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							 Aboriginal
   Peoples
-Culture Study
The Algonquian and
 Iroquoian Peoples
  Iroquoian Peoples –
  Settlement Areas
• The Iroquoian speaking peoples
  lived near the Great Lakes and the
  St. Lawrence River
• Although the Iroquoian nations had
  related languages, some groups
  were in conflict with each other.
  They formed Alliances to maintain
  peace and carry on trade. Each
  nation had a distinct culture (way
  of life)
Some examples of Iroquoian tribes
• South and southeast of the Georgian Bay were the;
-Huron
-Tobacco
-Erie
-Neutral peoples.

• These nations spoke languages belonging to the Iroquoian
   Confederacy which included the ;
-Seneca
-Cayuga
-Onondaga
-Oneida
-Tuscarora
-Mohawk
                         Food
• The Iroquoian were primarily Farmers
  who lived a more settled life than that of
  other First Nation groups
• They hunted, fished, and gathered
  resources from nature as well as
  farmed
• The main crops were Corn, Beans
   and Squash (called the three sisters)
• Almost all the farming work was done
  by women
                 Agriculture
• The Iroquoians lived in villages surround by fields.
  The corps gradually used up the nutrients in the
  soul. The result was less food. When that
  happened, the village would move to a new
  location. New fields would be created. This
  happened about ever 10-15 years.
           Shelter / Housing
• The Iroquoian people lived in and environment
  with plentiful resources and raised food by
  farming. There was plenty of food for everyone.
  This allowed them to live in large groups in semi-
  permanent villages. The people lived in structures
  called longhouses. All the raw materials needed
  for the longhouse came from the environment.
• Most villages were enclosed in a palisade

  *Palisade - A wall or fence surrounding a group of
  buildings
Areas were cleared using “slash
      and burn farming”
Most villages were located on
            hilltops
Palisade being built
Continued
Longhouses were approximately 20 feet wide, 20
 feet high and commonly 180 to 220 feet long.
The longhouses were covered with sheets of bark
     stripped from old, large-diameter trees.
Adding to the frame
As longhouses were completed in the new village,
    families moved in from the old village and
        immediately began life-as-usual
            Transportation
• The canoe, the trumpline, and the showshoe
  were used by many first Nation groups.
• Canoes were often made from birchbark.
  Sometimes they made dugout canoes which
  were quite heavy and clumsy. They were not
  used for long journeys.
                   Clothing
• All the materials to make
  clothing came from the
  environment
• Deerskin was the main
  material used
• It was cleaned and
  tanned by the women to
  be soft and strong
            Clothing continued
• In the warm weather, the children
  and men wore as little as
  possible.
• In cooler weather men wore two
  pieces of leather suspended from
  a thong around their waist, front
  and back, leggings, and
  sometimes a shirt.
• Women wore a one-piece long
  dress or a skirt and sometimes a
  jacket. Fur robes were worn in
  the coldest weather
• Clothing was decorated with paint
  or porcupine quill work
Moccasins
                        Culture
•   The Iroquoian people lived in a world rich with symbols
•   They had powerful healers
•   They considered dreams to be very important
•   Stories were used to pass on history
•   They enjoyed games (eg. Lacross)
•   Physical bravery was valued
             Algonquian Peoples
             –Settlement Areas
• The homelands of
  Algonquian speaking
  peoples extended from
  the Atlantic Coast to the
  Plains

(North of the Great Lakes)
            Algonquian Tribes
These included the;
-Algonquin
-Mi’kmaq
-Cree
-Ojibway (Ojibwe, Ojibwa,
   Cippewa, Anishinabe)
-Melecite
-Montagnais
-Naskapi (Innu)
                             Food

• The Algonquian’s were primarily hunters.
  They also fished and gathered resources
  from their surroundings. Moose, woodland
  caribou, deer, and bear were the large food
  animals.
• The forests were also the home of fur-
  bearing animals such as rabbits, hares,
  beavers, and muskrat

• These animals lived in the forest widely
  spread out. Therefore, the Algonquian
  people could not live in permanent villages.

• Families moved often to find new food
  sources.
                      Food Continued
• Birds provided meat and
  eggs
• Fish could be caught in
  any season
• The women also
  gathered berries, roots,
  maple syrup, and honey,
  as well as plants for
  medicine
• Foods were smoked and
  dried to preserve them
  and pemmican was made

*Pemmican is a concentrated food
   consisting of dried pulverized meat,
   dried berries, and rendered fat
           Shelter / Housing
• Wigwams were used because
  they were temporary
  structures that could be
  moved easlily to a new area.
  They were about 2.5 by 3
  metres in size and housed the
  members of the family
• The frame was made from
  young trees. It was covered
  with sheets of birchbark or
  hides.
Building the frame
Laying on the Bark
From the inside
Teepee style
   Wigwam / Teepee continued
• The earth floor was covered with evergreen
  branches
• In cold weather fur robes were added over
  these.
• A ring of rocks enclosed the fire pit at the centre
  of the structure. A hole in the top let out smoke
  and let in air for ventilation
              Transportation
• In the Northern forest travel was easiest on foot
• In summer people either walked or travelled by
  canoe
• In winter they wore snowshoes and carried
  packs on the backs and toboggans
                     Clothing
• During the warm months
  women wore dresses and
  moccoasins. Knee length
  leggings were added in
  the winter
• Men and boys wore
  breechcloths, shirts and
  moccasins. In winter they
  also wore high leggings
                     Clothing continued
• Coats and blankets were
  woven from strips of rabbitskin.
  Moose or caribou coats, hats,
  and blankets were made fro
  winter wear. Boots lined with
  fur were worn over moccasins
  for extra warmth

• *Breechcloth – Pieces of material hanging
    from the waist in front and back
            Algonquian Culture
• They expressed their spiritual beliefs and values through
  music, stories, and ceremonies.
• Leisure and recreating were considered important to a
  healthy life
• Elders passed down knowledge, beliefs and customs
  (there were respected)
• Sweetgrass and tabacco were sacred
• Gifts were given as part of almost all ceremonies
• Sweat lodges were used to purify the soul and spirt
• Each band or tribe selected a leader (Chief)