstracts sustainability are not true options if we value what makes this region great and unique. It is clear that the sustainability of fisheries and the viability of all of our salmon populations will not be possible without significant contributions from local governments. By virtue of our authorities, our capacity, and the interests of our constituents local governments are on the front lines of natural resource management. We must step up to meet our local and regional natural resource management challenges. We must also step up to national and global issues like climate change that may come to be determining factors in reaching our natural resource goals. Finally, we must form and sustain partnerships with harvest and hatchery mangers to keep us all moving in the right direction together. From Chinook to kokanee in Lake Sammamish and steelhead around the Puget Sound, we have ample opportunity, and a responsibility, to employ our resources, creativity, and passion to protect our natural resource heritage for this generation and generations to come. Wednesday Lunch Keynote Speaker: John Stein, Deputy Director, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Fisheries, Development, and the North Pacific – AFS and PICES Abstract: Sustainable fisheries are a challenge at many scales, from local to regional to global. Addressing the scientific issues and questions of how environmental and anthropogenic forcings and their interactions affect the productivity and abundances of commercial and recreational species is central to providing science advice to management decisions that will recover and sustain productive and resilient fishery species. Dominant pressures in our region are from human population increase along the coasts in the US and other Pacific Rim countries and the attendant climate change and alteration of habitat. For anadromous species and to some extent for marine species the effects extend from the headwaters to the ocean. How do we best address this set of complex scientific questions that span scales from local to global? Through multidisciplinary, collaborative studies and coordination, fisheries science can effectively address the pressing societal issues. I propose that the AFS and the North Pacific Marine Science Organization—PICES—should consider closer relations in fostering and supporting needed regional and basin scale science in the North Pacific, and that the NPIC could perhaps be a leader in marine science in AFS. Wednesday PM - Track 1 - Salmon Recovery Programs Overview Presentation Title: NOAA Perspective on Salmon Recovery Presenter Name: Rob Walton Authors: Rob Walton, NOAA Fisheries, 503 231-2285, rob.walton@noaa.gov NOAA is responsible for implementing the Endangered Species Act (ESA) for salmon and steelhead, the Magnuson Stevens Act, and trust and treaty fishing rights. Working with local, tribal, state and federal partners, we are developing recovery plans for 17 species of salmonids under the ESA -- three are finished. Plans describe the status and NPIC 2007 Abstracts factors of decline, limiting factors and threats; establish ―delisting‖ goals; identify strategies and actions; estimate time and cost to recovery; and discuss research, monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management strategies. Technical Recovery Teams, chaired by NOAA scientists, have advised each recovery effort. When the plans are completed, they will provide a ―roadmap‖ to recovery. Collectively, we face many challenges in implementing recovery plans and rebuilding the species so they no longer need the protection of the ESA, including funding, setting priorities and sequencing actions within and between the ―H’s.‖ One key challenge is better integration of habitat and fisheries management strategies. In my opinion, we need to forge broader alliances than ever before, with common interests and incentives, if we are to succeed in conserving and harvesting salmon and steelhead. Presentation Title: Recovering Salmon The Washington Way Presenter Name: Chris C. Drivdahl Author: Chris C. Drivdahl, Washington Governor's Salmon Recovery Office, (360) 9022580, chris.drivdahl@esa.wa.gov Abstract: Washington’s 1999 Statewide Strategy to Recover Salmon sets the standard for recovery efforts: to ―restore salmon, steelhead, and trout to healthy harvestable levels and improve habitat on which fish rely.‖ Goals include emphases on wild productive and diverse populations, a commitment to ensuring actions benefit salmon, and most importantly, an approach that encourages participation from citizens and recovery partners, recognizing regional and watershed actions are essential to success. Six selfcreated regional organizations have developed ESU-scale plans they have submitted to federal agencies as recovery plans under the federal Endangered Species Act section 4(f); these plans also meet the requirement of Washington’s Salmon Recovery Act. We believe the approach we are taking has a strong likelihood of changing the way salmon recovery – and watershed health – happens in our state. Regional organizations have become more than caretakers of their salmon recovery plans. They are providing a forum for community discussion about watershed health, about the future of what residents in an area want their hometowns to be. They have become the ―go-to‖ groups for mitigation and restoration work that occurs in their area. This ensures recovery plans become interwoven into the fabric of federal, state, and local actions. They are a roadmap for good stewardship and have function and value beyond recovering salmon: they change the way our natural resources are managed and provide a reliable, community-supported way of doing business. Presentation Title: Is recovery of lower Columbia River salmon a realistic goal? Population and factor-level analysis of recovery prospects Presenter Name: Ray Beamesderfer Author: Ray Beamesderfer, Cramer Fish Sciences, 600 NW Fariss Road, Gresham OR 97030, (503) 491-9577, beamesderfer@fishsciences.com NPIC 2007 Abstracts Abstract: Expected future changes in climate and human population of the Pacific Northwest have led to some cynical assessments of dim prospects for salmon recovery. We have all heard the litany: economic realities, population growth, increasing demands, and social ambivalence mean at best that billions of dollars of investment will produce only marginal results and at worst that efforts will fail. Over the last few years, a series of quantitative analyses of human impacts, salmon status, and recovery prospects have been completed as part of a recovery planning effort by the Washington Lower Columbia River Salmon Recovery Board. These analyses indicate that salmon recovery is realistic and even likely. Synergistic benefits of reductions in human impacts compounded across the salmon life cycle make substantial improvements feasible with significant but relatively modest efforts to address each threat. Small scale incremental improvements add up to large benefits over long periods of time. Over the last 10-20 years, new scientific insights into the causes of declines and an increased commitment to wild salmon protection and recovery, have led to implementation of a variety of beneficial measures that have already begun to reverse declining trajectories. Recovery will clearly require real investments by multiple stakeholders and wise choices on where to focus efforts. However, premature predictions of imminent failure are likely to turn into a selffulfilling prophecy which erodes efforts to sustain effective recovery strategies. Wednesday PM - Track 1 - Supporting Long-term, Large-scale Pacific Salmon Conservation with MALBEC Presentation Title: The salmon MALBEC project: A North Pacific scale study to support salmon conservation planning. Presenter Name: Dr. Nathan Mantua Authors: Xan Augerot, Wild Salmon Center; Ray Hilborn, University of Washington; Dr. Nathan Mantua, School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, The University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, (206) 616-7041, nmantua@u.washington.edu; Kate Myers, University of Washington; Randall Peterman, Simon Fraser University; Dave Preikshot, University of British Columbia; Greg Ruggerone, Natural Resources Consultants, Inc.; Daniel Schindler, University of Washington; Jack Stanford, The University of Montana; Nathan Taylor, University of Washington; Trey Walker, University of Washington; Carl Walters, University of British Columbia Abstract: A multi-investigator team has been synthesizing data and expert knowledge in order to develop a new simulation model-- Salmon MALBEC (Model for Assessing Links Between Ecosystems)--to support Pacific salmon conservation planning at the scale of the North Pacific basin at the scale of large ocean-draining river basins. MALBEC is designed to investigate threats to wild salmon ecosystems, with a special focus on integrating threats across the full life-cycle for major population groups. The model will allow users to explore hypotheses about Pacific salmon at the North Pacific scale: the effects of competition among salmon stocks (and species) in the North Pacific, the response of salmon stocks and species to climate change, and the possible effects of large NPIC 2007 Abstracts hatchery programs on natural and hatchery stocks from other regions. MALBEC is designed to conduct risk assessments based on different conservation, hatchery policy, and/or harvest management strategies. Presentation Title: Hatchery Versus Wild Salmon Production in the North Pacific Ocean Presenter Name: Greg Ruggerone Authors: Greg Ruggerone, Natural Resources Consultants, Inc., (206) 285-3480, GRuggerone@nrccorp.com; Brigitte Dorner, Simon Fraser University; Randall Peterman, Simon Fraser University; Kate Myers, University of Washington; Xan Augerot, Wild Salmon Center Abstract: Approximately five billion juvenile salmon are released each year from Asian and North American hatcheries and enter the North Pacific Ocean. Such high numbers of hatchery fish leads to concerns that competition for prey may reduce growth and possibly survival of wild salmon. However, there has been little effort to comprehensively document annual salmon releases by region throughout the Pacific Rim since completion of the database for NMFS in 1995. Furthermore, there are no comprehensive numbers of adult hatchery versus wild salmon returning to each region of the Pacific Rim each year. As part of an ongoing modeling effort to evaluate salmon responses to climate and competition at sea (MALBEC), we present preliminary numeric estimates of salmon released from hatcheries and numbers of adult hatchery versus wild salmon returning to each region of the Pacific Rim. We also show recent empirical evidence indicating that competition at sea can reduce growth and survival of salmon. We recommend development of a standardized hatchery release database (i.e., expansion of the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission database) and annual reconstructions of hatchery versus wild salmon returns to each region. Such data would facilitate evaluations of wild salmon stock status and further understanding of interactions between hatchery and wild salmon in the ocean. Presentation Title: Rearing, Movement, and Interactions among Pacific Salmon Populations in Marine Environments Presenter Name: Katherine W. Myers Authors: Katherine W. Myers, High Seas Salmon Research Program, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, (206) 543-1101, kwmyers@u.washington.edu; Robert V. Walker, High Seas Salmon Research Program, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington; Nancy D. Davis, High Seas Salmon Research Program, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Abstract: Over the past 50 years, marine research has provided a wealth of information on the distribution, movement, and trophic interactions of salmon in the North Pacific NPIC 2007 Abstracts Ocean and its adjacent seas. As input to MALBEC, we synthesized information on seasonal ocean habitats and diets of pink, chum, and sockeye salmon for key salmon production regions in Asia and North America. A simple classification scheme involving two seasons (winter-spring and summer-fall), 13 marine ecosystems, and 2 major diets (zooplankton and micronekton) was devised to capture major differences in ocean lifehistory traits of key salmon populations around the Pacific Rim. Conservation assessments at the scale of the entire North Pacific will illuminate the ―black box‖ of ocean effects on the population dynamics of salmon. Presentation Title: Marine carrying capacities, density-dependent growth, and survival in Pacific Salmon stocks. Presenter Name: Nathan G. Taylor Authors: N. Taylor, School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, The University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, (206) 221-5457, ngtaylor@u.washington.edu; N. Mantua, University of Washington; R. Peterman, Simon Fraser University; B. Dorner, Simon Fraser University; G. Ruggerone, Natural Resources Consultants, Inc.; C. Walters, University of British Columbia; K. Myers, University of Washington; T. Walker, University of Washington; R. Hilborn, University of Washington; D. Preikshot, University of British Columbia; D. Schindler, University of Washington; X. Augerot, Wild Salmon Center Abstract: We built models parameterized with marine density-dependent effects and show them to be more likely than those parameterized without. We fit 112 run-size time series to a stage-structured, spatially-explicit model of North Pacific salmon stocks (Model for Assessing Links Between ECosystems). The model predicts abundance and growth to vary with habitat capacity and the total salmon abundance in those habitats. While density-dependent growth, survival and marine carrying capacities are confounded, the conclusion is that data are better fit assuming that there is some limit on total salmon production, be it marine carrying capacity, or density-dependent effects on growth and survival. Thus, an individual salmon stock’s production is linked to ocean capacity and the abundance of other wild and hatchery salmon stocks it interacts with. We show model fits and explore some policy scenarios with future marine capacity changes, and hatchery releases. Presentation Title: Climate impacts on productivity in salmon habitat domains across the N. Pacific Presenter Name: Dave Preikshot Authors: Dave Preikshot, University of British Columbia, Fisheries Centre, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, (250) 715-1771, d.preikshot@fisheries.ubc.ca; Nathan Mantua, University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195-5020 NPIC 2007 Abstracts Abstract: Climate has been identified as the source of decadal bottom-up driven production changes in salmon habitats of the North Pacific by many research projects. However, direct comparison of decadal variation in salmon populations to similar longterm variation in phytoplankton and zooplankton populations has often proven to be difficult due to methodological incongruence between fisheries science and oceanography. Malbec provides a tool in which oceanographic and fisheries science data can be synthesised. We have, therefore, assembled three groups of lower-trophic-level long-term (1950 to the present) data: observed zooplankton biomass changes, simulated production anomalies from dynamic ocean ecosystem models, and simulated zooplankton biomass changes in a one degree resolution nutrients phytoplankton zooplankton (NPZ) model. These three types of long-term production change data are contrasted and used as MALBEC inputs to drive changes in the carrying capacities of salmon habitat domains in the North Pacific Ocean. Wednesday PM - Track 2 - Recent Advancements in Genetics That Will Aid Salmon Recovery Presentation Title: What Do Geneticists Really Think…And Are We Doing What It Takes To Back It Up? Presenter Name: Kenneth P. Currens Authors: Kenneth P. Currens, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 6730 Martin Way E., Olympia, WA 98516, (360) 528-4374, kcurrens@nwifc.org; and Craig Busack, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 Abstract: Salmon managers are found of saying ―Ask two geneticists the same question and you’ll get three different answers.‖ In fact, geneticists working with important species of fish are routinely asked for advice on risks of different management scenarios—often involving use of hatcheries—which requires expert judgment. But how much do geneticists really disagree? To answer this, we analyzed results of a survey of scientists with expertise in population genetics and salmon culture about genetic factors affecting fitness in wild and hatchery salmon. We compared results of published genetic research with the kinds of questions often asked geneticists. We also compared geneticists’ opinions about particular kinds hatchery programs with predictions from population genetics models developed using their estimates of genetic parameters affecting fitness. The results show that although there is a clear trend in how geneticists view risk, no two geneticists are likely to agree on particular aspects of fitness or hatchery programs. There appear to be at least two causes for many of these differences. First, most research is not focused on estimating the kinds of parameters used in population genetic models. Second, many geneticists may be using heuristics for their assessments rather than population genetic models parameterized with their best professional judgment. Presentation Title: Reproductive success of the captive-bred steelhead in the Hood River NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Hitoshi Araki Authors: Hitoshi Araki, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, 541-7374360, arakih@science.oregonstate.edu; William R. Ardren, Conservation Genetics Lab, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, 360-425-6072 ext. 339, William_Ardren@fws.gov; Robin S. Waples, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 206-860-3254, Robin.Waples@noaa.gov; Erik Olsen, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 541296-8045, Erik.A.Olsen@STATE.OR.US; Becky Cooper, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, 541-737-4360, cooperb@science.oregonstate.edu; Michael S. Blouin, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, 541-737-4360, blouinm@science.oregonstate.edu Abstract: Captive-breeding is now in place for restoring many species and populations. However, whether such programs actually increase the size of natural population remains unclear, and the impact of domestication on the reproductive capacity of captive-bred fish in natural environments remains largely untested. To address these issues, we conducted DNA-based parentage analyses of steelhead in the Hood River, Oregon. Based on the reconstructed pedigree for three generations (15 years, >15,000 samples), we directly evaluated a full-generation reproductive success of captive-bred fish in this river. We show that captive-bred fish that were reared in a hatchery for multiple generations suffers a significant decline in reproductive success in natural environments. The significant decline in the natural reproductive success was observed even in the second generation of captive-bred fish. Our results suggest that domestication can reduce the fitness of captivebred organisms very quickly, and that using captive-bred parents to reproduce captivebred progeny can have strong, negative impact on the restoration of endangered natural populations. Presentation Title: Genetic data estimate stocks of origin for the legal, sub-legal, landed, and age strata of the Area-2 non-treaty Chinook troll fishery Presenter Name: Scott M. Blankenship Authors: Scott M. Blankenship, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501, (360) 902-2783, blanksmb@dfw.wa.gov; and Jennifer Von Bargen, Mark E. Baltzell, and Doug A. Milward, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 Abstract: In this study we determined stock of origin for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caught in the Area-2 non-treaty Chinook troll fishery 2003 – 2005 using the genetic resources established by the Genetic Analysis of Pacific Salmonids (GAPS) consortium (i.e. genetic database and microsatellite markers). We report that microsatellite loci are highly effective at identifying stocks present in the Area-2 fishery. Estimates were precise, with error calculated to be 2% - 4% depending on the reporting group. Estimates of stock composition based on genetic data were compared to Fishery Regulation Assessment Model (FRAM) pre-season estimates for the NPIC 2007 Abstracts same 2003 fishery, which are based on CWT recoveries. We estimate from the genetic data that most Chinook captured in the 2003 fishery originate from five reporting groups (percentage ranges of stock composition incorporate estimated error): 1) 13%-21% California Central Valley fall, 2) 5%-9% lower Columbia River spring, 3) 12%-20% lower Columbia River fall, 4) 33%-41% mid Columbia River ―Tule‖, and 5) 4%-8% upper Columbia River summer. These stock composition estimates differ from the FRAM model estimates currently used by managers. The FRAM model estimates: 1) 10% California and Oregon stocks, 2) 2% lower Columbia River spring, 3) 35% lower Columbia River fall, 4) 53% mid Columbia River ―Tule‖, and 5) 5% upper Columbia River summer. The genetic data also provided stock composition estimates for sub-legal sized Chinook caught and released in the fishery and stock proportions by age class. We report that stock composition estimates were slightly different, but statistically identical, between legal and sub-legal sized Chinook encountered in the fishery. Additionally, stock composition was identical for the 3 and 4 year-old Chinook, the predominant ageclasses. Presentation Title: The Rainbow Trout Genome Map and Its Applications Presenter Name: Ruth B. Phillips Author: Ruth B. Phillips, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave., Vancouver, WA 98686-9600, (360) 546-9505, phllipsr@vancouver.wsu.edu Abstract: Our laboratory recently prepared the first genome map for rainbow trout by assigning the genetic linkage groups to specific chromosomes. We are currently working on refining the genetic map for rainbow trout and correlating it with genome maps being prepared by others for Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Salmonid genome maps are being prepared to assist in locating the genes underlying important phenotypic traits. Applications include development of disease resistant, rapid growing strains for aquaculture, a molecular test for genetic sex, and a better understanding of the genetic basis of life history variation and environmental adaptations of wild strains. Implications of our findings for evolution of duplicate genes and quantitative trait loci will be discussed. Presentation Title: Production and survival of naturally spawning hatcheryproduced vs. wild steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Forks Creek, Washington, U.S.A. Presenter Name: Todd R. Seamons Authors: Todd R. Seamons, University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, (206) 543-0103, seamonst@u.washington.edu; and Michael B. Dauer, Lorenz Hauser, Kerry Naish, andTom Quinn, University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Abstract: In light of a review of hatchery management and practices in Washington State, a panel of experts recommended pursuing one of two strategies to decrease or eliminate negative effects of hatchery fish: integration or segregation of wild and hatchery populations. Washington State hatchery winter steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are currently managed under what most closely resembles the segregated model. However, the efficacy of segregation has not been adequately assessed to date. Our study system, Forks Creek, a tributary of the Willapa River, is one example of such a management model. Using genetic approaches, we assigned naturally produced individual smolts and adults to one of three categories: hatchery, wild or unknown ancestry (i.e., unassignable). Smolts and adults of hatchery ancestry were detected every year; however, smolts and adults with wild ancestry consistently outnumbered hatchery ancestry fish in all years sampled (1996 – 2002). Fish with hatchery ancestry returned to Forks Creek at a lower rate than wild ancestry fish in four of seven years, suggesting lower survival of this population. Regardless, hatchery produced fish still have significant opportunity to spawn in the wild, and negative ecological interactions likely occur. Presentation Title: Microsatellite Analysis of Yakima Basin Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and Genetic Stock Identification of Bull Trout from a Radio Telemetry Study Presenter Name: Denise K. Hawkins Authors: Denise Hawkins, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., 360.902.2749, hawkidkh@dfw.wa.gov; Jennifer Von Bargen, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., 360.902.2823, vonbajfv@dfw.wa.gov ; Michael Mizell, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N.; Eric Anderson, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., 509.457.9301, anderea@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: The objectives for this study were to: 1) Develop a standardized microsatellite DNA baseline for Yakima Basin bull trout, 2) Examine genetic population structure, and 3) Determine population of origin for unknown fish from Mizell and Anderson 2006, WDFW radio telemetry study. A total of 190 bull trout samples from the Yakima River Basin were analyzed at 16 standardized microsatellite loci. Genotypic data for these fish are now available for addition to a comprehensive bull trout microsatellite baseline to be used in future studies. Tests of genotypic differentiation indicated highly significant differences among collections, with the exception of those from the American River and Union Creek, which support the data from the radio telemetry study. Genetic data was used to infer population of origin for 29 individuals with unknown population membership collected as part of this WDFW telemetry study of bull trout movement. Presentation Title: How much inbreeding leads to a decline in fitness in a hatchery population of steelhead, O.mykiss? NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Kerry Naish Authors: Kerry Naish, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, (206) 221-6375, knaish@u.washington.edu; and Michael Dauer, Todd Seamons, Lorenz Hauser, and Tom Quinn, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle. Abstract: The likelihood of mating between relatives, or inbreeding, increases when a population becomes smaller or receives few migrants over several generations. However, the relationship between degree of inbreeding and fitness is unknown in most organisms. In the absence of such knowledge, management may seek to counter the perceived effects of inbreeding by introducing unrelated individuals, but outbreeding may also lead to a decline in fitness. This conundrum is particularly important in artificially propagated salmon because declines in fitness may threaten the hatchery population, as well as any conspecific wild populations with which it may reproduce. Knowledge of the genetic consequences of inbreeding in hatchery salmon is therefore relevant to broodstock management. We have traced the pedigree of hatchery steelhead over three complete generations since their founding in 1996 with molecular markers. Using this pedigree, we have measured the rate of inbreeding in the population, and have examined the relationship between inbreeding and fitness-related traits in the second and third generation of returning adults. Our results show that minor changes in level of inbreeding affected fitness-related traits in the populations, and that these outcomes might be reduced by changing specific broodstock practises. This study is one of the first to show this effect, and demonstrates the relevance of molecular-based pedigrees to fitness studies in hatchery and wild populations. Presentation Title: The Role of Genetic Stock Identification in a Juvenile Salmon Ecology Study off Oregon and Washington Presenter Name: David Teel Authors: David Teel, NOAA Fisheries, 206 842-5832, David.Teel@noaa.gov; Donald Van Doornik, NOAA Fisheries, 360 871-8308, Don.VanDoornik@noaa.gov; David Kuligowski, NOAA Fisheries, 360 871-8308, David.Kuligowski@noaa.gov; Kym Corporon Jacobson, NOAA Fisheries, 541-867-0375, Kym.Jacobson@noaa.gov; Edmundo Casillas, NOAA Fisheries, 206 860-3313, Edmundo.Casillas@noaa.gov Abstract: The period following ocean entry is a critical life history phase for salmon growth and survival and the subject of a large ongoing study by scientists from NOAA fisheries, Oregon State University, and Oregon Health and Science University. The study’s core element is a series of juvenile salmon surface trawl surveys conducted each spring, summer, and fall in nearshore coastal waters off Oregon and Washington. We are using geographically broad microsatellite DNA baselines and applying Genetic Stock Identification (GSI) techniques to estimate mixture proportions and identify the origins of individual Chinook and coho salmon sampled in these surveys. To date, more than 6,500 juveniles sampled over nine years have been genotyped. Columbia River Basin juveniles NPIC 2007 Abstracts predominate in the ocean sampling areas and overall greater than 85% of the Chinook salmon and 60% of the coho salmon originated in the basin. However, stock proportions and abundances of juveniles vary greatly across seasons and years and for some Columbia River Basin stock groups these fluctuations are correlated with subsequent adult returns. In this presentation we illustrate our synthesis of GSI results with collaborative data on catch rates, fish size, pathogens, and hatchery marks to explore stock-specific patterns of juvenile abundance, distribution, and movement. Presentation Title: Introduction to molecular genetic markers used in fishery management Presenter: Sewall F. Young Author: Sewall F. Young, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 360-902-2773, youngsfy@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: Fisheries scientists have used population-level genetic variation to estimate the stock composition of multi-population assemblages for about 30 years. Early genetic fishery analyses relied on electromagnetic charge differences between alternative forms of enzymes that resulted in differential migration of the allozymes in an electrical field. Allozyme studies were characterized by stringent sample storage requirements, the need for vital organ tissue, low per/locus polymorphic information content, and detection of about 1/3 of genetic variants. Some early DNA fishery applications used Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism to identify sequence variation. Those assays could collect large amounts of data on DNA variation, but were not easy to scale to highthroughput applications. By the early 1990s, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -based assays of microsatellite variation were applied to fish. Microsatellites generally have high per/locus information content and assays can achieve moderately high throughput, but high numbers of alleles at a locus make allele frequency estimation difficult. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays are gaining prominence in fisheries applications. SNPs generally are di-allelic; however, SNPs are abundant in salmon genomes, and their assays are suitable for high-throughput applications and easy inter-laboratory standardization. SNP discovery efforts can focus our search on variations that distinguish between specific population groups. Presentation Title: The economy of SNPs for genetic stock identification work in Pacific salmon Presenter Name: Christian T. Smith Author: Christian T. Smith, Abernathy Fish Technology Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, (360) 425-6072, Christian_smith@fws.gov Abstract: Several years have passed since initial reviews of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) predicted that technical attributes of these markers would make them NPIC 2007 Abstracts prominent in conservation genetic studies. Several of the attributes discussed in those reviews, including modest development costs and low analysis costs, suggested that SNPs might also be useful for stock identification work. Here I review ongoing stock identification work in Chinook, chum and sockeye salmon to evaluate predictions made by the reviews. Technical attributes of SNPs, such as simple laboratory analysis and automated genotype scoring, become increasingly advantageous with increasing sample loads. Marker development and analysis costs are still higher than were predicted, but the cost of using SNPs relative to other markers will depend on the required level of resolution. While infrastructure and analysis costs might be reduced by employing novel genotyping techniques, high-throughput application of many remains to be tested. An economic advantage of SNPs not noted in early reviews is the ease with which SNP data are combined across laboratories. This advantage is directly proportional to the number of laboratories involved in a study. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Thursday June 7, 2007 Thursday AM - Track 1 - Session: Salmon Recovery in Light of Changing Habitats Presentation Title: Effect of Changing Land Use on the Distribution of Coho Salmon Presenter: Robert E. Bilby Authors: Robert E. Bilby, Weyerhaeuser Co., Federal Way, WA 98067, 253-924-6557, bob.bilby@weyerhaeuser.com; Lauren A. Mollot, Weyerhaeuser Co., Federal Way, WA 98067, 253-924-4989, lauren.mollot@weyerhaeuser.com Abstract: In many areas of the Pacific Northwest, salmon populations are found in watersheds undergoing rapid development. Determining the impact of these changes on salmon has been complicated by the lack of population data and interannual variability in salmon abundance. We utilized counts of returning coho salmon from 1984 through 2001 at 84 sites in four Puget Sound basins to determine if changes in land use correlated with alterations in the distribution of spawning fish. Land use changes were determined using Land Sat imagery, county zoning designations and aerial photographs. Salmon spawning declined about 75% over the study period at sites with increased urban land use. Increases in spawning were observed at forested sites and those that experienced an increased rural residential use. Current zoning indicates that future development in these four basins will primarily occur in areas accessible to coho salmon; only 35% of the area downstream from barriers to anadromous fishes is designated as forest. Spawning salmon were not evenly distributed among the 84 study sites; some sites consistently supported large numbers of fish and others very few. Maintaining salmon populations in rapidly developing areas will likely require the identification and protection of these highly productive sites and steering development to areas of lower productivity. Presentation Title: The Columbia River Estuary Recovery Plan Module: Setting the Stage for Recovery. Presentation Title: Private Industry and Salmon Recovery: A New Model Presenter: Kelley K. Jorgensen Authors: Kelley K. Jorgensen, NorthernStar Natural Gas, Bradwood Landing Environmental Manager, cell 971-285-6874, kjorgensen@northernstar-ng.com; Cleve Steward, Steward and Associates (www.stewardandassociates.com), Sustainable Fisheries Foundation, USA (www.sff.bc.ca), Tel. 360-862-1255, csteward@stewardandassociates.com; Daniel Evans, Dan Evans Consulting, 206.624.2144, danielsevans@mac.com NPIC 2007 Abstracts Abstract: As everyone knows, federal, state and local governments and organizations play key roles in managing and recovering species and their habitats. Thousands of local citizens and non-profits also participate and are essential to the restoration and recovery process. So what can private industry do to help recover declining species and restore degraded habitats? In keeping with NorthernStar’s commitment to sustainable development—improving economic, environmental, and community health—the company's natural gas energy project at Bradwood Landing on the lower Columbia River has been designed to provide a net benefit to the region. The goal to maximize social and environmental benefits includes three components: (1) innovative project design, construction, operations, and maintenance plans to maximize avoidance and minimization of adverse environmental impacts; (2) robust compensatory mitigation measures for unavoidable impacts; and (3) implementation of the Salmon Enhancement Initiative (the ―SEI‖). Our presentation will focus on the SEI, which is separate from the avoidance and mitigation measures of the project. SEI represents a substantial monetary commitment (up to $59 million) to the conservation of the lower Columbia River ecosystem. Beginning with a $7 million contribution at the outset and continuing at a rate of approximately $1.2 million per year over the life of the project, SEI will fund aquatic and terrestrial habitat conservation efforts under the direction of local stakeholders and experts applying best available science and plans. Presentation Title: Habitat resilience, disturbance, and intrinsic potential Presenter Name: Kelly M. Burnett Authors: Kelly M. Burnett, PNW Research Station, 541-750-7309, kmburnett@fs.fed.us; Gordon H. Reeves, PNW Research Station, 541-750-7314, greeves@fs.fed.us; Daniel J. Miller, Earth Systems Institute, 206-633-1792, danmiller@earthsystems.net Abstract: We explore resilience in terms of the capacity of streams in the Oregon Coast Range to provide habitats for Pacific salmonids in the face of anthropogenic disturbance. Thus, the spatial distribution of areas with high intrinsic potential is compared for coho salmon and steelhead relative to likely sources of natural and human disturbance. Intrinsic potential expresses the capacity of a stream to support high-quality habitat for a species and is based on attributes of stream gradient, constraint, and size. For channel networks in the study area, debris flows are important natural disturbances. Forestryrelated activities are the most wide-spread cause of human disturbance in reaches with high-intrinsic potential for both species. However, a larger percentage of the area adjacent to high intrinsic potential reaches for coho than for steelhead is managed by private landowners for short-rotation industrial forestry, agriculture, and urban uses. These uses can alter floodplain characteristics and increase sediment delivery to stream channels. This and the fact that high-intrinsic-potential reaches for coho are depositional areas have coupled to reduce the resilience of streams to provide habitat for this species across the study area. Focusing restoration on watersheds where high-intrinsic potential reaches are concentrated may help recover resilience more quickly. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presentation Title: Does sufficient habitat remain to support viable Chinook salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest of the United States? A spatially explicit assessment of spawning and rearing habitat in Puget Sound Presenter Name: Beth L. Sanderson Authors: Beth L. Sanderson, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, 2725 Montlake Blvd East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA, 206-860-3410, Beth.Sanderson@noaa.gov ; Krista Bartz; Jeremy Davies; Kerry Lagueux; Tim Beechie; Mary Ruckelshaus Abstract: The present-day ability of freshwater habitat to support and sustain healthy populations of salmon is markedly different from historical conditions in the Pacific Northwest. In Puget Sound, where Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are listed as threatened under the ESA, we have developed methods for quantifying landscape-scale changes in available habitats used by adult and juvenile life stages. Our approach for deriving coarse-scale estimates of current and historical chinook spawning habitat utilizes geospatial and empirical data to develop a spawning suitability index for individual stream reaches. This index is derived using stream gradient, estimated bank full width, and riparian condition. Results indicate that anthropogenic barriers exclude adult chinook from large areas of formerly accessible potential spawning habitat, and that estuarine and nearshore habitats are greatly reduced. Land use adjacent to potential spawning sites varies considerably indicating that a range of strategies will be needed in recovery planning. We assess the validity of our approach with field data and information from finer-scale analyses and watershed groups. Results will help identify large-scale patterns of habitat loss, compare current versus historical potential of Puget Sound watersheds to support chinook, and integrate with life-cycle models to assist watershed groups in setting protection and restoration goals. Presentation Title: The Columbia River Estuary Recovery Plan Module: Setting the Stage for Recovery Presenter Name: Cathy E. Tortorici Authors: Patty Dornbusch, National Marine Fisheries Service, 503/230-5430, patty.dornbusch@noaa.gov; Scott McEwen, Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership, 503/226-1565, x226, McEwen@lcrep.org; Cathy Tortorici, National Marine Fisheries Service, 503/231-6268, cathy.tortorici@noaa.gov; Phil Trask, PC Trask & Associates, Inc., 503/240-3973, pctrask@comcast.net Abstract: The Columbia River Estuary Recovery Plan Module (Estuary Module) evaluates recovery actions for the lower 146 miles of the Columbia River and the Columbia River plume. Information from the National Marine Fisheries Service’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center and locally based planning documents was used to develop the Estuary Module. When finalized, the Estuary Module will be incorporated into all of the Columbia River recovery plans for salmon and steeled, thus providing the NPIC 2007 Abstracts basis of estuary recovery actions for Endangered Species Act –listed salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River Basin. The core of the document includes 23 management actions. The management actions range from protecting habitat and reducing salmon and steelhead predation to addressing pollution inputs to the Columbia River estuary. Those management actions are broadly divided into categories to address a number of identified threats to ESA-listed salmon and steelhead, including flow regulation, dredging, in-water structures, habitat loss, and pollution. The document also outlines the needs for various types of monitoring including status and trends, implementation, and action effectiveness. The Estuary Module’s strength is the document’s integration of science and policy into an understandable form that has current application to the decision-making on steelhead and salmon management in the Columbia River Basin. Thursday AM - Track 1- Session -- Changing Fisheries Management for Salmon Recovery Presentation Title: Making ESA Determinations Regarding the Effects of Harvest of Listed Salmon and Steelhead Presenter Name: Peter Dygert Author: Peter Dygert, NOAA Fisheries, (206) 526-6734, peter.dygert@noaa.gov Abstract: NOAA Fisheries is required to make jeopardy determinations regarding the effects of any proposed action based on the best available information. The statute and regulations provide an outline of the information that must be considered in an ESA determination. However, within this broad outline, the details of our approach to harvest consultations vary depending on circumstances related to each consultation, and available information. The nature of the available information in particular has evolved over time and is likely to continue to change in ways that will allow us to refine our analysis and bring increasing certainty to the outcome. Presentation Title: Harvest Management and the 4-d consultation process using RERs Presenter Name: Norma Jean Sands Authors: Norma Jean Sands, NWFSC, NOAA, (206) 860-5607, norma.sands@noaa.gov; Susan Bishop, NW Region, NOAA, (206) 526-4587, susan.bishop@noaa.gov Abstract: When a species is listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), any take, such as incidental harvest, must go though a section 7 or a 4-d consultation with NMFS, NOAA. One approach that has been used for Puget Sound and Lower Columbia River Chinook is for NMFS to determine the rebuilding exploitation rate (RER) that a population can withstand and still allow for rebuilding while recovery actions occur and NPIC 2007 Abstracts compare this with the proposed exploitation rate in the harvest management plans. RERs are based on estimates of current productivity and capacity of the salmon population, the uncertainty in those estimates, the error in obtaining targeted exploitation rates (management error), and critical lower and upper threshold levels for escapement. The allowable exploitation rate from this analysis is such that the population doesn’t go below the lower threshold more than 5% of the time over 25 years and ends up (average of last 5 years) above the upper threshold 80% of the time. The lower threshold is generally the lowest observed escapement that produces greater than 1:1 recruits per spawner and is above the quasi-extinction level. The upper threshold is often the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) value if the population has data that produces a significant spawner-recruit function. When a MSY is not well defined by the data, the current or recent average escapement may be used. Since the analyses requires the upper threshold to be obtained 80% of the time, this results in average increased escapement levels. RERs need to be reevaluated on a regular schedule to reflect changes in the status of the salmon populations. Presentation Title: Steelhead Science & Management for the 21st Century Presenter: Jim Scott Author: Jim Scott, Chief Fish Scientist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Abstract: Steelhead, the Washington State fish, is an icon of the Pacific Northwest and has been a source of important cultural and economic benefits throughout the region’s history. Although once abundant throughout much of the state, five of the seven Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) within the State of Washington are listed under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). To restore and preserve this important resource, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (the Department) initiated a multi-step process to improve the management and status of steelhead in Washington. The first step in this process was to lay the scientific foundation for the subsequent development of improved management plans. Drawing on decades of research and recent analyses, a comprehensive scientific review documented the geographical distribution, status, population trends, life history, habitat requirements and harvest history of steelhead. Among the findings of the review are that: 1) fishery management is rapidly shifting from an approach focused on the abundance of a single species to consideration of a wide range of factors, including genetic diversity, productivity, spatial distribution and community ecology; 2) effective steelhead management must consider habitat, harvest and hatchery practices through an integrated strategy, rather than considering these factors in isolation; 3) the proportion of natural-origin steelhead caught by anglers in Washington declined from 26 percent in the 1987-1988 season to approximately 1 percent in the 2004-2005 season, largely due to selective-fishing rules adopted in the mid-1980s; 4) the widespread use of Chambers Winter and Skamania Summer steelhead hatchery broodstock poses a high potential genetic risk; and 5) habitat degradation has resulted in the loss of an average of 83 percent of the potential production of the 42 steelhead populations assessed in Washington. Findings and recommendations from the NPIC 2007 Abstracts review will be incorporated into a statewide steelhead plan that WDFW is now developing. Presentation Title: Incorporating Diversity Characteristics into the Viability Criteria for Recovering ESA-Listed Summer Chum Salmon Presenter Name: William Graeber Authors: William H. Graeber, Stillwater Sciences, 112 4th Ave E. Suite 200, Olympia, WA 98501, (360) 754-2990, graeber@stillwatersci.com; PUGET SOUND TECHNICAL RECOVERY TEAM (William Graeber, Norma Jean Sands, Ken Currens, Mary Ruckelshaus, Robert Fuerstenberg, and Kit Rawson) Abstract: The Puget Sound Technical Recovery Team (TRT) has two main tasks of for summer chum salmon; identify the populations within the ESU and describe the viability criteria. Four criteria (referred to as Viable Salmonid Population or VSP criteria) are used to guide and evaluate efforts to recover anadromous Pacific salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations: abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and diversity. Of these criteria, application of spatial structure and diversity to the restoration and management of anadromous salmon populations substantially lags efforts to apply the other two viability concepts. Diversity refers to within and between population differences in genetic, life history, and ecological characteristics. This paper describes the TRT’s analytical approach to describing the diversity attributes of the ESU and application of that information in establishing diversity criteria. Thursday PM - Track 1- Session -- Hatchery Reform Presentation Title: H-Degrees of Separation: Using the AHA Model to Explore a Segregated Population Scenario in the Snoqualmie Basin Presenter Name: Janne Kaje Author: Janne Kaje, Snoqualmie Program Development Lead, King County – Water & Land Resources Division, (206) 205-8309, janne.kaje@metrokc.gov Abstract: The ―All-H Analyzer‖ or ―AHA‖ model is being utilized in a number of watersheds to explore the genetic interactions of hatchery fish and their natural-origin counterparts. The WRIA 7 Technical Committee has used the model to examine the interplay of assumptions about habitat condition, harvest management and the straying of hatchery fish into the Snoqualmie Basin. According to the results, each of these factors has a profound effect on the long-term viability of wild Fall Chinook in the basin. In particular, the long-term genetic fitness of the wild population is very sensitive to the proportion and spawning effectiveness of hatchery-origin strays. Our analysis suggests important implications for monitoring and management of all three H’s. Presentation Title: Natural Rearing Techniques in Fish Hatchery Design NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Ed Donahue Author: Ed Donahue, HDR|FishPro, (360) 871-2727, ed.donahue@hdrinc.com Abstract: In the Pacific Northwest NOAA Fisheries, along with other interested agencies, have developed and refined various techniques toward the goal of designing and operating fish restoration programs that have an objective of enhanced supplementation and restoration attributes. The process requires the close integration of fisheries biologists and fisheries engineers, with the biologist taking the lead on appropriate concepts. The presentation includes actual bio-programs that integrates design, construction and operation of existing major fish restoration facilities. We will discuss relative charts, pictures, challenges in the design and appropriate technical/biological background information. Presentation Title: A field evaluation of traditional and enriched hatchery rearing environments: effects on the behavior, growth, and survival of hatchery and natural juvenile steelhead. Presenter Name: Christopher P. Tatara Author: Christopher P. Tatara, NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Resource Enhancement and Utilization Division, P.O. Box 130, Manchester WA 98353, (360) 8718304, chris.p.tatara@noaa.gov Abstract: One component of hatchery reform is to produce fish with high survival and the behavioral characteristics of their wild conspecifics. We reared steelhead fry under natural (stream), enriched hatchery, and conventional hatchery conditions, and released them into 6 enclosed sections in each of 2 streams to evaluate the effects on the survival, growth, and behavior of natural and hatchery fish. Survival of natural fry was significantly greater after 6 weeks in the stream than both types of hatchery fry with no differences between fry from the two hatchery environments. Growth rates differed between streams, but not among rearing treatments. Natural fry grew and survived equally well when stocked with conventional and enriched hatchery fry. There were no significant differences in foraging and aggressive behavior among rearing treatments, but both behaviors in natural fry were affected by the type of hatchery fry stocked. We conclude that upon release: (1) hatchery fry grew as well but did not survive as well as natural fry, (2) enriched rearing environments did not improve growth or survival, and may not be necessary to produce natural social behaviors, (3) stocking fry from enriched hatchery environments may have altered the behavior of the natural resident steelhead fry, but did not affect their growth and survival any more than fry from traditional hatchery environments. Thursday PM - Track 1- Session -- The Role of Watershed Groups in Salmon Recovery NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presentation Title: An overview of watershed group involvement in Washington State salmon recovery Presenter Name: Jeanette Dorner Author: Jeanette Dorner, Salmon Recovery Program Manager, Nisqually Indian Tribe, Lead Entity Advisory Group Chair, (360) 438-8687 x2135, jdorner@nwifc.org Abstract: Salmon recovery work in Washington State is carried out by an intricate and diverse network of stakeholders working at local, watershed, regional, and state scales. When one considers just the sheer number of players involved, watershed scale work may be the most complicated scale to understand. Watershed councils, lead entities, tribes, government agencies (local, state and federal), regional enhancement groups, and nongovernmental organizations all play an important salmon recovery role within individual or multiple watersheds. But Endangered Species Act delisting and recovery of salmon must happen at an Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) scale, which in places like Puget Sound involve many watersheds, so it is important to clarify how individual watershed work can be coordinated over an entire ESU. This presentation will summarize the roles of various watershed scale salmon recovery groups throughout the state and discuss where each group fits, or should fit, into the overall salmon recovery picture. Presentation Title: The Role of Regional Fisheries Enhancement Groups Presenter Name: Heather Bartlett Author: Heather Bartlett, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501, (360) 902-2662, bartlhrb@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: The Regional Fisheries Enhancement Group (RFEG) Program was legislatively created in 1990 to provide a citizen-based branch of salmon recovery and enhancement. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) was charged with actively supporting the RFEG program. Individual RFEGs are very active within their communities working with local businesses, governments, landowners, and volunteers. The RFEG Program is one of the most grassroots-based salmon recovery initiatives in the state, providing outreach and education, maintaining citizen and landowner relations, and building local support for salmon recovery. Their boards are made up of local interests. RFEG members sit on Lead Entity technical and citizen committees. Each RFEG works with WDFW regional office staff, which includes a Watershed Steward who works with both RFEGs and Lead Entities. Projects are funded through WDFW, other state, local and federal grants, the Salmon Recovery Funding Board (SRFB), and private grants and donations. Since 1995, the RFEGs have leveraged $12.5 million of state and federal funding into an additional $73.8 million through partnerships and collaborations. This is a total investment in salmon restoration of $86.4 million. Fourteen RFEGs serve as invaluable project sponsors, working with landowners, NPIC 2007 Abstracts volunteers, and local contractors to complete on-the-ground restoration and enhancement projects. Presentation Title: South Sound Nearshore Restoration Opportunities Presenter Name: Lance Winecka Author: Lance Winecka, South Puget Sound Salmon Enhancement Group, (360) 4120808, Lancew@spsseg.org; Kristin Williamson, SPSSEG, (360) 412-0808, Kristinw@spsseg.org; Eli Asher, SPSSEG, (360) 412-0808, Elia@spsseg.org Abstract: Nearshore restoration has taken center stage for Puget Sound salmon recovery as scientists and resource planners refine multi-species, ecosystem-based recovery strategies. The South Puget Sound Salmon Enhancement Group (SPSSEG) has received Salmon Recovery Funding Board (SRFB) grants to identify, develop, and implement a range of nearshore restoration project in South Puget Sound. Science based projects with willing landowners are targeted by SPSSEG to maximize the restoration potential of natural geomorphic shoreline processes. This presentation includes synopses of four inprogress projects: shellfish berm removal, bulkhead replacement (with bioengineered soft-armoring), spit restoration, and estuary road removal. Nearshore restoration on this scale is relatively new to Puget Sound, drawing attention from diverse stakeholder groups. Each project presents unique challenges and opportunities. Significant data gaps and interdisciplinary communication challenges have slowed early nearshore efforts, but ongoing partnerships between the research and project implementation will eventually yield superior project designs benefiting all nearshore-dependent species. SPSSEG is proud to be an early implementer of nearshore projects and is actively developing productive working relationships with landowners, researchers, governments, tribes, and other stakeholders. Presentation Title: The Siuslaw Partnership: Our 25-year Metamorphosis Presenter Name: Charley Dewberry Author: Charley Dewberry, Ecotrust, 721 NW Ninth Ave, Suite 200, Portland, OR 97209, (541) 997-9360, cdewberr@presys.com Abstract: The Siuslaw Partnership is a loosely knit group of local individuals and state and federal agencies that have wrestled with restoration of our home watershed for over 25 years. Probably the only thing that we hold in common is a commitment to local efforts. We believe that others will come with silver bullets, claim success, and leave. Restoration is a centuries long process of recovering landscape processes and our fish populations. It is an endeavor for our children’s children. Our other commonly held beliefs include: Restoration is as much art as science,; to institutionalize the restoration efforts would kill it. And lastly spend as much time as possible understanding how the fish are linked to the landscape. In 2005, the Siuslaw Partnership won the Thiess Riverprize for the best international river restoration project. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Thursday AM - Track 2- Innovations in Fisheries Technology Presentation Title: Innovative Technology to Deter Marine Mammal Predation on Fish Populations Presenter Name: Carl V. Burger Author: Carl V. Burger, Smith-Root, Inc, (360) 573-0202 Ext 112, cvburger@smithroot.com Abstract: Pinniped predation on salmonids increased following passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972). A Department of Commerce Report to Congress (1999) identified a pressing need for methods to deter this predation in Pacific Northwest rivers. Large numbers of listed salmon, steelhead and sturgeon are consumed by sea lions and seals (e.g. at Bonneville Dam, Columbia River), complicating recovery plans and prompting resource managers to request ―lethal take‖ authority. We describe a new approach and a novel concept to control marine mammal predation on fishes that could lessen the need for lethal removals. This new application of existing technologies combines a sonar array (to identify specific ―targets‖) with an electric barrier, to deter marine mammals from areas where salmonids and sturgeon congregate. This passive deterrence system delivers brief, non-lethal electric pulses without harm to pinnipeds or nearby fish. Its low-voltage, direct current (DC) gradient does not affect boats or boat traffic. Sonar cues barrier operation and distinguishes marine mammals based on anatomy and swimming patterns. The non-lethal electric pulses occur only when a seal or sea lion ―target‖ is detected. Design criteria include considerations for sturgeon and unimpeded fish passage. Based on recent tests of underwater electrode arrays on captive seals (Vancouver B.C. Aquarium) and on pinnipeds in-situ (Puntledge River, B..C.), marine mammals are extremely sensitive to a very mild, underwater electric field, at levels well below those used in fisheries electrofishing programs. These results are a scientific first (no previous published accounts of effects of electricity on pinnipeds exist), and they suggest the selective deterrence of marine mammals with underwater, DC electrode arrays. An additional demonstration project is needed in a Columbia River Basin tributary, where pinniped predation on salmon and sturgeon is substantial. If successful, this array will help stakeholders and co-managers resolve controversial resource conflicts with pinnipeds in the Columbia and other river systems where marine mammal predation is complicating fish population recovery. Presentation Title: A Combined Split-Beam Narrowband / Single-Beam Broadband Sonar for Cueing Electric Barriers for Marine Mammal Deterrence Presenter Name: Patrick K. Simpson Authors: Patrick K. Simpson, Scientific Fishery Systems, (907) 563-3474, pat@scifish.com; Alexander B. Kulinchenko, Scientific Fishery Systems; Jae-Byung Jung, Ph.D., Scientific Fishery Systems NPIC 2007 Abstracts Abstract: Smith-Root, Inc. and Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. are jointly developing a marine mammal deterrence capability with the objective of preventing marine mammals from moving upstream in a river or channel. The concept utilizes a sonar system downstream of the electric barrier to detect, classify, track and identify targets in the water column. If a marine mammal is identified with sufficient confidence, a signal is sent to the control system and the electric field is activated. The electric field then acts as a deterrent, preventing the marine mammal from moving beyond the barrier. Narrowband split-beam sonar systems like those that are used in fisheries have demonstrated the ability to detect and track targets and have become a staple for fisheries researchers over the past decade. The introduction of broadband sonar technology over the past ten years has provided additional information for detection and identification of targets. Recently, these two systems have been combined into a single unit that interweaves narrowband split-beam pings with broadband single-beam pings to allow target tracking, beam compensation, and some target discrimination capability in a lowcost, portable unit, offering operational ranges up to 400 meters, with the ability to automate the detection, tracking, and identification operations. We will describe the sonar system being envisioned for possible use in the Columbia River Basin; discuss the specifics of the signal processing proposed for detection, tracking, and identification functions; and some initial results in tracking and target discrimination. These preliminary results represent our initial efforts at examining the feasibility of this approach. An integrated system is envisioned, to be deployed in efforts to limit upstream movements of pinnipeds and their predation on endangered salmon, steelhead and sturgeon populations in the Columbia Basin. Presentation Title: Survey of applications in fisheries assessment and behavioral studies using the Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) Presenter Name: Edward O. Belcher Author: Edward O. Belcher, Sound Metrics Corp., 15029 Bothell Way NE, Suite 100, Lake Forest Park, WA 98155, (206) 364-1441, ed@soundmetrics.com Abstract: The Dual Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) is a multi-beam, forwardlooking sonar that operates in shallow riverine environments with rocky, uneven substrates, and near concrete structures such as dams. This allows a number of fisheries applications in environments previously too hostile for reliable sonar operation. Currently, 78 DIDSONs have been delivered to 44 groups who accomplish a variety of fish assessment and behavioral studies. This paper surveys the work of some of these groups and highlights novel assessments allowed by this new acoustic tool. The groups include Alaska Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NOAA, USGS, Bureau of Reclamation, California Department of Water Resources, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Nez Perce Tribal Fisheries, Puyallup Tribal Fisheries, Pacific Salmon Commission, Cawthorne Institute – New Zealand, Department of Fisheries and Oceans – Canada, and Fisheries Engineering – Japan. Applications include assessing fish migration up rivers of various sizes, determination of bottom substrates, NPIC 2007 Abstracts and analysis of fish behavior around (1) fish protection devices on dams, (2) irrigation intakes along muddy rivers, and (3) intakes of trawl nets. Presentation Title: Identifying Fish Sex and Species with Riverwatcher Camera Fish Counter Presenter Name: Ian Race Author: Ian Race, PRAqua, 1631 Harold Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9X 1T4 CANADA, (866) 714-0141, ian@praqua.com Abstract: The Riverwatcher fish counter is used in many different rivers to monitor fish migration in fishways and ladders all over the world. The Riverwatcher consists of two scanner plates, using infra red light to scan silhouette images of fish swimming through the scanner opening. Each individual image is memorised in the control unit so that the counting can be verified afterwards. These images are used to calculate the size of every fish, so accurate information on number, size and direction is acquired. The temperature of the water is also measured, as well as the date and time of day that each fish passes the counter. With accurate information on the migration pattern it is possible to: • make comparison of catch figures and the movement pattern of the fish to calculate the exploitation rate • compare the movement pattern of the fish from one year to another • evaluate the results of rearing and smolt releases • assess the influence of different environmental factors • assess the efficiency of a fish ladder • get valuable data for better fisheries management and with the latest camera connection module the Riverwatcher gives now data for • identification of species, sex, wild/farmed fish etc. The new digital camera system records videos or still images of fish passing through the scanner. The scanner is used to trigger the camera to capture 1 to 5 digital photos or a short video clip of each fish. The computer then automatically links the digital images to the other information contained in the database for that fish such as size, passing hour, NPIC 2007 Abstracts speed, silhouette image, temperature etc. By using this new system for species and sex recognition it is easy to scroll through the database and sort fish into predefined categories. Presentation Title: Innovations in the Use of Micro-Acoustic Tags for Monitoring the Fine Scale 3D Behavior of Fish Presenter Name: Bruce H. Ransom Authors: Bruce H. Ransom, Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc., 715 N.E. Northlake Way, Seattle, WA 98105, (206) 633-3383, bransom@htisonar.com; Tracey W. Steig, Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc., 715 N.E. Northlake Way, Seattle, WA 98105 Abstract: Micro-acoustic tags have been used since 1998 to monitor the fine-scale threedimensional behavior and survival of fish. Sub-meter three-dimensional tracks of salmonid smolts have been obtained at over 25 major dams in the Pacific Northwest, and for other fish species, crabs, and shrimp worldwide. Smolts as small as 92 mm have been tagged and tracked with acoustic tags weighing as little as 0.62 g. Tags operate at 307 kHz with a pulse width of 1-5 msec, with positions available once every 10 sec to 50 times per sec. Detection arrays consist of hydrophones connected to an acoustic tag receiver. Detection ranges for the acoustic tags are 500-600 m near hydropower dams and at sea, and up to 1 km in open rivers. Data from each sample site is queried remotely from a central station using satellite communication systems. Three-dimensional tag tracking positions are calculated based on the differential arrival time at the hydrophones of the acoustic signal emitted by the tag. Recent innovations include the development of smaller tags, long life tags, simple data loggers, fish density algorithms, and stream trace modeling analyses. Three-dimensional tracks and densities of fish approaching dams will be presented, along with tracks of schooling reef fish, superimposed over dam structures, river bathymetry, and water velocities. Thursday AM - Track 2- Fisheries Science -- Contributed Papers Presentation Title: Evaluating behavior and habitat use of Chinook salmon smolts in the Lake Washington system using fine-scale continuous acoustic tracking Presenter Name: Mark Celedonia Authors: Mark Celedonia, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 510 Desmond Drive SE, Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503, 360-534-9327, mark_celedonia@fws.gov; Roger Tabor, Scott Sanders, Steve Damm, and Dan Lantz, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 510 Desmond Drive SE, Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503 Abstract: Lake Washington is a highly urbanized and modified system that ocean-type Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts must migrate through to reach NPIC 2007 Abstracts Puget Sound. Substantial efforts have been made to better understand Chinook behavior in this system to facilitate more informed and effective management. Traditional research methods have provided valuable information towards these ends, but critical gaps remain. We used fine-scale continuous acoustic tracking to evaluate behavior and habitat use of Chinook salmon smolts at specific sites (0.10-0.25 km2) in the Lake Washington system during May-June, 2004-2006. Physical constraints at most sites prohibited accurate tracking in the vertical dimension limiting analyses to the horizontal plane except at two sites in 2006. We observed three unique site-scale smolt behaviors based on GIS-plotted tracks, site residence times and swim velocities. Predominant behaviors observed at each site provided an indicator of site-specific migratory function, which varied between sites, and also between years at one site. Spatial distribution and depth preference also varied between sites. Diel variability was observed at only one site. Environmental conditions and migrational cues likely influenced behavior and habitat use, and may partially explain the variation we observed between sites and between years. Our studies will continue through 2008. Presentation Title: Habitat use patterns of adult smallmouth bass and prickly sculpin in Lake Washington and the Lake Washington Ship Canal Presenter Name: Roger Tabor Authors: Roger Tabor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 360-753-9541, roger_tabor@fws.gov; Mark Celedonia, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 360-534-9327, mark_celedonia@fws.gov; Scott Sanders, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 360-753-9454, scott_sanders@fws.gov, and Dan Lantz, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 360-753-5830, dan_lantz@fws.gov Abstract: We examined the habitat use and diel activity patterns of two piscivorous fishes. We used a HTI acoustic tracking array to obtain two-dimensional movement patterns at four study sites in the Lake Washington system where juvenile Chinook salmon were concentrated during May and June, 2004-2005. Analyzable tracks were obtained for 19 smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and 13 prickly sculpin (Cottus asper). Smallmouth bass were generally close to shore in water that was less than 4 m deep. Those associated with an overhead structure were generally in shallower water than those that were not associated with an overhead structure. Smallmouth bass were usually closely associated with at least one of three habitat types, either an overwater structure, steep sloping shoreline (riprap or bulkhead), or the offshore edge of aquatic macrophytes. We were only able to consistently track prickly sculpin at one site (Gene Coulon Park), presumably because of differences in bottom topography. Prickly sculpin were primarily active at night, especially fish in shallow water. At Gene Coulon Park, some prickly sculpin had a well-defined home range which was consistent between nights. Our results indicate prickly sculpin are far more mobile than has been documented for other freshwater cottid species. Presentation Title: The summer feeding ecology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and cutthroat Trout (O. clarkii) in the Cedar River, Washington NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Benjamin Price Authors: Benjamin Price, The Evergreen State College, US Fish and Wildlife Service 360-753-6041, ben_price@fws.gov; Roger Tabor, US Fish and Wildlife Service 360753-9541, roger_tabor@fws.gov; Brad Thompson, WA Department of Fish and Wildlife 360-902-2656, thompbet@dfw.wa.gov; Hans Berge, King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, 206-296-1964, hans.berge@metrokc.gov Abstract: In the Cedar River, little is known about the abundance and ecological impact of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and cutthroat trout (O. clarkii) as potential predators of sympatric juvenile anadromous salmonids during the summer months. The objective of this study is to examine the summer feeding ecology of rainbow trout and cutthroat trout in the Cedar River to determine the importance of prey types, quantify diet overlap between two species, and to assess the importance of prey fish in the diet of resident salmonids. Results indicate that aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates were the most abundant food item consumed by resident salmonids during the summer season. As resident salmonids grew larger, ontogenetic shifts from aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates to larger prey such as crayfish and fish was evident in both species, and the diets between species were similar for each size class. Overall, prey fish were encountered infrequently in the diet of resident salmonids, and the impact of predation on anadramous salmonids during the summer months appears to be minimal. The results of this work offer important insights into the feeding ecology of resident salmonids in the Cedar River and will be useful in future decisions regarding the management of the resident salmonid fishery. Presentation Title: Spatial and temporal trends in feeding of juvenile Chinook salmon in Puget Sound Presenter Name: Elisabeth J. Duffy Authors: E.J. Duffy, University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA, 206-616-3660, ejduffy@u.washington.edu; and D.A. Beauchamp, Washington Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit, Seattle, WA, USA, davebea@u.washington.edu Abstract: The early marine life of salmon is a critical period when numerous factors, like size and growth, influence immediate or long-term survival of these species. To understand whether recent declines in ESA-listed Puget Sound Chinook salmon reflect poor rearing conditions, we focused on determining the distribution, feeding, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon during their first marine spring and summer in 2001-2006. Diet composition varied between nearshore and offshore habitats, between northern and southern regions, and changed seasonally and annually. In general, Chinook salmon shifted from predominantly epibenthic feeding in April-May at delta sites, to more planktonic and neustonic feeding during June-July at nearshore sites, with increasing contributions of planktonic and fish prey at offshore locations in July-September. Diel NPIC 2007 Abstracts feeding chronologies indicated that juvenile Chinook salmon fed most actively during daylight, but diet composition changed between light and dark periods. Larger Chinook salmon became more piscivorous at crepuscular and post-dusk hours, feeding mainly on Pacific sand lance and juvenile salmon (pink and chum) in April-June. Spatial and temporal differences in the forage base and environmental conditions may influence growing conditions and ultimately regional patterns in marine survival for Chinook salmon in Puget Sound. Thursday PM - Track 2 - Fisheries Science -- Contributed Papers Presentation Title: Identifying Genetic Population Structure and Quasi-Extinction Thresholds for Recovering ESA-Listed Summer Chum Salmon Presenter Name: Kenneth P. Currens Authors: Kenneth P. Currens, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 6730 Martin Way E., Olympia, WA 98516, 360-528-4374, kcurrens@nwifc.org, and PUGET SOUND TECHNICAL RECOVERY TEAM: Mary Ruckelshaus, William Graeber, Robert Fuerstenberg, Kit Rawson, and Norma Jean Sands Abstract: This paper illustrates the importance of considering genetic population substructure in developing abundance and productivity viability criteria for listed populations of Pacific salmon. An important step in modeling viability criteria is determining the quasi-extinction threshold, NQET (the minimum bound below which the population cannot be allowed to go). Larger NQETs result in higher viability criteria for abundance. The Puget Sound TRT set NQET as the minimum number necessary to prevent rapid loss of diversity. A genetic effective size (Ne) of 50 (an often cited guideline), for example, would correspond to NQET of 70 spawners per year. Our analyses of genetic data for summer chum salmon, however, indicate neither of the two populations of summer chum salmon is randomly mating across its range. Instead they have a unique population structure based on a stepping-stone pattern of exchange. To determine NQET, therefore, we calculated an overall Ne that would maintain genetic diversity spatially across the range of each population by using a genetic metapopulation model and analysis of straying data from otolith marked summer chum salmon. Based on this analysis, NQET for the Hood Canal and Straits populations were 350 and 300 spawners per year, respectively, rather than 70 spawners per year. Presentation Title: Genetic differences in survival between naturally reared progeny of sea-ranched and wild steelhead from the Clearwater River, Idaho Presenter Name: Steve Rubin Authors: Steve Rubin, U. S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115, (206) 526-6282 x324, steve_rubin@usgs.gov; Reg Reisenbichler; Jay Hensleigh; and Lisa Wetzel, U. S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115; Bruce Baker, NPIC 2007 Abstracts Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501; Frank Leonetti; Stacey Slatton, and Karl Stenberg, U. S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115 Abstract: This study was initiated in the early 1990’s when managers considered using Dworshak Hatchery steelhead to supplement wild steelhead in the Clearwater River drainage. Hatchery (HxH), wild (WxW), and hybrid (HxW) progeny were genetically marked with allozymes and released together as unfed fry in a second order stream. Fish residing in the stream or emigrating from it were monitored for five years. Over 90% of the emigrants were one or two years of age, too small to be smolts (mean length at age-2 = 103 mm). The HxH cross produced 0.64-0.83 times as many emigrants as the WxW cross (P<0.05). Considering only non-migrants (survivors remaining in the study stream and mortalities), survival to age-4 of HxH relative to WxW fish was 0.63 for one yearclass (P<0.05) and 0.68 for the other (NS). HxW fish were intermediate to HxH and WxW fish in emigration and survival so we conclude that the differences between HxH and WxW fish were due to genetic, not maternal differences. Our results indicate reduced fitness of this hatchery stock for natural rearing, and in conjunction with results from a companion study in the hatchery environment, suggest domestication as the cause. Presentation Title: Assessment of the Risk of Invasion of National Forest Streams in the Pacific Northwest by Farmed Atlantic Salmon Presenter Name: Peter A. Bisson Author: Peter A. Bisson, USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Olympia, Washington, 98512, (360) 753-7671, pbisson@fs.fed.us Abstract: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global salmon production (all species, both farmed and captured in the wild) has more than doubled in the last 15 years from less than 1 million metric tons to about 2 million metric tons, and nearly all of the increase has resulted from Atlantic salmon culture. The objective of this analysis was to examine the evidence for population establishment by escaped Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest, and to assess the potential implications of invasions for native fishes inhabiting US National Forest streams. The current risk to streams on National Forest lands from Atlantic salmon invasions appears to be low and is limited to a few areas in northwest Washington and southeast Alaska. However, longterm risks may be substantial if fish continue to escape from marine rearing pens or freshwater hatcheries. The greatest threats appear to be that (1) Atlantic salmon could transmit a serious disease or parasite to native fishes, and (2) escaped salmon could eventually adapt to local conditions, leading to self-sustaining populations. If Atlantic salmon populations are eventually established, the species’ preference for swiftly flowing stream habitat could facilitate competition with currently at-risk species such as steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), resulting in a pattern of expansion similar to that observed in other nonnative aquatic plants and animals in which a prolonged early colonization period is followed by a rapid phase of exponential growth as breeding populations adapt to local conditions. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presentation Title: Temporal and spatial variation of invertebrate drift in southwest British Columbia streams Presenter Name: Sandra Nicol Authors: Sandra Nicol, UBC Zoology, (604) 736-7477, nicol@zoology.ubc.ca; and Jordan Rosenfeld, BC Ministry of Environment, (604) 222-6762, jordan.rosenfeld@gov.bc.ca Abstract: Drifting invertebrates are a main food source for juvenile salmonids in streams, so the density of invertebrate drift should be a useful measure of habitat suitability for these fish. However, the temporal and spatial variability of drift are not well understood. Temporal and spatial variability must be documented to plan reachscale sampling protocols and evaluate the potential utility of drift as a predictor variable. The first objective of this study was to compare the between- and within-site variability of drift abundance by 1) determining the between-day variability of daytime invertebrate drift, and 2) determining the seasonal change in drift abundance over the summer rearing period. The second objective of this study was to model the relationships between invertebrate drift abundance and a suite of physical and biological habitat variables. Invertebrate drift abundance varied significantly between sites (F3,40; p = 0.0038) but not between days (F6,40; p = 0.46) or months (F3,40; p = 0.28), indicating that a single day of sampling is sufficient to assess drift abundance at a site. The relationships between invertebrate drift abundance and habitat are forthcoming. Presentation Title: Assessing Habitat Needs for Coho in the Deschutes River (Thurston County, WA) Using the Shiraz Population Simulation Model Presenter Name: Paul Schlenger Authors: Paul Schlenger, Anchor Environmental, L.L.C., (206) 903-3321, pschlenger@anchorenv.com; Ray Hilborn, University of Washington; Mike Schiewe, Anchor Environmental, L.L.C.; and John Konovsky, Squaxin Island Tribe Abstract: A Watershed Recovery Plan is being prepared for coho salmon in the Deschutes River (Thurston County, WA). The Shiraz Population Simulation Model is being applied to evaluate watershed conditions and investigate which habitat factors most strongly influence the river’s coho production. Shiraz is a Microsoft Excel based model that is user-defined and ―transparent‖. That is, all model inputs can be defined and accessed by the user. These features are particularly useful for evaluating the sensitivity of individual habitat parameters and interactions between habitat parameters. This presentation will describe the model framework and explain the functional relationships between habitat conditions and survival for each coho lifestage. Thursday PM - Track 2- Life History Modeling of Salmonid Populations NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presentation Title: Salmonid Life-History Diversity: A Review of Modeling Approaches Presenter Name: Lucy Flynn Authors: Lucy Flynn, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (360) 441-7881, flynnlsf@dfw.wa.gov; Bradley Thompson, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (360) 902-2656, thompbet@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: Diversity is one of four population parameters that NOAA Fisheries has identified as a useful metric for assessing salmonid population viability and evaluating the recovery status of evolutionarily significant units. However, the methods for measuring and quantitatively estimating salmonid population diversity remain open to interpretation, and approaches for representing diversity in salmonid life-history models and describing the relationships between diversity and its effects on population productivity and capacity have largely been developed independently. In reality, a suite of life-history pathways are collectively expressed by the population and each individual’s pathway is determined by a combination of genetics and the environment the fish experiences. The diversity of viable life-history pathways for a population may become reduced when a subset of the spatial and temporal environments experienced by the population becomes adverse. If environmental changes occur very rapidly relative to the evolutionary timescale, some of the individuals will consistently encounter reduced survival conditions, reducing population productivity and eventually population diversity. We review several salmonid life-history models that include a life-history diversity structural component. We discuss the approaches to quantifying and simulating lifehistory diversity and discuss the strengths and limitations of adapting these approaches in order to incorporate life-history diversity in a population dynamics model for Puget Sound steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Presentation Title: Life history models and salmon management Presenter Name: Robert B. Lessard Author: Robert B. Lessard, University of Washington, (206) 221-6768, lessard@u.washington.edu Abstract: We compare multi-stage life-history models to a Beverton-Holt models for escapement goal analysis. We model the life history of sockeye populations from the spawning stage, through juvenile and adult stages, and ending with adults that return to spawn. We fit models to data by statistically comparing predicted and observed numbers of adults. We find that it is possible to detect density dependence with a life history model where analysis of Beverton-Holt stock recruitment relationship fails to do so. We search for policies that produce the highest average log-yield. Posterior estimates of parameters from Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations are then used to assess uncertainty in optimal harvest policies. We find that Beverton-Holt relationships produce policies and long term yield estimates that are inconsistent with historical trends. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Conversely, we find that harvest rates and maximum sustained yield estimates using the life history model estimate are consistent with the historical behavior of fisheries examined. We also find that a more flexible escapement goal approach can produce a range of policies that produce the same long term yield. Presentation Title: EDT application in Puget Sound salmon recovery planning Presenter Name: Bradley E. Thompson Authors: Bradley E. Thompson, Fish Program Science Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way, Olympia, WA, 98501-1091, (360) 902-2656, thompbet@dfw.wa.gov; Lawrence C. Lestelle, BioStream Environmental, 17791 Fjord Drive N.E. Suite AA, Poulsbo, WA 98370; Gregory R. Blair, Mobrand, Jones & Stokes, Inc., P.O. Box 724, 9920 SW Bank Road, Vashon, WA 98070, (206) 463-5003, gblair@jsanet.com; Lars E. Mobrand, Mobrand, Jones & Stokes, Inc., P.O. Box 724, 9920 SW Bank Road, Vashon, WA 98070; James B. Scott, Fish Program Science Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way, Olympia, WA, 98501-1091 Abstract: The Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT) model estimates salmon population performance based on aquatic habitat characteristics. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Tribal co-managers are applying EDT as one of several tools to spatially and temporally diagnose habitat limitations of salmon populations and predict the relative effect of proposed habitat restoration projects on salmon population performance. We present a case study of EDT’s utility in recovery plan development for ESA listed Chinook salmon in Puget Sound watersheds. Specifically, we document the iterative process of co-manager and local entity collaboration in 1) modeling habitat characterizations for both current and historic conditions, 2) modeling future habitat degradation due to effects from projected human population growth, 3) developing prioritized lists of proposed habitat restoration and protection actions via action effectiveness modeling, and 4) and predicting whether various suites of actions will lead to recovery. Presentation Title: Effects of past, present and future hatchery and habitat management scenarios on Stillaguamish Chinook salmon Presenter Name: Greg R. Blair Authors: Greg R. Blair, Mobrand-Jones & Stokes, (206) 463-5003, gblair@jsanet.com; Kip Killebrew, Stillaguamish Tribe (360) 435-8770, k.killeb@verizon.net; Michael Purser, Snohomish County (425) 388-3464, Michael.Purser@co.snohomish.wa.us; Kit Rawson, Tulalip Tribes, (360) 651-4478, krawson@tulaliptribes-nsn.gov; Jim Scott, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, (360) 902-2736, scottjbs@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: Using a population simulation model with a 100-yr projection period, we contrast hatchery and habitat management actions for the two populations of Chinook NPIC 2007 Abstracts salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) found in the Stillaguamish watershed: N.F. summer Chinook and S.F. fall Chinook. Both populations are much reduced from their historic levels, mainly due to habitat degradation. Since the mid-1980’s the N.F population has included a hatchery supplementation program, whereas the S.F. population has existed almost entirely from natural production alone. The magnitude and pattern of variability in freshwater and marine survival were important factors when predicting population response to habitat restoration and hatchery supplementation. The N.F. population tended to respond quickly (1-2 generations) to habitat actions. Abundance of the S.F. population, on the other hand, responded to habitat actions only after a several periods of high marine survival. Model results suggest that hatchery supplementation of the N.F. population has reduced inter-annual variability of adult run size. A similar program may be appropriate for the S.F. population to achieve the full benefits of the proposed habitat actions. Presentation Title: Predicting the Effects of Temperature Change on Production of Salmon and Steelhead Presenter Name: Steven P. Cramer Author: Steven P. Cramer, Cramer Fish Sciences, 600 NW Fariss Rd., Gresham, OR 97030, (503) 491-9577, stevec@fishsciences.net Abstract: We assembled data and analyses from published literature and agency reports to quantify the influences of water temperature on stream production of salmonids. Our objective was to develop generalized functions that could be used in a variety of streams to predict the magnitude of change in survival or carrying capacity that salmonids would experience at each life stage as a consequence of temperature change. The available evidence supports relationships between temperature and egg-to-fry survival, juvenile rearing capacity, juvenile growth, smolt survival during migration, and prespawning mortality of adults. Slight distinctions in response to temperature were identified between Chinook, coho, and steelhead. We incorporated these functions into a life cycle model that accumulated effects of temperature change on salmonids at different times and locations within a watershed. In an application of the model to the Clackamas River, simulations indicated that impacts from a 1-3°C increase in summer temperature would lead to 5 to 15% decrease in salmonid production, depending on species. Presentation Title: Trophic ecology of fluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Skagit River, WA Presenter Name: Erin Lowery Author: Erin Lowery, University of Washington, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, (206) 616-3660, edl2@u.washington.edu Abstract: The Skagit River in northwest Washington has a relatively large bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population which allows researchers to use methods currently NPIC 2007 Abstracts restricted in other systems containing these fish. A survey of bull trout diets was initiated in spring 2006 to assess their trophic ecology. A bioenergetics model was applied to bull trout diet and physical data from the Skagit River to determine seasonal consumption demand. I estimate that bull trout require between 340-7,250 grams of food annually to achieve observed growth. Bull trout in the Skagit River are opportunistic feeders consuming vertebrates, invertebrates, eggs, and carrion. This trophic plasticity allows bull trout to exploit a variety of food sources on a year round basis. That and the lack of migration barriers in the Skagit River likely contribute to this species success in this system. This is an ongoing project to determine the trophic interactions of bull trout and the stream resident fish and vertebrate community of the Skagit River, especially steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and stream type Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Thursday AM - Track 3 - Puget Sound and Marine Areas Presentation Title: The Puget Sound Partnership: Round 3 of the fight to Save Puget Sound Presenter Name: Brad Ack Author: Brad Ack, Puget Sound Action Team, (360) 725-5437, back@psat.wa.gov Abstract: This talk will outline the key elements of the new Puget Sound Partnership, a state agency created by Governor Gregoire and the 2007 Washington Legislature, with the mission to restore Puget Sound to health by 2020. The talk will outline the basic pieces of the new agency, its tasks, timelines and some of the critical challenges the region faces as it tries to accommodate a growing population while protecting one of the most productive and beautiful ecosystems in the state. Presentation Title: Saving Puget Sound: A Practical, Long-Term Proposal Presenter Name: John H. Lombard Author: John H. Lombard, Steward and Associates, (206) 524-2944, jlombard@stewardandassociates.com Abstract: A summary of two key arguments from Saving Puget Sound: A Conservation Strategy for the 21st Century (American Fisheries Society and University of Washington Press 2006): What is a long-term vision for conservation across the region, given pressures from population growth and climate change? and, How do we pay for it? The vision draws from numerous scientific studies of the Puget Sound region as well as relevant lessons from an ―Alternative Futures‖ study of the Willamette River basin. It provides an alternative to Governor Gregoire’s Puget Sound Partnership. The funding strategy focuses on new revenue sources that could correct or at least reduce current regional subsidies for environmental degradation. It could help fund the Governor’s NPIC 2007 Abstracts Partnership, the proposed alternative, or other visions that may arise through regional debate and discussion. Presentation Title: Biological Applications of Marine Geophysics Presenter Name: Paul Conrecode Author: Paul Conrecode, Golder Associates Inc., (425) 883-0777, x2213, pconrecode@golder.com Abstract: Estuaries and nearshore areas are noted for their high biodiversity and productivity, yet a systematic method for characterizing habitat in these areas is not widely applied. Marine geophysics provides comprehensive and efficient mapping of the bottom and subbottom environment. For example, eelgrass is patchy. Mapping it accurately with a linear method such as video, or divers along a transect, would be very costly. With sidescan sonar, a typical day’s coverage would be 10 miles length by 400 feet width. The resulting eelgrass map then serves as a guide for the best use of divers’ time in conducting more detailed studies. Likewise, use of drilling to accurately map lateral extent and vertical (depth) of sediment would be very costly. Sub-bottom and seismic profiling can provide comprehensive maps for various purposes:  show the distribution of capping material,  inform decisions on where to drill for sediment samples,  enable volume calculations for contaminated sediments,  identify areas with potential for bioturbation, geoduck habitat, etc. Applications of marine geophysics in Puget Sound have included eelgrass mapping, substrate mapping for geoduck surveys, mapping lateral extent and depth of capping material over contaminated sediments, and locating lost fishing gear. Presenter Title: Preliminary report on isotopic records of geoduck shells and the variation of dissolved oxygen in Hood Canal Presenter Name:Y.W. Gao Authors: Y.W. Gao, Makah Fisheries Management, P.O. Box 115, Neah Bay, WA 98357, USA and School of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China, (360) 645-3164, gaoy@olypen.com; T.A. Palzer, Department of Natural Resources, 1111 Washington SE, Olympia, WA 98504, USA; B. Sizemore, Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501, USA; T. Blewett, Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501, USA Abstract: The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in Southern Hood Canal are abnormally low. There are a number of hypotheses to interpret the events, including ocean climate change, urban development, water contamination, and nutrient loading. Here we propose to conduct a research project to examine stable isotope ratios (18O/16O NPIC 2007 Abstracts or 18O, and 13C/12C or 13C), trace elements (Ca, Sr, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cd), and organic carbon and sulfur in geoduck shells collected by the WDFW survey from three population index stations (i.e. Vinland, Hamma Hamma, and Tahuya) near the Department of Ecology water quality monitoring stations to assess the relationship of geoduck growth and the surrounding environmental conditions. Preliminary results showed that 18O values in these geoduck shells ranged from -1.3 to +1.0‰ VPDB, while their 13C values ranged from -2.2 to +0.4‰ VPDB. The 18O variations at the Hamma Hamma site, however, were distinctly different from those of Vinland and Tahuya. From 1990 to 2005, the DO from Vinland and Tahuya was steadily decreasing although there were some differences between the two sites. Overall, it appeared that the DO at Vinland was consistent with changes of 18O, salinity, and pH values over the past 16 years, but was not clear with temperature and 13C trends. These preliminary data indicate that stable isotope signatures of geoduck shells may be a powerful tool in marine ecosystem studies in Hood Canal. More work on trace elemental concentrations is underway. Presentation Title: Determination of the age of lost annuli in Pacific spiny dogfish (Aqualus acantias) by mixed effects model Presenter Name: Yuk W. Cheng Authors: Yuk W. Cheng, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501, 360-902-2689, chengywc@dfw.wa.gov; and Sandra Rosenfield, Jennifer Topping, and Theresa Tsou, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501; Abstract: The exact age determination of fish is one of the most important elements in the study of their population dynamics. Knowledge of the age and growth of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) as compared with that of teleost fishes, are scarce because of their general lack of cycloid or ctenoid scales and otoliths. However, spiny dogfish are distinguished by possession of a harp, hard spine, projecting from the body with the distinct annuli. As it grows, the enamel at the distal tip of the spine is worn away, producing a zone of missing annuli. 67 males and 115 females spiny dogfish were randomly captured outside Washington coast in 2005-2006 with fork length measurement. For each dorsal spine, five measurements, the base width of the earliest readily point (A) or no-wear point, the base of latest readily point (B), the base width of a point (C) between A and B, the no. of annuli ring counts between A and B, A and C were recorded. We modeled the three base measurements with mixed effects model and assumed the missing annuli as random effects. The estimated expected limited sizes of male and female spiny dogfish were 88.3 cm and 132.9 cm. Presentation Title: Bulkheads to Beaches – Two Examples of Shoreline Restoration in Puget Sound Presenter Name: Jon Houghton NPIC 2007 Abstracts Authors: Jon Houghton, Pentec Environmental, 120 Third Ave. So., Edmonds, WA 98020, (425) 329-1150, jon@pentecenv.com; David Simpson, Coast and Harbor Engineering, Inc. 110 Main Street Suite 103, Edmonds, WA 98020, (425) 778- 6083, dave@coastharboreng.com; Jim Starkes, Pentec Environmental, 120 Third Ave. So., Edmonds, WA 98020, (425) 329-1169, jim.starkes@pentecenv.com; Derek Ormerod, Pentec Environmental, 120 Third Ave. So., Edmonds, WA 98020, (425) 329-1174, derek.ormerod@pentecenv.com; Jason Stutes, Pentec Environmental, 120 Third Ave. So., Edmonds, WA 98020, (425) 329-1163, jason.stutes@pentecenv.com Abstract: Much of the shoreline of Puget Sound was hardened with riprap and bulkheads during the 20th Century, resulting in significant losses of shoreline ecological function. Restoration of more natural shoreline habitats and the processes that sustain those habitats has been identified in regional restoration planning efforts as critical to salmon recovery. This paper describes two projects completed in Everett, Washington that seek to restore more natural shoreline habitat in areas where existing infrastructure precludes re-establishment of natural processes. Both projects provide a more natural beach profile with beach face, storm berm, and backshore. Monitoring has shown that the 335-m pebble/sand beach constructed near Mukilteo has been more stable in the ambient wave environment than predicted through two winters. A high level of biological activity by juvenile salmonids and forage fish has been shown on the new beach. The second project completed in February 2007, used clean sand dredged from the Snohomish River to extend Jetty Island 300 m to the south along the riprap training jetty. Limited monitoring has shown good beach stability and high LWD recruitment. The ecological and fiscal costs and benefits of both projects, as well as applicability elsewhere in the Sound, will be discussed. Thursday PM - Track 3 - Kokanee Biology, Ecology and Management Presentation Title: WDFW’s Kokanee Program Presenter: Kirk Lakey Author: Kirk Lakey, PWS, lakeykal@DFW.WA.GOV, (425) 649-7088, WDFW c/o DOE, 3190-160th Ave SE, Bellevue,Washington 98008-5452 Abstract: The Lake Washington-Sammamish Watershed is one five watersheds in Washington (Baker, Whatcom, Wenatchee, and Chelan) that support native populations of resident Oncorhynchus nerka or kokanee (Pfeifer 1995). There have been three distinct kokanee populations within the Lake Washington-Sammamish Watershed, including the early, middle, and late-runs (Berge and Higgins 2003). Early-run kokanee were only known to spawn in Issaquah Creek. Middle-run kokanee spawn in tributary streams to the Sammamish River, including Swamp, North, Bear, Little Bear, and Cottage Lake creeks. Late-run kokanee spawn in south Lake Sammamish tributaries, such as Lewis, Ebright, Laughing Jacobs, Vasa, Pine Lake, and East Fork Issaquah creeks. Native kokanee within the Lake Sammamish Watershed were once very abundant. Anecdotal accounts from former Issaquah Salmon Hatchery staff and former NPIC 2007 Abstracts University of Washington graduate student T.J. Berggren estimated escapement of earlyrun kokanee to range from 3,000-15,000. However, in the early 1980’s natural resource managers became alarmed over declines in kokanee abundance from historic levels (Pfeifer 1995). Special concern was given to the early-run population in Issaquah Creek. After nearly two decades (between 1973-2002) of spawner surveys and two years (2001 & 2002) of adult trapping, early-run kokanee are now considered extinct. Presently, laterun kokanee populations are experiencing declines in abundance and near year class failures in some years. The goal of natural resource managers is to build upon the current knowledge base of late-run kokanee populations, continue to monitor escapements in south Lake Sammamish tributaries, and ensure that this stock does not follow the same path as the early-run stock. Presentation Title: The Role of Trout Unlimited in the Restoration of Lake Sammamish Kokanee Presenter Name: Mark Taylor Author: Captain Mark Taylor, President, Washington Council of Trout Unlimited & the Bellevue/Issaquah Chapter of Trout Unlimited, (206) 200-2840, emtbckt@msn.com Abstract: The mission of Trout Unlimited (TU) is ―to conserve, protect, and restore America’s coldwater fisheries and their watersheds‖ with the vision of ―ensuring that robust populations of native and wild coldwater fish once again thrive within their North American range, so that our children can enjoy healthy fisheries in their home waters.‖ With these powerful statements supporting us, it is clear that the Washington Council of Trout Unlimited (WCTU) has an obligation to work toward the protection and recovery of our fisheries in Washington. After taking a year off to reorganize and recommit to our mission, the WCTU is as active as ever. Currently, we have chapters working to restore urban streams in Des Moines, provide safe passage for anadromous fish to the Upper Green River, address fish barriers in numerous watersheds, and petitioning for the protection of Lake Sammamish kokanee under ESA. After carefully studying the needs of our area, the Bellevue/Issaquah chapter decided to help native Lake Sammamish kokanee. A clear victim of habitat degradation, kokanee receive little or no attention. WCTU is committed to the restoration of these important and unique fish. We have begun by partnering with Save Lake Sammamish, Boy Scout Troop 677, King County, and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife to conduct fry outmigrant monitoring of Lewis Creek. From March 3rd well into May, volunteers logged over 500 volunteer hours with over 1000 individual fry counted. This effort is a first step in our commitment to do what we can for the fish and the watershed, and we plan to continue. In addition, we plan to work with local agencies to restore habitat in all of the spawning tributaries of Lake Sammamish, expand the fry monitoring to other streams, participate in the Kokanee Technical Committee, and speak on behalf of kokanee in every available forum. This includes (with the support of the WCTU and TU National) the extraordinary step of filing a petition for their protection under ESA. Given the current state of the laterun population, the budgetary restraints of the WDFW and other agencies, and the fact that we lost the early run in 2003, we feel obligated to act. Regardless of the outcome, we will move forward with our efforts, with the guidance of the state, county, cities, and NPIC 2007 Abstracts citizens, on behalf of kokanee. Combining our resources with various government agencies, groups, and citizens, we can make a difference. We invite you to participate in the protection of the watersheds and fisheries in your town, and join us in what author David James Duncan referred to as ―the century of restoration‖. Presentation Title: Are indirect interactions between Mysis relicta and kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) mediated by shared prey or shared predators? Evidence from a large, oligotrophic lake Presenter Name: Erik R. Schoen Authors: Erik R. Schoen, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, USA 98195, (206) 616-3660, erschoen@u.washington.edu; David A. Beauchamp, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, USA 98195, (206) 5436475, davebea@u.washington.edu; Nathanael C. Overman, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, USA 98195, (206) 616-3660, no@u.washington.edu; Anna E. Buettner, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, USA 98195, (206) 543-3132, buetta@u.washington.edu Abstract: The impacts of nonnative species can be difficult to predict, and often depend in part on traits of recipient systems. Introductions of Mysis relicta shrimp have caused declines in planktivorous fish populations in many lakes throughout western North America. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain these impacts. 1) Resource competition: Mysis deplete zooplankton densities, reducing growth and survival for planktivorous fish. 2) Apparent competition: Mysis boost densities of shared predators such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) thereby enhancing predation on planktivorous fish. We evaluated evidence for these interactions between Mysis and kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Chelan, WA. To investigate the influence of mediating abiotic factors, we compared food web patterns between two lake basins of contrasting morphometry and thermal regime. Planktivores consumed a large fraction of cladoceran production in the deeper basin only, suggesting that that basin is susceptible to resource competition. Lake trout diet and growth patterns were consistent with apparent competition in the shallower basin only, and prey distributions suggested that basin morphometry may mediate the strength of that interaction. Understanding the system traits that influence interactions between Mysis and planktivorous fish is crucial for managers who aim to conserve depleted fish populations. Presentation Title: WDFW’s Kokanee Program Presenter: Kirk Lakey NPIC 2007 Abstracts Author: Kirk Lakey, PWS, lakeykal@DFW.WA.GOV, (425) 649-7088, WDFW c/o DOE, 3190-160th Ave SE, Bellevue,Washington 98008-5452 Abstract: The Lake Washington-Sammamish Watershed is one five watersheds in Washington (Baker, Whatcom, Wenatchee, and Chelan) that support native populations of resident Oncorhynchus nerka or kokanee (Pfeifer 1995). There have been three distinct kokanee populations within the Lake Washington-Sammamish Watershed, including the early, middle, and late-runs (Berge and Higgins 2003). Early-run kokanee were only known to spawn in Issaquah Creek. Middle-run kokanee spawn in tributary streams to the Sammamish River, including Swamp, North, Bear, Little Bear, and Cottage Lake creeks. Late-run kokanee spawn in south Lake Sammamish tributaries, such as Lewis, Ebright, Laughing Jacobs, Vasa, Pine Lake, and East Fork Issaquah creeks. Native kokanee within the Lake Sammamish Watershed were once very abundant. Anecdotal accounts from former Issaquah Salmon Hatchery staff and former University of Washington graduate student T.J. Berggren estimated escapement of earlyrun kokanee to range from 3,000-15,000. However, in the early 1980’s natural resource managers became alarmed over declines in kokanee abundance from historic levels (Pfeifer 1995). Special concern was given to the early-run population in Issaquah Creek. After nearly two decades (between 1973-2002) of spawner surveys and two years (2001 & 2002) of adult trapping, early-run kokanee are now considered extinct. Presently, laterun kokanee populations are experiencing declines in abundance and near year class failures in some years. The goal of natural resource managers is to build upon the current knowledge base of late-run kokanee populations, continue to monitor escapements in south Lake Sammamish tributaries, and ensure that this stock does not follow the same path as the early-run stock. Thursday PM -- Track 3 - Large Woody Debris Management Presentation Title: Windthrow, LWD, and Habitat: Problem or Habitat Enhancement? Presenter Name: Douglas J. Martin Author: Douglas J. Martin, Martin Environmental, (206) 528-1696, doug@martinenv.com Abstract: Our research in Southeast Alaska indicated that windthrow after logging caused a significant increase in stand mortality in buffer strips compared to unlogged reference units. We found there is a pulse in LWD recruitment within several years after timber harvest that is followed by a decade long decline in recruitment rate. This increase in LWD supply correlates with an increase in pool frequency shortly after timber harvest that continues on an increasing trend more than a decade after logging. The common perception that logging induced windthrow is environmentally harmful neglects a broader ecological context. For example, in windthrow protected areas and where wood recruitment to streams is limited by the low frequency of disturbance processes we find that LWD loading and fish habitat are low. In these wood-starved streams the increased NPIC 2007 Abstracts inputs of LWD following logging can have a positive benefit to fish habitat. It is conceivable that spatial patterns of spawning and rearing habitat may be associated with natural patterns of wind damage in regions like Southeast Alaska where wind is a dominant disturbance process. It is possible that streams in storm-prone areas may actually have more habitat for a given channel morphology than streams in storm protected areas. Clearly, the ecological relationship of windthrow to aquatic habitat needs more investigation to understand how the spatial and temporal patterns of logging-related windthrow may influence patterns of fish habitat. Integrating this knowledge with modern windthrow prediction modeling offers strategic options to resource managers to protect and potentially enhancing aquatic habitat over the long-term. Presentation Title: Habitat conservation, infrastructure protection, and the management of large woody debris during riparian forest recovery in the Cedar River municipal watershed Presenter Name: Chris J. Brummer Authors: Chris J. Brummer, Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc. (206) 441-9080, cbrummer@herrrerainc.com; Tim B. Abbe, Entrix, Inc. (206) 790-1079; Dave Beedle, Seattle Public Utilities, (206) 233-1563, Dave.Beedle@Seattle.gov; Karen Williams, Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc., (406) 721-4204, kwilliams@herrerainc.com Abstract: The Cedar River municipal watershed is managed by the City of Seattle as the primary drinking water supply for 1.3 million customers. Large woody debris (LWD) accumulating at the Landsburg spillway during a 100-year flood event severely compromised the operation of the facility and prompted changes in the management of LWD. Removal of the riparian forest nearly a century ago occurred when the watershed was developed for municipal water supply. Re-growth has led to an abundance of unstable instream wood. Results of a wood inventory completed in 2005 indicate that the current wood loading in the project reach is less than reference conditions for rivers that regularly recruit wood from late-succession riparian forests. Modeling of riparian forest growth, wood recruitment, and wood stability indicates that it will take approximately 100 years to supply trees large enough to function as key-members during the formation of stable logjams. The LWD management plan for the Cedar River presents alternatives for wood management that include instream wood stabilization, a retention structure above Landsburg, and increased wood passage through the dam. The preferred alternative must balance the requirements of the habitat conservation plan with the safe operation of the water supply project. Presentation Title: Sources and dynamics of large logs in a temperate floodplain river Presenter Name: Joshua J. Latterell NPIC 2007 Abstracts Author: Joshua J. Latterell, King County, Dept. of Water and Land Resources, (206) 263-6434, josh.latterell@metrokc.gov Abstract: Large logs, important agents of biophysical heterogeneity in temperate floodplain rivers, have been virtually eliminated from many developed systems. Our purpose was to quantify the sources and dynamics of large logs (≥ 1 m diameter) in the mainstem of a nearly pristine system – the Queets River, Washington, USA. Erosion of forests by the river supplies 0.40 logs 100 m-1 y-1 to the channel. Most (72%) are new logs entering the river for the first time as the river undercuts mature fluvial terraces dominated by large conifers. Retrospective airphoto analyses demonstrate that over 63 years, the Queets River recruits 95% of new logs from a riparian corridor extending 265 m laterally on both banks, mostly through channel meandering. However, input rates are patchy, with 10% of the valley length supplying 38% of the new logs. As the river moves laterally, remnant logs are left on channel surfaces that later develop riparian forests, and re-enter the river when those forests erode. Remnant logs lying on the floodplain forest floor surface or buried in alluvium constitute 21% and 7% of the annual inputs from bank erosion, respectively. We estimate 50% of logs deposited in the channel in a given year, including those underpinning logjams, are transported downriver within five years. Over the next 55 years, bank erosion reclaims an additional 23%, leaving 27% of the logs stable for > 60 years. Simulations indicate recurrent transport is common, with half of the large conifers being deposited in ≥ 3 locations and transported ≥ 1.5 km prior to disintegrating. One in ten logs links distant reaches by occupying ≥ 7 locations spanning ≥ 12.0 km. Instream supplies are therefore a mixture of new and old logs from nearby and upstream forests, sustained by the recapture and transport of stockpiled remnant logs during periods when new inputs are low. We propose that patchy input rates and the periodic rearrangement of large logs are important drivers of temporal variation in river valley habitats, adding to the spatial complexity created by stable logs. These findings underscore the importance of extensive mature forests and connectivity in temperate floodplain rivers, and highlight the many challenges to restoring self-sustaining supplies of large logs in developed floodplain rivers. Presentation Title: Ecological Issues of Washington’s Rediscovered (submerged) Wood Resources Presenter Name: Larry Dominguez Authors: Larry Dominguez, WA Department of Natural Resources, (360) 902-1718, larry.dominguez@dnr.wa.gov; Pete Bisson, US Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, (360) 753-7671, pbisson@fs.fed.us Abstract: Submerged timber harvesting has roots in the United States back to the 1800s. East coast United States, Canada, and more recently, western states are developing practices of recouping abandoned logs in waterways. Submerged wood resources come from sunken logs that have been in aquatic storage for extended periods, standing dead trees in reservoirs, or from naturally-recruited wood from riparian areas that end up at the bottom of lakes and deep rivers. Sidescan sonar and other underwater viewing and NPIC 2007 Abstracts harvesting technologies are providing the means of an increasingly popular hobby and industry. Regardless of source or ownership, these resources may be playing a vital part of the current ecosystem. Biological resources and functionality of these dispersed or concentrated woody debris accumulations need to be evaluated either in general or at site-specific locations. The authors provide an overview of ecological benefits of submerged wood and evaluative procedure that could guide decision-making should there be an increasing interest of rediscovered wood collection. Presentation Title: How Much Wood Could a Wood Truck Chuck? Establishing River Access for Woody Debris Loading using the Highway Network Presenter Name: Larry Dominguez Authors: Larry Dominguez, WA Department of Natural Resources, (360) 902-1718, larry.dominguez@dnr.wa.gov; William Dunning, P.E., PACLAND, (360) 786-9500, bdunning@pacland.com; Scott Anderson, NOAA Fisheries, (360) 753-9440, scott.anderson@noaa.gov Abstract: Land use change via development and other conversion types are resulting in unnatural ecological conditions that are increasingly difficult for the remaining natural ecosystem to absorb. An increasingly common sight in developing areas is the burning, mulching, or translocating of woody debris to log yards, grinders, or landfills. Updated riparian protections are providing some form and function to aquatic systems, however, large-scale, efficient, cost-effective, voluminous woody debris loading into streams is needed over these next many decades to serve as an effective stop-gap measure until riparian forests can mature and naturally recruit timber into streams. Additionally, headwater, forested areas are the primary areas of industrial logging where these riparian protections are in place and large rivers are only partial benefactors of those improving functions. We propose using Right-of-Ways from State and local Highways, in cooperation with adjacent landowners, to create and manage woody debris depositories within stream floodways. Materials will either recruit naturally from flood events or be available for stream restoration activities in smaller streams. We provide conceptual imagery of a hypothetical site and procedures. Salmon Recovery cooperators may already have operating or potential sites located. The authors review topics such as placement strategy, siting and access network establishment, environmental review, materials quality control, truck access design and engineering, liability, and developer incentives. Presentation Title: Integrating Engineered Logjam Technology into Infrastructure Protection: the 2004 Hoh River Project Presenter Name: Tim Abbe Authors: Tim Abbe, Entrix Environmental Consultants, (206) 239-0274, tabbe@entrix.com; Jim Park, Washington Department of Transportation, (360) 705-7415, parkj@wsdot.wa.gov NPIC 2007 Abstracts Abstract: Balancing environmental and infrastructure protection presents great challenges in transportation. In many river valleys roads have altered and disconnected aquatic and riparian habitat. A approach to protecting highways is engineered logjam (ELJ) technology. ELJs offer significant opportunities to reduce adverse impacts to the environment that commonly occur with traditional approaches. Additionally, ELJs can restore habitat. In 2004, the largest ELJ project to-date was implemented to protect 1200 ft of US Highway 101. Repeated efforts to protect the road with riprap failed had failed. The Hoh projects included 12 ELJ structures; 8 situated along the highway and 4 placed upstream to deflect the river away from the highway (Figure 1). The 4 mid-channel ELJs are massive structures approximately 35 ft tall, more than half of which extends into the river bed. Each ELJ stands approximately 15 ft above the river bed and forms an interior matrix of 60 ft steel piles extending approximately 45 ft into the river bed. Each structures consists of over 150 logs. The Hoh project was subjected to two flows of about 30,000 cfs in the winter of 2004. The Hoh River peaked at 58,000 cfs (~25 yr flood) on November 6, 2006, submerging each of the structures (Figure 2). This flow was exceeded only once in 45 years of record, 62,100 cfs in October of 2004 (~50 yr flood). All 12 ELJ remain intact and have created valuable new habitat within the reach. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Friday, June 8 Friday AM -- Track 1 - Monitoring Fish and Watersheds for Salmon Recovery Presentation Title: The Pacific Northwest Aquatic Monitoring Partnership: A forum for Regional Coordination Presenter Name: Jennifer M. Bayer Author: Jennifer M. Bayer, US Geological Survey, 5501A Cook-Underwood Road, Underwood, WA, 98605 Abstract: The purpose of the Pacific Northwest Aquatic Monitoring Partnership (PNAMP) is to provide a forum for coordinating state, federal, and tribal aquatic habitat and salmonid monitoring programs. PNAMP provides leadership through the development and the advancement of recommendations and agency level agreements that are considered for adoption by the participating agencies. PNAMP has adopted the following goals:1) improve communication between monitoring programs across state, tribal, and federal organizations; 2) improve scientific information needed to inform resource policy and management questions and decisions; 3) seek efficiencies and costeffectiveness across monitoring programs through compatible and cooperative monitoring efforts; 4) promote science-based credibility of monitoring and assessment efforts; 5) share resources and information between monitoring programs across state, tribal, and federal organizations. PNAMP receives significant policy support and direction by member organizations, commitments of technical resources and staff time and funding for the coordination itself. PNAMP has identified shared monitoring principles, objectives, questions, needs, and opportunities and has made progress on a variety of elements, such as habitat assessment and fish monitoring protocols, necessary to accomplish these larger goals. Presentation Title: Washington Salmonid Abundance and Productivity Monitoring Framework Presenter Name: Greg Volkhardt Authors: Gregory C. Volkhardt, WDFW, (360) 902-2779, volkhgcv@dfw.wa.gov; Bradley E. Thompson, WDFW, (360) 902-2656, thompbet@dfw.wa.gov; David E. Seiler, WDFW (ret.), (360) 273-7548; Steve S. Neuhauser, WDFW (ret.), (360) 456-4576 Abstract: Traditionally, biologists have relied upon measures of spawner abundance to assess population status and trends and the effectiveness of fishery management for anadromous salmonids. While providing great certainty about the status of the population, these indicators do little to ascertain the efficacy of salmon recovery efforts NPIC 2007 Abstracts as they integrate human-caused and environmental effects occurring during both freshwater and the marine rearing phases. Washington State is implementing an approach to population monitoring that evaluates abundances at both the spawner and downstream migrant life stages for selected populations within a regional framework. Measurement of abundance and at these two life stages enables partitioning of mortality factors among freshwater and marine components to better assess population response to restoration of freshwater habitats and environmental variation. Downstream migrant and freshwater productivity estimates can be evaluated against salmon recovery models to assess the status of freshwater rearing conditions relative to recovery targets. Data from the Skagit River is used to demonstrate the utility of this approach. Presentation Title: Intensively Monitored Watersheds-Understanding Salmon Restoration in Urbanizing Watersheds Presenter Name: Timothy Quinn Authors: Timothy Quinn, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (360) 902-2414, quinntq@dfw.wa.gov; Robert Bilby, Weyerhaeuser Corporation, (253) 924-6557); bob.bilby@weyerhaeuser.com; William Ehinger, Washington Department of Ecology, (360) 407-6416, wehi461@ecy.wa.gov; Greg Volkhardt, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (360) 902-2779, volkhgcv@dfw.wa.gov; Phil Roni, National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration, (206) 860-3307, Phil.Roni@noaa.gov; Kirk Krueger, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (360) 902-2604, kruegklk@dfw.wa.gov; Dave Price, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (360) 902-2565, pricedmp@dfw.wa.gov; Mike McHenry, Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, (360) 457-4012, mchenry@elwha.nsn.us; Derek Poon, Environmental Protection Agency, (206) 553-4497, poon.derek@epa.gov Abstract: Millions of dollars have been dedicated to restoring freshwater salmon habitat in the Pacific Northwest, yet little is known about the efficacy of these efforts. Three watershed complexes, termed Intensively Monitored Watersheds (IMW), have been established in western Washington State to evaluate the efficacy of salmon habitat restoration efforts. Several analytical approaches, including a watershed-scale beforeafter/control-impact experimental design, are being employed at multiple spatial and temporal extents to address specific research and restoration questions. Monitoring in the IMWs includes flow, water quality, in- and near-stream habitat conditions, abundance and distribution of spawning and juvenile salmon, and smolt production. Study watersheds in the Hood Canal IMW complex are under severe urbanization pressure. We are quantifying some effects of urbanization on stream flows and habitat quantity and quality for different salmon life history stages and their subsequent effects on salmon survival and production. Our study approach provides an opportunity to understand how pervasive changes in land-use affect well-intentioned instream restoration actions, and serves as a model for studying and restoring other streams. Presentation Title: Habitat Lost and Found – The First Step for Puget Sound Habitat Recovery NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Jamie Glasgow Author: Jamie Glasgow, Wild Fish Conservancy, PO Box 402, Duvall, WA 98019, (425) 788-1167, jamie@wildfishconservancy.org Abstract: Watertype assessments are an essential and cost-effective approach to protecting watersheds from negative impacts associated with adjacent land use. In Washington, forest practice activities and most local government critical areas ordinances base their streamside buffer width requirements on the presence or absence of fish habitat, as reflected by watertype. Existing regulatory watertype maps demonstrably under-represent the distribution of fish habitat. Many streams are mapped incorrectly or not at all; they do not receive the protection they warrant under existing laws. The Wild Fish Conservancy, through visual and electrofishing surveys, accurately maps channel locations and the distribution of fish and fish habitat. Our projects also generate speciesspecific fish distribution and habitat data to assist with restoration project identification and prioritization efforts. The resulting GIS is used by state and local governments to update regulatory watertype maps and ultimately provide greater protection for streams. Presentation Title: Salmonid Health Indicator Project: Applying Science to Conservation Presenter Name: Samantha, D. Chilcote, PhD Author: Samantha Chilcote, Wild Salmon Center, (503) 222-1804, schilcote@wildsalmoncenter.org Abstract: The Wild Salmon Center is developing a model for a suite of indicators for efficient and effective salmon preservation as well as management. This presentation will describe the first step in the development of the habitat component of our strategy for the guidance of management decisions. A suite of indicators are utilized at three different levels of monitoring intensity and methodology based on their ability to describe habitat functionality and the health of salmon. These results are used to identify reference conditions and critical habitat, prioritize management actions and future threats, and evaluate the success of management strategies. Lastly, results are translated into easily communicable graphics for dissemination to a variety of audiences. This methodology incorporates the work of numerous entities, from academic institutions to nongovernment organizations to agencies, in order to focus on ecosystem function as a way of ensuring the sustainability of salmon ecosystems. In the coming year, we plan to expand its application to rivers in North America as well as Russia in order to increase partnership opportunities as well as the effectiveness and sustainability of the management strategies. Friday AM -- Track 1 - Tying Recovery Together with the All-H Integration Process NPIC 2007 Abstracts Friday AM -- Track 3 - Human Impacts Ecosystems, Fish, and Water Quality Presentation Title: The Impact of Copper Exposure on the Olfactory Neuroethology of coho salmon (Oncorhunchus kisutch) Presenter Name: D.H. Baldwin Authors: D.H. Baldwin, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, USA, (206) 860-3306, david.baldwin@noaa.gov; J.F. Sandahl, Dept. of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State Univ., USA; J.J. Jenkins, Dept. of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State Univ., USA, and N.L. Scholz, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, USA Abstract: Dissolved copper is one of the most frequently detected trace elements in surface waters from agricultural and urbanized watersheds in the western United States. We evaluated the sublethal effects of short-term copper exposures on the olfactory neurophysiology and odor-mediated predator avoidance behavior of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The swimming activity and alarm behavior of individual fish were measured using three-dimensional digital video, and recordings from the olfactory epithelium (electro-olfactograms) were used to monitor odor-evoked field potentials from animals at the end of each behavioral trial. In this manner, we obtained paired behavioral and neurophysiological measurements for each fish. Copper exposure concentrations (0–20 µg/L) and duration (3 h) were chosen to reflect an environmentally realistic range of stormwater runoff conditions. Juvenile coho exposed to copper showed a significantly reduced behavioral response to an olfactory predation cue (conspecific skin extract) that was dose-dependent. Copper exposure also reduced the responsiveness of the olfactory epithelium to L-serine, taurocholic acid, and the alarm substance in a dose-dependent manner. The copper-induced reductions in sensory biology and behavior had similar thresholds (~ 3 ppb) and were highly correlated. These results indicate that short-term copper exposures can impair the neuroethology of juvenile salmon, and that electrophysiological measures of sublethal toxicity have direct implications for behaviors that are important for juvenile survival. Funding was provided by the NOAA Coastal Storms Program. Presentation Title: Innovative Stormwater Management with Watershed-level Habitat Mitigation for Highway Improvements Presenter Name: Dale E. Anderson Authors: Dale E. Anderson, Water Resources / Environmental Manager – David Evans and Associates, Inc., (206) 948-5404, dxan@deainc.com; Alan Black, P.E., Senior Engineer – HNTB, Inc.; Allison Ray, I-405 Corridor Environmental Manager – Washington State Department of Transportation; and Jon Gage, R.L.A., Landscape Architect – David Evans and Associates, Inc. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Abstract: Stormwater management is an important aspect of freeway improvements and it is receiving close scrutiny due to salmon recovery efforts. Stream habitat mitigation is often an outcome of freeway improvements. This paper looks beyond conventional approaches to stormwater management and habitat mitigation. We have proposed a $14 million watershed-level stream mitigation plan to permit a portion of $1 billion dollars of highway improvements. The plan includes stream flow management and habitat enhancement to provide: salmon stream rehabilitation, wetland enhancement, and downstream flood control. The project will provide habitat improvements that address limiting factors for salmon production in the Panther Creek Watershed. The benefits include providing: off-channel salmon rearing habitat and water quality improvements, functional riparian habitat, and removal of fish passage barriers. The cost to implement the habitat mitigation could be offset by avoidance of the high cost of stormwater detention. Hydraulic analyses revealed that direct discharge of a portion of the treated highway drainage into a large stream / wetland complex would not have an adverse effect on habitat. Presentation Title: Managing Stormwater for Healthy Salmon Populations in Puget Sound Presenter Name: DeeAnn Kirkpatrick Author: DeeAnn Kirkpatrick, National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries), (206) 526-4452, deeann.kirkpatrick@noaa.gov Abstract: Stormwater runoff is one of the leading causes of water pollution in urban areas of Puget Sound. Stormwater also harms many aquatic species and their habitat. The Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Plan has cited stormwater as one factor limiting recovery of salmonids listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Scientific literature documents stormwater runoff effects on salmon and their habitat, including effects to hydrology, geomorphology, and water quality. These effects are examined, and the complex institutional framework of government agencies in the Puget Sound area that guide and regulate stormwater management is explained. NOAA Fisheries has documented gaps in protecting salmon that occur under the current regulatory framework for stormwater management. NOAA Fisheries efforts to address these gaps and make changes to stormwater management in Puget Sound are described. In conclusion, the elements of an ideal stormwater management program to protect salmon in Puget Sound are explained. These program elements could be supported at the Federal level, incorporated in Federal and State stormwater permits, and implemented through local government programs. Presentation Title: Can’t we all get along… Or is stormwater management really about Fish or People? Presenter Name: Kevin Dragon NPIC 2007 Abstracts Author: Kevin Dragon, PE, HDR Engineering, 626 Columbia Street NW, Olympia, WA 98501, (360) 570-4407, kevin.dragon@hdrinc.com Abstract: As development continues in Washington’s Puget Sound region, land-use regulations and construction practices are established to protect water quality and address habitat issues. Often local governments find themselves trying balance constituent needs and desires to manage private properties while protecting the State’s vital water resources. We will explore some of the common regulatory mechanisms to protect fisheries habitat and its influence on stormwater management. Presentation Title: Stormwater Engineering Design and the Impacts to Fisheries and Streams Presenter Name: Eric Mendel Author: Eric Mendel, HDR Engineering, 500 108th Avenue NE, Suite 1200, Bellevue, WA 98004-5549, (425) 468-1506, eric.mendel@hdrinc.com Abstract: This topic will focus on how development is currently attempting to reduce impacts on fish bearing streams through stormwater treatment from an engineering prospective. The evolution of stormwater regulations and current BMP design for development projects will be discussed. Current BMPs will be analyzed for effectiveness of water quality pollutant removal and their impacts on aquatic organisms and stream flows. Future stormwater methods and industry trends including Low Impact Development (LIDs) and how these can help improve water quality of stormwater runoff will be discussed. Presentation Title: Setting Instream Flows in the Context of Watershed Planning Presenter Name: Terra Hegy Author: Terra Hegy, Water Team, Science Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501, 360-902-2608, hegytph@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: After the Watershed Planning Act was passed in 1998, fish and habitat biologists from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife have worked closely with local watershed groups to provide technical expertise on instream flow methods, models, and habitat studies. Groups express the desire to know which instream flow methodologies to use in order to approximate optimal fish habitat for their situation. Staff then work with the group and Ecology to formulate instream flow recommendations to Ecology. These instream flows, which constitute a water right for a stream, are eventually adopted into the Washington Administrative code after acceptance and approval by the Department of Ecology. There are many methodologies available that have been used to provide relevant data on a stream’s habitat values for salmon, NPIC 2007 Abstracts steelhead, and other fish, as well as protection for general ecosystem health. The most well known is the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) or PHABSIM (Physical Habitat Simulation). Other methods include: Wetted Width, Toe Width, PHABSIM or RHABSIM models, and Tenant method with Tessman’s modification. The speaker will present 3 or 4 case studies regarding how local planning groups used these instream flow methods to develop instream flow recommendations to protect Washington streams. Presentation Title: Dungeness River water acquisition monitoring Presenter Name: Jonathan H. Kohr Author: Jonathan H. Kohr, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (509) 4544305, kohrjhk@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: Three ―critical‖ basins were established for water acquisition and flow/passage monitoring. These basins consist of the Dungeness, the Upper Yakima, and the Walla Walla rivers. This report will focus on the Dungeness River watershed by summarizing the monitoring efforts for the SDWUA’s (Sequim-Dungeness Water Users Association) split-season, three-year lease water acquisition. Savings for instream flows directly into the Dungeness River totaled approximately 11.07 cfs from the leased water for the three irrigation seasons studied. These leases started in the 2003 irrigation season and continued until the end of the 2005 irrigation season. Each year, the leases began on August 1st and were terminated on September 15th, i.e., ~45 days for each of the three years. Dungeness River data collection, samples, and surveys were conducted by WDFW (Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife) for the Dept. of Ecology’s conservation efforts through the Water Acquisition Program. On-site river data collection began in June 2004 and continued through the 2005 irrigation season. Samples of riffle thalweg depth and distance were collected at various flows for fish-passage assessment, along with wetted widths, average depths, and flows, using a tape-measure, top-setting wading rod, and Swoffer flow meter. Measured flow and gage data from Ecology’s stream monitoring website (at https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/wrx/wrx/flows/station.asp) were used to generate WUA (weighted usable area) vs. flow curves. IFIM (Instream Flow Incremental Methodology) data from a USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) report (1991) was used to estimate salmonid WUAs for various Dungeness River flows to assess the likely spawning and rearing benefits of water leases there. WUA and rifflepassability benefits for various salmonid species and life stages were most apparent during the lowest-flow periods, notably during the summer/fall drought of 2005 that brought Dungeness River flows to historic low levels. With the higher flow regimes for the 2003-2004 seasons, the realized WUA benefits were less noticeable. Hence, actual public (socioeconomic) and biological benefits for water-acquisition leases may be best during extreme low-flow (drought) conditions. Presentation Title: How Much Stream Flow is Enough to Recovery Steelhead in the Walla Walla River? NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Keith Underwood Author: Keith Underwood, HDR|FishPro, 3780 SE Mile High Rd., Port Orchard, WA, 98366 (360) 871-2727, keith.underwood@hdrinc.com Abstract: Walla Walla Basin summer steelhead are listed as threatened species under the auspices of the Endangered Species Act. In response, Walla Walla basin irrigation districts have embarked on the creation of a habitat conservation plan (HCP) to permit the incidental take of steelhead through their actions. A fish population response model was developed to estimate take and identify actions that could be taken to limit take. The model is a Leslie Matrix framework that relies on a Beverton-Holt function to express density dependant population dynamics. The population model explores the affect of increasing or decreasing stream flow based on in stream flow studies and water temperatures through a heat source temperature model. We will examine the model, data/analyses used to set up the model and discuss the affect of raising or lowering the water temperature on the steelhead population. Presentation Title: Impediments to Attaining Kokanee Fishery Goals in Lake Roosevelt Presenter Name: Keith Underwood Author: Keith Underwood, HDR, (360) 871-2727, keith.underwood@hdrinc.com Abstract: Wild and hatchery kokanee populations of Lake Roosevelt are faced with a number of suboptimal conditions that limit fishery success. Kokanee are entrained over Grand Coulee Dam, preyed upon by walleye, and subjected to suboptimal water temperatures in the summer. The wild spawning population is a fraction of historic production, and this likely is due to degraded habitat in adjacent tributaries. Few hatchery adults age 4 and 5 return to egg collection facilities, preventing the creation of a self-sustaining Lake Roosevelt hatchery stock. In response, the Fish Managers purchase kokanee eggs from Lake Whatcom or Meadow Creek. The Lake Whatcom stock is genetically dissimilar from wild fish, but does not appear to impact wild fish through genetic introgression or outbreeding depression. In contrast, Meadow Creek fish are believed to be closely related to the Lake Roosevelt’s wild stock. The Meadow Creek stock does not grow as quickly or as large as the Lake Whatcom stock, resulting in a less desirable fishery. Furthermore, the Meadow Creek stock appears to have a higher propensity to precocity, which reduces harvest. Evidence implicating these factors as the major impediments to achieving kokanee fishery goals will be presented. Posters – Wednesday Evening and at All Coffee Breaks Presentation Title: The Role of Microsatellite Allele Ladders to Facilitate Interlaboratory Standardization; An Example from the Genetic Analysis of Pacific Salmon (GAPS) Research Community NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Eric S. LaHood Authors: Eric S. LaHood, Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA, (206) 8603283, eric.lahood@noaa.gov; Ora Schlei, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, USFWS, 1011 East Tudor Rd., Anchorage AK 99503, USA; Paul Moran, Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA; John Wenburg, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, USFWS, 1011 East Tudor Rd., Anchorage AK 99503, USA; Jeffrey Olsen, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, USFWS, 1011 East Tudor Rd., Anchorage AK 99503, USA Abstract: Establishing a large Chinook salmon microsatellite database that is available to scientists within the salmon research community is fruitful for a variety of reasons, including its utility in genetic stock identification (GSI) (Moran et. al 2006). In order to facilitate its community-wide use, a standardized set of 13 microsatellite loci are employed by laboratories intent on carrying out analysis involving this Chinook salmon database (community database). At the level of allele labels, where different laboratories routinely identify the same allele with different (lab-specific) ―size-estimate-based‖ labels, the task of converting to a single allele nomenclature system that necessarily matches the database can seem daunting. Allele ladders are a collection of alleles within a single tube, or reaction, developed jointly by NOAA Fisheries (Seattle) and USFWS (Anchorage) for each of these 13 micrsatellite loci, to be used by individual labs to assure allele-label concordance between the lab and community database. In this report, we briefly outline the Chinook salmon microsatellite database implemented through efforts of a multi-agency work group, the ―Genetic Analysis of Pacific Salmon‖ collaborators (GAPS), and present the role that 13 recently developed Chinook salmon microsatellite allele ladders play in facilitating the use of the GAPS Chinook salmon microsatellite database. Presentation Title: Interpreting Acoustic Telemetry Information from a Shallow Water Environment Presenter Name: Tad W. Schwager Authors: Tad W. Schwager, Steward and Associates, (360) 862-1255, tschwager@stewardandassociates.com; Dr. Scott A. Heppell, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, (541) 737-1086, scott.heppell@oregonstate.edu Abstract: Acoustic telemetry studies in shallow water environments can be problematic due to the potential for noise generated by nearshore processes to drown out the tag’s signal. This study presents a method for more accurately interpreting results by linking the variable probability of tag detection to fluctuating environmental conditions. During a study of lingcod movement in 2003-2004 near the mouth of Yaquina Bay, Oregon I tested the detection radius of a VR2 (Vemco Ltd.) hydrophone/receiver by planting tags at intervals of 150, 300 and 450 meters. For the same time period I compiled hourly NPIC 2007 Abstracts records of commonly monitored physical conditions such as tidal exchange, wind speed, wind direction, swell height, swell period, and rainfall. Using logistic regression, I modeled the relationship between environmental conditions and detection probability and then applied the model to the entire period of the tagging study. The calculated series of hourly detection probabilities was then used as a filter for interpreting records of tagged fish during periods of non-detection. As predicted, when the probability of detection decreased, fish that were normally within range of the hydrophone were detected less often. Variation in ambient noise should be addressed when determining the presence or absence of acoustic tagged fish. Presentation Title: Using Large Woody Debris (LWD) to Restore Geomorphic Process and Floodplain Connectivity in a Regulated River System. Presenter Name: Elizabeth Ablow Authors: Abigail Hook, Tulalip Tribes, (360) 651-4802, ahook@tulaliptribes-nsn.gov; Elizabeth Ablow, Seattle City Light, (206) 386-4592, AblowE@Seattle.Gov; Tim Abbe, Entrix, Inc. (206) 790-1079; Scott Powell, Seattle City Light, (206) 386-4582, PowellS@Seattle.Gov; David Chapin, Seattle Public Utilities, (206) 615-0839, ChapinD@Seattle.Gov Abstract: The presence of LWD in Pacific Northwest rivers create and maintain habitat processes by storing gravel, promoting lateral sediment and riparian wood recruitment and instream structure and complexity. As a result of regulated flows and depressed riparian recruitment potential, instream limiting factors for many species can be linked to a paucity of instream wood. We used engineered log jams (ELJs) and individual ―key member‖ logs in a high energy gravel-bedded regulated river in western Washington to increase gravel patch frequency for salmonid spawning, activate historic channels for juvenile rearing, and augment older decaying jams. This system had been altered by the interruption of sediment routing from the upstream dam and logging that resulted in instream wood removal and decreased recruitment potential. Wood placement focused on sites where ELJs could create sufficient hydraulic head to reconnect floodplain channels and where individual logs would remain stable and trap sediment and organic debris. Results after one water-year indicate that 700 meters of channel was activated at two ELJs. Facies around each installation were mapped to create a baseline for monitoring future gravel retention. This technique shows great restoration potential, particularly in regulated systems since neither additional flow nor costly gravel augmentation is required. Presentation Title: Aquatic Habitat Guidelines in Washington Presenter Name: Susan Cierebiej NPIC 2007 Abstracts Author: Susan Cierebiej, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, WA 98501-1091, (360) 902-2561, cieresxc@dfw.wa.gov Abstract: In 1999, the Washington State Governor's Salmon Recovery Office commissioned the Departments of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), Ecology, and Transportation (WSDOT) to develop technical assistance guidance for those who want to protect and restore salmonid habitat. The scope of the program has recently broadened and now includes the promotion, protection, and restoration of fully functioning marine, freshwater, and riparian habitat through comprehensive and effective management of activities affecting Washington's aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Participation in the project has also expanded with the addition of the Washington Department of Natural Resources (DNR); Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation; the Puget Sound Action Team; the Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development; the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to the list of contributing agencies. The Aquatic Habitat Guidelines are designed to address the urgent need for increased and broadly accepted technical guidance, to ensure that stream restoration efforts, including those for salmon and trout recovery, and watershed restoration are strategic, ecologically appropriate, and optimize the effective investment of public and private resources. Aquatic Habitat Guidelines do not replace existing regulatory requirements, though they are designed in part as technical guidance supporting regulatory streamlining, and grant application review for stream restoration proposals. Many of the ecological and resource management issues addressed in these guidance documents have been explored in a series of state-of-the-knowledge white papers produced by regional and national experts as part of the AHG program series. The Aquatic Habitat Guidelines documents and white papers may be viewed and downloaded from the AHG website, maintained by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/hab/ahg/). Presentation Title: Habitat Conservation Planning for Washington’s State-Owned Aquatic Lands Presenter Name: Carol Cloen Author: Carol Cloen, WA Department of Natural Resources, (360) 902-1098, carol.cloen@dnr.wa.gov Abstract: The Washington Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is completing an ecosystem-based multiple species Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) for the state’s aquatic lands under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). DNR’s goals for the Habitat Conservation Plan are: manage habitat in a way that contributes to species recovery and to reduced risk of species extinction; protect the state’s proprietary interests and minimize its financial and legal liability; and provide the balance of public benefits required in law. The balance of public benefits which state law directs DNR to provide includes encouraging direct public use and access, fostering water-dependent uses, ensuring environmental protection, and utilizing renewable resources (RCW 79.105.030). NPIC 2007 Abstracts DNR manages approximately 2.4 million acres of aquatic land. This includes the marine bedlands, about 30% of the tidelands in the Puget Sound and Northwest Straits, and the bedlands and about 70% of the shorelands of the navigable lakes and rivers in the state. Presentation Title: Biological Applications of Marine Geophysics Presenter Name: Paul Conrecode Author: Paul Conrecode, Golder Associates Inc., (425) 883-0777, x2213, pconrecode@golder.com Abstract: Marine geophysics is the use of remote sensing to characterize surface and sub-surface features. These features include substrate type (ranging from bedrock to gravel to sediment) and depth, as well as eelgrass, other macrophytes, and coral. Lost fishing gear can also be located. Geophysics provides comprehensive and efficient mapping of the bottom and sub-bottom environment. For example, eelgrass is patchy. Mapping it accurately with a linear method such as video or divers along a transect would be very costly. With side-scan sonar, a typical day’s coverage would be 10 miles length by 400 feet width. The resulting eelgrass map then serves as a guide for the best use of divers’ time in conducting more detailed studies. Likewise, use of drilling (or geoprobe) to accurately map areal extent and depth of sediment would be very costly. Sub-bottom and seismic profiling provide comprehensive maps – vertical (depth) as well as lateral features - that can:  show the distribution of capping material,  inform decisions on where to drill for sediment samples,  enable volume calculations for contaminated sediments,  identify areas with bioturbation, geoduck habitat, etc. Applications of marine geophysics in Puget Sound have included eelgrass mapping, substrate mapping for geoduck surveys, mapping lateral extent and depth of capping material over contaminated sediments, and locating lost fishing gear. Apart from biological (or natural resource) applications, geophysics has been used to characterize surface and sub-surface geology for structural engineering such as piers, ferry terminals, pilings, etc. In addition, cultural resources such as shipwrecks have been mapped. Presentation Title: Impacts of Stormwater Runoff on Coho Salmon in Restored Urban Streams Presenter Name: Jay W. Davis Authors: Jay W. Davis, USFWS, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr SE, Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503, (360) 753-9568, jay_davis@fws.gov; Sarah McCarthy, Julann Spromberg, John Incardona, and Blake Feist, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112;; Jennifer McIntyre, University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105; Jana Labenia and Mark Myers, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112; Laura NPIC 2007 Abstracts Reed and Katherine Lynch, City of Seattle, Seattle Public Utilities, 700 - 5th Ave Suite 4900, PO Box 34018, Seattle WA 98124; Paul Arnold, U.S. FWS, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr SE, Suite 102, Lacey, WA 98503; and Tracy Collier and Nathaniel Scholz, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 Abstract: Beginning in the late 1990s, several agencies in the greater Seattle area began conducting fall surveys for spawning salmon to evaluate the effectiveness of local stream restoration efforts. These surveys detected a surprisingly high rate of mortality among migratory coho females that were in good physical condition, but had not yet spawned. In addition, adult coho from several different streams showed a similar progression of symptoms (disorientation, lethargy, loss of equilibrium, gaping, fin splaying) that rapidly led to the death of the affected animals. In recent years, pre-spawn mortality (PSM) has been observed in many lowland urban streams, with overall rates ranging from ~ 25% to 90% of the fall runs. Continuous daily surveys of wild coho spawners in a forested reference stream in northwest Washington revealed < 1% PSM. Although the precise cause of PSM in urban streams is not yet known, conventional water quality parameters (i.e., temperature and dissolved oxygen) and disease do not appear to be causal. Rather, the weight of evidence suggests that adult coho, which enter small urban streams following fall storm events, are acutely sensitive to non-point source stormwater runoff containing pollutants that originate from highly developed landscapes. These findings have important implications for restoration and conservation efforts in urban and urbanizing watersheds, respectively. Presentation Title: Williams Creek Fish Ladder Repair and Passage Improvement at Kerriston Road Presenter Name: Don Finney Author: Don Finney, King County Water and Land Resources Division, King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, (206) 296-1967 Work, (253) 833-7705 Home, don.finney@metrokc.gov Abstract: In September of 2004, fish passage was restored to a unique, low cost fish ladder by rebuilding the eroded Williams Creek channel using a Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife approved ―roughened channel‖ design. A 25-ton mobile crane was used to place boulders up to 4-foot diameter to rebuild 60-feet of the small stream channel that had been eroded by a beaver dam-burst flood. The undermined fish ladder was repaired with forms and grout injection in place. Williams Creek is a small coho salmon and cutthroat trout stream that enters the Cedar River above Seattle’s domestic water intake, requiring special considerations for water quality during and after construction. NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presentation Title: Assessing dam impacts by catchment across the North Pacific using a hydro-georeferenced inventory of North Pacific dams and stream network analyses Presenter Name: Matthew Goslin Authors: Matthew Goslin, State of the Salmon program, Ecotrust, (503) 467-0768, matthew@ecotrust.org; Dane Springmeyer, Wild Salmon Center, (503) 222-1804, dspringmeyer@wildsalmoncenter.org; Malin Pinsky, Wild Salmon Center/Stanford, (650) 498-4995, mpinsky@stanford.edu Abstract: As part of the State of the Salmon program, we have constructed range-wide data sets on abundance of and threats to salmon across the North Pacific. This data has been used in a conservation prioritization exercise, identifying catchments with high conservation value and low levels of current threats. A key data set in this effort has been a North Pacific-wide database of dams gathered from multiple sources and georeferenced to regional hydrogaphies. Georeferencing dams accurately to hydrographies has permitted network analyses of streams, cumulating impedance to fish passage as fish move up stream networks through passable dams and determining which portions of a stream network are above impassable dams. Network analyses are also being developed to cumulate an index of downstream dam impacts. The results of the upstream and downstream network analysis are then used to score basins with an index of dam impacts. Presentation Title: Incorporating Spatial Structure and Diversity into the Recovery of Anadromous Pacific Salmonid Populations Presenter Name: William Graeber Authors: Kurt L. Fresh, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E., Seattle, WA, 98112, (206) 860-6793, kurt.fresh@noaa.gov; William Graeber, Stillwater Science, Olympia, WA; Krista Bartz, Jeremy Davies, Mary Ruckelshaus, Mark Scheuerell, and Beth Sanderson, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E., Seattle, WA, 98112; and Andy Haas, Snohomish County, Surface Water Management Division, Everett, WA Abstract: Four criteria (referred to as Viable Salmonid Population or VSP criteria) are used to evaluate efforts to recover of anadromous Pacific salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations: abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and diversity. Of these criteria, application of spatial structure and diversity to the restoration and management of anadromous salmon populations substantially lags efforts to apply the other two viability concepts. Spatial structure refers to the dynamic geographic distribution of either individuals in a population or populations within a species and the processes that generate that distribution. Diversity refers to within and between population differences in genetic, life history, and ecological characteristics. Developing approaches to evaluate spatial structure and diversity in recovery planning are needed so that recovery options can be completely assessed and possible outcomes of suites of actions fully evaluated. This NPIC 2007 Abstracts paper presents some straightforward approaches to applying spatial structure and diversity in recovery planning using data available from both population modeling efforts and spatial analyses. We developed some simple metrics to evaluate changes in spatial structure and diversity using outputs of capacity and abundance from recently developed population models being used to support recovery of Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in Puget Sound. Our analyses suggested that to include spatial structure and diversity in recovery planning: 1) the use of a historical template is essential, 2) multiple metrics of spatial structure and diversity should be used because metrics can vary in the types of information they can provide recovery planners, 3) analyses should be conducted at multiple scales, 4) a full life cycle evaluation of spatial structure and diversity should be conducted, and 5) all three types of diversity (ecological, life history, and genetic), and if possible the effects of hatchery and harvest practices, should be included in evaluations. Presentation Title: Application of the Shiraz salmon population dynamics model in the support of conservation planning in the Interior Columbia River Basin: Wenatchee spring Chinook Presenter Name: Jon M. Honea Authors: Jon M. Honea, NOAA Fisheries, 206-680-3494, jon.honea@noaa.gov; Jeff Jorgensen, NOAA Fisheries, 206-680-3286, jeff.jorgensen@noaa.gov; Michelle McClure, NOAA Fisheries, 206-680-3402, michelle.mcclure@noaa.gov; Tom Cooney, NOAA Fisheries, 503-230-5400, tom.cooney@noaa.gov; Kim Engie, NOAA Fisheries, 206-680-3353, kim.engie@noaa.gov; Damon Holzer, NOAA Fisheries, 206-680-3405, damon.holzer@noaa.gov; Ray Hilborn, UW School of Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, 206-543-3587, rayh@u.washington.edu Abstract: Wenatchee spring Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are one of three populations that make up the upper Columbia spring chinook evolutionarily significant unit listed as endangered in 1999. Our objective is to support recovery efforts by using Shiraz to model the effects of alternative restoration scenarios on salmon population dynamics. Shiraz is a spatially explicit population dynamics model that was developed by Ray Hilborn and others to evaluate the effects of restoration scenarios. It has been used previously to aid restoration planning and evaluate potential climate impacts on fall chinook in rivers that empty into Puget Sound. This model is unique in that the functional relationships linking habitat condition to fish survivorship and capacity are transparent, documented, and accessible for change by the user to meet unique basin or population characteristics. We are currently developing restoration scenarios based on actions being considered by the Interior Columbia Regional Technical Team and described in the Wenatchee Subbasin Plan and Upper Columbia Restoration Plan. The actions proposed are mostly specific projects, often targeted at particular locations deemed degraded. This poster is a progress report describing the parameterization of Shiraz, the functional relationships linking habitat to fish, and the status of scenario development. Presentation Title: South Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Planning NPIC 2007 Abstracts Presenter Name: Tom Kantz Authors: Tom Kantz, Pierce County, Special Projects – Habitat Protection and Restoration, 9850 64th Street West, University Place, WA 98467, (253) 798-4625, tkantz@co.pierce.wa.us; Scott Steltzner, Squaxin Island Tribe, (360) 432-3803, ssteltzner@squaxin.nsn.us; Sayre Hodgson, Nisqually Indian Tribe, (360) 438-8687, shodgson@nwifc.org; Doris Small, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, (360) 895-4756, smalldjs@DFW.WA.GOV; Cindy Wilson, Thurston County, (360) 786-5475, WILSONC@co.thurston.wa.us; John Kleim, Creative Community Solutions, (360) 8669325, jmkliem@comcast.net Abstract: During the development of the South Puget Sound Chinook recovery plan, which focuses on nearshore habitat south of the Tacoma Narrows, the South Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Group created stressor conceptual models to better describe and understand how human-induced stresses to the nearshore (such as bulkheading) may affect salmon habitat and populations. In addition, we developed estimates of nearshore carrying capacity of juvenile Chinook by using an area by fish density calculation summed over habitat types. We have recently expanded our planning effort to include multiple salmon species. We are identifying specific management actions at specific sites based on an understanding of the natural processes and stressors at both a local and a landscape-level scale. We have also developed a Microsoft Access data entry tool to assist us in creating a GIS data layer which shows stressors and management recommendations along specific shoreline reaches. Presentation Title: Future Research Needs for Pacific Salmon Presenter Name: E. Eric Knudsen Authors: E. Eric Knudsen, Consulting Fisheries Scientist, 13033 Sunrise Dr. Mt. Vernon, WA 98273, (360) 424-5767, ericknudsen@gci.net; Cleve Steward, Steward and Associates, 120 Avenue A, Suite D, Snohomish, WA 98290, (360) 866-1255, csteward@stewardandassociates.com Abstract: Current recovery plans and routine management activities for wild salmon will not be successful over the long-term unless significant changes are made to 1) societal priorities for salmon over other uses of the same ecosystems, and 2) the salmon management system itself. While social prioritization of salmon and their habitats are pivotal and must be addressed, this poster focuses on a concurrent re-emphasis of science and technology for successful salmon management. Poor understanding of the salmon production drivers and a lack of accurate and timely information have been major weaknesses of salmon management. We envision a future where salmon managers have a clear understanding about expectations for wild fish carrying capacity, are able to accurately predict and monitor how many fish will return, and can precisely steer fisheries to harvest true biological surpluses without impacting future production or weak populations. Therefore, a whole life-history, migration-based, integrated information NPIC 2007 Abstracts collection and analytical approach is needed for improved salmon management. This poster describes three research themes that, if explored further, can form the basis for turning the vision into reality: 1) a whole life history approach to survival, 2) understanding ecological and physical drivers of survival, and 3) integrated modeling of all factors. From this basis, we recommend emphasis on future research and development in methods to: identify migration patterns of study populations; monitoring of watershed, estuarine, nearshore, and oceanic conditions; and integrating information for predictive modeling of representative stocks. While science and technology are not the sole panaceas for salmon recovery and sustainability, substantial increases in investments for technological capabilities are required for successful management of Pacific Northwest salmon.