In-Text Citation

							In-Text Citation
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
• There are three ways of incorporating other
  writers’ work into your own writing.
• You will want to carefully blend source material
  you find through your research with your own
  writing.
• Make sure that your own voice is heard.
                Quotations
• Quotations must be identical to the original
  source.
• Quote only words, phrases, lines, and passages
  that are particularly interesting or unusual and
  keep all quotations as brief as possible.
• Changes must not be made in the spelling,
  capitalization, or punctuation of the quote.
• You must attribute all quotes to the original
  author.
• Avoid over quoting. Weaving quotes into your own
  writing will ensure that your voice is heard.
             Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage –
  phrase by phrase– from your source into
  your own words.
• Your paraphrase should be of equal or
  shorter length than the original passage.
• Remember: a paraphrase is a complete
  rewriting, not just a rearrangement of the
  words.
• A paraphrase must also be attributed to the
  original source.
               Summarizing
• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s)
  of a passage into your own words.
• Summaries are significantly shorter than the
  original because they are limited to only the
  main ideas.
• You must be careful not to change or distort the
  meaning of the original work.
• Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized
  ideas to the original source.
   Some Important Reminders:

• Never leave a quote or
  paraphrase by itself – you must
  introduce it, explain it, and
  show how it relates to your
  thesis.
  Some Important Reminders:
• You need not always reproduce
  complete sentences.
•
• Sometimes you may want to
  quote just a word or phrase as
  part of your sentence.
   Some Important Reminders:
• A colon usually precedes
  quoted material if it is formally
  introduced.
• Otherwise, a comma precedes
  a quotation if it is integrated
  into your sentence.
   Some Important Reminders:
• If a quotation runs to more than
  four lines in your paper, set it
  off from your text by:
 –beginning a new line
 –indenting one inch from the left
  margin
 –typing it double-spaced, without
  adding quotation marks
   Some Important Reminders:
• If you find the same information in
  three or more different sources you
  can conclude that this information is
  “common knowledge.”
• Common knowledge information does
  not require documentation. If you are
  not sure whether particular
  information is common knowledge,
  give credit to your source with a
  citation!
   Some Important Reminders:
• Direct quotations should be
  used selectively.
• The majority of your paper
  should be written in your own
  words.
 What are parenthetical citations?
• Parenthetical citations are short
  references included in the text of
  your paper or project to show your
  reader where you found each
  piece of information that you have
  paraphrased, summarized, or
  quoted.
       Why do I need to include
       parenthetical citations?
• Parenthetical citations direct your reader
  to the source in your alphabetical list of
  works cited.

• This allows your reader to locate the exact
  source for further study. You need to give
  credit to the original source of information;
  otherwise, you will be plagiarizing or
  stealing another person’s work.
   How do I create proper citations?
• Usually the author’s last name and a
  page reference are enough to identify
  the source and the specific location
  from which you borrowed material.
• However, if your source has no
  author, generally you will use the first
  word in the title from your works cited
  list. See specific examples below.
Where do I place parenthetical citations?


• Citations are placed in
  parentheses () at the end of the
  sentence following the
  borrowed material.
• That is why it is called a
  “parenthetical citation.”
             Remember:
• For each entry in your list of Works
  Cited, you must have at least one
  corresponding parenthetical citation
  within the body of your paper.
• The purpose of a parenthetical
  citation is to point your reader to
  referenced work in the list of Works
  Cited.
         Author in Reference
• When you do NOT mention the author’s
  name in your sentence, the author’s name
  and page number are placed in
  parentheses at the end of your sentence
  followed by a period.

• The sinking of the Titanic has been called
  one of the greatest disasters of all time
  (Benton 28).
           Author in Text
• When you mention the author’s
  name in your sentence, the page
  number is placed in parentheses
  at the end of the sentence
  followed by a period.

• Benton asserts that the Titanic has
  been called one of the greatest
  disasters of all time (28).
Two or More Works by the Same Author
• When you cite more than one work by the
  SAME AUTHOR you need to include a word
  from the title to distinguish between/among
  resources. Place a comma between the
  author’s name and the title.

• Baseball players and wrestlers have
  traditionally been heavy users of chewing
  smokeless tobacco (Nardo, Drugs 68).
          Two or Three Authors
• When the work has two or three authors, give
  the last name of each person listed.
• Others, like Lord and Padfield (310), stated that
  the Titanic really was not unsinkable as first
  believed.
•


• Others stated that the Titanic really was not
  unsinkable as first believed to be true (Lord and
  Padfield 310).
          Work Listed by Title
• When the work has NO AUTHOR begin with
  the word by which the resource is alphabetized
  in your works-cited list.
• International espionage was as prevalent as
  ever in the 1990s (“Decade” 26).

• If the work is mentioned in your text, simply give
  the page reference.
• As discussed in “Decade of the Spy,”
  international espionage was as prevalent as
  ever in the 1990s (26).
             Direct Quote
• To indicate short quotations enclose the
  direct quote within double quotation
  marks, and provide the author and specific
  page citation.

• It may be true that “Poe’s ghost stories
  are among the most famous in the world”
  (Sheldon 9).
              Direct Quote
• If you incorporate the author’s name in
  your text, simply provide the page
  reference.

• It may be true, as Sheldon maintains, that
  “Poe’s ghost stories are among the most
  famous in the world” (9).
             Direct Quote
• Punctuation marks such as periods,
  commas, and semicolons should appear
  after the parenthetical citation.

• According to some, dreams express
  “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes
  184), though others disagree.
              Direct Quote
• Question marks and exclamation points
  should appear within the quotation marks
  if they are part of the quoted passage but
  after the parenthetical citation if they are
  part of your text.

• Is it possible that dreams may express
  “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes
  184) ?
               Long Quote

• When you cite a long quotation (four lines
  or more) that is set off from the text, omit
  the quotation marks. Generally, a colon
  introduces a long quotation. Your
  parenthetical citation should come after
  the closing punctuation mark.

• Indent the entire quotation.
   Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and
dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
    They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even
    in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the
    landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the
    morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his
    voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found
    it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how
    it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense
    for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the
    house. (Brontë 78)
            Shortened Quote
• Whenever you omit a word, phrase, sentence
  or more from a passage, use ellipsis points to
  indicate the missing portion of the original
  quotation. Use three periods with a space
  before each and a space after the last.
• The examples show a quotation with an
  ellipsis in the middle and a quotation with
  an ellipsis at the end.
• Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical
  thinking . . . stressed air as the
  communicator of disease, ignoring
  sanitation or visible carriers” (101-02).

• In surveying various responses to plagues
  in the middle ages, Barbara W. Tuchman
  writes, “Medical thinking, trapped in the
  theory of astral influences, stressed air as
  the communicator of disease . . . ” (101-
  02).
              Web Site
• When you cite information from a web
  document, page numbers of a printout
  should not be cited.

• The history of roller coasters can be
  traced back to the times of Catherine
  the Great of Russia (“Century”).
 Web Site with Counted Paragraphs/Screens
• If an electronic source counts paragraphs or
  screens, put the author’s name plus the
  appropriate paragraph/screen.

• Unearthing the mummies may take years
  (Phelps, par. 23).
•
• Beethoven has been called the “first politically
  motivated composer,” for he was “caught up in
  the whole ferment of ideas that came out of the
  French Revolution” (Gardiner, screens 2-3).
    Internet Sources In-Text Citation
    from Write Source http://www.thewritesource.com/mla/


• Because Internet sources typically have no
  page or paragraph numbers, and Web sites
  often list no author, people are often confused
  about how to refer to these sources within their
  papers.
              In-Text Citations

• The answer is to cite the author's name
  whenever possible, and use the source’s title
  otherwise (or a shortened version of the title). If
  no page or paragraph number is provided,
  leave that portion of the citation blank.
             In-Text Citations

• Keep in mind that the primary purpose of an in-
  text citation is simply to point readers to the
  correct entry on the “Works Cited’ page.
          Elements of On-Line Entry
• Author or editor (Last name, First name, ed. for editor) NOTE: The editor’s
  name follows the title in an entry for a project or database.
• Title of article, page, posting (followed by the description “On-line posting”)
• Title of book and printed version information (if part of a book)
• Title of the site, database, periodical, etc., or a description such as Home
  page
• Version, volume, issue, or other identifying number
• Date posted (or last update)
• Name of subscription service, and name and location (city) of library
  where accessed
• Listserv or forum name
• Number of pages (pp.) or paragraphs (pars.), if numbered
• Sponsoring organization
• Date accessed
• Electronic address (or URL or keyword of the subscription service)
• NOTE: If a URL is quite long and complicated, simply give the site's search
  page or home page URL.

• If certain items do not apply or are not available, do not include them.
          Format of On-Line Entry
• Author or editor. “Title.” Book title. Printed
  version information. Site title. Volume or issue
  number. Date posted. Name of subscription
  service, library name and location. Listserv
  name. 00 pp. Sponsoring organization.
  Date accessed <Electronic address>.
          Web Site (Professional)

ESPN.com. 10 Nov. 1999. ESPN Internet Ventures. 24
 Nov. 1999 <http://espn.go.com>.
           Article Within a Web Site

Devitt, Terry. “Flying High.” The Why Files. 9 Dec. 1999.
  University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents. 4 Jan.
  2000<http://whyfiles.news.wisc.edu/shorties/kite.html>.
Article Within a Web Site (Anonymous)

“Becoming a Meteorologist.” Weather.com. 12 Nov. 1999.
  The Weather Channel. 24 Nov.1999<http://weather.com/
  learn_more/resources/metro.html>.


• Note: When line length forces you to break a
  Web address, always break it after a slash
  mark.