Chapter 6 Output, Input, And Storage Devices

							Chapter 6: Output, Input, And Storage
              Devices




   A Guide to Operating Systems:
   Troubleshooting and Problem
              Solving
           Chapter Objectives


• Review how operating systems interface
  with input, output, and storage devices
• Understand the need for software drivers
  for specific hardware output devices
• Discuss software driver installation within
  major operating systems
• Describe popular printer technologies,
  connections, and methods of installation
           Chapter Objectives

• Discuss general display adapter design,
  types of adapters, and hardware
  installation
• Identify important considerations when
  installing and using a variety of input
  devices
• Understand basic disk drive interface
  technologies
   Operating Systems - An Overview

• Handle input from the keyboard, mouse,
  and other input devices
• Handle output to the screen, printer, and
  other output devices
• Control information storage and retrieval
  using various types of disk drives
• Support communications with remote
  computers
  Installing Input, Output, or Storage
                Devices


• This is accomplished in two steps:


  – Install any software drivers that are
    required

  – Set up the hardware
  Locating Drivers From the Internet


• Choose the specific device model
• Peripheral product information and model
  types can be found on their respective
  manufacturer’s web pages
• Click download to install driver
• Drivers may come compressed
               Zip and Unzip Files

• Drivers may come compressed as WINZIP or PKZIP files
• PC users use the PKZIP or WINZIP
  compression/decompression utilities
• PC executable files normally use an EXE file extension
• Driver archives with EXE extensions are know as self-
  extracting file
• Macintosh users can use ZIP-format archives called Stuff
  It
• UNIX system users may retrieve drivers and other
  software in a tar format
    Manufacturer Driver Installation

• Typically the manufacturer’s install
  utilities are fully automatic.
• Newer printers, plotters, and other devices
  usually come with extensive support
  material on CD-ROM.
• Simply follow on screen prompts.
          DOS Driver Installation

• May include automatic driver installation
• DOS drivers are installed and configured
  by adding statements in two system-level
  files, CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT
• You can edit these files with any text
  editor (the intrinsic DOS EDIT utility is a
  good choice).
DOS CONFIG.SYS File
      DOS AUTOEXEC.BAT File

C:\windows\Net Staqt
A:\SMARTDRV.EXE
echo off
call pmpt
set compspec=c:\command.com
loadhigh c:\mouse\mscmouse /a5
loadhigh doskey
doskey diq = diq $1 /p /on
PATH C: \WINDOWS;c:\;c:\dos;c:\wp51
SET TEMP=C:\WINDOWS\TEMP
loadhigh mode con: qate=30 delay=1
doskey cls=c:\utility\melt
doskey diq = diq $1 /on /p
Figuqe 6-2   Typcial DOS
AUTOEXEC.BAT file
         CONFIG.SYS Commands

• CONFIG.SYS file loads
  first. It includes
  commands to load
  low-level drivers and
  to configure memory
• General format for
  CONFIG.SYS file
  commands is:
  device=<path>
  filename
CONFIG.SYS Commands Continued
      AUTOEXEC.BAT Commands

• AUTOEXEC.BAT functions at a higher level
  than CONFIG.SYS
• AUTOEXEC issues DOS commands as if they
  were typed at the command prompt
• Commands in AUTOEXEC.BAT are used to
  launch external programs, applications that run
  outside of DOS
• Other AUTOEXEC.BAT commands can conduct
  final configuration of the system as it boots
   Windows Driver Installation (3.1x)

• Most drivers are supplied on CD-ROM or
  floppy disk


• Windows 3.1x starts at the control panel


• Select the main application icon
Windows 3.11 Desktop/Main
      Application
Windows 3.11/Open Control Panel
Windows 3.11 Control Panel/Open
       Printer Window
Windows 3.11 Install Driver
Adding a Printer in Windows 3.11
      Windows 95 / 98 Plug and Play

• Printer Installation:
• Shut down the system by
  choosing Shut Down
  from the Start menu
• Turn off the power
• Connect the printer to the
  computer’s printer port
• Plug the printer into a
  power outlet and turn it
  on
• Turn on the computer
Printer Wizard
    Windows NT Printer Installation

• Many Windows NT 4.0 screens look very
  similar to Windows 95/98 screens.
• Installing a printer in Windows NT is quite
  similar to installing a printer in Windows
  95/98.
• Open the Control Panel. Double-click the
  Printer icon to display the Printers dialog
  box.
    Windows NT Printer Installation

• Double-click the Add Printer icon to start
  the Add Printer Wizard.
• Follow the prompts.
• Specify if this printer will be shared with
  other users on a network and assign a
  Share Name.
   – Share Name is used to locate and
     connect other users to your printer
Windows NT Printer Dialog Box
Windows NT Add Printer Wizard
Windows NT Shared/Not Shared
        Mac OS Driver Installation

• Chooser is Apple’s tool for selecting printers.
• Chooser first checks to see if drivers are
  currently installed that are compatible with the
  printer.
• If your printer isn’t listed, you should try the
  next higher-numbered printer in the Chooser.
• If you aren’t sure that you have all Apple printer
  drivers installed, you may need to install them,
  which requires re-running part of the Mac OS
  installer
Customize Button in Mac OS
Customized Installation selection in
             Mac OS
Mac OS - Choose Printing installation
Mac OS - Launch Printer Drive Installer
             UNIX Driver Installation

• The central portion of the UNIX operating system, known as
  the Kernel, is where most UNIX device drivers are loaded.
• Device drivers are either in the form of kernel modules, or
  loadable modules, similar pieces of code not linked into the
  Kernel
• Since UNIX uses a print queue or spooler, it temporarily
  stores print jobs sent from an application
• All definitions of printers and queues are kept in a file
  /etc/printcap and maintained in plain ASCII
• The UNIX platform has traditionally used PostScript
  printers
                    Printer Types

• The following types of printers are most popular
  today
   – Dot matrix impact printers - produce characters by
     slamming a group of wire pins (dots) onto a ribbon and
     paper
   – Ink-jet printers - another form of dot matrix printer that
     creates characters by squirting tiny droplets onto the
     page
   – Laser printers - use an imaging technology similar to
     copiers to produce a computer output, and are probably
     the most popular printer for business text and graphics
           Specialized Printer Designs

•   Line Printers - The earliest impact printer, which prints an
    entire line at a time rather than a character at a time, fast but
    extremely noisy
•   Thermal-wax transfer - Two basic designs exist.
     – First design uses rolls of plastic film coated with colored wax,
       which is melted onto the page.
     – Second design melts wax stored in individual colored sticks then
       sprays molten colored wax onto page.
•   Dye sublimation - Vaporized pigments and gas penetrate the
    surface of the paper to create an image on the page.
•   Imagesetter - Creates high quality output used in printing
    industry to produce final output or page masters for offset
    printing.
                Printer Connections

•   Serial Port - uses a 9-pin connector for asynchronous (one
    signal at a time) communication
•   Parallel Port - manages communications between computer
    and peripherals in which data flows in parallel streams
•   Centronics interface - uses 36-pin connector which works like
    a parallel port
    – UNIX machines and most modern PCs use the 25-pin (DB-25)
      parallel connector
•   Universal Serial Bus (USB) - high-speed I/O port found on
    most modern computers
•   Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) - similar technology but slower than
    USB
•   DIN8M - used for Apple printers
   Basic Display Adapter Technology

• The basic display consists of 640 pixels horizontally
  and 480 pixels vertically.
   – Pixel - a picture element that represents one small
     portion of the overall screen
   – More pixels are displayed with larger monitors
• Good quality files are produced at 300 dpi (dots per
  inch). High-quality brochures may be printed at
  1200 dpi.
• World Wide Web designers use 256 colors to
  ensure the broadest compatibility with hardware in
  use by Web browsers.
     Avoiding the Enemy of Devices

• Static - high voltage, low current charges that exist
  between two devices
• Keep expansion cards in factory packaging until
  ready to use
• Prepare computer by removing case and any slot
  covers
• Hold card in one hand and touch metal case of
  power supply or chassis with the other hand to
  discharge static buildup
• Insert the card carefully into chosen slot and press
  it firmly into place
      Sound Cards and Other Output
                Devices
• There are two general types of sound devices:
   – Bus cards
   – Hardware integral to the motherboard
• Integral motherboard sound hardware is harder to
  update or change.
• Multi-port sound cards permit a computer to serve as a
  fully digital, multi-channel recorder for sound studio
  applications.
• Digital video - captures video and allows output to a
  camera or VCR
• Digital audio stream - output to minidisk or DAT (Digital
  Audio Tape) recorders
         Standard Input Devices

• Keyboard and mouse ports - serial & PS/2
  ports

• No special drivers required

• Keyboard driver routines and custom
  configuration utilities are included with
  newer operating systems
Windows 98 Control Panel Keyboard
      Configuration Utility
Windows 98 Intrinsic Mouse
     Configuration
Microsoft IntelliMouse Configuration
           Other Input Devices

• Digital Tablets    • Digital sound input

• Scanners
                     • Digital picture
• Joysticks

• Game Pads          • Video input
       Computer Storage Options

• Single 3.5-inch   • Internal, fixed hard
                      drives
  floppy drive

                    • CD-ROM


• Zip disk          • DVD drive
     Different Hard Drive Interfaces

• Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) - storage
  protocol that simplifies the hardware required
  inside the computer, placing more of the disk
  intelligence at the hard drive itself
  – Master - first or main drive
  – Slave - secondary storage device
• Extended IDE (EIDE) - more modern, faster
  version of IDE, Mode 3.0 will support transfer
  speeds as high as 33 megabits per second
   Small Computer System Interface
  (SCSI) & Terminator Resistor Packs
• SCSI (scuzzy) - A computer input/output bus
  standard and the hardware that uses this
  standard
• Terminator resistor packs (TRPS) - sets of
  resistors used on a hard drive or other
  storage device to reduce the possibility of
  data echoes on the interface bus as
  information travels between the computer’s
  controller and the storage device
More Small Computer System Interface

• SCSI-1 normally uses a DB-25 connector
• SCSI-2 and Fast SCSI-2 typically use either a
  DB25 or a Mini DBC-50 connector
• Two most common problems with SCSI
  installations:
   – terminators
   – total cable length
• SCSI-1 is an 8 bit wide bus
• SCSI-2 is 16 bit wide bus
                     RAID Arrays

• Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives (RAID)
  inexpensive storage design that uses multiple disks
  to reduce the chance of data loss in the event of
  hardware failure. RAID uses various designs -
  Level 0 through Level 5
• Advantages:
   – increased reliability
   – increased storage capacity
   – increased speed
 Compact Disc (CD-ROM) Technology

• Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
  Instead of using a system of tracks and
  sectors, CDs use a big “spiral” that starts
  at the inside and winds toward the
  outside. Laser light is emitted by the drive
  in order to read the disk.
  – stores about 650 MB data on a single sided disc
  – transfer speed is roughly 150 KB per second
        Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
                 Technology
• Digital versatile disc (DVD) - a high capacity CD-ROM-
  like hardware device used for high quality audio,
  motion video and computer data storage
• Totally optical drive
• Data is written on the disc in the form of a spiral of
  blocks
• Storage capacity and data transfer rate of DVD are
  much higher but size of disk is the same
• DVD disc can have two sides with up to two layers per
  side
• One DVD disk can store roughly 22 GB of data
             Removable Disks

• Removable disks - use removable cartridges for
  data backup, long-term offline storage, and
  data portability among multiple computer
  systems
• SuperDisk (LS-120) - increasingly popular high
  capacity floppy disk design can store as much
  as 120 MB of data on single disk, but can read
  conventional 3.5 inch disks
• Zip disk - removable high capacity floppy disk
  design, stores a nominal 100 MB of data
             Chapter Summary

Chapter Six:
• Provides a conceptual overview of how
  operating systems interface with input,
  output, and storage devices
• Covers the setup of devices for both
  hardware and software
• Covers general steps of the installation of
  driver software
• Describes several printer and computer
  storage technologies