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Institucionet e Përkohshme Vetëqeverisëse / Privremena Institucija Samouprave / Provisional Institutions of Self Government
Qeveria e Kosovës / Vlada Kosova / Government of Kosovo
Ministria e Shërbimeve Publike / Ministarstvo javnih službi / Ministry of Public Services
Facts on the Environment
Statistical Office of Kosovo (SOK) a brief description
The Statistical Office of Kosovo, Is a professional office operat-
ing since 1948, which passed through some of the historic phases; Serija 3: Ekonomske Statistike
it has been structured by the state rule of that time. The Statisti-
cal Office of Kosovo restarted its work on August 2, 1999, as an
inde-pendent and professional office in the frames of the Ministry of
Public Services. The SOK is financed by the Kosovo Consolidated
Statistike Spolje Trgovine
Budget and donors for various projects. 2006
SOK Organization Structure; Composes of: four productive de-
partments (Department of Economic Statistics and National Ac-
counts, Department of Population Statistics, Department of Social
Statistics and Department of Agricultural and Environment Statis-
tics), seven Regional Offices (located in Gjakova, Gjilan, Mitrovica,
Peja, Prizren, Pristina and Ferizaj), two support depart-ments (De-
partment of Methodology and Information Technology and Depart-
ment of Administration), as well as the Office of the Census.
Total employees are 134, of them 96 (71.6%) within the SOK of-
fices whilst 38 (28.4%) in regional offices.
The Office Mission is to fulfill the needs of users for objective
statistical data and analyses in order to support government de-
partments and provide proper information for decision-makers and
other users in Kosovo.
Address:
Statistical Office of Kosovo
Zenel Salihu Str. No: 4, Prishtina
Telephone:
Head-quarter: +381(038)235 111
Director: +381(038)235 545
Fax: +381(038)235 033
E-mail: esk@ks-gov.net
Web-site: www.ks-gov.net/esk
Interpretations expressed in this publication are entirely those of the
authors and should not be attributed, in any manner, to MPS, SOK, or
any other institution
Suggestions, proposals and remarks for this publication are welcome
and will help us to have more effective publications for users.
Tel: +381(0) 38235 111, ext 133
Web-faqe: www.ks-gov.net/esk
Facts on the Environment
Introduction
This first publication, on “Facts on the Environment” aims to inform in a
statistically manner different users on the environmental status in
Kosovo. This modest publication aims also to contribute in “history” of a
sustain information on environmental situation in Kosovo. The
publication was done by Statistical Office of Kosovo using all the
available data sources. They had been put then together in such order
to facilitate the portrayal of the environment status.
This publication is the result of a close cooperation of the Statistical
Office of Kosovo with the Ministry of Environmental and Spatial
Planning.
Special acknowledgement goes to Statistics Sweden for offering its
technical assistance, as well as to the cooperation (SIDA) which made
possible the realization the publication.
Especially thank goes to Swedish statistics experts Mrs.Marianne
Eriksson, Mrs.Ingrid Floren and Statistics Sweden Long-term consultant
Mrs.Milva Ekonomi.
This publication was prepared by following personnel from Agriculture
and Environment Statistics Department at SOK:
Bajrush Qevani
Mr.sc.Haki Kurti
Arta Salihu-Morina
Wishing to you all a beneficial use of it,
September, 2007 Chief Executive Officer
Avni Kastrati
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
HBS Households Budget Survey (SOK)
AHS Agricultural Household Survey
DHS Demographic and Health Survey (SOK)
LFS Labor Force Survey (SOK)
LSMS Living Standard Measurement Survey
EU European Union
GDP Gross Domestic Product
SOK Statistical Office of Kosovo
NPHI National Public Health Institution
KEK Electro-energetic Corporation of Kosovo
KFOR Kosovo Force
MAFRD Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development
MESP Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning
MPS Ministry of Public Services
MH Ministry of Health
NAG Fertilizer (Nitrat)
NPK Fertilizer (Nitrogen, Phosphorues, Calcareous)
URE Fertilizer (URE)
UNMIK United Nations Mission in Kosovo
SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency
WWRO Water and Waste Regulatory Office
IUCN World Organization of Nature Conservation
LKSH Albanian Red Book
LH Kosovo Law on Hunting, 1973.
Key to Symbols
- Zero
: No Data
. Not applicable
0 Magnitude less than half of unit employed
ha Hectares
kg Kilogram
µg m³ Microgram m³
t Tonne
% Percent
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Facts on the Environment Contents
Contents
1. Geographic and weather information on Kosovo ............................ 8
2. Land use and agriculture...............................................................15
3. Biodiversity....................................................................................24
3.1 Protected area ............................................................................28
3.2 The situation of biodiversity in Kosovo.......................................28
3.3 Mammalians...............................................................................32
3.4 Natural hydrological monuments................................................33
4. Waste............................................................................................. 34
5. Water ............................................................................................. 48
5.1 Water resources........................................................................48
5.2 Water supply.............................................................................51
5.3 Monitoring drinking water quality in Kosovo...............................54
5.4 Waste water...............................................................................54
6. Energy and air ..............................................................................56
6.1 Energy....... ................................................................................ 56
6.2 Transport...................................................................................61
6.3 Air quality...................................................................................62
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Background
Environmental statistics can be structured in different ways, the most
commonly used are by area (air, water, waste etc.) and the DPSIR-
model. In this publication the data are presented by area and in each
area the statistics is, as far as possible, arranged according to the
DPSIR-model.
1.1DPSIR Model
The DPSIR model
Driving forces Respons
Activities indirectly What is done to reduce
cuasing environmental the problems,
problems, e.g. energy-use, e.g. protection av land
transportation and industrial areas, legislation, taxes,
production public transport
Pressure Impact
Origin of the problem Consequences of
e.g. Emissions from changes in the
industries and transports environment
och generation of waste e.g. number of cancer
cases, loss of biodiversity,
economic damage
State
State of the natural
environment
e.g. air quality,
acidification and
eutrofication of water
and soil
The DPSIR model is an extension of the PSR (Pressure, State,
Response) model adopted by the OECDs State of the Environment
(SoE) group and by European Environment Agency (EEA), being also
used by EUROSTAT for the organisation of the environmental statistics.
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This analytical framework permits to organise the information and to
integrate socio-economic and ecological elements by dressing
relationships between five indicator categories: Driving forces (e.g.,
agricultural practices, industrial production, technology) are determining
Pressures (e.g., toxic emissions, CO2 emissions), that are subsequently
degrading the State of the environment (e.g., the concentration of
mercury in forest soils, the global mean temperature), these Impacts
(e.g., forest acidification, endocrine disrupting effects on mammals)
imposing Responses of the society (e.g., legislative measures, taxes,
research programmes).
D Driving force indicators are not very responsive ("elastic"): the
monitored phenomena, e.g. road traffic, are driven by powerful
economic forces, and therefore it can hardly be expected that these
trends will change drastically in future. For example, politicians cannot
seriously suggest to abolish private cars, if they want to stay in office.
However, Driving force indicators are useful to:
a) calculate a variety of pressure indicators, e.g. by multiplying the
mileage of cars with specific coefficients like "average CO 2 per car and
km";
b) help decision-makers to plan actions ("responses") needed to avoid
future problems ("pressures"), for example the capacity of roads;
c) serve as a basis for scenario development and long-term planning.
P Pressure indicators point directly at the causes of problems. One
specific feature of pressure indicators is that they should be responsive,
that is, a decision-maker has indeed a chance to reduce the indicator
(and thus the problem) by launching appropriate actions. They will also
serve as an incentive for rational solutions, since they demonstrate the
effectiveness of political action early enough to hold responsible those
who launched the action.
S State indicators, in contrast, are often too slow. For example, a state
indicator showing the acidity of forest soils points back to the NO x and
SO 2 emissions of the last ten years; the politically responsible persons
may have retired in the meantime. On the other hand, state indicators
can serve to make a first assessment of the situation (what is the
current state of the forest soils? where could corrective measures be
applied?) , and they are certainly appropriate tools to plan habitat
restoration and similar clean-up activities.
I Impact indicators react even slower than state indicators. When the
impacts are felt, it is usually too late for action. In addition, it is rarely
possible to establish solid statistical correlations between pressures,
state, and impacts, due to the enormous delays and the influence of
non-environmental variables. The main purpose of impact indicators is
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to demonstrate DPSIR patterns, in particular: cause-effect chains , and
to facilitate informed discussions about actions to avoid negative
impacts in future. In this sense, they are not statistical "indicators", but
scientific "decision models".
Source: Internet, DPSIR model -The Pressure-State-Respons Model
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1. GEOGRAPHIC AND WEATHER
INFORMATION ON KOSOVO
Kosovo is a territory in centre of Balkan Peninsula, with no access to
sea. Kosovo borders with Serbia in Northeast, Macedonia (FYROM) in
South, Albania in Southwest and Montenegro in Northwest.
The area of Kosovo is 10 908 km2.The climate in Kosovo is continental
with warm summers and cold winters. Kosovo is densely populated with
about 193 persons per km2, and divided into 30 municipalities. The
capital of Kosovo is Pristine.
Table 1. 1: Geographical coordinates
Coordinates Degrees Minutes
Northen latitude 43 16
Southern latitude 41 53
Eastern longitude 21 16
Western longitude 19 59
Source: SOK, Cartography
Kosovo lies in the southern part of medium geographical border of the
half northern sphere and its climate is mainly continental with some
Mediterranean and alpine influences. Key local factors that influence
Kosovo’s climate are relieve, waters, land and plants.
In Kosovo there are present all forms of atmospheric falls. The most
important falls are in the form of rain in the valleys and snow falls in
mountains. In Kosovo there are in average 160 rainy days per year.
The municipality of Prishtina is 572 km² and lies in the north-western
part of Kosovo.
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Table 1. 2: Air temperature in Prishtine, 2004–2006. °C
2004 2005 2006
Month
Max Min Max Min Max Min
January 13 -12 12 -10 8 -20
February 16 -14 12 -18 14 -22
March 20 -7 20 -13 22 -17
April 22 3 24 -4 17 7
May 24 2 29 2 21 9
June 29 9 33 3 25 12
July 34 9 35 11 28 14
August 33 10 34 8 27 14
September 29 3 29 8 23 10
October 25 4 23 -4 : :
November 24 -10 16 -6 : :
December : : 14 -22 : :
Source: KFOR HQ Meteo
Table 1. 3: Weather in Prishtine, 2004–2006. Number of days
2004 2005 2006
Rain/ Storm Rain/ Storm Rain/ Storm
snow days snow days snow days
January 21 0 14 0 8 0
February 16 2 17 0 20 1
March 16 1 17 0 19 0
April 21 6 11 3 18 1
May 18 4 9 6 10 2
June 14 9 8 3 13 0
July 8 3 11 5 8 1
August 6 4 8 4 13 1
September 10 0 14 4 9 1
October 10 1 6 1 : :
November 16 1 15 0 : :
December : : 15 0 : :
Source: KFOR HQ Meteo
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Table 1. 4: Total population in Kosovo, 2002–2005 (thousands)
Year Total population Women Men
2002 1.985 982 1.003
2003 2.016 988 1.028
2004 2.041 1.004 1.037
2005 2.070 1.010 1.060
Source: SOK, Pub. Women and men in Kosovo
The table 1.4 presents the population estimations for 2005.The
estimations were based on the statistical methods used for estimations,
prognoses and projections. The total population in Kosovo in the end of
2005 is estimated to be 2 070 000 inhabitants.
Figure 1. 1: Population by age-groups and sex, 2005. Per cent
Per cent
100
Male Female
80
60
40
20
0
–15 years 15–24 25–54 55–64 65– 15–64
Source: SOK, Labor Force Survey
About 31 per cent of the population is younger than 15 years and only 7
per cent of the population in Kosovo is older than 64 years.
The family size is about 6,2 members. The average age of merriage is
30,3 years old for men, 27 yeras old for women. The data shows that a
kosovar women give births to 3 children in average
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Table 1. 5: Employed by economic activities, 2002–2005. Per cent
Economic activity 2002 2003 2004 2005
Agriculture 10,3 17,3 24,7 18,8
Miners 1,6 1,4 1,1 1,6
Manufacturing 10,7 10,5 8,6 9,6
Electricity 4,9 3,5 4,3 3,2
Construction 11,2 11,3 8,0 7,9
Trade 17,0 13,9 13,9 13,8
Hotels 3,9 3,0 3,3 3,5
Transport 4,1 4,4 4,7 4,2
Finance 0,8 0,9 1,1 1,1
Business 0,7 0,8 2,2 2,4
Public
8,7 9,4 6,7 8,2
administration
Education 11,2 12,0 10,6 10,8
Health 5,7 5,1 4,6 5,2
Other 9,2 6,5 6,4 9,7
Source: SOK, Labor Force Survey
Figure 1. 2: Employed by sex and economic activity, 2005. Per cent
Per cent
25
Male Female
20
15
10
5
0
Agri- Min- Manu- Elec- Con- Trade Ho- Trans- Fin- Busi-Public Edu- Heal- Other
cul- ing factu- tri- struc- tels port ance ness admi- ca- th
ture ring city tion nistra- tion
tion
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Table 1. 6: Total employees in public administration
2003 2004 2005
Sector
Number % Number % Number %
General services 8.451 12,00 9.319 12,59 9.123 12,31
Public peace and
13.293 18,88 15.372 20,77 16.098 21,73
order
Education 31.858 45,24 32.129 43,41 31.625 42,69
Health 13.694 19,45 13.639 18,43 13.239 17,87
Economy 1.346 1,91 1.528 2,06 1.514 2,04
Culture and
431 0,61 478 0,65 487 0,66
recreation
Housing issues 1.119 1,59 1.261 1,70 1.730 2,34
Environment 231 0,33 282 0,38 265 0,36
Total 70.423 100,00 74.008 100,00 74.081 100,00
Source: MPS, Division of Payroll and Payment Administration
Majority of people, employed in public administration , are working in
the Education sector, followed by Health and Public peace and security.
Meanwile in the environmental sector there is the lowest employment
rate for the year 2003 and 2004. There are only 0,33 percentof the total
number of employed person working in this sector.
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Table 1. 7: Gross domestic product by economic activity in Kosovo
Considering UNMIK as a resident and contributing to GDP
(in million Euro)
Share of GDP at producers'
Economic activities prices
2002 2003 2004
Gross Domestic Product at real prices 2589,9 2505,0 2472,5
Gross Domestic Product at producers'
100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
prices
Gross Domestic Product at basic prices 84,7% 82,5% 82,0%
TOTAL ACTIVITIES 84,7% 82,5% 82,0%
Agriculture and fishing 7,3% 7,5% 7,1%
Mining, manufacturing, electr. and water 13,9% 12,9% 12,5%
Services 63,6% 62,2% 63,2%
Construction 8,0% 8,8% 9,9%
Wholesale and retail trade 7,8% 7,7% 8,4%
Hotels and restaurants 2,4% 2,7% 2,7%
Transport and communication 3,5% 3,4% 3,9%
Financial intermediation 2,3% 3,1% 4,1%
Real estate and business services 16,7% 16,1% 15,6%
Public administration and defense 20,9% 18,2% 16,8%
Kosovar Government 3,5% 4,3% 4,9%
UNMIK 17,4% 13,9% 11,9%
Education 0,8% 0,8% 0,4%
Health and social work 1,0% 1,1% 0,8%
Community, social and personal services 0,3% 0,3% 0,5%
Plus: Taxes on products 15,3% 17,5% 16,0%
Source: SOK, National Accounts 2002-2004
In Kosovo the 2002 GDP,the year which for the first time the estimation
has been done locally was 2,319 billion euros. This value was lightly
decreased 2003, 2004 and the estimations show the respective data
2,157 billion euros and 2,175 billion euros. The GDP per capita in
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Kosovo calculated without contribution of UNMIK residents at GDP is
shown on the following table.
Table 1. 8: GDP per capita 2002-2004
(euros)
Years GDP (capita)
2002 1.078
2003 1.070
2004 1.065
Source: SOK, National Accounts 2002-2004
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Facts on the Environment
2. LAND USE AND
AGRICULTURE
The total land area of Kosovo of almost 1,1 million hectares consists of
570 000 hectares agricultural land out of which nearly 300 000 hectares
are arable. Other agricultural lands are mainly pasture land (165 000
hectares) and meadows (90 000 hectares). The forest area counts
around 450 000 hectares.
The most detailed registration of land use can be found in the Cadastre
register.
Figure 2. 1: Land use in Kosovo according to Cadastre Registry,
2002, hectars
Other
Water areas
areas 5%
1%
Agricultural
Forest land
land
41%
53%
Source: Kosovo Cadastre Agency
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Table 2. 1:Land use in Kosovo according to Cadastre Registry, (ha)
Agricultu- Water
Municipality Forest land Other areas Total area
ral land areas
Deçan 15.860 19.028 341 1.991 37.220
Gjakovë 23.296 26.753 896 7.885 58.830
Gllogovc 15.512 10.474 142 1.469 27.597
Gjilan 24.843 24.237 491 1.988 51.559
Dragash 34.430 6.434 201 1.578 42.643
Istog 23.233 20.692 324 1.191 45.440
Kaçanik 10.497 17.293 315 1.351 29.456
Klinë 17.767 11.566 377 1.231 30.941
Fushë Kosovë 7.128 1.382 100 929 9.539
Kamenicë 29.006 20.395 1.030 1.894 52.325
Mitrovicë 16.894 14.354 461 1.950 33.659
Leposaviq 23.273 27.512 521 2.664 53.970
Lipjan 24.686 12.962 326 2.198 40.172
Novobërdë 4.998 2.781 47 308 8.134
Obiliq 8.575 1.153 132 634 10.494
Rahovec 18.344 7.610 492 1.195 27.641
Pejë 31.274 25.715 841 2.533 60.363
Podujevë 34.193 25.968 617 2.555 63.333
Prishtinë 25.259 28.359 378 3.268 57.264
Prizren 34.574 24.800 784 3.411 63.569
Skenderaj 20.553 15.224 247 1.465 37.489
Shtime 6.449 6.377 106 525 13.457
Shtërpcë 13.651 10.332 201 608 24.792
Suharekë 19.373 15.070 444 1.255 36.142
Ferizaj 19.769 12.824 176 1.743 34.512
Viti 17.854 9.937 310 1.271 29.372
Vushtrri 21.756 10.431 718 1.618 34.523
Zubin Potok 10.133 20.773 1.037 1.434 33.377
Zveçan 5.379 5.970 129 837 12.315
Malishevë 15.672 13.842 159 1.004 30.677
Total 574.231 450.249 12.344 53.979 1.090.803
Source: Kosovo Cadastre Agency
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Table 2. 2: Use of agriculture land, 2004 and 2005. Private farmers
Area (ha) Area (ha) %
Land use
2005
2004 2005
Utilized arable land
156.658 138.861 38
and kitchen gardens
Orchards 4.458 4.016 1
Vineyards 1.291 907 0
Greenhouse 255 162 0
Meadows 73.016 89.844 25
Subtotal cultivated land 235.678 233.789 65
Pastures 6.011 8.425 2
Left fallow 23.260 23.052 6
Subtotal agriculture
264.948 265.265 73
land
Forestry 81.411 76.700 21
House yard 12.993 16.082 4
Other 123 3.391 1
1
Total 395.476 361.439 100
Source: SOK, Agriculture Household survey, 2005.
Agricultural land owned or operated by household/private farmers,
accounts for around 73 percent of the total land owned by private
farmers. The remaining land for private farmers is land under forests
and house yards.
The data shows that the total surface of utilized arable land decreased
in 2005 by 12 % and this surface was transformed in meadows. This is
due to the increased number of livestocks in Kosovo, many farmers are
dedicaty their energy to increase the capacity of livestock fund.
1 Agricultural land includes utilized arable land and kitchen gardens, orchards, vineyards,
greenhouses, meadows, pasture, and land left fallow.
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Table 2. 3: Agriculture land by farm size and farm structure2, 2005
Small farms Large and specialized farms Total
Farm size
No. of % of No. of No. of % of
Area (ha) Area (ha) % of farms Area (ha)
farms farms farms farms farms
0 - 0.5 ha 33.657 10.474 19,6 5 2 2,0 33.662 10.476 19,6
0.51-1 ha 46.145 34.895 26,9 9 6 3,5 46.154 34.901 26,9
1.01 - 1.5 ha 39.129 49.039 22,8 4 5 1,6 39.133 49.044 22,8
1.51-2 ha 14.512 25.935 8,5 12 24 4,7 14.524 25.958 8,5
2.01 - 3 ha 21.610 53.484 12,6 31 78 12,1 21.641 53.561 12,6
3.01 - 4 ha 6.756 23.120 3,9 32 110 12,5 6.788 23.231 4,0
4.01 - 5 ha 3.875 17.478 2,3 21 96 8,2 3.896 17.573 2,3
5.01 - 6 ha 2.412 13.240 1,4 12 65 4,7 2.424 13.305 1,4
6.01 - 8 ha 1.712 11.764 1,0 31 217 12,1 1.743 11.981 1,0
8.01 - 10 ha 702 6.182 0,4 24 219 9,4 726 6.401 0,4
Over 10 ha 793 14.728 0,6 75 4.105 29,3 1.048 18.833 0,6
Total 171.483 260.337 100,0 265 4.928 100,0 171.739 265.265 100,0
Source: SOK, Agriculture Household Survey, 2005
Table 2. 3 presents the distribution of farms size by farm structure.
Farms are classified in 11 groups according to their agricultural land
area. 97 percent of small household farms are under five hectares,
2
Definitions (small farms)
The definition of a household is a union of persons that live together, and pool their
income.
The definition of an agricultural household is one that possesses and cultivates more
than 0.10 ha utilized a r a b l e land², or less than 0,10 ha of utilized a r a b l e land but has
at least:
1 cattle and a calf, or 1 cattle and 1 heifer, or
1 cattle and 2 grown sheep or goats, or
5 grown sheep or goats or
4 grown sheep and pigs together, or
3 grown pigs, or
50 grown poultry, or
20 beehives, or
More than 20 m² of fish pond.
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and these account for 81 percent of the agricultural land in small
farms, while 3 percent of farms over five hectares account for 19
percent of the land. In 2005, the mean farm size of the small household
farms, counting agricultural land only, was 1,5 ha. The standard
deviation is small; 1,74.
Bearing in mind the number and land area under small farms, the
overall size distribution of agricultural land in Kosovo is almost
identical to the distribution of small household farms and the mean farm
size is 1,5 ha. This very fragmented farm structure impedes the
development of commercial agriculture and perpetuates subsistence
farming.
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Table 2.4: Livestock number as of October–November 2005 in
private farms
Large and
Livestock type Small farms Total
specialized farms
Cattle 349.196 2.631 351.827
Calves less than 6 months 76.282 447 76.729
Bulls and heifers 6 months
52.747 362 53.109
to 1 year
Bulls and heifers 1year to 2
22.341 241 22.582
years
Bulls and heifers more than
7.300 130 7.430
2 years
Milk cows 185.316 1.391 186.707
Bulls 4.609 40 4.649
Buffalo 602 20 622
Pigs 47.348 116 47.464
Piglets up to 6 months 24.390 83 24.473
Bearing sows 14.678 23 14.701
Boars for insemination 8.281 10 8.291
Sheep and goats 135.789 16.091 151.880
Lambs 19.826 3.337 23.163
Sheep for breeding 93.672 10.982 104.654
Rams for insemination 14.327 821 15.148
Goats 7.964 951 8.915
Equines 6.718 85 6.803
Horses 6.159 76 6.235
Donkeys 559 9 568
Poultry 2.160,47 470.549 2.631,02
Chickens 1.978,24 408.209 2.386,45
Other poultry 182.224 62.340 244.564
Beehives 69.378 194 69.572
Source: SOK, Agriculture Household Survey 2005.
Cattle are the major livestock, of which 53 percent are dairy cows.
Households have a small number of buffalos, around 622, which are
included in total cattle. In 2005, less than 1 percent of the cattle herd
were in the large and specialized household farms. The cattle herd is
very fragmented. The average number of cattle per household is 1, 26
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head in the small farms and 4,3 head in the large and specialised
farms. The average number of milk cows for those households that
have milk cows is 1,53 in the small farms and 4,4 in the large and
specialized farms. Dispersion is typical for other type of livestock as
well. The small farms have on an average 17 sheep and goats, and 19
poultry, whilst the large farms have much higher numbers. These
statistics underline the subsistence character of livestock sector in
the small household farms.
Table 2. 5: Import of fertilizers
Import
2005 2006
Total
Quantity (t) Value 000 € Quantity (t) Value 000 €
44.894 14.265 68.095 19.001
Source: SOK, Foreign trade statistics
Table 2. 6: Use of fertilizers and manure by household farms, 2005
Large & specialized
Type of fertilizer Small farms
farms
NPK 75% 82%
NAG 35% 41%
URE 43% 43%
Other 2% 2%
Manure 54% 68%
Source: Agriculture Household Survey 2005, SOK.
Table 2.6 presents the percentage of households who use different
types of fertilizers. NPK, often used as e base dressing at planting, is
the most frequently used of all in-organic fertilizers, and most of the rest
are NAG and Urea, which are mainly used as top dressing applications
after crop germination. NPK is used by 75 percent of small farms and 82
percent of large farms.
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Table 2. 7: Use of fertilizers and manure by crop group 2005.
Private farmers
Crops Fodder
Vegetables Fruits Other3 Total
grains crops
Area (ha) 114.622 17.333 96.777 4.924 128 233.784
Fertilizers
NPK (t) 27.684 5.492 7.904 682 85 41 78
kilo/acre 242 317 82 138 141 179
NAG (t) 9.718 2.636 2.227 170 4 14 76
kilo/acre 85 152 23 35 60 63
URE (t) 13.393 1.761 2.661 150 5 17.975
kilo/acre 117 102 27 30 72 77
Other(t) 731 462 104 21 0 1.318
kilo/acre 6 27 1 4 0 6
Manure
Used (t) 175.596 8.074 101.398 12.189 276 370.475
kilo/acre 1.532 4.658 1.048 2.475 3.808 1.585
Source :SOK, Agriculture Household Survey 2005.
Table 2.7 shows the use of fertilizers and manure by crops, which are
presented in groups and the average use of fertilizers and manure per
hectare is indicated. It is important to point out that the quantities are in
gross terms. This means that there is no direct information about the net
use of active substances in different fertilizers.
Vegetables have the highest application rate per hectare, with 317 kg/ha
NPK, 152 kg/ha NAG, 102 kg/ha UREA and around 4 658 kg/ha manure.
3
Industrial and medical crops seedlings
The table does not include the fertilizer used on second crop which are 22 tonnes NPK,
24 tonnes NAG, 7 tonnes URE and 373 tonnes manure
22
Facts on the Environment
Table 2. 8: Import of pesticides
Import
2005 2006
Total
Quantity (t) Value € Quantity (t) Value €
2.031 575.234 2.600 894.257
Source: SOK, Foreign trade statistics
Table 2. 9: Irrigation of cultivated land by region and agriculture
household, 2005
Irrigated % of total irrigated
Region % agriculture land
area (ha) land in Kosovo
Kosovo 41.860 27,9 100
Prishtine 5.136 27 25
Mitrovice 3.416 16,5 7,8
Peje 13.429 50,4 17,4
Gjakove 12.967 48,4 20,1
Prizren 4.588 19,4 11
Ferizaj 1.484 29 9,7
Gjilan 840 17,2 9,1
Source: Agriculture Household survey 2005 SOK
Table 2.9 shows irrigation, as reported by farmers. There are around 41
860 ha, representing around 28 percent of the total cultivated land,
irrigated. By region, the largest share of irrigation land is Peja and
Gjakova. By municipality, the largest share of irrigated land is in Peja
and Deqan. These two municipalities have extensive irrigation systems
and account for nearly 20 percent of the total irrigated area in Kosovo.
23
Facts on the Environment
3. BIODIVERSITY
3.1 Protected areas
Kosovo is known for its rich biodiversity. Geographical position,
geographical factors, pedologic, hydrograph, landscape and climate are
some of the factors that enabled Kosovo to have an enhanced biological
diversity, landscape, floristic variety, vegetation and fauna.
In Kosovo territory the protected natural values are counting a surface
of 46 247,3 /ha or 4,27 per cent, out of them one Nation Parks – Malet
e Sharrit,,11 natural reserves, 35 Natural monuments, 2 Protected
landscape – Gërmia and Mirusha , two forest parks- Pishat e Deqanit
and Ravane.
Table 3. 1: National parks
Established
Name Municipality Surface hectar
year
Prizren, Suharekë
Malet e sharrit 39.000 1986
Kaqanik, Shterpcë
Source: MMPH, INP
National park territory “Malet e Sharrit” is located in four different
municipalities, Prizren, Therand, Kaqanik and Shterpce.
The park surface is 39.000 ha and it’s well known for its botanic, fauna,
ecological, recreative and scientific values. There are 86 types of
floristic varieties declared of international importance and 26 are
included in “red list” as risk types for animal and plants, 32 are in “red
List” of threaten plants according to IUCN Classification.
24
Facts on the Environment
Table 3. 2: Natural Reserves by municipality, surface and year for
establishment
Name Municipality Surface hectar Established year
Maja e Ropsit Peje 20 1955
Gubavci Prizren 38 1959
Popovo prase Prizren 30 1960
Gazimestan Prishtine 12 1953
Kozhnjeri Deqan 15 1955
Oshljaku Prizren 20 1960
Malet e Prelepit Deqan 1 1963
Rusenica Suhareke 300 1955
Bifurkacioni i lumit
Ferizaj 13 1979
Nerodime
Golem bor Prizren 35 1960
Kamilja Albanike 1988
Source: MESP, INP
Table 3. 3: Protected landscapes and forest park
Name Municipality Surface hectare Established, year
Reginal Park of Kline, Malisheve
555 1982
Mirusha Rahovec
Reginal Park of
Prishtinë 1.126 1987
Germia
Deqani Pines Deqanë 15 1968
Rahavane Therandë 20 1980
Source: MESP, INP
25
Facts on the Environment
Regional Park of Mirusha is located in a area of 555 ha and the altitude
is around 340-1006 m.
Mirusha region is one of the most beautiful region of Kosovo. The park
is spread on both sides of the Mirusha river from the beginning of the
canyon up to stream of “Drini i Bardhe” river.
In the territory of Mirusha park there are 330 types of vaskular plants,
lichen and moss. From lichen family there are more than 44 types of
high mushrooms. The Mirusha flora has more than 838 plants, out of
which 590 types of vaskular plants. Fauna is quite rish. In Mirusha forest
are living different species such as wild boar, badger, rabbit,squirrel,
wolf, wildcat, earthy turtle, poisonous snake etc.
Table 3. 4: Protected zones in Kosovo and their Clasification
according to IUCN Classification
Type of Zones Rangu IUCN No. of zones Area/ ha %
Nature zone I 11 698 1,52
National park II 1 39.000 84,55
Natyral monuments III 35 4.868 10,55
Protected landscape V 2 1.681 3,17
Total 52 46.247 100,00
Source: MESP, INEP (2005)
26
Facts on the Environment
Map of protected zones in Kosovo territory
Source: MESP, INP and GIS
27
Facts on the Environment
3.2 The situation of biodiversity in Kosovo
According to the reasearches more then 1800 types of vascular flora are
registered, but the number is assumed to be larger (2.500 approx.).
Within this registered number 200 are endemic, endomorelic and
subendemic. Most spread in Kosovo mountains are the endemic plants.
Sharr Mountains and the Albanian Alps are considered to be the areas
with the richest fito-diversity.
Biodiversity in Kosovo include all types of regional ang global
ecosystem.
Table 3. 5: Some endemic plants characteristics in Kosovo
Latin name Albanian name Year
Achilea alexandri Barpezmi i mbretit Aleksandër Regis Bornm.et Rud.1934
Aconitum pentheri Akoniti i Rusolisë Hauek 1916
Aristolochia merxmuelleri Petriku i Grojterit Greuter et Mayer 1985
Bornmuellera Bornmuelera e Degenit Dieckii Deg 1900
Centaurea alberti Kokoçeli i Albertit Rexhepi 1980
Cephalaria pastricensis Cefalaria e Pashtrikut Dorfl.Et Hajek 1921
Convolvulus cochlearis Dredhja e Kosovës Griseb 1844
Cynoglossum Gjuhëqeni i Krasniqit Krasniqi 1986
Dianthus scardicus Karafili i Sharrit :
Micromeria albanica Bishtmiu Shqiptar Griseb.ex K.Maly. Silic 1979
Plantago dardanae Plantago Dardane Rexhepi et Dimov.2001
Potentilla doerfleri Zorrëca e Dorflerit Wettst. 1982
Rubus ipecensis rech Manaferra e Pejës 1935
Sedum flexuosum Rrushqyqja e epshme :
Sempervivum kosaninii Burgulli i Koshaninit Praeger 1930
Saxifraga scardica Iriqëza e Sharrit :
Stipa mayer Pendëkaposhi i Mayerit Mart. 1971
Thymus doerfleri Zhumbrica e Dorflerit :
Thymus rochlenae Zhumbrica :
Verbascum scardiocolum Barpeshku i Sharrit Bornm. 1922
Source: MESP, INP
28
Facts on the Environment
Some types of plants in Kosovo flora are considered rare and
endangered spicies as a large number of them are represented with
limited types and areas. To a larger extent, due to the uncontrolled use,
some other medical, aromatic and industrial types of plants are
endagered. To protect these types the list of rare species is being
prepared.
Table 3. 6: Some rare and endagered plants in Kosovo
Latin name Albanian name
Taxux baccata Breshei i rëndomtë
Quercus trojana Webb. Bujgeri
Ulmus campestris L. Vidhi i rëndomtë
Acer heldreichii Orph. Panja malore
Forsythia europea Deg.Et Bald Boshtra
Wulenia carinthiaca Jack. Vulfonia
Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipani i Sharrit
Trollius europeus L. Troliusi
Lilium albanicum Gris Zambaku
Dianthus scardicus Wetst. Karafili i Sharrit
Fritillaria graeca Boiss.Et Sprun Kurorëza
Narcissus Poeticus L. Bathra
Rumex balcanicus Roth. Lëpjeta
Llex aquilifolium L. Usheja
Daphane blagayana Freyer Xerxelja
Ramonda serbica Panç. Ramonda
Paeonia decera Anders. Bozhuri dekorativ
Paeonia corallina Retz. Bozhurea koraline
Waldesteinia geoides Willd. Valdestenia
Polugala doerfleri Wettst. Poligala
Moltkea doerfleri Wettst. Moltkea
Sioscorea balcanica Koshan Dioskora
Source: MESP, INP
In Kosovo there are 130 planted associations ranked in 63 alliance, 35
collocation and 20 classes. If the use of fitodiversity in Kosovo will
continue not to be regulated there will be a lot of unforeseen
consequences.
29
Facts on the Environment
Table 3. 7: Some rare animal species in Kosovo and their national
and international protection status4
5
Scientific nomination Albanian Name IUCN LKSH LGJK
Salamander salamander Picrraku : K* :
Triturus cristatus Tritoni LR K* :
Hyla arborea Gargaliqi LR K* :
Emys Orbicularis Breshkujza LR K* :
Anguis fragilis Kokëzogza : R :
Muscardinus
Gjeri i lajthive LR : PH
avellanarius
Scirius vullgaris Ketri LR : PK
Felis silvestris Macja e egër : E PK
Lynx lynx Rrëqebulli VU E PH
Ursus arcots Ariu i murrëm VU V PK
Capreolus capreolus Kaprolli LR V PK
Rupicapra rupicapra Dhia e egër VU V PK
Shqiponja e
Aquila chrysaetos LR : PH
maleve
Aquila heliaca Perandorake EN E PH
Fajkoi
Falco naumanni CR : PH
thonjëbardhë
Crex crex Mbreti i shkurtës VU : :
Bubo bubo Bufi VU V PH
Pula e egër e
Tretrao urogallus EN V PH
madhe
Junx torquilla Qafdredhësi VU R PH
Ermophila alpestris Lauresha me brirë VU I PH
Phoenicurus Bishtkuqja e
EN V PH
phoenicurus randomtë
Petronia petronia Harabeli i gurëve EN R PH
Pyrrhula pyrrhula Gushëkuqi LR R PH
Source: MESP, INP
4
Protection of animal species in Kosovo is regulated by applicable law on hunting
(“GZK”22/73, 37/79, 14/87).
5
See abbreviations and acronyms
30
Facts on the Environment
According to its fauna, Kosovo is characterized with a large diversity of
species though the reasearches in this regard have not been completed
yet. The richest fauna areas in Kosovo are: The Albanian Alps, the
Albanian Mountains and backwaters. There are more than 224 types of
vertebrate, 150 types of butterflies, 500 taxons of macrocoobentos of
waters and many other undetermined non vertebrates. Endagered are
some poltry species.
There are two wild fauna reservess in Kosovo : Rusenica in the
Municipality of Theranda/Suhareka (settlement of Lynx) and Kozhjari in
the Municipality of Deçan (settlement of Wild Goats).
Poultry are important components of Kosovo fauna. In the Albanian Alps
there are some birds registered in the protected zones listed
internationally by IBA (Important Bird Area)
Table 3. 8: Species under permanent protection
Latin name English name
Lynx lynx Lynx lynx
Dama dama Fallow deer
Glis Glis Edible (fat) Dormouse
Lutra lutra Otter
Aquila chrysaetos Golden eagle
Aquila heliaca Emperor eagle
Ciconia ciconia White stork
Source: MESP, INP
Table 3. 9: Species under interim protection
Latin name English name
Capreolus capreolus Roe deer
Cervus elaphus Red deer
Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois
Ursus arctos Brown bear
Tatrao urogallus Capercaillie
Alectoris graeca Rock Patridge
Source: MESP, INP
31
Facts on the Environment
Table 3. 10: Unprotected species
Latin name English name
Canis lupus Wolf
Canis vulpes Fox
Canis aureus Golden Jackal
Source: MESP, INP
3.3 Mammalians
In order to protect the rare and endangered species of fauna, the
Ministry of Environment and Special Planning through a decision of 23d
of May 2003 has listed the names of the rare species of mammalian
and announced them fully protected. The listed species are as follow:
Table 3. 11: Mammalian
Latin name English name
Ursus arcots Brown bear
Lynx lynx Lynx
Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois
Capreolus capreolus Roe deer
Felis sylvestris Wild cat
Cervus elaphus Red deer
Scirius vulgaris Squirrel
Martes martes Marten
Muscardinus avellanarius Hazel Dormouse
Source: MESP, INP
32
Facts on the Environment
3.4 Natyral hydrological monuments
Table 3. 12: Natyral monuments of protected hydrological
importance
Year of Category of
Monument name Municipality Area/ha
protection protection
River Bistrica Spout Prizren 200.00 1976 III
Bifurkation of Nerodima Ferizaj 12.27 1979 I
Drini I Bardh water spring with the
Peja 89,94 1983 III
waterfall and the cave in Radavc
River flow Mirusha Malisheva,Klina 10.00 1983 III
Mineral water spring in Dresnik Klina 6.75 1985 III
Thermo mineral water spring in Albanik
16.00 1988 III
Vuqa (Leposaviç)
Waterspring in Revuça Podujeva 1.00 1988 III
Mineral water spring in Sallabaj Podujeva 31.00 1988 III
Waterspring in Shakovica Podujeva 1.400 1988 III
River Klina Spout Klina 1.300 1985 :
Rugova Canyon Peja 4.300 1985 :
Drini i Bardh Canyon at the Saint
Gjakova.Rahovec 73.860 1986 III
Bridge
Source: MESP, INP
According to the Law number 2003/9, ‘’On Natural Protection” the
natyral monuments protected are listed below:
33
Facts on the Environment
Table 3. 13: Natyral Monuments of hydrological importance
proposed for protection
Year of the proposed
Monument nomination Municipality
protection
Mineral waterspring in Rudic Klina 2004
Thermal water spring in Banja Skenderaj 2004
Mineral waterspring in Poklek Drenas 2004
Water spring - Kong's spring -
Drenas 2004
Korrotica
Water spring - in Fortesa Drenas 2004
Mineral water spring - Grabovc Obiliq 2004
Water sprin in Vrella Istog 2003
Water spring in Istog Istog 2003
Thermal water spring in Banja Istog 2003
Water spring in Potok Gjakova 2003
River spring Deshtica Gjakova 2003
Water spring in Mulliq Gjakova 2003
Vrella e Dobratinit Podujeva 2004
Lake Batllava Podujeva 2004
Ice spring - Rakova Mitrovica 2004
Water spring - Lugu i Barës Mitrovica 2004
Waterfall trepçali - Melenica Mitrovica 2004
Mineral water spring - Mazhiq Mitrovica 2004
Mineral water spring - Braboniq Mitrovica 2004
Llapushnik river valley Gjilan 2003
Thermo mineral spring - Kmetovc Gjilan 2003
Lake Perlepnica Gjilan 2003
Thermal water spring in Uglare Gjilan 2003
Mineral water spring in Gumnisht Gjilan 2003
Mineral water spring in Ponesh Gjilan 2003
Mineral water spring - Kllokot Viti 2005
Water springs - Ballanc Viti 2005
Mineral water spring - Zhiti - Natural
Viti 2005
water spring - Samakov te Shushet
Source: MESP, INP
34
Facts on the Environment
4. WASTE
Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which
they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Additionally,
wastes are such items which people are require to discard, for example
by law because of their hazardous properties. Many items can be
considered as waste e.g., household rubbish, sewage sludge, wastes
from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old
televisions, garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our daily
activities can give rise to a large variety of different wastes arising from
different sources.
There are a number of different options available for the treatment and
management of waste including prevention, minimisation, re-use,
recycling, energy recovery and disposal. Landfillis are seen as the last
resort and should only be used when all the other options have been
exhausted.
Table 4. 1: The structure of waste types generated/produced in
Kosovo in 2004
Daily average Amount Annual amount In
Types of wastes
kg/capita annual/kg/capita tonnes
Household waste 0,28 101,00 232.541
Commercial waste 0,25 91,25 209.875
Medical waste 0,01 0,88 20.114
Dust waste and slag 0,91 331,00 761.426
Construction/deconstru
0,20 73,00 167.900
ction waste
Other waste 0,36 131,40 302.220
Total 2,00 729,00 1.675.977
Source: MESP, Waste Department
35
Facts on the Environment
Municipal Waste (including Household and Commercial)
Municipal waste is generated by households, commercial activities and
other sources whose activities are similar to those of households and
commercial enterprises. It does not include other waste arising e.g.,
from mining, industrial or construction and demolition processes.
Municipal waste is made up to residual waste, bulky waste, secondary
materials from separate collection (e.g., paper and glass), household
hazardous waste, street sweepings and litter collections. It is made up
of materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, textiles, organics (food
and garden waste) and wood.
Table 4. 2: Waste generation from households in Pristine in 2003-
2004
Annual generation
Years Type of waste Annual quantity (tonnes)
kg/inhabitant
Waste from
2003 124,10 287.620
households
Organic 38,3 88.090
Paper 4,7 10.810
Plastic 10,2 23.460
Percentage, 2004
Glass 22,0 50.600
Metal 9,8 22.540
Wood 12,0 27.600
Textil 8,7 20.010
Dangerouse
1,0 2.300
waste
Total 100 245.410
Source: MESP
36
Facts on the Environment
Figure 4. 1: Waste generation from household by structure
Dangerouse waste
Textil
Wood
Type of waste
Metal
Glass
Plastic
Paper
Organic
0 10 20 30 40 50
%
Figure 4. 2: The introduction of waste types and amounts managed
in Kosovo
O rganics
waste
1,27%
Tire
Plastic 0,10%
3,09%
Paper
22,69%
M etal
72,86%
Source: MESP
37
Facts on the Environment
In Kosovo the Ministry of Environmental and Spatial Planning being
helped from Regional Environmental Center and KFOR have already
some information regarding the dangerous waste, their location and
their quantity. The table that follows provides those data:
38
Facts on the Environment
Table 4.3: List of waste-dangerous substances stored in Kosovo
2004
Quality/ Municipa lity Records
Dangerous
Location were obtained
waste Unit
from:
Concentratet
1 000 m 3 Kosova A Kastrio t REC/MMPH
phenol
phenolic water 15 000 m 3 Kosova A Kastrio t REC/MMPH
Hydroxid sodium 35 t Kosova A Kastrio t REC/MMPH
Muriatic Acid 57 t Kosova A Kastrio t REC/MMPH
Hydrate of i
3600kg Kosova A Kastrio t REC
hydrazine
Chlorous ferous 25 m3 Kosova A Kastrio t REC
Copperas 17 t Kosova A Kastrio t REC
Different oils 74 t Kosova A Kastrio t REC
Radioactive
12 nësi Kosova A Kastriot REC/KFOR/MMPH
sources
Csilol 3400 l Gear Factory Pejё KFOR/MMPH
Organic acide 7500 l Gear Factory Pejё KFOR/MMPH
Toluene csilol 1440 l Gear Factory Pejё KFOR/MMPH
Hydroxid sodium 200 kg Gear Factory Pejё KFOR/MMPH
Flour waste Ni-
1800 m 3 IBG Gjilan MMPH/KFOR
Cd
Emaciated
7680 l Sanitary stock Podujevë REC/MMPH
Pesticides
W ood stick
500 kg W ood factory Podujevë
(dated)
3
Incision cianidi 2.3 m Metal holding Janjevë KFOR/MMPH
Other Incision 11 m 3 Metal holding Janjevë KFOR/MMPH
3
Chrome Incision 1.0 m Metal holding Janjevë KFOR/MMPH
3
Nickel Incision 1.0 m Metal holding Janjevë KFOR/MMPH
Different Incision 136 m 3 Metal holding Janjevë KFOR/MMPH
Unknown salt 1050 kg Metal holding Janjevë KFOR/MMPH
Solid waste 7.0 m 3 Metal holding Janjevë MMPH/KFOR
39
Facts on the Environment
Table 4. 3 (cont): List of waste-dangerous substances stored in
Kosovo 2004
Ammonia 5000 l Peja Beer Pejë
Chimical waste Gear Factory Pejë REC
Chimical waste 85 t Trepç factory Leposaviç KFOR
Film's waste 3000 kg IMK-Fabr. Ferizaj MMPH
Radiography 3 copa IMK- Fabr. Ferizaj MMPH
Emaciated
Reversal
digestion of 20 t Ferizaj MMPH
Factory.
HCL
Incision of
chrome and 2 ,5 t Kit Factory Ferizaj MMPH
nickel
Colour for textile 9100 kg Sharrteks Sharr MMPH
Different acide 2700 l Sharrteks Sharr MMPH
Different salt 4300 kg Sharr-tex Sharr MMPH
used oils 1200 l ,,Adi” Lipjan MMPH
3 Foundry
Lead's flour 13395 m Mitrovicë DANIDA/MMPH
Trepçë
Foundry
Plastic waste 1100 m3 Mitrovicë DANIDA/MMPH
Trepçë
Mixing of Propan 10000 l Trepça Mitrovicë :
3
Sulphuric acid 60 m Trepça Mitrovicë :
Foundry
Batery pieces 600 m3 Mitrovicë DANIDA/MMPH
Trepçë
Foundry
iron grime 50 m3 Mitrovicë DANIDA/MMPH
Trepçë
Material from
Foundry
copper's 3300 m3 Mitrovicë DANIDA /MMPH
Trepçë
sulphate
Foundry
Oxidize waste 7000 m3 Mitrovicë DANIDA/MMPH
Trepçë
Hypoclorur
6.5 t Shipol Mitrovicë MMPH/KFOR
calcium
40
Facts on the Environment
Table 4. 3 (cont): List of waste-dangerous substances stored in
Kosovo 2004
Vanadium
165 fuqi Metallurgy Mitrovicë PIM/MMPH
Pentaoxidt
Sulphuric acid 6300 t Metallurgy Mitrovicë PIM/MMPH
Muriatic Acid 600 l Metallurgy Mitrovicë PIM/MMPH
Chimical
Amina 2000 l Mitrovicë PIM/MMPH
Industry
Cianur sodiumi 10.0 t First tunnel Mitrovicë PIM/MMPH
Radioactive
3 fuqi First tunnel Mitrovicë PIM/TMK/MMPH
matter
TMTDS Vulkafil 500 kg Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
Cianidi dip 200 l Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
HCL dip 2500 l Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
Sulphuric acid 15000 ton Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
Phosphorus
40000 l Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
Acid
Cadmium 1000 kg Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
Ammonia Dip 200 l Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
Chlorine gas 7000 kg Industrial Park Mitrovicë :
PCB oils 4 trafo Lead factory Zveçan :
3650 kg (73
Arsenic Lead factory Zveçan :
dr.)
Muriatic Acid 22000 kg Metalic :
Sulphuric acid 100000 kg Lead factory Zveçan :
Source: MESP
Waste "management" shall mean the collection, transport, recovery and
disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and
after-care of disposal sites.
In Kosovo there are public companies that are dealing with the
Municipality waste. Usually each of the Communes has it’s own
Services Enterprise. Apart from of that organization there are
companies that collect and store the waste. Some of the collecting
material such as end of life vehicles and other metal stock are exported
41
Facts on the Environment
out side of the Kosovo territory. Herein after there are some tables
giving information on type of materials stocked and exported.
Table 4. 4: The companies dealing with waste treatment in Kosovo
and export 2005
Company Type of material Collected Treatment Sale location
Fabrika e letrës,
Paper 300 T/month Reciclation Kosovë
kartuçit. Lipjan
NP”Unitet”Mitrovicë Paper 15 T/month Collection Prishtinë
Shkup,
NPL”Celina” Xërxë Paper 450 T/month Collection
Zagreb
”Val-Karton”
Paper 100 T/month Collection Serbi, Bullgari
Prishtinë
NGQ”Meta Company” Serbi,
Paper 75 T/month Collection
Maqedoni
Fushë Kosovë
Iron, aluminum, Maqedoni,
NTSH”Hekurishte” 100 hekur, 45
paper, mesing, Collection Gjermani, Mal
Pejë bakër (T/month)
plastic, batery etc të Zi
Iron, Aluminum, tins,
NSH”Sek- mesing, baetry, Slloveni
20 T/month Collection
Kos”Prishtinë cooling system of ,Gjermani
car etc
“Katër Vëllezërit”
Iron / T/month Collection Kosovë
Skenderaj
Iron, aluminum, tins, Maqedoni,
“Ariani” Skenderaj 20 T/month Collection
mesing, batery Greqi
NPT”Gratis” Mitrovicë Iron 300 T/month Collection Greqi
NPT”Qëndresa”
Iron 5 T/month Collection Kosovë
Kamenicë
Iron, Aluminum, tins, Maqedoni,
NTP”Bosfor” Gjilan 10 T/month Collection
mesing, batery Greqi
NTSH”Rival” Livoç i Iron, Aluminum, tins, Maqedoni,
/ T/month Collection
Epërm mesing, batery Greqi
Iron, Aluminum, tins, Maqedoni,
“Hekurishta” Gjilan / T/month Collection
mesing, batery Greqi
42
Facts on the Environment
Table 4. 4 (cont) The companies dealing with waste treatment in
Kosovo and export
“Hekurishta”Livoç i Iron, Aluminum, tins, Maqedoni,
/ T/month Collection
Poshtçm mesing, batery Greqi
“Hekurishte”Livoç i Iron, Aluminum, tins, Maqedoni,
/ T/month Collection
Poshtçm mesing, batery Greqi
“Europa Dekor” Aluminum, mesing,
0..9 T/month Collection Kosovë
Besjanë tins, rosfajs
NSH”Metalurgu” Iron, aluminum,
10.2 T/month Collection Kosovë
Mitrovicë copper
Iron, Aluminum, tins, Maqedoni,
NTP”Tiki-Niti” 2500 T/month Collection
mesing, batery Greqi,Itali
NTSH”Profil Metali” Iron, aluminum, 1Al, 6Fe, 3Cu
Collection Gjakovë
Prizren copper T/month
“Agroklina”Drsnik Wood, fertilisers, 300.000l within
Compostim Kosovë
Klinë fruits, vegetables cyle
Organics and
Shoqata”Rimëkëmbja” Compostim Kosovë
households waste
NP”Fabrika e 50000/1boiling
Barley bran Collection Kosovë
birrës”Pejë within a day
”FisiComerc”Radivoc
old tires 550piece/month Double Biding Kosovë
Viti
NP”Riveshje e
gomave” Vllashnje- old tires 4T/month Double Biding Kosovë
Prizren
”Ekoplast” Rahovec Plastic 100T/month Recyclation Kosovë
”18 Nëntori”Rahovec Plastic 8T/month Recyclation Kosovë
”Pista”Rahovec Plastic 20T/month Recyclation Kosovë
Source: MESP
A landfill, also known as a dump, is a site for the disposal of waste
materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.
Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized
waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites as well as sites used
by many producers.
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In Kosovo the landfills are distributed in whole territory. As their capacity
is not offering enough waste treatment in Kosovo nowdays there are
some initiatives to created new landfills areas. These have been
possible through the support of EAR and other bilateral donors.
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Map Location of ladfills in Kosovo territory
Sources: MESP, GIS, SOK
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Table 4. 5: Landfill form
General Datas for amount of waste in landfill
Basic data of landfill
information Types of waste in landfill
Existing Inorganic
Surface of Annual amount of Organic waste
waste in waste (not
Municipality amount of waste waste that come (biological Total
landfill biological
in landfill (ha) in landfill (ha) dissoluble)
(000m³) dissoluble)
Podujeva 2 : 4 : : 100%
Istogu 1,8 8 7 : : 100%
Drenasi 0,5 14 8 50% 50% 100%
Ferizaj 3 : : 20% 80% 100%
Fushë
2 21 8 70% 30% 100%
Kosova
Gjakova 2,5 6 70% 30% 100%
Kaçanik 1,5 2,4 1,2 70% 30% 100%
Klina 1,5 0,6 1 60% 40% 100%
Lipjan 1,8 4,8 50% 50% 100%
Mitrovica 7 1.500 3,6 75% 25% 100%
Peja 3,6 57 20 65% 35% 100%
Prizreni 2 495 37 70% 30% 100%
Approximately
Prishtina 10 3.618 43 60% 100%
40%
Rahovec 1 109 2,3 70% 30% 100%
Dragash 0,7 16 0,5 40% 60% 100%
Skenderaj 0,06 1,8 2,1 68% 30% 100%
Suhareka 0,05 130,5 5,6 80% 20% 100%
Vitia 1 67,8 3,4 75% 25% 100%
Source: MESP
The data system regarding the landfill is incomplete in Kosovo. The
table gives information only for the areas, which do have reporting
procedures, but the landfills are located in all Communes of Kosovo
territory.
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Table 4. 6: New landfills points
Commune Volume (m³) Donor States
GJILANI 1,200,000 EAR Active
PRIZRENI 2,500,000 EAR In procces
KAQANIKU 60 EAR Active
ZVEQANI 300 EAR No information
PEJA 1,500,000 COOPI - Italian Active
PODUJEVA 925 EAR Active
FUSHË KOSOVA 1.000.000 ISSI - Italian Active
DRAGASHI 150 EAR In procces
MITROVICA Rehabilitated DANIDA Active
FERIZAJI Stacion transfer EAR Started
PRISHTINA 5,000,000 EAR Committed
Source: MESP
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5. WATER
5.1 Water resources
The drinking water we receive from our local drinking water utilities or
individual wells come from ground water, streams, rivers, springs or
lakes in a watershed. Although most water requires some treatment
before use, protecting this source water is an important part of providing
safe drinking water to the public. Protecting drinking water sources
usually requires the combined efforts of many partners such as public
water systems, communities, resource managers and the public. Water
is indispensable for life, not only for drinking water, but also for raising
crops and animals for food. Throughout history, cities and villages have
grown up near sources of water, for drinking, sustenance, and
transportation.
In Kosovo the water reserves are limited, and not well distributed in
whole territory. In the country there are four big drainage basins named
Drini i Bardhe, Ibri, Morava e Binces, Lepenci. Underground water is
located mainly in the western part of Kosovo. Also there is a limited
number of natural lakes and during the years some artificial lakes were
set up to help the land irrigation and the further running of industrial
production. In Kosovo the water reserve are estimated at the level of
1600m³ / water second.
Table 5. 1: Main rivers, length in kilometers
Length within Kosovo territory
Name
in km
Drini i Bardhe 122
Sitnica 90
Lumebardhi i Pejes 62
Morava e Binqes 60
Lepenci 53
Ereniku 51
Ibri 42
Lumebardhi i Prizrenit 31
Source: SOK, Cartography
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Facts on the Environment
Table 5.1 shows main rivers and their length in Km within the territory of
Kosovo. Drini I bardhe is the longest river with 122 km. This river is
included in the list of natural protected areas since 1983. This river has
the most powerful spring fall with 5m³ /water/sec.
Table 5. 2: Main characteristic of artificial lakes
2 3
Name Municipality Region Areas in km Capacity in 000m
Gazivodë Z.Potok Mitrovicë 9.1 390.000
Batllavë Podujevë Prishtinë 3.27 490.000
Badovc Prishtinë Prishtinë 2.57 3.100
Radoniq Gjakovë Gjakovë 5.96 113.000
Source: SOK, Cartography
As shown in table 5.2. Kosovo has four main artificial lakes, the biggest
is Lake Gazivoda with the area 9.1 km², and the smallest Lake Badovc
with 2.57 km² and the lake "Gazivodë" is the biggest lake with the
capacity of 390 million m3 followed by lake "Radoniç" with capacity 113
million.
Table 5. 3: River basins and zones
2 Average
No River Waterfills zones Area Km
flows m³/s.
Adriatik
1 "Drini i Bardhë" 4649 60
(across Albania)
Black sea
2 "Ibri" 4009 33
(across Danub)
Black sea
3 "Morava e Binqës" 1564 7
(across Danub)
Ega sea
4 "Lepenci 685 9
(across Vardar)
Source: MESP
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Table 5.3: shows the data of river aresa and their basins. Out of four
rivers the biggest is Drini I Bardhë basin 4649 km² and water average
flow 60 m3/s.
Map of basins in Kosovo
Sources: SOK, Cartography and GIS
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5.2 Water supply
Water supply to the citizens has always been a priority. Eleven Kosovo
municipalities are supplied by ground water plants such as ( Mitrovica,
Vushtria, Skenderaj, Drenasi, Podujeva, Prishtina, Kastrioti , Gjilani ,
Gjakova dhe Rahoveci) involving an amount of 60/m3 whereas other
settlements are supplied by wells and local water plants.
Only 44 - 50% of Kosovo population have access to the water supply
systems, managed by 32 municipal companies (recently coordinated
into 7 regional companies), using 50-100 liters of water during the day
per capita, and the annual use reach 75-80 million m³ or 15% of general
use. The level of water supply is not consistent in Kosovo territory.
Towns are connected to supplying networks whereas in rural areas the
access to water supply network is only 9%. Due to the lack of
infrastructure and water sources the existing water network has limited
capacity.
The industry is supplied partly by the public water networks as the vast
numbers of industries are supplied by the lakes. On industrial needs (for
technological production processes, chilling and sanitary needs) 150
million m³ of waters are used representing thus 30% of general water
use. We may conclude that due to the decrease of industrial production
the need for water supply has also decreased, and consequently
decreasing the water pollution by the industry.
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Table 5. 4: Water inbottled from local companies
Estimated Maximal production
Name of water company
production of company (m³/d)
H. S. "RADONIQI" GJAKOVË 6200 62000
HIDROHIGJENA-ARTANË 340 600
K O.SH.P "HIDROTEKNIKA" GJILAN 12,569 15
KOMPANIA RAJONALE "PRISHTINA" 100 105.000
N. P. ÇABRATI-GJAKOVË : :
N. SH. P. HIDROHIGJENA -DRAGASH 1900 2592
N.K.P." VLAZNIMI"-LIPJAN 4320 5356
N.K.P.SH.- PODUJEVE : :
N.P "UJËSJELLËSI" PEJË 77150 77150
N.P. "CVILENI" PRIZREN 40-50 40
N.P. "MIRMABAJTA" BURIMII (STOG) 24192 24192
N.P. "UNIVERZALL" - VITI 2000 2600
N.P.K "UJËVARA" KLINË 5200 12500
N.P.K. "HIGHENA" GJILAN : :
N.P.K. "PËRPARIMI-VUSHTRRI : :
N.P.K. "UJËSJELLSI REGJIONAL " MITROVICË 50,112 51,84
N.P.K.SH."KOMUNALJA" THERANDË 2592 2592
N.SH. "LYPETENI"-KAÇANIK 2400 3100
N.SH.P. "KOMUNALJA" DRENAS 5000 6000
N.SH.P. "UJËSJELLËSI HIXHENA" DEÇAN 6048 6048
N.SH.P.K."AMBIENTI"-RAHOVEC : :
O.SH.P-"HIDRO-HIGJENA -FERIZAJ 10368 21600
U.R. BATLLAVA NJËSIA- KASTRIOT : 3628,8
U.R. BATLLAVA-SEKTORI- SHTIME 1250 2000
Source: MESP
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Table 5. 5: The amount of water distributed by local companies
The amount of Number of
Black water
The name of the company Municipality ditributed water by capita
discharge in
the water companies supplied with
l/s
in l/s water
Ujësjellësi Regjional "Batllava" Prishtinë 1250 812,5 550,000
OPK "Ujësjellësi Regjional" Mitrovicë 500 400 300,000
NKP "Hidro Higjiena" Ferizaj 95 52,25 42,000
NPK "Hidroteknika" Gjilan 200 140 :
NPK "Përparimi" Vushtrri 39 15,6 :
Ndër.Kom.Publike Shërbyese" Besianë 91 81,9 30,000
NPK "Lypoteni" Kaçanik 49 30,38 11,000
NPK "Vëllazërimi" Lypjan 63 31,5 15,000
Ndër.Publike Komunale" Dardanë 25 16,25 8,000
Kompania Hijeno - Teknike Kastrioti 65 26 7,000
NP"Komunalja" Drenas 50 17,5 10,000
NP"Universal" Viti 23,5 11,75 7,000
NPK"Hidro - Higjiena" Artanë 2 2 700,000
Ndër.Kom.Publike Shërbyese Shtime 14 : :
NPK "Higjiena" Gjilan : : :
Kompania e ujit "Ibër" Mitrovicë : : :
NP 28 "Nëntori" Leposaviç : : :
Komunalja "Ibër" Z.Potok : : :
Ndër.e Re publike Komunale Shtërpcë : : :
NPK për ujë dhe kanalizim."Cvilen" Prizren 240 168 160,000
Hidrosistemi "Radoniqi" Gjakovë 475 285 200,000
NPK "Ujësjellësi" Pejë 1100 770 110,000
Ndër.Komunale "Mirëmbajtja" Burim 415 20,75 30,000
NPK "18 Qershori" Skenderaj 29 16 20,000
NP " Ujësjellësi" Deçan : : :
NPKB "Rahoveci" Rahovec : : :
NPK " Ujëvara" Klinë 40 24 10,000
NPK Banesore Dragash : : :
NPKSH "Komunalja" Therandë 50 30 18,000
NPK " Lumi" Malishevë : : :
NPK " Çabrati" Gjakovë : : :
NPH "Lumëbardhi" Prizren : : :
Sourse: MESP
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5.3 Monitoring drinking water quality in Kosovo
The drinking water system of course needs assessment of quality. In
Kosovo the system of survey and assessment is not yet fully in place,
but there are some empirical efforts to monitor it. Usually the monitoring
of quality is done near the big public users of water such as schools,
hospitals, private wells. The data collecting so far gave a different
picture for different areas.
The 2006 assesment is made in two points; sources and system.
Usually the expert of water quality took some samples and analyzed
these. The table 5.6 present some information on those efforts.
Table 5. 6: Monitoring drinking water quality in urban area
Prishtine, Podujeve, Obiliq,Fushe Kosove, Drenas, Lipjan and
Shtime, 2006.
Type of analyses Contamination
Samples No.of
point samples
No. bac. No. chem. No. bac. No.chem.
Source 640 320 320 221 102
Network 4.436 3.716 720 156 -
Source: MH, IPH
5.4 Waste Water
Regarding the urban polluted waters there is no monitoring of waters
from the municipal sewage system The managment municipal sewage
system management is the responsibility of public companies. Around
28-30% of urban settlements are connected to the central system for
polluted waters, though there are not water processors (waste water
treatment plants) to treat polluted waters in Kosovo. Urban constructions
and reconstructions have contributed negatively to the system. Self
funding is not possible and the cost of returns is below 15-21%.
Professional management capacity is low in all aspects. Another big
problem is the big infiltration of dirty waters. The filter channels are
being blocked by waste and they threat to cause floods and other
environmental threats.
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Facts on the Environment
Land and underground waters are not protected from pollution nor the
sanitary determined zones are respected. Untreated water quality for
population supply differs from region to region. The contents of ground
waters depends on the mineral land composition through which the
water flows as well as . aquiphers` structure. Around 56% of the
population uses untreated water sources. This represents a serious
problem taking into account the disregard of standards for sanitary zone
Monitoring waste of water from industry and agriculture
Industrial polluted waters are the main polluters of ground and
underground water. The industry needs for water are 150 milion m³
which represent around 30% of general expenditures. Biggest polluters
are KEK, Trepca Mines, and other mines.
There are very few mechanisms to treat industrial waters ( in the
Industrial Park in Mitrovica).
Energy supply is conducted from the thermo energy plants using lignite.
Two energy plants of 1513 MW capacity use water only for chilling.
The waste of water from the use of fertilizer and pesticeds is complitely
unknown.
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6. ENERGY AND AIR
6.1 Energy
Kosovo power system is dominated by a vertically integrated monopoly
KEK - that operates two lignite mines, two lignite-fired power plants, the
transmission and distribution networks, and a dispatching center. The
only significant power plant outside KEK is a hydro power plant
Gazivode / Ujman (2x17.5 MW) that is operated by an irrigation
company (Hidrosistem Ibar-Lepenac).
Although nominally the installed capacities are sufficient to meet the
Kosovo demand, due to the years of inadequate maintenance, the
reliability and the output of the plants and equipment is seriously
affected, hence actually available capacities have been considerably
reduced. Technical losses in the system are estimated as high and
above industry average (~18%). 60% of delivered energy in the HV
system is currently billed, of which 61% was collected in 2001 and 58%
in 2002. Due to the massive financial support of the donors after the
conflict, the power supply situation was about to start improving, when
two consecutive severe accidents happened at the power plant Kosovo
B and the Bardh mine in 2002, which seriously crippled the system’s
ability to meet the rapidly growing demand.
Neighboring Power Systems
The Kosovo power system has direct interconnection lines to the
systems of Albania, Montenegro, Serbia and FYROM. All of these
systems are net electricity importers, except Serbia. This fact presents
an opportunity for a potential investment in a new export oriented,
lignite-fired power plant in Kosovo. In addition, the Albanian system is
almost 100% hydro based, while the Kosovo’s one is ~100% thermal
based. These complementarities offer an opportunity for close co-
operation between the two systems, and optimized power exchanges,
i.e. base-load power from Kosovo for peak-load power from Albania.
Prior to the conflict, annual electricity generation in Kosovo was in the
order of 4,500 GWh, out of which 60-80% was consumed in Kosovo,
and the rest was exported. In the year 2000, the energy consumption
(after loadshedding) was 2,849 GWh, in 2001 it was 3,111 GWh, and in
2002 3,321 GWh. In the last 10 years a pronounced change has taken
place in the share of electricity consumption among the different
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categories: households’ and services’ shares increased from 26% to
75% and from 7% to 13%, respectively, while the industry’s share
dropped from 67% to 12%. The total number of present customers is
estimated to about 360,000. The use of electricity for heating accounts
for 64.2% of supplied energy and the ratio between the monthly energy
consumption in December and in July is 2.4 times.
Lignite is of outstanding importance to electricity generation in Kosovo.
It contributes to 97% of the total electricity generation, 3% being hydro
based power generation. Considering all the potential sources for power
generation in Kosovo, coal safely maintains its leading position. The
Kosovo lignite mines are operated at one of the most favorable lignite
deposits in Europe due to its geological conditions. With an average
stripping ratio of 1.7 m³ of waste to 1 ton of coal, coal production at
Kosovo mines could supply very competitive fuel to the power plants,
compared to international fuel sources and energy prices. The total
estimated economically exploitable resources of app. 10,000 million
tons represent one of the richest lignite resources in Europe, which
would allow ambitious power generation and expansion schemes in the
forthcoming decades.
There are two major lignite basins: Kosova lignite basin and Dukagjini
lignite basin and also smaller lignite basins like: Drenica, Malishevë,
Babush i Muhaxherëve, and one potential lignite basin in southern
part of Kosovo. The lignite of the Kosova basin belongs to the upper
Miocene and has an age of about 9 million years. The thickness of the
coal seam varies between 56 m and 70 m. The The original overburden
overage shows a thickness of 60 m -120 m. Kosovo has the total
estimated resources of app. 10,000 million tons.
No hydrocarbon resources are available and no refinery capacity
exists in Kosovo. Further, Kosovo is located in mountainous areas with
long distance from a coastline with port infrastructure and terminals.
Kosovo is fully dependent on imported petroleum products from all the
neighboring countries and regions: FYROM, Albania and Union of
Montenegro and Serbia (UMS). Nearly all petroleum importation today
takes place in the shape of road transportation through seven import
crossing points. The railway capacity is not utilized although the railway
system is connected to the common petroleum terminals (tank farms)
with loading and unloading facilities.
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Introduction of natural gas in Kosovo has initially been planned in the
late 1980’s, mainly for use in the industrial sector. An old gas pipeline
from the days of town gas distribution (based on the gasification plant at
Kosovo A power plant) in Kosovo still exists reaching as far south as
Skopje.
Table 6. 1: Generation of electricity in Kosovo, 2004
Production
Central Notes
capacity
Kosova A1 30
Kosova A2 100 Out of use 2002
Kosova A3 100
Kosova A5 100
Kosova B1 250 Demaged during 2002-partly in use 2003
Kosova B2 250 Demaged during 2002-partly in use 2003
Gazivoda
35
( 2 units)
Total 865
Source: MESP - INKOS
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Table 6. 2: Production of lignite and electrical energy, import and
export of electrical energy (KWH), 2005, 2006
Coal Electricity
Year-Month Imports Exports
production Production
Jan-05 568.238 428.948 62.625 10.17
Feb-05 607.452 388.972 60.71 4.96
Mar-05 604.655 381.344 62.265 7.524
Apr-05 670.718 329.044 16.38 3.336
May-05 428.819 256.522 37.04 8.15
Jun-05 469.833 282.528 25.8 40.62
Jul-05 385.736 289.375 23.345 60.11
Aug-05 435.654 241.718 33.31 17.645
Sep-05 652.169 241.725 48.654 17.89
Oct-05 613.935 318.018 51.68 32.79
Nov-05 412.511 392.235 35.88 17.77
Dec-05 541.419 449.338 32.952 4.79
Total 2005 6.391.139 3.999.767 490.641 225.755
Jan-06 554.909 437.34 37.92 3.1
Feb-06 714.433 337.476 66.432 3.3
Mar-06 495.023 386.89 40.962 4.22
Apr-06 448.596 289.507 64.577 12.858
May-06 485.395 246.773 72.74 3.258
Jun-06 337.472 231.604 46.662 12.898
Jul-06 431.503 350.576 7.2 104.22
Aug-06 435 281.518 28.365 37.958
Sep-06 707.065 287.945 40.72 38.069
Oct-06 535.888 276.455 65.98 14.96
Nov-06 631.578 397.886 26.99 14.266
Dec-06 755.486 446.542 39.268 4.19
Total 2006 6.532.348 3.970.511 537.816 253.297
Source: KEK
There are certain standards that set maximum allowable levels of the
respective pollutant in the air, water or soil. It is suggested that
environmental impacts of power generation in Kosovo should be within
limits that are allowed by Council Directive 1999/30/EC. The problem
with dust emissions is serious and apparently cannot be solved without
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major redesign of the boilers, which would be associated with high
investment costs.
Table 6. 3: Production and import of electrical energy, 2000 – 2002
Unit
Years 2000 2001 2002
Import 955.000 544.000 168.000
Hidrocentrales 49.404 90.748 80.262
Termocentrales 1.864.068 2.476.965 3.072.737
Total 2.868.472 3.111.713 3.320.999
Source: MESP - INKOS
Table 6. 4: Emissions from the use of coal, 2002
Unit
Coal used in tonnes Emission of CO2
Termocentral 5.542.269 4.467.069
Privat users 47.724 38.466
Total 5.589.993 4.505.535
Source:MESP - INKOS
The unstable situation in the domestics’ production was accompanied
with an un stable situation in import and export of electricity during the
last years. The deficit of balance of energy was notified strongly during
the winter time. The data shows that during December Kosovo imported
a very big amount of electricity.
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6.2 Transport
In Kosovo there are a lot of cars used by companies and privat users.
Usualluy thye are old cars which emmitted a considerable carbon
dioxide in the atmosfere. In Kosovo there is a Law on the AIR
PROTECTION, but it is not yet implemented properly. Also it is very
difficult to have any information regarding the year of car production and
their actual stock in Kosovo. Neverthe less the data caming fron
Household Budget Survey shows that 54% of the Kosovars families do
have a car. The table 6.5 give some information on number of cars
entries during the period 2004- Q12007. Unfortunatly ir is not possible to
have any information on cars stock.
Table 6. 5: Motor vehicles 2004- Q1/ 2007
Year 2004 2005 2006 Q1-2007
Total 169.072 200.000 178.185 34.976
Source: Foreign trade statistics, SOK
Table 6.6. Impot of petrol, 2003
Name Fuel/ 000 l
Oil 235.279
Petrol 115.427
Kerozine 1.285
Gas 6.469
Source: MESP
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6.3 Air quality
Air Pollution is a chemical, physical, or biological agent that modifies
the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Stratospheric ozone
depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to
human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Worldwide air
pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of
respiratory disease. While major stationary sources are often identified
with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually made up
by mobile sources, mainly the automobiles. Gases such as carbon
dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained
recognition as pollutants by some scientists.
There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of
plants and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise
both from natural processes and from human activity. Substances not
naturally found in the air or at greater concentrations or in different
locations from usual are referred to as 'pollutants'.
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary
pollutants are substances directly produced by a process, such as ash
from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor
vehicle exhaust.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted. Rather, they form in the air when
primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a
secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary
pollutants that make up photochemical smog.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the major pollutants in the atmosphere.
Major sources of CO2 are fossil fuels burning and deforestation.
CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but partially restricts infrared
radiation going back from the earth into space. This produces the so-
called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth
during the night. Increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
reinforces this effect and is expected to result in a warming of the
Earth's surface. Currently carbon dioxide is responsible for 57% of the
global warming trend. Nitrogen oxides contribute most of the
atmospheric contaminants.
Air pollution is both a local and a trans-boundary problem caused by the
emission of certain pollutants which either alone, or through chemical
reaction lead to negative environmental and health impacts.
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It is very difficult to monitor the quality of air in Kosovo, as the
monitoring system is missing but still there are some efforts undertaken
to estimation the quality. The information is coming from the industrial
areas especially in the areas of Prishtina, Mitrovica, Elez Han.
Table 6. 7: Emissions during 2003
Pollutants Unit Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
3
SO2 µg/m 13,2 41 31,99 34 47,35 51,5 48,5 44,1 45,97 23,85 19,85 16,37
3
Soot µg/m 16,7 17 19,4 10 13,76 9 6.75 8.93 17.83 13.52 18
Particles from
µg/m3 55,0 106 101 75 109 96.4 106 89.9 126.8 34.05 72.26 131
the air
2
Sediments mg/(m d) 3111 1130 259 662 1195 342,37 665,1 756,1 559,9 612,2 121,5 392,4
Source: INKOS
Table 6. 8: Monitoring places during April 2004
Concentration µg m-3
Sample areas Total-LG2.5 LG10-LG2.5
LANDFILL TC “KOSOVA A” 181,29 88,63
SHIR. TRANSPORTUES-HADE 422,44 226,73
FUSHË KOSOVË 329,04 139,13
DARDHISHTË 177,35 91,83
M.S. BARDH 78,45 37,74
PIM – FAKULTETI FXM 91,65 40,31
”1 MAJI” SCHOOL SHUPKOVC 106,96 50,08
MITROVICA 214,77 87,27
UJËSJELLËSI- SHIPOL 49,37 21,48
CEMENT FACOTRY, ELEZ HAN 439,34 205,15
Source: MESP
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