Responses to Misleading and Inaccurate Beer Industry Propaganda on
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Responses to Misleading and Inaccurate Beer
Industry Propaganda on Excise Taxes
Beer Industry Myth:
Forty‐four percent of the retail price of beer is now consumed by taxes.
Consumer and Public Health Reality:
The ʺ44 percentʺ calculation deceptively includes sales tax, federal income and payroll
taxes, state and local income, payroll and other levies. The federal excise tax on beer
amounts to only about a nickel per drink ‐‐ less than seven percent of the average
price of a six‐pack. Moreover, the relative value of the tax on beer has declined
considerably as the value of the excise tax has not kept pace with inflation. For
example, at todayʹs rate of $18.00 per barrel, the beer tax would have to increase by
one‐third, to 43 cents per six‐pack, from its current level of approximately 33 cents,
just to offset the effects of inflation since 1991. The tax would still be considerably less
than 10% of the cost of a six‐pack.
Beer Industry Myth:
Beer taxes are regressive and hurt working‐class people (a.k.a. “Joe‐Sixpack”).
Consumer and Public Health Reality:
If beer marketers are so concerned about lower income consumers, why do they
continually raise prices on their own to increase profit margins? Brewers routinely
increase beer prices ‐‐ without hurting sales – in order to boost profits. Producers are
not concerned about ʺaverageʺ drinkers, because they know that most of their revenue
comes from heavy drinkers. Alcohol taxes are not a working‐class tax, but a drinking‐
class tax. The heaviest‐drinking ten percent of beer drinkers consume 43 percent of
reported beer consumption. 1 The moderate‐drinking majority of drinkers consume,
on average, relatively little alcohol and pay a negligible amount of alcohol taxes.
Heavy and addicted drinkers ‐‐ who account for most of the beer consumption in the
U.S. ‐‐ rightly pay most in beer taxes since their drinking imposes the greatest costs on
society.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO), in a 1990 report on tobacco, alcohol and
gasoline taxes, found that expenditures on alcohol represented similar percentages of
total family expenditures across income classes (among families that purchase
alcohol). According to the CBO report, ʺThe budget share for alcoholic beverages
actually rises with adjusted family income: families in the lowest income quintile
spend 1.5% of their budget on alcoholic beverages, while families in the middle
income quintile spend 2.0% and families in the highest quintile spend 2.3%.ʺ The
report further stated that, ʺThese results suggest that, to the extent that annual family
expenditures rather than annual family income better reflect lifetime income,
expenditures on alcohol are progressiveʺ (emphasis added).
Moreover, lower‐income people consume less alcohol than wealthier
consumers, and drinking is more highly concentrated among a small sub‐
group of heavy‐drinking lower‐income consumers. For example, the 20% of
low‐income consumers with the highest expenditures for alcohol account for
82% of all alcohol expenditures within the low‐income cohort. By contrast, the
heaviest‐spending 20% of upper‐income consumers account for 54.3% of all
alcohol expenditures within that cohort. Contrary to popular stereotypes,
higher‐income consumers are more likely to drink beer than lower‐income
consumers. Well over half of adults (54.1%) earning $75,000 or more per year
are beer drinkers, whereas only 34.6% of individuals earning less than $20,000
are beer drinkers. Thus, relatively fewer low‐income than high‐income people
would be significantly affected by an alcohol excise tax hike.2
Beer Industry Myth
Beer taxes do not help reduce problem drinking and unfairly hurt moderate beer
drinkers.
Consumer and Public Health Reality:
In fact, studies have found that increases in state taxes on alcoholic beverages
are associated with lower rates of death from liver cirrhosis (a marker of heavy
and addicted drinking) as well as fewer drunk‐driving crashes.3
Most people are barely affected by beer taxes, if at all. That’s because one‐
third of adults do not drink any alcohol, and the vast majority of drinkers
consume so little alcohol on average that they would pay at most pennies per
year if alcohol taxes were raised. “Joe Sixpack” is atypical: the few drink most
of the alcohol:
• 80% of drinkers consume only 19.6% of all the alcohol downed in the
U.S.
• 5% of the drinkers consume 48% of the total alcohol.
• 35% of adults don’t drink at all.4
2
Small Change, Real Revenue
What beer drinkers would pay if the beer tax had kept pace with inflation
since 1991:
8 of 10 drinkers pay
= $38/year; 10¢/day
at most
HALF of drinkers
= $6.37/year; 2¢/day
pay at most
The heaviest 5% of
drinkers pay on = $301/year; 83¢/day
average
Revenue Increase = $1.6 billion + per year
In fact, most of the alcohol sales and consumption (about 80%) is concentrated
within the top fifth of all drinkers, whose heavy consumption imposes the
greatest costs on society. Lower‐income consumers are even less affected ‐‐ the
poorest fifth of all consumers has the highest rates of abstention from alcohol,
and heavy drinking among that population is far more concentrated than it is
among higher‐income groups. At the low end of the income scale, only 10% of
all families account for 82% of all alcohol expenditures. Those are the people
who now pay the lion’s share of alcohol taxes among low‐income persons, and
no doubt suffer as well from serious problems related to drinking.
Beer Industry Myth:
The 1991 increase in the Federal beer tax has destroyed 31,000 jobs.
Consumer and Public Health Reality:
The alcoholic‐beverage industry grossly exaggerates the economic impact of tax
increases. Brewers and distillers assert that alcohol tax increases would cause massive
job losses and harms to their industries, and they wildly overstate ʺhardshipsʺ caused
by the 1991 tax increase. Government data fail to support such claims. In fact,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, between
1990 and 2000, beer‐industry wholesale trade employment rose by more than 8,000
jobs, including increases between 1990 and 1992 (a year before and after the tax
increase). Jobs at the manufacturing level fell, but this decline began decades earlier,
in response to producer consolidation and automation. Beer sales have grown
steadily from $44.6 billion in 1989 to nearly $82.4 billion in 2004. In the same period,
spirits sales soared more than $20 billion and wine sales grew by $11.4 billion.
Beer Industry Myth:
3
The 1991 increase in the Federal beer tax has not resulted in a doubling of Federal revenues.
To the contrary: the decline in demand, the resultant loss of jobs, and the reduction of direct
purchases has cost Federal and state governments hundreds of millions of dollars in lost tax
revenues. The tax on beer has cost millions more in increased outlays for unemployment
compensation and other social services to help those who were put out of work by the tax
increase.
Consumer and Public Health Reality:
These assertions are wildly exaggerated and not supported by any real evidence.
Federal excise taxes on beer generated some $1.7 billion in 1990, rising to $3.7 billion in
2006. The beer market has increased, not decreased in the past decade, even as
brewers have arbitrarily raised prices on their own to maximize profits. Furthermore,
any decrease in sales and consumption would likely result in a decline in alcohol
problems and significant savings in related health and safety costs (alcohol problems
cost American society more than $184 billion in 1998 in health care, criminal justice,
social services, property damage, and loss of productivity expenses). 5 In fact, studies
have determined that increases in the total price of alcohol can reduce drinking and
driving and its consequences among all age groups; lower the frequency of diseases,
injuries, and deaths related to alcohol use and abuse; and reduce alcohol‐related
violence and other crime.5
The Bottom Line:
The beer industry has long opposed raising taxes on its products, even maintaining
that they should be lowered. However, lower beer taxes would only add to the
deficit, cater to a prosperous industry, reward and encourage heavy drinking, and
attract more young drinkers, fueling increased alcohol problems and increasing public
costs. The best interests of consumers, young people, the U.S. Treasury, and the
public health and safety of America would be better served by raising, not lowering
beer taxes.
References:
1
Rogers, J.D. & Greenfield, T.K. (1999). Beer drinking accounts for most of the hazardous alcohol
consumption reported in the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 60(6):732.
2
Adams Beer Handbook, 2006.
3
Chaloupka, Frank J., Michael Grossman, and Henry Saffer, (2002) “The Effects of Price on Alcohol
Consumption and Alcohol-Related Problems,” Alcohol Research and Health, Vol. 26, No. 1.
4
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2002
5
Harwood, H. (2000). Updating Estimates of the Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States:
Estimates, Update Methods and Data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Journal of Law and Economics. 31(1):145-171.
Center for Science in the Public Interest
4
1875 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 300
Washington, DC 20009
Website: http://www.cspinet.org/booze/
Contacts: Kimberly Miller, Manager of Federal Relations
Tel: (202) 777-8338
E-mail: kmiller@cspinet.org
George Hacker, Director
Tel: (202) 7778343
E-mail: ghacker@cspinet.org
(April, 2007)
5
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