Appendix A List of Essential Words by Grade Level

977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 127 Appendix: A List of Essential Words by Grade Level Robert J. Marzano, John S. Kendall, Diane E. Paynter appendix 0 The identification of basic words has been of interest to educators for years, primarily because of the presumed utility of such a list. Given that basic words are considered to be those from which other words in the language are derived, a reasonable assumption has been that a knowledge of basic words within the English language will naturally lead to increased facility at learning the other words within the language. Specifically, it has been assumed that teaching students a small set of basic words could provide a key to understanding those words that are derived from the basic words (Becker, Dixon, and Anderson-Inman, 1980). One of the earliest attempts to identify the basic words in English was Ogden’s “basic English” (1932), an SSO [simple sign-on]-word lexicon from which all other English words could be derived. Unfortunately, Ogden’s basic words were more like primitive concepts that cognitive scientists (Shank and Rieger, 1974) use to map the morphological structure of nouns and verbs than they were like basic words from which the meaning of other words could be induced by the average language user. A similar effort to identify the primitive semantic concepts in We thank Dan Jesse for his guidance and advice on the design of the study and the analysis of the data. This publication is based on work sponsored wholly, or in part, by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), Department of Education, under Contract Number 400–86–0002. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views of OERI or any other agency of the U.S. government. 127 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 128 English was undertaken by Burger (1984), who focused on verb forms as the primary semantic structure within the English language. Dupuy (1974) was the first to operationally define a basic word. Among other criteria, Dupuy listed the following: inclusion in each of four major dictionaries; not compound or hyphenated; not a proper name or an abbreviation; not foreign, archaic, informal, technical, derived, or variant. Based on a 1 percent sample of the four criterion dictionaries, he then estimated that there are 12,000 basic words in the English language. Following the Dupuy criteria, Becker, Dixon, and AndersonInman (1980) identified 8,109 basic words from a list of 25,782 words drawn from an updated version of the Thorndike and Lorge (1943) list. The intent of their study was to create a list of basic words that could be used as an instructional tool. Presumably a knowledge of the 8,109 words in the list would allow one to infer the meaning of the 25,782 (and perhaps more) words from which the list was derived. On the surface, such a list has great appeal Reason would suggest that if coverage of these words was spread out over an extended interval of time (for examples, grades K through 12), instruction in the basic words would not be an overwhelming task. Nagy and Anderson (1984), however, identified a number of fallacies in Dupuy’s logic and, consequently, in Becker, Dixon, and Anderson-Inman’s methods for selecting basic words. They noted that Becker, Dixon, and Anderson-Inman’s use of rather strict morphological criteria for identification of basic words rendered their list invalid for all practical purposes, or at least invalid as an instructional tool. Specifically, Nagy and Anderson asserted that morphological relationships between words do not always ensure strong semantic relationships, at least from the perspective of the average language user. For example, following the Dupuy criteria, Becker, Dixon, and Anderson-Inman assigned the words animism and animosity to the same root word (basic word) anima. Nagy and Anderson noted that the average language user would probably be unaware of the word anima. Even if she were, they argued, she would probably not make a meaningful connection between animism and animosity. In other words, Nagy and Anderson concluded that Becker, Dixon, and Anderson-Inman’s 8,109 basic words are, for the most part, too unrelated semantically from the other words in the 25,782 corpus from which they were drawn to constitute an instructionally meaningful set. In fact, using a corpus of 86,741 words drawn from reading material encountered in grades 3 through 9 and referred to as “written school English” (Carroll, Davies, and Richman, 1971), they estimated that there are 88,500 basic words. Based on this estimate, they asserted that any 128 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 129 attempt to systematically teach and reinforce basic words would be futile since so many words remained to be taught. Beck, McKeown, and Omanson (1987) offered an alternative to the Nagy and Anderson position. They conceded that there are many more basic words in the English language than could be reasonably taught in any instructional situation; however, they asserted that only a small proportion of the basic words would have to be taught to significantly affect student vocabulary development. Specifically, they noted that about half of the 88,500 Nagy and Anderson basic words would be encountered only once in an avid reader’s lifetime, given the diversity of texts from which the corpus of study was drawn. In addition, of the remaining 44,250, only about 15,000 would be encountered once or more in 10 million running words. In short, Beck, McKeown, and Omanson concluded that although Nagy and Anderson are probably correct in their estimate of the number of basic words in printed school English, this estimate is not an accurate reflection of the number of basic words that students would be highly likely to encounter in reading. Their arguments suggest that a list of high-frequency basic words would be relatively short yet powerful in instructional yield. Since such a list could be very useful, this study attempted to identify a corpus of basic words that students would be highly likely to encounter in academic situations. In addition, this study sought to identify grade levels at which the basic words should be taught to students who do not already know them. Although vocabulary words are commonly thought of in terms of grade levels, there is little agreement as to what a grade-level designation signifies and how to assign grade levels to words. Thorndike and Lorge (1943), for example, did not identify grade levels. Rather, they ranked words by frequency and then recommended that words between specific frequency ranges be introduced at specific grade levels. Harris and Jacobson (1972) identified the earliest grade level at which words appeared in at least three of six basal reading series used in their study. They assumed that the grade at which a word first appears in content reading material was the best indicator of when the word should be introduced to students. Although there are variations on the theme, most attempts to assign grade levels have used the frequency of occurrence or first occurrence of words from a given corpus, usually drawn from a variety of types of text that students encounter. For example, Thorndike and Lorge’s list of words (1943) was drawn primarily from student textbooks and magazines. Although almost all studies that we reviewed used frequency data from more than one type of reading material, no studies used frequency data for words on standardized tests. Consequently, this study sought to Appendix 129 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 130 determine grade levels for the basic words identified using multiple frequency data that included standardized tests. METHOD For the purposes of the study, “words students frequently encounter in academic situations” were defined as words students will commonly encounter when reading content-area textbook material and in standardized tests. Corpus The initial word list used to generate the corpus of study was the Basic Elementary Reading Vocabulary (Harris and Jacobson, 1972). This list was derived from fourteen elementary textbook series (six basal series and two series each from the fields of English, social studies, math, and science) and contains 7,613 words. Because the list is somewhat dated, it was reviewed by sixty kindergarten through sixthgrade teachers, who added words they considered important for content-area instruction. For addition of a word to the corpus, the majority of the participating teachers had to agree. Words considered not relevant to current content were deleted. The addition and deletion process generated a list of 7,230 words. This list was then merged with words in Becker, Dixon, and Anderson-Inman’s list (1980) of 8,109 basic words. Finally, the words found in the directions to the student and content of the following standardized tests were added to the combined list: • The California Achievement Tests (CAT; 1986), Form E; Levels 10 through 20, inclusive • The Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS; 1984), Form U; Levels A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K • Science Research Associates (SRA) Survey of Basic Skills Objectives (1984), Form P; Levels 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 37) • The Stanford Achievement Tests (Gardner, Rudman, Karlsen and Merwin, 1981), Form E; Levels KI, K2, PI, P2, P3 I1, I2, A, T1, T2 In all, over 17,000 distinct nonduplicated words were found in the four standardized tests. The composite corpus generated from the aggregation of the sources described above contained 30,371 words. 130 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 131 Procedure for Identifying Basic Words The corpus of 30,371 words was analyzed by two raters to determine which words were basic. A third rater was used to make decisions when the two raters did not agree whether a word was basic. Inter-rater reliability for the first two raters was above .99; that is, the two raters disagreed on fewer than one word per 100. The criteria or rules used to identify basic words were: 1. Abbreviations were considered nonbasic (etc., e.g.). 2. Regular and irregular plurals were considered nonbasic (houses, mice). 3. Regular comparatives and superlatives were considered nonbasic, but irregular comparatives and superlatives were considered basic (prettier versus best). 4. Regular and irregular inflected forms (except for pronouns and some irregular verbs) were considered nonbasic (walked, gone). 5. Alternate spellings and pronunciations were considered nonbasic (good-bye versus goodby; nothing versus nothin’). 6. Proper names were considered nonbasic, except for months, days of the week, planets, the continents, the fifty states, and cities and countries that appeared with high frequency in K–6 reading material. 7. Formulas were considered nonbasic (H2O). 8. Nonwords were considered nonbasic (NATO). 9. Foreign words were considered nonbasic (señor). 10.Ordinal numbers were considered nonbasic when they could be derived (from fourth onward); cardinal numbers were considered nonbasic when they formed a compound (twenty-three). 11.Feminine forms of nouns were considered nonbasic when masculine forms were available (waiter versus waitress). 12.Masculine and feminine forms of nouns were considered nonbasic, when nonsex-linked forms of nouns were available (spokesperson versus spokesman/spokeswoman). 13.Occupational titles were considered nonbasic when there existed nouns describing corresponding fields of study (biology versus biologist). Appendix 131 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 132 There are some notable differences between the criteria listed above and those described by Nagy and Anderson (1984). First, it is important to note that Nagy and Anderson were interested in arriving at criteria that could be used to determine the number of distinct or basic words in printed school English. This study was aimed at producing a list of academically relevant basic words that would have immediate instructional utility using Beck, McKeown, and Omanson’s (1987) reasoning. One necessary bias in developing such a list is that any word that cannot be easily derived from any other word by the average language user should be considered basic even though it is related to another word morphologically. Another is that categories or types of words that are frequently the focus of instruction should be considered basic. The rules used in this study reflect these biases. In the Nagy and Anderson study, all comparative and superlative forms were considered nonbasic. Since irregular comparative and superlative forms are very distinct from their positive forms (good, better, best), it was deemed necessary to include them in our basic word list (see rule 3). Similarly, in this study, inflected forms were considered basic except for pronouns and highly irregular verbs (see rule 4), whereas in the Nagy and Anderson study, no exceptions were made. Specifically, pronoun forms (such as I, you, and me) were considered basic in this study owing to their highly irregular nature. It was assumed that recognizing the word I would not necessarily lead to a recognition of the word me or other inflective forms. A similar situation exists for some verbs. Although there are many verbs that are irregular in the way that their principal parts are formed (find, found, found), only a few have such morphographically different forms that little relationship is apparent. In this study, such irregular verb forms were retained as basic words (for example, bring, brought; go, went). Similarly, conjugated forms of the verb to be were considered basic since that verb has such variant forms (for example, am, is, are). Proper names were considered nonbasic without exception in the Nagy and Anderson study, whereas in this study, exceptions were made for months, days of the week, planets, the continents, the fifty states, and cities and countries that appeared with high frequency in K–6 reading material (see rule 6). Cities and countries that appeared in The American Heritage Word Frequency Book (WFB; Carroll, Davies, and Richman, 1971) as frequently as any other word determined to be at the sixth-grade level within this study were selected for inclusion in the basic word list. In the Nagy and Anderson study, formulas were considered nonbasic, while in this study, an exception was made for numbers (see rule 10). Specifically, cardinal numbers were 132 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 133 considered basic, whereas ordinals above third were considered derived forms or nonbasic. For example, fourth can be easily derived from four, third less so from three, and second and first cannot be derived at all from two and one. Again, cardinal numbers were considered such an integral aspect of classroom instruction that it was determined they should be part of a list of instructionally meaningful basic words. Any words not covered by the thirteen rules were then analyzed as to the extent that they were basic or nonbasic, where basic words were defined as those that could not be derived semantically or morphologically from another word. Procedure for Determining Grade Levels Once a corpus of basic words was identified, grade-level estimates were determined for each word. Specifically, all words in the corpus of basic words were found in the WFB, which contains 87,741 words taken from over 5 million words of running text in material encountered by students in grades 3 through 9. The grade level at which each word first appears in the material used to create the WFB corpus was identified. Also, the modal grade for each word was calculated using the grade-level frequencies in the WFB. These two data points provided a rough guide for estimating the grade level at which one might consider a word familiar to most students. The raters assumed that the modal grade levels calculated from the WFB represent those grade levels by which students should have a firm grasp of the word. Conversely, the grade level at which the word first appears in student reading material was considered the level at which the word might be understood by students with the aid of some direction or instruction. Using those two pieces of data as upper and lower limits, two raters initially assigned grade levels to the words. In their grade-level assignments, the raters sought to identify those levels by which students should be able to recognize and understand the words to be able to read and comprehend without the benefit of teacher aid the material in textbooks and standardized tests. Thus, the grade at which a word is introduced in reading material is probably too early, and the level at which a word most frequently appears is probably too late. The initial grade-level designations were then adjusted using the grade levels of first appearance on the four standardized tests used to create the corpus (the CAT, the CTBS, the SRA, and the Stanford) and the modal grade levels on these tests. That is, the two data points derived from standardized tests were used to validate the initial Appendix 133 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 134 grade levels. Specifically, the raters determined the extent to which the initial gradelevel assignments fit within the range identified from the four standardized tests. Any extreme discrepancies between initial grade-level assignments and the ranges on standardized tests were noted and grade-level assessments adjusted by the raters. Five classroom teachers representing grades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 then reviewed all grade-level assignments. Teachers were asked to replace any grade-level assignment with which they did not agree with a grade level they considered more appropriate. Any word for which a new grade level was assigned by the participating teachers was then reviewed by the raters. If the two raters agreed, a change in grade level was made. As a measure of grade-level validity, the final grade-level estimates were correlated with the first appearance and modal grade-level appearance on the WFB and the four standardized tests. RESULTS This appendix lists the 6,768 basic words derived from the corpus of 30,371 using the criteria described. The words are ordered by their final grade-level designations. Listed along with each word is the grade level at which the word first appears on one or more of the standardized tests used in the study. The correlations among the final grade-level estimates with the first and modal appearance of the words on the four standardized tests and the WFB for each word are reported in Table A.1. Table A.1 indicates that the final grade-level designation (BASIC) was the most robust correlate in the matrix. Specifically, the range of correlations between BASIC and the other measures was .29 to .68. The low value of this range was higher than the low value of the range for any other correlate; similarly, the high value of this range was greater than the high value of the range for any other correlate. In keeping, the average correlation with BASIC (.47) was higher than the average correlation for any other variable in the matrix. The robust nature of BASIC is perhaps best illustrated when it is regressed on the other variables. The multiple R from that analysis was .83 (N = 1448, p < (.001), and the coefficient of determination was .69. When multiple regression analyses were conducted using the ten other correlates in the matrix as dependent variables, the next highest multiple R using SRA (F) as the dependent variable was .77 (N = 1448, p <.001) with a coefficient of determination of .59. 134 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 Table A.1. Intercorrelation Between Grade-Level Designations 2 .38 (4,915) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4/6/05 1. BASIC 3:54 PM 2. WFB (f) .67 (3,401) .25 (2,889) Page 135 3. CAT (f) .68 (3,108) .26 (2,627) .53 (2,398) 4. CTBS(f) .67 (2,806) .23 (2,384) .52 (2,185) .56 (2,094) 5. SRA (f) .62 (3,007) .25 (2,550) .49 (2,331) .50 (2,192) .49 (2,037) 6. STAN (f) .45 (4,861) .25 (4,861) .34 (2,874) .39 (2,614) .41 (2,371) .34 (2,537) 7. WFB (m) .33 (3,400) .12 (2,888) .63 (3,400) .19 (2,398) .21 (2,185) .17 (2,331) .26 (2,873) 8. CAT (m) .29 (3,109) .12 (2,628) .17 (2,399) .58 (3,108) .19 (2,095) .14 (2,192) .29 (2,615) .24 (2,399) 9. CTBS (m) .33 (2,806) .13 (2,384) .23 (2,185) .22 (2,094) .65 (2,806) .20 (2,037) .29 (2,371) .25 (,2185) .21 (2,095) 10. SRA (m) .29 (3,007) .16 (2,550) .18 (2,331) .17 (2,192) .17 (2,037) .67 (3,007) .22 (2,537) .18 (2,231) .19 (2,192) .18 (2,037) 11. STAN (m) Note: All correlations in the matrix were significant: p < .001. BASIC = final grade level. WFB = The American Heritage Word Frequency Book (Carroll, Davies, and Richman, 1971). CAT = California Achievement Tests (1986). CTBS = Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (1984). SRA = Science Research Associates Survey of Basic Skills Objectives (1984). STAN = Stanford Achievement Tests (=Gardner, Rudman, Karlsen and Merwin 1981). I = first grade level of occurrence. m = modal grade level of occurrence. Parenthetical numbers refer to number of cases (words). 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 136 DISCUSSION The findings in this study generally support Nagy and Anderson’s assertion (1984) that there are far too many basic words in the English language to constitute a corpus that might be taught within the context of regular classroom instruction. Specifically, out of a 30,371-word corpus, 6,768, or 22 percent, were found to be basic. Although the probability of a word’s being basic has an inverse relationship with the frequency of use of the word (Nagy and Anderson, 1984), one could induce from this study that there are many basic words in the English language, far too many to teach in any direct manner. However, the purpose of the study was to identify a set of K–6 basic words that are commonly found in academic situations. Using the Beck, McKeown, and Omanson (1987) logic, providing students with direct instruction in a small set of words that can be used to determine the meaning of other words and are frequently encountered in materials they read, might have immediate benefits for literacy development. The 6,768 words in this appendix represent such a list. Where 88,500 basic words would be impossible to teach, 6,768 in grades K–6 would not, especially if instruction were limited to students at risk in terms of their language development and to words they did not know. That is, instruction in the basic words could be limited to those students not performing up to expected levels in terms of their literacy development under the assumption that within the course of normal literacy development, the basic words would be learned incidentally or through direct instruction. Within this subset of students, instruction would focus on only those words students did not already know. Hence, for any one student, instruction would probably focus on a small subset of 6,768 basic words. Of course, this study does not address such important issues as how instruction in the basic words should be accomplished. However, it does for the first time provide a corpus of basic words that by some measures appear to be academically sound and are also few enough to have instructional utility. 136 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 137 KINDERGARTEN a K all 1 am 1 an K and K are K as 2 at K away K back K ball K bell K big K bird K blue K book K boot K box K boy K brown K but K by K can K car K cat K come K cow 1 day K do K dog down end fall fan fish fly food for from fun get go good gray green groundhog hat he here hill I in into is it its kitten little K K K 1 K K K K K K K K K K K 1 K 1 K K K K K K K K K K K look mad me mud my name no not of on or out paint pet pin play put rain red run sad say see she sing sit so stay stop K 1 K K 1 K K K K K 1 K K K 1 K K K K K K K K K K 1 1 K K Appendix 137 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 138 story sun take that the them then there they K K 1 K K 1 K K K this to too up we wet what where who 1 K K K K K K K K will with work yellow yes you zoo K K K K K K K 138 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 139 FIRST GRADE about add afraid after again ago airplane also always animal ant apple ask baby bad bag balloon bark barn be bean bear because bed bee before begin behind best better bike black boat both bowl 1 1 1 K K K K 1 K 2 1 1 K K 1 1 1 1 2 K 1 1 K 1 1 K 1 1 K K 1 2 K K K bread breakfast bring bunny bus bush butterfly button cage cake calf call camp cap card care cart catch cave chain chicken child city class clock close cloth cloud clown coat cold color cook cookie corner 1 1 2 1 K 1 2 1 1 1 K K K 1 K 1 K K 1 K K K 1 K 1 1 K K K K K 2 1 K K could crayon cry cup cut dad dark dish doll dot draw dream dress drink dry duck early eat edge egg eight elephant else even eye fair far farm fast fat father feed feet find fire K 1 K 1 K 1 K K K 3 K 1 1 2 1 K 1 K 3 K 1 1 K K 1 2 1 K K K K K 1 1 K Appendix 139 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 140 firefighter first fit five follow forget four fresh Friday friend frog front fur game gay gentle girl give glad glass goat god gold grass guess gun ham hand hang happen happy hard have head hear hello K 1 K 2 2 1 1 1 K 1 K 1 K K 1 K K K K K 7 1 1 1 3 1 K 1 K K K K K 1 3 help hen her high him home honey hop horn horse hot hotdog hour house how huge hurry ice if inside jam jet job joy jump just kind king kite know lady lake lamb land last late K 1 K K K K 1 1 1 K K 3 2 K K K 1 1 K 1 1 1 1 3 K K 1 K K K 7 1 1 K 1 1 laugh lay learn leave left leg let letter light like lion live long love lunch mail make mama man many map may maybe mean meet might milk miss mom Monday money monkey moon more morning mother 1 K 1 1 1 1 K K K K 1 K K 2 K 1 1 4 K 1 2 1 K 1 K K K K 1 1 1 2 K K K K 140 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 141 mouse much must nap near need nest new next nice night nine none nothing now off old once one only onto open other our over page pan papa paper part party pass pay peanut pen pencil K 1 1 2 K K 1 K K K K 1 K 2 K 2 K 1 K 1 2 K K 1 K 1 1 4 K 1 1 3 K 1 1 1 penny people person pick picture pig place plane plate pocket pony pool pop print promise proud pull push rabbit race read ready ribbon ride right ring road rocket room rope row Saturday saw school sea seal 1 K 1 1 1 1 K K K K 1 K 2 K 1 1 K 1 K 3 1 K 1 1 1 1 1 K K 1 3 1 K K 1 K second seed send seven sheep ship shoe shop should shout show side sign silly six sky sled sleep small snake snow sock some song soon sorry spell spin spot spring squirrel star start step still store 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 K 1 2 1 K 1 K 1 K 1 K K 1 K 1 2 K 2 K 1 1 1 1 1 K Appendix 141 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 142 street string summer Sunday sure surprise swim table tail talk tell ten than thank their these thing think those three Thursday tie tiger time tiny K K 1 1 1 K 1 K 1 K 1 1 K K K K K K 1 K 1 1 2 K K today tomorrow toss town toy train trap tree trick trip truck Tuesday turn turtle two under until use very wagon wait walk want was watch K 2 3 1 K 1 1 K K 2 1 1 1 1 K 1 1 1 K K 1 1 K K K water way Wednesday week well were whale when which white why wild window wing winter wish wolf woman word would write year yell K 2 1 2 K K K K 2 K 1 K 1 K 1 K 1 1 K K 1 1 K 142 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 143 SECOND GRADE able 2 above 2 across 2 act 2 address 3 age 2 ahead 2 air K alarm 3 alligator 4 almost 2 along 1 angel another 2 answer 2 any 1 April 2 August 3 aunt K autumn 3 bake 1 ballet 7 banana 3 band 2 bandit K bank 2 bar 6 basement 2 basket K beach 2 beef 7 beehive 3 beep 5 behave 4 believe belong below belt beside between bicycle bit bite blame blanket bless block blossom blow body boil bottle bottom branch brave break bridge bright brook brother brush bucket bug bump bun burn butcher butter K 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 K 2 4 2 2 K 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 K K K 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 buy candle candy canoe carrot carry caterpillar cellar cent center cereal chair chance chase cheek cheer cheese cherry chin chips choice choose chop chuckle circle circus climb coach copy corn correct count country cover K K 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 K 1 2 K 2 K 2 2 2 K 2 2 2 K 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 Appendix 143 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 144 cowboy cracker crazy cross crow crust cub cupcake cupid dance dear December decide deep deer deliver design desk dig dinner direction dive doctor dollar donkey door dough doughnut dragon drain drip drive driveway drop dumb 5 3 1 1 4 2 11 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 K 2 2 K 4 2 2 2 6 2 5 during each eagle ear east easy eighteen eighty eleven empty enjoy enough enter evening every face fairy family fancy fear feather February feel felt fence few field fifteen fifty fight fill fine finger finish fix 2 K 2 K 2 1 7 5 4 2 3 1 2 2 2 K 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 K 1 2 2 2 1 flag flake flap flat float floor flour flower fold foot forest fork forty forward found fourteen fowl fox free fruit full gallon garden gate gather giant glasses glue gobble good-bye goose granny gravy great greet 1 2 2 2 K 2 1 2 K K 3 3 3 1 3 K 1 2 K K 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 K 3 144 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 145 grin grocery ground group grow grumpy gum hair half hall hamburger hammer handle hardly hate heat heavy helicopter helium hide hit hold hole hood hope hug humor hundred hunt hurt hut idea important ink island 2 3 1 2 K 3 4 2 2 3 K 2 2 1 3 1 2 4 4 K 1 K K K 2 1 5 2 3 1 2 2 2 4 2 jacket January jar jay jeans jelly join joke jolly judge juice July June keep key kill kitchen knife ladder ladybug lamp large lawyer lazy leaf less lesson library lid life lift likely limit line listen 3 2 K 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 4 1 3 2 2 K 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 lock lot loud low luck magic magnet March mark mask meal measure meat medicine melt merry middle mile mine minus minute mirror mix month most mountain mouth move music nail needle neighbor net never nineteen K 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 11 3 5 2 2 2 2 2 K 2 2 3 3 K 1 5 Appendix 145 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 146 ninety noise noon north nose note November number nut ocean October odd often oil orange outside oven owl own oxygen pair pancake pants parade parent park parrot past paste pat path paw peach pear peel 3 1 1 2 K 2 4 3 K 2 3 3 2 2 3 K 3 2 1 3 3 4 2 K 3 K 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 - peep pepper perfect phone picnic pie piece pile pink pipe pizza plain plan plant please plus point police poor popcorn possible postcard pot pour power practice present press pretty prize pudding puddle pup purple quack 4 5 2 K 1 K 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 K K 6 K 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 K 2 3 4 2 2 quart question quick quiet quit radio rag rainbow raise ranch rare real record reindeer rest return rich river roar robin rock roll roof rooster rose round rub rug rush safe sail salad salt same sand 2 2 3 K 2 3 2 3 2 1 5 2 K 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 K 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 146 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 147 sandwich sauce sausage save scare science scissors score scratch season seat seem self selfish sell September set seventeen seventy shake shall shape sheet shell shirt short shovel shut signal since sink sister sixteen sixty size 2 2 7 1 2 3 4 2 2 5 K 3 3 5 2 1 1 6 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 skate skirt sleigh slide slow smart smell smile smoke snack soak soft sound soup south speak speed spend spider spill splash split spoon sprinkle stamp stand stare state station stick stir stove strange strawberry stream 2 3 7 2 1 2 1 K K 6 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 K 2 3 2 K 1 2 K 4 2 4 K 1 6 K strong stupid subtract such sudden sugar supper sweet syrup tadpole tall tape taste tattle teach tear television test thin thirteen thirty thought throat through throw thumb tick tip tire title toad toast toe together tonight 1 1 2 4 3 3 2 3 5 K 2 2 3 4 2 K 1 3 3 K 2 1 K 2 2 5 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 Appendix 147 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 148 tool tooth top toward tower track tractor travel treat trot trouble true trunk try turkey turkey twelve twenty twig ugly 2 2 K 3 5 2 3 3 3 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 uncle understand upon upset valentine van vegetables visit voice wake wall wander warm wash wave wear weed weekend welcome west 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 K 1 2 2 2 5 2 while whisker whisper wide wind wise without wonder wool world worm worry wrong yard yesterday yet yolk young K 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 1 K 2 4 2 148 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 149 THIRD GRADE aboard accident ache adopt adult adventure adverb advice Africa against agree aim airport Alabama Alaska album alert alley allow alphabet already although ambulance America among amount amuse anger announce annoy Antarctica anxious apart apartment ape 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 5 3 5 4 6 5 4 K 3 6 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 K 6 apology apostrophe appear approve apron area argue arithmetic Arizona Arkansas arm army arrange arrive arrow art article Asia ass Atlantic attack attention attic attitude Australia author autograph automobile avenue award aware awful awhile babe baboon 7 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 3 K 3 5 5 4 3 3 4 3 5 3 4 5 - backward bacon badge balcony bald Band-Aid bang barbecue bare baseball basketball bath bathroom batter battery bead beak beam beard beast beat beauty beaver become beetle beg being belly bench bend beneath berry bet Bethlehem beware 6 3 3 5 7 7 3 K 2 3 9 4 4 3 5 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 3 3 Appendix 149 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 150 bib bible bill birth bitter blackboard bleed blend blink bloom blot board boast bone bonnet born borrow boss bother bounce bow bowling bracelet braid brain breath breeze brick broke broom brownie bubble buckle bud buffalo buggy K 3 5 3 5 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 5 3 4 4 3 6 2 11 5 3 2 3 2 K 3 3 4 4 3 - build bulb bum bunch bundle bunk burglar burro burst bury business busy buzz cab cabin cactus California calm camera canyon cape capital captain cardboard caribou carol carpenter carpet cartoon carve case castle cattail cattle cause caution 2 5 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 6 2 3 3 3 1 4 3 5 3 2 2 4 2 3 caw ceiling celebrate celery cell cemetery certain chalk chalkboard change charge chart cheat check cheep chest chew Chicago chief chili chimney chimpanzee chipmunk chocolate chunk church churn clam clap claw clay clean clear clever cliff clip 2 2 2 6 5 7 3 5 7 2 2 3 7 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 150 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 151 clop clothing clover club cluck clue coast cob cocoon code coin collar Colorado colt column comb comfort comma command common community company complain complete cone Connecticut consonant content contest continue cool copper coral corral cost costume 3 5 4 2 4 2 7 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 1 5 3 2 3 2 4 4 4 3 3 cotton county courage course court cowhand cozy crab crack craft cranberry crank crash crawl cream creature creek creep cricket crisp crocodile crooked crop crowd crown cruel cube cucumber curious curl curtain curve customer cute daffodil dairy 3 3 4 4 4 3 1 3 4 9 3 3 3 3 2 3 K 7 4 2 3 1 3 4 2 3 2 5 3 3 4 4 4 daisy Dallas damp dandelion danger dare dash daughter dead deal deck Delaware delicious delight denominator dent Denver department describe desert desire dessert devil diamond diaper dictionary die difficult digit dim dime dinosaur direct dirt discover distant 3 4 4 2 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 3 6 6 5 3 3 4 1 3 4 11 4 6 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 2 4 3 Appendix 151 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 152 disturb dock dodge double downtown dozen drag drawer dread drift drown drowsy drug drugstore drum dull dump dust dwarf eager eardrum earn earth either elastic elbow electric elementary elf elm encyclopedia enemy energy engine entertain entrance 3 K 4 3 3 3 5 1 6 4 9 3 5 1 3 4 K 7 4 3 3 4 6 3 4 3 5 4 3 3 3 4 6 equator erase errand escape Europe ever evil exact exam excite exclaim excuse exit experiment explain explore extra fact factory faint fake falcon false familiar faucet fault feast fellow female fern fib fiction fierce fife figure final 3 6 2 3 4 3 7 9 4 4 3 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 6 7 2 4 5 3 3 6 4 3 3 3 3 5 fir firecracker firehouse fireworks firm fist flame flash flee flop Florida flow flush flutter fog foil folder fool football force forever forgive form forth fossil fountain foursquare frame freeze frost frown fry fudge fuel fulcrum garage 4 4 6 2 3 4 2 5 3 3 7 10 3 7 3 3 4 3 2 6 2 3 3 3 9 4 4 2 3 3 11 3 152 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 153 garbage gas gasp gaze Georgia germ germinate ghost gift giggle giraffe glide globe glove goodnight gorilla gown grab grade graham grain grand grandparent grape grapefruit graph growl grown-up guard guest guitar gull gulp habit hamster handkerchief 4 3 4 2 5 11 2 1 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 8 11 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 handsome hangar harbor harm harp harvest hatch Hawaii hawk hay headline heap heart heel height hell helmet hem herd hero hibernate highway hip hippopotamus hire hive hollow holster honest honk honor hook hoop hopscotch hose hospital 4 3 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 6 3 7 5 3 3 3 4 3 4 5 2 3 hotel hound Houston howl hum human hunger hurrah husband husky hydrant icicle Idaho identify ill Illinois impossible inch indeed index Indiana indoors inn insect instead instrument interest invite Iowa iron item jail jeep jerk jigsaw jingle 3 3 6 3 4 4 3 6 3 6 4 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 4 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 Appendix 153 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 154 joint journey jungle kangaroo Kansas kennel Kentucky kick kindergarten kingdom kiss kit knee kneel knock knot label lace lad lane language lap larva lasso law lawn lead leak lean least leather lemon length leopard lettuce level 3 3 3 4 9 4 2 3 5 2 9 2 2 2 3 2 2 K 4 3 3 3 2 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 lick lie lighthouse lightning lilac limb lip liquid list liter lizard load loaf lobster log lollipop lone loop loose-leaf Los Angeles lose Louisiana lullaby lump machine magazine maid main Maine major makeup male mall mammal manhole Manila 3 3 6 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 2 5 2 2 3 9 1 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 6 5 6 3 - manner margarine margin market marry marshal marshmallow Maryland Massachusetts mat match matter mayor meadow medal member mention meow message metal meter method Miami Michigan microscope microwave midget mild mill million mind Minnesota Mississippi Missouri mist mistake 6 6 9 3 6 11 6 5 5 8 K 4 3 2 7 4 5 3 2 3 2 4 1 5 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 4 5 7 2 154 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 155 moan modern modest mold moment monster Montana moo moose mosquito moss motel moth motor mound mow mulberry mule mumps museum mush mushroom mutter mystery narrow nation neat Nebraska neck necklace neither nephew nervous Nevada New HampshireNew Jersey 2 4 2 3 2 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 2 4 3 2 3 4 3 2 4 2 5 2 2 5 3 3 8 - New Mexico New York news nickel nickname niece nimble nobody nod noodle North America North Carolina North Dakota notice noun numeral nurse o’clock oak oatmeal obey object offer office officer Ohio okay Oklahoma olive onion opinion opposite orbit orchard order Oregon 3 4 6 8 3 5 4 4 3 2 1 3 4 3 4 2 3 5 5 8 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 otter ought outdoors oval overhead ox Pacific pack paddle pageant pail pain pajamas pal palace pale palm pane pant parka partridge passage pasture patch pattern peacock peas pedal peek penguin Pennsylvania perhaps perimeter period pest petal 4 3 3 9 5 9 4 K 6 3 2 3 9 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 K 3 12 3 6 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 Appendix 155 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 156 piano pigeon pilgrim pillow pilot pine pint pioneer pirate pistil pitch pitcher planet plastic plenty plow plug poem poke pole polite pollen pond poplar poppy porch post poster potato pound praise pray prepare president pretend prince 3 3 9 2 4 3 3 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 2 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 problem produce professor pronoun pronounce proper protect protest prove provide puff pump pumpkin punish pupil puppet pure purr purse pus puzzle quarter queen queer quicksand quite quiz radish railroad raisin rake range raspberry rat rather reach 3 3 3 4 2 2 5 4 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 5 3 11 3 6 4 8 4 3 5 5 4 3 2 rear reason recess recite rectangle refuse regular relax relief religion remain remember remind remove rent repair reply report reptile respect restaurant reward rhinoceros Rhode Island rhyme rhythm rib rice rid riddle rink rip ripe ripple roam roast 8 2 5 2 4 3 4 3 2 4 1 3 3 3 7 1 2 3 3 4 5 3 6 7 9 2 3 6 3 2 3 2 4 2 3 156 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 157 rob robe robot Rockies rod rodeo root rubber rude ruin rule sack saddle sale sample San Francisco sap satin satisfy saucer scale scar scarf scatter schedule scold scoop scrapbook scrape scream screen scribble scrub search secret section 2 5 7 6 3 3 3 3 4 3 5 5 K K 3 5 K 2 3 4 6 3 7 4 4 6 3 2 3 seize select sense sentence separate serious serve settle several sew shade shadow share sharp shave shed shelf shelter shepherd sheriff shine shiver shock shoot shore shorts shove shrimp shrink shy sick sidewalk sigh sight signature silent 4 2 2 2 5 3 3 2 3 3 2 5 5 2 5 2 4 3 3 2 11 7 2 3 7 4 3 3 4 3 2 K 4 7 3 silk sill silver simple sin single sip sir skeleton ski skill skin skip skunk skyscraper slap slave sleeve slice slime slowpoke slumber smash smooth snap sneeze sniff snob soap soar sob soda soil soldier son sort 4 3 2 4 12 4 3 11 5 4 9 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 7 2 3 4 3 2 2 4 2 4 3 5 Appendix 157 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 158 sour South Carolina South Dakota sow space spank spare spark special speech spoil spray spy square squawk squeak squeal squeeze stable stack stairs stamen starfish starve statue steal steam steer stem stew sticker stiff stocking stomach stone stool 3 7 3 3 1 3 3 6 3 3 K 3 5 2 2 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 1 3 storm straight strap straw strike strip stripe student study stuff substance suit sundae supermarket surface swallow sweater sweep swing swirl swish switch sword symbol system tablespoon taco tag tale tan tap task taxi tea team teapot 2 3 4 12 3 5 4 3 3 5 3 4 7 3 4 3 2 K 3 3 3 3 4 6 5 4 3 3 3 5 2 3 4 tease teaspoon telephone temperature tender Tennessee tent terrible terror tether Texas thermometer thick thief thirst though thousand thread thunder ticket tickle tight tights till2 tin4 tinfoil ting toboggan tomato ton tongue tortoise touch touchdown towel trace 9 4 3 3 3 5 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 K K 4 - 3 3 4 2 9 4 2 158 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 159 trade traffic trail trailer trash tray treasure tremble triangle tribe trickle troll trust tub tube tug tulip tune tunnel twin twist type ukulele umbrella underneath unit United States unless upward usual Utah vacant vacation valley value 5 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 K 3 2 4 6 3 1 4 3 5 4 3 3 2 3 7 3 3 4 4 velvet verb Vermont vest village violin Virginia vowel voyage waffle wag wail waist waiter war warn Washington waste watermelon weak weary weather wed weep weigh West Virginia wheat wheel wheelbarrow whether whimper whip whir whistle whole 9 4 5 3 4 3 5 4 3 3 5 3 8 2 3 2 2 4 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 5 4 3 whoop whoosh wicked wife wig wiggle willow win windmill wink wipe wire Wisconsin witch within wood woodpecker worse worst worth wound wow wrap wreck wriggle wrist Wyoming yarn yawn yeast zebra zip zoom 4 9 1 3 3 9 2 3 1 5 4 5 3 4 3 3 2 9 3 3 3 5 3 3 6 9 11 - Appendix 159 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 160 FOURTH GRADE abbreviate 2 absent 4 absorb 4 accent 5 accept 3 accordion accuse 4 ace 3 acid 3 acorn acrobat 6 actual 3 adjective 4 adjust 6 admire 3 admit 6 affair 7 afford 3 agriculture 6 aid 3 airline 4 aisle 5 alfalfa 7 algae 5 almanac 5 aloud 5 altitude 4 aluminum 4 amaze 4 ambush anchor 4 Anchorage ancient 3 Andes 4 ankle 5 anniversary annual antelope anthem antonym appetite applaud appreciate approach approximate apricot aquarium arch arctic ark arrest artificial ash aspen aspirin assign assortment athlete Atlanta atlas atmosphere atom attach attend attract audience auditorium auto average avoid 5 4 4 5 5 2 3 7 3 4 3 3 4 7 3 6 8 4 3 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 awe awkward axe axle babble background balance bale ballad ballpoint ballroom Baltic bamboo bandage banjo banner banquet bargain barrel barrow barter base basic basin bat batch baton battle bawl bay beagle bedspread beer beet behold 7 5 4 4 3 7 5 7 5 5 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 1 4 K 5 3 - 160 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 161 beige belch beyond bibliography bid billion biography birch blacksmith blade blank blast blaze bleacher bleat blind blizzard blood blouse blurt blush bobsled bold bomb bonus bookworm booth border Boston bough boulder bound bounty bouquet brag braille 6 6 4 6 7 4 6 2 5 4 4 5 5 7 5 6 4 4 4 3 4 6 4 4 brake brand brass breast brew bride brief brilliant brim brisk broad bronze brow bruise buddy budge budget buffet bull bulldog bullet bulletin bully buoy burp burrow bushel butler butte buttercup cabbage cable caboose calendar calorie Canada 4 5 7 6 5 3 4 4 4 3 5 4 4 2 5 7 5 6 4 7 5 9 6 4 3 5 2 canary cancel cane capable capacity capillary capitol capsule capture caramel carbohydrate carbon career carnation carnival carriage carton cartwheel cash casserole cassette cast catsup cauliflower cavern cedar cello cellophane Celsius cement Centigrade centipede century challenge champion channel 5 7 5 4 4 7 4 3 7 3 5 3 8 3 4 6 7 K 10 7 5 3 4 8 3 5 Appendix 161 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 162 chant chap chapel chapter character charcoal chariot charm cheap checkers chemical chestnut chill China chip chirp choir choke chord chore chorus chow chubby chuck chug cigar cinder cirrus citizen clang clank clarinet clasp clatter click climate 7 5 3 4 3 6 3 2 5 3 4 K 4 7 4 5 4 3 4 8 10 3 cling clink closet clump clumsy cluster clutch coal coarse cobra cocoa cod coffee coffin coil coliseum collect college collie colony comet comic comment commercial committee communicate compass compose compound concentrate concert condition congruent conjunction consider consist 9 4 2 3 7 6 5 7 4 9 3 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 3 7 4 5 4 3 4 6 constellation constitute construct contagious contain continent contrary control convenient convince coop cooperate cord core cork cot cottage cottonwood cougar cough council counter couple coupon courteous courtyard cousin coward coyote cradle crate creak create crew crib crime 5 7 4 4 8 4 9 4 4 3 4 K 4 5 4 4 6 6 7 3 4 4 5 5 5 7 6 4 162 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 163 croak crook crossword crouch crowbar crumb crunch crush crystal cuckoo cuddle culture cumulus cupboard cure current custom cycle cylinder cymbal dab dam damage dandy dart date dawn daze deadline deaf death deciduous decimal decrease defend define 4 5 4 4 8 5 5 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 4 5 3 3 6 3 5 5 4 5 4 definite degree den denomination dense deny depend deposit depot deputy deserve desperate destroy detergent detour Detroit develop dew diagram dial diary dice diet dine dioxide dip disappoint disaster discipline discourage discuss disguise displace dissolve ditch divide 3 4 4 4 7 4 5 9 11 12 5 4 11 4 4 6 3 5 5 5 4 K 3 4 9 5 5 9 7 4 5 4 3 dizzy dodo dome doodle doubt dove downpour doze drab drama drape drawbridge dribble drill drizzle drought duel duke dunce dune dung dungeon earthquake ease echo educate effect effort electron elegant element elk elsewhere embarrass emergency empire 4 11 3 7 4 4 6 11 9 7 3 10 5 K 7 7 3 7 4 12 5 4 4 4 4 7 11 7 7 Appendix 163 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 164 England enlarge enormous enthusiasm entire envelope equal equilateral error erupt essay establish estimate evaporate event evidence example excellent except exchange exercise exhale exhaust exhibit exist expect expensive experience expert express extend eyebrow eyelash factor fade Fahrenheit 4 4 2 4 4 4 3 4 11 6 5 3 6 4 3 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 7 5 4 fail faith fame fashion fasten favor fawn fee ferry festival fetch file film fin finch flannel flare flask flavor flea flesh fling flip flipper flock flood fluff fluid flute foam folk forbid ford forearm forehead foreign 2 11 4 4 4 4 5 6 5 4 5 5 4 11 3 4 8 5 6 5 4 4 3 11 5 6 7 11 3 foreword fort fortune foul fraction freckle freeway freshman fret friction frustrate fumble fungus furnace furnish furniture further future gallop gander gang gangplank gap garter gauze gear general generous genie geography geranium Germany gigantic glacier glance glare 7 6 7 7 3 9 7 6 5 5 4 6 3 8 4 5 7 5 4 4 4 9 3 6 5 6 5 164 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 165 glaze glimpse glisten glitter gloom glossary glow gnaw goal goblin goggles goldenrod golf gong gossip grace gradual graduate gram grammar grasshopper grate grateful gravity graze grease Great Britain greenhouse Greenland greyhound griddle grill grind grip groan groom 4 5 3 5 4 5 4 6 7 5 3 4 9 2 7 5 7 4 3 4 5 1 4 5 4 3 3 grouch grunt guide gulf gully guppy gurgle gut guy gym gypsy hail halo hammock handball handcuff hardware harmonica harpoon Harrisburg harrow harsh Hartford hatchet haul hazard hazel headdress headquarters heal health heave heaven hedge hemisphere hesitate 5 3 4 6 5 5 7 5 6 9 5 2 5 5 7 5 3 5 5 6 hiccup hike hind hinge hint hiss history hitch hobby hobo hockey hoe holiday holler holly holy homespun homonym hoof hoot horizontal horror household however hubbub huckleberry huddle humble humid hunch hush hutch hydrogen hymn hyphen iceberg 3 4 4 11 4 3 6 4 10 5 3 11 11 K 7 5 7 4 4 2 5 9 5 4 6 9 7 Appendix 165 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 166 icebox ideal idle igloo ignite image imagine imitate immediate improve increase indent individual industry influence inner inning innocent insist inspect instant instruct intelligent interrupt intestine introduce invent invisible inward iodine irrigate itch jabber jack jackknife Jacksonville 7 4 10 3 3 9 9 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 6 5 4 7 7 5 4 6 9 6 4 1 5 janitor Japan jaw jellyfish jersey Jerusalem jewel jewelry jig journal jug juggle junction junior junk Jupiter kernel kettle keyboard kid kidney kimono knit knothole knuckle lab labor laboratory lack ladle lame lantern lariat lark lash lass 5 4 5 5 4 7 3 4 5 5 7 4 5 4 4 5 4 7 9 7 7 4 7 - latch launch lava lavender layer leap lease ledge legend lens lever liar liberty licorice lily lime limestone limp lipstick litter liver llama loan lobby locate locket lodge London loom lope lord loss lotion luggage lumber lunar 6 4 4 4 2 10 3 4 5 6 4 6 3 4 4 2 7 4 3 9 1 4 8 3 9 7 5 5 8 7 3 7 166 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 167 lurch macaroni magma magnificent magnify maintain manage mane mantle manufacture manure maple marble marigold marmalade Mars mascot mash mast master material math mattress maypole McKinley meanwhile mechanic medium melody melon memorial memory Memphis mend mental menu 11 5 7 5 4 4 4 6 3 4 7 10 4 5 4 5 4 4 6 4 7 3 8 4 5 6 7 5 Mercury mermaid mesa meteor metric Mexico midnight Milwaukee minnow minor mission mister mitt mittens moccasin mock model moderate moist mollusk monitor mood mop Moscow motion mount movie muff muffin muffler mug muggy multiply mumble mummy munch 4 4 7 4 4 4 3 9 3 4 3 12 4 9 4 4 4 5 3 7 4 1 3 4 5 - muscle mustache mustard mutt myth nab naked napkin nasty native nature naughty navy necessary Neptune Netherlands neutron New Orleans nibble nightmare nitrogen nook nor Norway notch novel nozzle nucleus nudge numb nun nuzzle nylon oar oasis oats 7 7 3 5 6 7 4 3 4 5 6 10 4 5 3 9 5 7 5 5 4 4 8 9 4 7 Appendix 167 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 168 oblong oboe observe occupation occur Omaha omit ooze operate opportunity orchestra ordinary organ organize orient oriole ornament ornery ostrich ounce outfit outskirts overalls owe pad padlock pantry papoose parable parachute paraffin paragraph parallelogram parcel pardon parenthesis 4 4 5 6 5 4 4 5 5 6 12 5 5 7 4 5 4 7 4 4 9 7 3 6 6 - participate particular partner passenger patent patient patio patrol pause pave peace peak pearl pebble peck peer pelican penetrate pennant percussion perennial perfume permit Persia petticoat petunia pheasant Philadelphia Phoenix phonograph photosynthesis phrase piccolo pickle pickup pigtail 5 5 4 4 9 4 9 4 4 4 3 5 4 7 5 12 4 7 9 4 4 8 5 4 5 5 3 5 4 - pill pillar pinch pineapple pinwheel pistol pit pity pixy planetarium plaster plateau platform platter plaza plop plot plum plumber plump plural Pluto pod poet poison policy polish polka poll pollute polygon poncho poodle popover popular porcupine 4 9 6 3 4 4 11 4 3 5 4 6 3 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 5 4 12 4 4 6 3 7 168 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 169 porpoise porridge port portfolio position positive postage postmaster postpone posture poultry practical prairie preach precious precipitation predicate prefer prefix preposition prevent pride primary principal prism prison private process procrastinate product program proof proofread property proton protrude 5 3 9 5 4 7 7 4 6 4 6 4 5 4 4 4 3 7 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 3 4 5 4 11 Providence prowl public publish pulley pullover pulse punch punctuate puncture pupa purpose putter pyramid quadrilateral quail qualify quarantine quarrel quartet quilt quiver quotient raccoon raccoon racket raft rage rail railway ramp rapid rattle rattlesnake raw ray 5 3 5 3 4 4 3 3 4 10 6 5 4 5 4 2 5 5 5 7 7 5 5 4 5 K razor realize receipt receive recipe recognize recover redcoat reduce redwood reed regard region regret rein rely remark repeat represent rescue research reservoir respond responsible result reveal revoke revolution Richmond ridge rifle rigid rinse rise rot rough 9 5 2 4 4 5 6 4 11 6 7 4 7 6 4 7 4 3 6 7 5 4 4 5 4 11 6 7 3 4 3 Appendix 169 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 170 route routine royal ruby ruff ruffle runaway rung runt rural Russia rust rustle rustler sag Sahara sake salary salmon San Diego sandal sash satellite Saturn sawmill saxophone scalp scene scent scoot scout scowl scramble screw screwdriver scrimp 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 5 4 11 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 9 6 12 scripture scum seafood seam Seattle seaweed secretary secrete secure seek seldom senor sensitive series sermon sewer sex shack shale shallow shame shampoo shawl sherbet shift shipment shortening shorthand shortstop shoulders shred shrill shrub shrug shuffle sideburns 6 K 8 5 4 5 4 5 4 6 4 11 5 4 4 8 4 5 6 2 4 4 5 5 9 4 - sideways sierra sift silverware similar simile siren sissy situation skein skid skillet skim skinny skittish slab slacks slam slang slant slash sleet slender slick slight slim sling slip slop slug sly smack smear smith smog smokestack 7 8 5 4 11 10 6 7 11 7 7 3 10 4 6 4 7 4 4 4 4 3 7 - 170 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 171 smother smudge snail snapdragon sneak snicker snip snoop snooze snore snort snub snug sober soccer social sofa softball soggy solar solid solo solve somersault somewhat sonar soothe sore source souvenir soybean spa spaghetti Spain spangle spaniel 4 3 3 7 5 2 7 6 7 4 3 8 3 5 5 4 5 3 4 - sparrow spat spatula spear species speck spectacles sphere spice spike spinach spiral spit splice splinter sponge sponsor spook spore sport sprain spread sprout spur sputter squash squat squaw squirm squirt St. Louis staff stage stagecoach stain stale 9 5 7 4 4 11 3 5 4 9 12 3 K 5 7 8 5 5 4 3 4 7 - stalk stall stallion staple startle steadfast steady steak steel steep steeple sting stingy stink stitch stock stockade stopwatch strain strait streak stretch strict stride stroke stroll structure struggle strum stubborn stumble stump sturdy subject submarine subway 5 7 4 4 4 3 4 4 9 3 2 5 6 8 3 11 5 8 6 7 5 5 2 4 3 2 Appendix 171 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 172 succeed suck suffer sufficient suffix suggest suitcase sum sunflower super superior supply support suppose surround suspect suspender swamp swan sway swear sweat swell swift syllable synonym synthesis tab tablet tack tackle talent tambourine tame tank 4 7 5 4 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 7 5 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 6 3 3 tardy tassel taupe tee teenager teepee teeter telegram telegraph telescope telltale temper temple tend tennis termite terrier territory text texture thaw thee theft therefore thimble thistle thong thorax thorn thou thrill thud thumbtack thump thus 2 5 6 9 9 4 7 3 7 3 4 4 7 4 7 4 9 4 5 5 6 thy tiddlywinks tide tilt timid tingle tinsel tint tiresome ‘tis toadstool Tokyo tole tom-tom tomahawk tomboy tone tong toot topic torch total tough tow trademark tramp trampoline trapeze treble tricycle trim trinket trio trombone troop 4 4 7 7 10 5 2 4 5 3 6 9 6 5 5 3 3 172 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 173 trophy trousers trundle truth tuba tuck tumble turnip twine twinkle twirl typewrite umpire unicorn uniform union universe upland upright Uranus urgent Uruguay vampire vapor vary vase vegetation vehicle 4 2 8 6 3 6 5 5 6 5 4 3 5 6 2 7 4 7 5 7 9 veil vein Venus veranda vessel veterinarian vibrate video view vine vinegar violet vocabulary volcano volume vote vulture waddle wade walrus waltz wasp wax wealth weasel web wedge wee 9 4 5 5 9 4 4 4 7 K 4 4 3 7 5 5 4 3 5 5 6 9 whack wham wharf wheelchair whiff whine whinny whirl wick wicker widow wigwam wildcat wilderness windpipe wizard workout worship wreath wrestle wrinkle xylophone yak yap Yellowstone youth zero zone 4 10 9 4 4 4 6 10 9 5 4 8 5 5 7 3 Appendix 173 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 174 FIFTH GRADE abandon Abilene aborigine abroad absolute abuse access accessory accompany accomplish account accurate acre adapt adequate administer admiral adobe advance advantage advertise advise Aegean affect affection afterward agent aircraft airfield airman airstrip ajar Albany alcohol algebra 4 7 6 5 8 7 5 5 5 5 7 5 5 6 12 7 5 5 6 5 7 7 5 5 8 5 5 12 alkaline allegiance alloy almond Alps altar alto ambassador amber ambition amble ammonia ammunition amphibian analyze ancestor angle anteater antenna antibiotics anticipate antidote antique antler Appalachian appeal appliance apply appoint appropriate apt aqueduct arbor arc arcade 7 7 5 11 5 6 9 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 9 5 4 5 7 9 7 9 K 6 7 6 6 7 archery arena Argentina armor armpit aroma array artery asbestos asparagus assemble assist assume assure asteroid astonish astronaut astronomy attain attempt attire attorney Austin Austria authority automatic auxiliary available avalanche aviator avocado awning axis azure bacteria 5 6 5 5 9 6 7 7 7 5 7 5 9 5 11 6 4 7 5 11 5 5 5 11 6 5 174 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 175 badger badminton bagpipe bail bait balsa Baltimore ban bangle banister barber bareback barometer baseboard bashful bass basswood beacon bedrock beech beeline Beijing belle bellhop bellow beret berth beta betray billfold bind binoculars biology birthmark biscuit bishop 6 4 8 6 2 7 8 7 5 7 6 7 10 7 6 12 7 - bleak blindfold blister blockade blockhead blockhouse blonde bloodhound blubber bluebell bluff blunder blunt blur bob bog bologna bonfire bonny boom boomerang bosom boxwood brace bravo Brazil breathtaking breed briar bridle bristle Britain brittle broil bronco brood 4 9 10 5 1 7 5 5 2 7 5 8 10 6 5 K broth browse brunette Brussels brute buck buckskin buff bugle bulge bulk bulldoze burr bustle butt butterscotch cabinet cackle cad cafe cafeteria caffeine calcium calculate calico camel campus canal cancer candidate cannibal cannon canopy canteen canvas caravan 6 8 11 10 9 2 3 5 5 9 5 7 5 4 5 5 7 5 7 10 4 4 Appendix 175 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 176 cardigan cargo Caribbean carousel carp cartilage cartridge cashew cask casual catalogue catastrophe cavalry cease celestial cellulose census ceramic ceremony chafe chairman chalet chamber chandelier chaps charity charter chat checkmate chef chemistry chess Cheyenne chime chinaware chisel 4 5 7 11 5 7 5 11 4 7 6 6 7 5 6 5 8 K 2 chlorine chlorophyll chopsticks chowder chrome chrysanthemum chum chute cider cinch Cincinnati cinnamon circuit circumference cistern citrus civil clad claim clamor clamp clan clash clause clench Cleveland clinic cloak clockwork clog clot clothespin clutter coax cobblestone cockpit 9 5 4 7 5 5 5 5 6 7 5 5 7 5 11 5 9 5 7 8 8 - cockroach coconut coke coleslaw coliseum collapse cologne colon combat combine comedy commerce commonplace commotion companion compare compartment compel compete competent complex complexion complicate compliment comprehend compute concave conceal concern conclude concrete condense confess confetti confident confirm 3 9 9 5 5 9 7 7 5 6 4 7 5 4 7 10 5 9 11 11 6 5 11 6 9 8 5 6 176 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 177 conflict confuse congratulate congress connect conquer conscious conserve considerate consistent constant constitution consult contact contract contrast contrite convention convex convict cookout cornet cornucopia corridor corrugate corsage cosmetics cottontail couch counsel counterfeit cove covey cowslip coy crag 5 7 5 7 6 5 7 6 7 5 5 5 5 5 7 6 11 5 8 5 9 - crane crater crave crayfish crease credit crescendo crescent crest cringe crochet crock crotch croup cruise crumble crumple crutch cubbyhole cubic cue cuff cultivate culvert cuneiform curb curd curriculum curse cushion custody cuticle cutlass cyclone dagger dame K 5 8 5 4 7 7 7 5 4 5 7 9 9 4 - damn dandruff dangle dapple darling data dazzle debt decay decent deckhand declare decline decoy dedicate deed defeat deflate defrost delay delicate delta demand democracy demolish demon demonstrate denim Denmark dentistry depart depress descend destiny detect determine 7 9 5 4 5 9 4 6 4 6 6 11 5 5 5 4 5 5 7 7 9 9 7 9 9 5 7 6 Appendix 177 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 178 device devour diagnose diagonal dialect diameter diaphragm differ digest dignity dike diminish dingo diploma discount disease disgrace disk dismal dismiss dispatch display dispose dispute distinct distinguish distress divorce document doe dogie dogwood doily dolphin dolt domestic 5 5 6 5 6 7 11 6 4 9 4 8 9 6 4 4 4 12 10 7 5 7 dominant donate doom dope downfall draft dragonfly drake drawl dreary drench droop dry goods duchess duct dude due duet dugout dumbbell dungarees durable dusk duty dwindle dye dynamite earl earnest earphone earshot easel eaves ebb eclipse ecology 9 7 5 9 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 5 5 9 7 9 6 11 economics edible eel eerie efficient Egypt elect embankment emblem embrace embroider emerald emphasis employ encourage enrich environment envy epidemic episode equation equip essence essential eternity Ethiopia eventual exaggerate exceed excel excess expedition explode exponent export expose 5 6 5 4 5 5 10 6 9 6 5 4 4 5 4 6 7 7 9 9 9 10 5 5 5 6 178 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 179 exterior extinct extinguish eyepiece fable fabric fabulous fad falter fang fantastic fare farewell fatal fate fathom feature federal fend fender ferment ferret fertile fertilize fever fiber fiddle fidget fig figurehead filter filth firearms fizz flair Flanders 5 5 10 11 8 3 8 5 5 7 6 6 4 6 5 9 5 5 6 7 5 5 - flapjack flatter flaw flax fleece flex flick flimsy flint flora floss flounder flue fluke fluorescent focus foe fond foothill fore forecast foreman forge forklift forlorn formal former formula fortress foster foundation fourscore foxglove fracas fragment fragrant 9 7 7 12 7 7 6 7 10 6 10 5 6 4 11 5 5 4 6 frail frantic fraternity fray freak freight frequent frill fringe frolic frontier fume function fund funnel furl fury fuss gag gain galaxy gale gallant gape gardenia gargle garland garlic garrison gauge gazelle gee gel gem generate genius 4 5 11 6 5 6 5 6 6 5 6 5 5 6 5 7 5 7 5 9 6 Appendix 179 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 180 genuine geology geometry Gettysburg geyser ghetto glade gland gleam glee glory gloss gnash gob gorge govern grandstand granite grasp gratitude grave gravel Greece grenade grief grim grime grit groggy groove grope gross grout grove grub gruff 9 12 11 5 2 9 10 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 8 9 6 7 grumble guilt gush gust gutter guzzle habitat halt halter hamper handicap hare hark harness haste haunt haven haze headset headstone hearth heathen hectic hedgehog heir heirloom helter-skelter hereby herewith heroine heron herring hexagon hickory highness hilarious 4 7 4 4 2 8 8 5 7 12 5 5 7 9 8 7 5 9 hitchhike hoarse hobble hog hogan hoist homely homestead honeydew honeymoon honeysuckle hopper horde horizon hornet horsepower hostile hourglass howdy hue hummingbird hump humus hurricane husk hydroelectric hypothesis identity ignorant ignore illegal illustrate immune imp implement import 5 5 8 5 9 5 7 7 11 4 11 7 5 6 4 11 9 3 7 5 180 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 181 impress impulse incense incident incline include income independent India infant infantry infect inferior inform informal inhabit inhale initial injure inland inlet input inquire insert inspire install instinct insult integer intense intent interior intermediate interpret intersect interview 7 9 6 5 11 7 5 5 4 6 6 7 5 4 6 5 11 8 8 6 6 7 6 7 5 11 6 6 5 invert invest investigate invoice involve ion Iran irritate Israel issue jab jackass jailbird jealous jest jiffy jitter jog johnnycake jot jumbo juvenile katydid kayak keen keg kelp kerchief khaki kidnap kiln kinetic knack knead knight knob 9 6 5 7 7 9 9 5 5 5 5 4 5 11 7 7 10 5 6 5 lacrosse lag lair landlord landmark lapse larkspur latex lather latitude latter lattice laurel league leash lecture legal lend lest Lexington license linen liner linger link linoleum lisp literature litmus livelihood loam lob lobe local locomotive locust 2 4 8 6 5 4 6 5 8 6 4 5 7 5 7 7 5 5 5 9 5 3 6 Appendix 181 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 182 loft longitude loot lottery Louisville lounge loyal lozenge lumberjack lung lunge luxury lye lyric magenta mainland mainstay maize majesty mallard malt mammoth manganese manicure manor mansion mantel manual mar mare marine marionette maroon marsh marvelous masculine 11 6 6 5 4 5 9 10 3 5 7 7 7 9 7 6 12 7 9 6 9 mason masquerade mass mature mayonnaise meditate Mediterranean medley meek mellow merchant mercy merit midst midway migrate mildew military millipede mimic mineral miniature minister mink minority minuet miracle mischief missile mistress mite mob mockingbird modify module molasses 5 6 4 9 4 11 5 5 7 4 4 11 8 4 5 8 5 10 5 8 4 5 9 8 7 mole molecule molt monarch monastery Montgomery monument moreover mortal mortgage motto mourn mucus multitude municipal mural murder murky murmur muskrat mustang muster mute muzzle nag naval navigate nectar negative neigh neon network neutral nevertheless Niagara nicknack 6 5 12 5 7 5 4 7 5 5 6 7 6 11 7 5 6 5 2 5 9 7 7 - 182 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:54 PM Page 183 Nigeria nigh nightfall Nile noble nominate normal nostril notify nourish nuclear nude nugget null obsidian obstacle obstruct obtain obvious occasion occupy octagon octave octopus offend official offset offshore ointment Olympic omelet opal opera opossum opponent origin 5 11 7 5 9 5 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 5 5 9 5 5 8 5 5 ornate orphan otherwise outcome outlaw outlet outline outpost outsmart outstanding outward ovary overboard overcast overcome overlook overwhelm oxide oyster pace paddy Pakistan palette pamphlet panel panic panorama panther paperback parakeet parallel paralyze parasite parasol parchment Paris 9 6 7 6 6 5 5 6 7 7 5 5 7 7 8 6 5 6 8 6 5 9 5 7 5 parliament parlor parole participle pastel pasteurize pastime pastor pastry patty payroll peal peat pecan peculiar peg pellet pelt penalty penicillin peninsula penmanship pentagon pep per percent perform perish permanent perpendicular personal perspire Peru petroleum phantom pharmacy 5 9 9 9 7 9 7 1 9 10 11 4 11 8 6 4 5 3 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 Appendix 183 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 184 photograph physical physician pierce pigment pimple pinafore pinball ping pinto pitchfork pith Pittsburgh plague plaid plank plaque platypus pliers plod plume plunder plunge plunk plywood poach poker Poland polio politics polo pompom pope porcelain pore portion 6 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 7 6 9 9 5 5 6 6 9 8 Portugal posh posse potion Potomac pouch pounce pout poverty powder powwow precise pregnant premium preserve previous prey price prick priest prime primer primitive principle privilege pro probable probe proceed procession profession profile profit project projector promenade 5 5 5 3 5 6 11 5 6 5 3 5 6 7 7 9 7 5 11 5 5 4 4 6 - promote prop propel prophet prospector protein proverb province prune pry pucker pudgy pueblo pug pulpit puma pumice pun puny purchase puritan pursue putty pygmy quaint quality quantity quarterback quartz Quebec quill quirk rabies radiate radium radius 7 5 8 4 11 4 9 4 8 5 9 4 8 5 11 3 5 5 184 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 185 ragweed raid ramshackle rank rap rapids rascal rash rate raven ravine reap rebel recent reckless recommend recorder recreation recycle reek refer reflect regal register rehearse reign rejoice relay release relish render repel republic require resemble resent 7 7 5 5 11 7 4 6 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 4 4 9 6 2 7 9 4 7 5 5 5 5 4 11 reserve resin resist resort resource restore retina reverse revise revolt revolver rickety ridicule rim rind risk rival roan role Rome romp rookie roost roster rotate rouge rubbish rubble ruckus rudder ruddy rugged rumble rumor rump rumpus 8 6 6 3 4 7 5 7 7 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 4 11 5 6 11 - runway rustic Sacramento sacred saint Salem saliva salon saloon Salt Lake City salute sandpaper saucy savage scab scamp scan scarce scarlet scheme scholar scoff scorch scorn Scotland scourge scrap scrawl scrawny screech script scuffle scurvy sediment seep segment 5 9 5 6 3 5 9 8 6 7 6 8 5 6 5 8 11 5 6 5 5 5 Appendix 185 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 186 semester senate senior serene session severe shaft shamble shank shark shatter sheaf shear sheath shield shilling shimmer shin shingle showdown shriek shrivel shudder shun sieve silicon silkworm silt sincere singe sire site sketch skipper skirmish skit 7 5 5 7 8 5 5 7 11 7 6 2 5 6 7 9 6 5 6 10 4 6 skull skyline slack slat slate slaughter slay slingshot slink slit sliver slogan slope slosh slot slum slump slush smelt smirk smug snapper snapshot snare snarl sneer snorkel snout snuggle society sod sodium sole solemn solution somber 5 4 7 6 5 2 11 8 6 5 5 5 4 6 9 2 7 6 7 sorrow spatter spearmint sperm sphinx spine spinster spire spirit splendid spool spout sprawl sprig Springfield sprint spruce spurt squadron squall squelch squint stab stadium stag stagger stake stamina stammer stampede stanza starboard starch stateroom static stead 5 9 6 7 5 9 11 5 6 12 5 5 5 7 6 4 5 - 186 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 187 stereo sterile stern stile stilt stimulate stingray stirrup stoke stomp stoop strangle strategy stratosphere stray streetcar stress strife strut stub stud studio stun stunt stutter style submerge subscribe subsist suburb suds suede suicide suite suitor sulfur 8 11 9 6 9 6 9 7 5 11 7 5 5 5 5 5 10 7 sulk sultan summary summit sundial superb superlative supernatural superstition supreme surf surgery survey survive swagger swap swarm swash swoop swordfish symmetry sympathy symptom taffy tang tangerine tangle tar target tariff tart tatter tawny tax teat technology 9 6 10 11 6 6 5 7 7 5 5 8 5 7 7 12 7 4 7 11 4 5 temperate tempest tempo temporary tempt tense term terminal terrain terrific terry testament testimony textile thatch theater theme theory thermal thicket thigh thrash threat thresh thrive throb throng thunderbolt thunderhead tidings tidy tile timber tinderbox tinge tinkle 6 6 5 5 4 6 4 7 6 7 6 5 5 7 6 5 11 7 5 6 10 Appendix 187 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 188 tissue tobacco toffee toil toll tomb tornado torpedo tortilla tot totem tour tradition transistor translate transplant transport trapezoid treaty tremendous trench trespass tributary tribute trice trigger trill trillion triple triumph trooper tropics trough troupe trout trudge 5 7 2 5 4 6 6 5 3 5 4 11 5 6 6 5 9 8 9 6 5 11 5 4 trumpet tuber tuft tugboat tumor tuna tundra turban turf turnout turquoise twain twang tweezers twitch udder underbrush underdog undergo undergrowth underworld unicycle unite university unravel upholster uproar uranium urban urge usher vaccine vacuum vain Vancouver vandal 5 11 5 7 7 5 5 4 10 8 7 9 6 6 6 5 4 7 11 5 - vanilla vanish variety varnish vast vat vault Venezuela vengeance Venice vent ventriloquist verge verify vermilion verse vertebrate vertical Vesuvius victim vigor vineyard viola violent virgin virus visible vision visor vital vitamin vivid void volley vow wad 6 5 6 5 5 5 9 6 5 5 5 6 9 7 5 7 4 10 11 - 188 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 189 wallet wallflower walnut wand wardrobe warehouse warp wart waylay weapon weave weird werewolf wheeze whereas whiplash 4 5 9 5 9 7 7 9 - whist whittle whop wield wine wit withdraw wither withstand witness wobble woodchuck woodwind workshop wren wring 5 4 7 5 5 2 5 6 7 - yacht yank yearling yelp yield yip yodel yonder Yosemite youngster yowl Yugoslavia Yukon zigzag zinc 1 5 9 5 7 6 Appendix 189 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 190 SIXTH GRADE abbot abduct abreast abrupt abscess abstain abstract absurd abundant academy accelerate accommodate accord achieve acknowledge acquaint acquire acropolis acute adept adhesive Adirondacks adjacent adore aerial affix afflict aggregate agile airborne airway alas albatross Alexandria Algeria 10 7 7 6 6 9 5 9 7 9 6 7 6 8 4 7 10 - alien Allegheny ally alpha alter alternate amateur Amazon ambiguous amethyst amnesia ample Amsterdam amuck analogy anemone animate anonymous anthracite antic apostle appall apparatus apparel apparent appendix apprentice aqua Arabia arachnid arid arsenal arson ascend asphalt 9 9 7 6 6 7 9 6 9 9 12 10 5 7 6 5 6 11 6 7 assault associate astrology Athens attribute auction audio audition authentic avail aviation Babylon bachelor backfire backhand Baghdad balk ballot bandanna barb barge barley baron barracks barren barricade barrier basis baste bauxite bazaar bearing beckon bedlam beforehand 7 9 5 6 6 9 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 7 6 6 11 7 6 11 6 7 9 190 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 191 behalf Belgium Belgrade benefit beriberi Berlin beryllium beset bestow beverage bevy bias biceps bicuspid billboard bin binary bisect bison bizarre blab blackhead blacktop blare bleach blemish blight blimp boarder bobcat Bohemia Bolivia bolt bonbon bond bondage 5 5 5 6 3 9 11 6 7 8 6 9 6 7 boon Bosporus boulevard bounds bowel boycott bracket brainstorm bran brawn bray breadwinner breakwater bribe brigade brink broadcast broadside broker bromine Bronx Brooklyn Brownsville Bulgaria bumble bungalow bungle bunker bunt burden bureau burly Burma busboy byway Cairo 7 6 9 7 5 6 4 11 9 5 calamity calligraphy Cambodia Cambridge camouflage campaign Canterbury caption captive Caracas carbonate carcass caress Carthage cascade caste category cathedral causeway Ceylon champagne Charleston Charlotte chasm chaste chauffeur Chesapeake Chile Chinook chivalry cholesterol chromatic chronology cigarette cinema circumstance 7 5 8 5 11 7 7 5 7 6 9 9 Appendix 191 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 192 civic clapboard clarify clarity classic cleft clerk client climax clinch clod cloves cobalt cock collide Colombia colonel Columbia coma combustion commission commit compact compatible compress comprise con conceit conceive concept concussion condemn conduct confederate confer confide 11 9 9 6 10 8 6 6 9 7 9 9 6 7 10 7 9 7 12 6 - conform confound congest conglomerate conquest conscience consecutive consent consequence console conspicuous constable Constantinople consume contaminate contempt context contingent contour contraption contribute convent converse convey Copenhagen cornerstone corps corporal corpse corrode corrupt cosmos countenance cowlick cramp crankshaft 11 5 5 7 8 10 9 11 7 7 5 7 6 9 9 11 - creed Crete crevice crimson crinkle cripple crisis crisscross criteria croquet crossroad crucial crude Cuba cud cult cunning curfew currency cutter czar Czechoslovakia dainty dale Danube daub Dayton deacon dean debate debris debut decade deceive decode decor 7 6 9 6 5 6 8 7 3 4 5 9 7 7 - 192 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 193 decree deduct defect deflect deft defy deject delegate delinquent delirious denounce deplete derby dermis derrick despair despise despite detach detail detain deteriorate devastate devise dialogue diction diesel diligent dilute dinghy dingy diphtheria diplomat dire discard discharge 9 7 11 7 6 5 7 6 7 7 7 7 11 7 7 6 7 9 6 discreet discriminate disgust dismay disrupt dissect distort distract district ditto ditty divine doctrine doldrums domain don dormant dormer dormitory dose dour douse Dover draftsperson drastic dredge drone drudge dub Dublin dunk duplicate duration dwell dynamic eavesdrop 7 5 6 8 10 6 9 6 10 7 6 12 7 - eccentric ecru ecstasy Ecuador eddy Edinburgh eggplant ego eject elaborate elder elevate eligible eliminate eloquent embark ember embryo emotion enamel endure enforce engage enigma ensemble enterprise entity entrust enzyme equilibrium erect erode escort estate estuary etch 7 9 11 5 6 6 7 7 7 9 7 8 7 9 6 9 11 7 8 11 Appendix 193 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 194 eternal eucalyptus Eugene Euphrates evaluate evergreen evident evolve excavate excerpt exclude execute expand exquisite external extract extreme eyesore Fairbanks fallow famine fanatic fantasy fatigue feat feeble feldspar ferocious fester fiancé fickle filament fillet finance Finland firebox 8 7 6 11 6 7 11 7 7 7 9 9 7 6 7 7 9 7 6 7 6 7 6 12 7 4 firefly fireproof fixture fjord flagship flank flaunt fleet flinch floe florist flounce flourish fluent flurry foliage fondle foresee format fracture fragile frank fraught frenzy fright frigid frisk fro frogman froth fugitive fulfill fullback fundamental funeral furrow 9 9 9 10 9 6 9 6 9 6 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 7 - fuse gadget gaggle gait gallery gamble garb garment garnish gash gaunt gauntlet gawky gene generation genesis genetic Geneva ghastly ghoul Gibraltar giddy gill gimmick gin ginger gingerly gladiator glean glen glimmer glint glockenspiel Gloucester glower glucose 7 9 6 7 9 7 7 7 7 9 12 12 K 7 194 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 195 gnat gneiss goblet goo gorgeous gourd graft grant graphite greed Greenwich gripe grotesque grudge gruel grueling Guam guarantee guardian Guatemala Guiana guillotine guinea gulch hack hag Haiti hale halfback hammerhead handiwork hanker haphazard hardship Harlem harmony 4 7 6 6 7 7 9 7 6 5 8 5 6 10 11 5 7 harpsichord hash haughty Havana headlong headwaters headway Helena helm hemlock hemoglobin hemp hence herb heredity heretofore hermit hideous hijack hilt Himalayas hinder Hiroshima hither hitherto hoard Hollywood homer homograph homophone honeycomb hospitality host hostage hothouse hovel 10 9 7 11 6 7 5 7 7 12 7 6 7 6 7 9 - hover hub huff Hungary hurdle hurl hustle hybrid hydraulic hyena hygiene hyperbole hypnosis identical idiom idol igneous illuminate immaculate immense impact impair impertinent impose imprint improvise incentive incubate indicate indigo Indonesia induce inert infer inferno influenza 7 8 6 6 5 6 9 7 12 3 7 11 6 11 Appendix 195 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 196 infringe ingredient inherit initiate inject inoculate instance institute insulate insure interfere intern internal interval intricate intrigue invade invaluable Iraq Ireland iridescent isolate isthmus italics ivory ivy jackal jade jalopy Jamaica jamb Jamestown jangle Java javelin jazz 7 6 8 7 7 7 7 12 12 11 6 8 5 4 5 9 6 jeer jeopardy jetliner jinx jockey jolt jounce jumble jury jut jute Kenya keynote Kiev Kilimanjaro kindle kink knapsack knoll Korea krypton Labrador lacquer lagoon Lancaster lance landholder landscape Laos lard Laredo lasagna laser lateral lax Lebanon 6 6 7 6 5 12 4 11 6 11 12 12 11 9 5 8 7 7 12 leech legacy legible legion legume Leipzig leisure levy liable liberal lice lichen lieutenant ligament likewise limelight limerick lingerie linseed liquor listless livid lodestone logic lore lubricate lug lukewarm lull luminous lure lurk lush luster lute Luxembourg 11 10 8 7 7 9 11 9 11 8 7 7 7 5 9 - 196 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 197 lyre madam mademoiselle Madrid magnesium majority makeshift malaria Malaysia Manchester Manchuria mandolin mangle Manhattan mania mantis manuscript marathon marksman marvel massacre massage massive mate matinee mauve maximum maze media median medieval Melbourne membrane memo menace mere 7 9 5 11 7 3 9 6 6 6 7 9 11 7 10 7 9 6 7 - merge meridian Mesopotamia metamorphosis 10 metaphor metropolis mica microbe migrant mil Milan miller mimeograph mince minimum mint mirth misery mishap mistletoe moat mobile molar molest Mongol Mongolia monk monogram monopoly monsoon Monterrey Montreal moor moral morgue Morocco 6 7 10 6 9 10 6 11 8 5 12 5 12 6 4 7 - moron morsel mortar mortuary mosaic motive muck muddle muffle musket mutton mystify mythology naive Nantucket nape Naples narcotic natal nausea neglect negotiate nerve Newcastle Newfoundland nick nip nobleman noose norm Normandy noteworthy Nottingham notwithstanding novice nuisance 10 7 7 7 9 7 7 3 7 11 6 Appendix 197 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 198 nutmeg nutrient nymph obstinate obverse odor offhand offspring onslaught Ontario opaque oral ordeal ore organism Oslo osmosis outback outboard outlandish outlying outrage outwit ovation overrun overseas overtake pamper pang pantomime par parabola paradise Paraguay pare parsley 9 5 5 12 5 6 K 11 7 5 9 11 7 6 10 6 parson particle passion patriarch peasant peddle pedestal pedestrian pedigree pemmican pendant perceive perch peril persecute persist persuade petite petition petrify petty pew phenomenon Philippines philosophy phosphorus phylum pickpocket pier pinnacle pinpoint piston pitfall plankton plantation plea 9 6 9 9 11 12 6 7 6 8 8 7 11 10 6 5 7 7 pledge pluck plush ply pock polecat ponder populate pork porter portray pose possess potassium potent potential Prague prance predicament predict preen preface premises preside presto prevail prim probation prod progress prohibit prominent prompt prone proportion propose 6 9 11 6 7 8 6 5 6 7 7 6 7 7 7 12 11 6 6 198 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 199 prose prosecute prospect prosper prow psalm puck pulp purge puss putt Pyrenees quake quintet rabbi rack radioactive raffle Rainier ram ramble random ransack ransom rant rape ratio rational rave ravel rawhide react ream reciprocal reckon recollect 12 11 7 9 9 7 9 9 10 1 4 11 6 - redcap redeem reef reel referee reform refrain refresh refugee refund regime regiment regulate rehabilitate reject relic remedy remorse repeal repent repute request reside resolve respire restrain restrict retail retain retard retire retort retreat retrieve revenge revolve 8 5 7 8 6 7 6 7 12 7 7 11 7 7 6 11 7 6 7 9 6 6 6 Rhine rift rig rigor riot rivet robust rodent romance rotor Rotterdam rouse ruffian rummage rumple rupture russet rut rye sacrifice Salvador sane Saskatchewan Savannah savor sawhorse scald scallop scepter schooner scope scoundrel scour scrag scribe scroll 11 7 12 9 6 5 6 7 Appendix 199 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 200 scruff scurry scuttle scythe seaway sect sedan seminary septic sequence sequin serenade sergeant serpent serum shabby shackle shanty sheen sheer shipshape shoddy shortcake shrine shuttle Siberia Sicily sickle siege silhouette silo simmer sine sinew sinister sizzle 10 6 9 6 7 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 5 - sledge sleek slither slouch sluice slur smallpox smolder smut snag snuff socket solder solitude sophomore soprano sorcery soul souse spade span Sparta spawn specify spectrum speculate spellbound spew spindle spinet spleen splint splotch splurge spry squabble 8 11 9 6 10 7 5 7 9 12 squid squire standard starling statesman stationary stature stave steed steeplechase stein stellar stench stencil steppe stevedore stifle stigma Stockholm stout straddle strand strongbox stronghold stucco stupor subdue sublime submit substitute subtle succulent sue suffocate sullen sultry 5 7 10 6 5 11 9 7 6 7 6 9 2 - 200 Appendix 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 201 summon sunspot superintendent supervise supplement surge surplus surrender suspend suspense swab swath Sweden swerve swivel Sydney symphony synagogue synthetic Syria Tacoma tailor talc tallow tally talon tangible tapestry tarnish taut taxidermy teak technique teller tenant tendon 9 9 8 7 9 6 12 10 5 6 6 7 10 8 11 7 6 7 - terminate Thailand therapy thermostat thesaurus thorough threshold throne throttle thrust tiara tier titter toddle toggle token tolerate tonic topaz topple torment torrent torture totter tournament towhead trait traitor trance tranquil transfer transform transfusion transmit transparent travail 12 9 6 9 11 12 6 10 7 9 9 2 8 5 - treacherous tread treason trellis tress trial tribune trifle trigonometry trolley truant tuberculosis tungsten turbine turmoil turpentine tusk tutor twilight twinge typhoon tyrant uncanny underhanded unique unison urchin urn utensil utmost utter vagabond vague valid valise valor 6 6 6 9 10 9 6 6 5 7 6 12 11 11 6 6 6 Appendix 201 977845 appendix.1 4/6/05 3:55 PM Page 202 valve vaudeville velocity vendor veneer venom ventricle venture verbal verdict version versus veteran vice vicinity vicious victor Vienna Vietnam vigil villa villain 6 8 9 9 12 9 9 7 7 9 9 7 5 6 10 12 11 - vise vocal volt vomit vulgar wafer wage Wales wallop warble ward warden warfare Warsaw wary watercress waterlog watershed watt welt whereupon whisk 6 7 9 10 9 7 12 11 7 - whiskey wholesale wholesome wicket Williamsburg wilt windfall windlass wisecrack woe wombat worthwhile wrath wrench wrought wry yam yearn yoga yule zest 6 6 7 7 5 9 7 7 7 202 Appendix