Presentation of Baseline Data Naivasha, Kenya

Presentation of Baseline Data: Naivasha, Kenya General Information / Overview Water is sold mainly through private water vendors although a basic piped water network does supply piped water to some households . Water vendors are generally two types; private borehole vendors and water resellers. All water sold for consumption is drawn from boreholes Private borehole vendors draw water from their private boreholes, which they then sell on to consumers. Water resellers, who transport water on donkey drawn carts, buy water from borehole vendors and then sell that water on to consumers at a higher price. Latrine facilities exist as private household latrines or latrines shared by households within a housing plot. The majority of these latrines are pit latrines. No communal latrines were found to exist out with plot latrines. No sewerage network was found to exist in the area. 1 Where they exist, drainage systems are generally insufficient and there is little evidence of effective solid waste management carried out to any substantial degree in the area. As a result, solid waste and pools of tepid wastewaters are a common site in the area. The majority or all land in the Mirera / Karigita area is reported to be under private ownership and where empty plots of land exist, it is anticipated that, housing plots will be built. As such, rapid urbanization of the area is expected, likely to exacerbate the current sanitation and water problems. Population 54,000 (approx) : Male: 27,000, Female: 27,000 3 Source: Maina & Associates 2 Education 53.7 percent of respondents have not completed any schooling Source: Maina & Associates Percentage of respondents who have primary schooling (%) Male Female 17 21 Percentage of respondents who have College/ University education (%) Male/Females Source: Maina & Associates 5 1 A fee is paid to allow connection to the network and then the user is responsible her/himself for laying the piping connecting his/her household to the network. As such, losses and inefficiencies within the network are high. 2 This was the opinion of Community Chief Hussein. 3 Maina and Associates was the data collection contracted by Care Kenya Household Characteristics Percentage Respondent Household Population (%) Male Female 49.8 50.2 Percentage Head of Respondent Household by sex (%) Male Female Source: Maina & Associates   73 27 The average household size is 3.4 - Source: Maina & Associates The average household size is 4.5 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Employment and Income Percentage Population by Employment Status Employment Male Permanently employed Self employed Casual worker Subsistence farming Full time student Retired Home maker Others Total Source: Maina & Associates (Taken from FGD) 20.9 7.7 11.1 1.0 3.9 0.4 0.3 2.8 552 Sex Female 12.2 10.1 6.8 1.0 4.7 0.9 14.0 2.0 592 Total 33.1 17.7 17.9 2.1 8.7 1.3 14.3 4.8 1144 Estimates of Monthly Incomes Percent Less than Kshs 2,000 Between Kshs 2,000 - 4,000 Between Kshs 4,000 - 6,000 Between Kshs 6,000 - 8,000 Between Kshs 8,000 - 10,000 Between Kshs 10,000 - 20,000 Above Kshs 20,000 0.8 29.2 35.4 17.02 8.6 6.7 2.5 Total Source: Maina & Associates (Taken from FGD) 100 WATER RELATED BASELINE DATA Sources of Water Water Point Boreholes Number 38 Comments 9 boreholes that sell water directly from the borehole. There are 6 households connected to boreholes (via pipe) that sell water from storage tanks. Existed but no usage for drinking purposes was recorded. Springs Wells Community Water projects / Pipe networks Households with piped supply Rainwater Collection Systems Natural Resources None found None recorded 3 Approx > 100 None recorded None within study area Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Existed but not recorded Source of Delivered Water Percentage Water vendors Community Taps Tap water within house/compound Source: Maina & Associates Uses of Water Percentage Water Usage (%) domestic purposes livestock farming industrial purposes Source: Maina & Associates 99 0.6 0.2 0.2 82% 6.1% 5% Water Source and Water Usage Drinking Cooking Cleaning House Washing Clothes Washing Self Bathing Gardening Small Business / Commercial Activity b) In Plot 3% 3% 3% Piped Supply g) Water 90% 90% 90% vendor Collection* h) Water 6% 6% 6% vendor Delivery* Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University 3% 3% 3% Other 87% 90% 77% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% - - Results from question W.1. Water Source and Water Usage – Where do you get your water for the following activities (a – In house piped supply, b - In plot piped supply, c - communal piped supply, d – rainwater tank, e – tanker truck (collection), f – tanker truck (delivery), g – Water vendor (collection), h – Water vendor (delivery) *These figures to not fully agree with answers obtained in question W3 Water Delivery and Collection Delivery of Piped Water Piped Water Supply Own Piped Supply No Piped Supply Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W 2. - Do you have your own in house private water supply? Percentage of Respondents (%) 3 97 Water Collection Points Water Source Collection from Borehole (vendor) Water Resellers (delivered) Either No Answer Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W3. Where do you collect water and what is the main reason(s) you collect water from this point? Respondents 20 9 1 1 Percentage of Respondents(%) 65 29 3 3 Reasons for Collection at the Above Sources Cost (Cheap) Improved cleanliness Borehole : Donkey Vendors : 9 0 2 0 Distance / Convenience 2 5 1 1 9 Only Alternative No reason given for choice Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W3. Where do you collect water and what is the main reason(s) you collect water from this point? Mode of Water Conveyance to the Households Modes of water conveyance Water kiosk Water vendors Tankers Others Total Source: Maina & Associates Percentage coverage 30.1 69.1 0.4 0.4 100 Modes of Water Distribution by Water Vendors Others Tractor Bicycle Donkeys’ carts/Donkeys Hand carts 0 20 40 % 60 80 Source: Maina & Associates Distance Travelled to Water Source Distance to Water Source No Value given 1 - Less than 10m 2 - Between 10 – 50m 3 - Between 50 – 100m 4 - Between 100 – 200m 5 - Between 200 – 500m 6 - Between 500 – 1km 7 - More than 1km Respondents 14 3 4 4 3 1 1 1 Percentage of Respondents 45 17.6 23.5 23.5 17.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W4. How far do you need to travel for water? Distance to Water Source In house Compound Less than 1 km Between 1 and 2 km More than 2 km Source: Maina & Associates Percentage of Respondents 3.9 25.8 68.7 1.6 Households’ Perception of Distance to the Water Source/Points and Preference Is the distance to the water point far? Yes/No Yes No Total Would you prefer the water point to be near? Yes/No Yes No N/A Total Source: Maina & Associates % Coverage 70.6 29.4 100 Percentage coverage 93.1 6.5 0.4 100 Collection and Waiting Time for Water Walking to Water Source (return Journey) Time Spent (Mins) No answer 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 30 60 7 2 2 4 1 2 4 1 6 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 0 13 6 Respondents Queuing at water source Respondents Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W5. How long does it approximately take you to walk to your main water source from your home (one way), & W6. How long do you spend queuing at the source? Total Collection Time Total Time Spent (Mins) No answer 6 7 8 10 11 14 15 30 33 35 40 45 50 60 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 4 3 Respondents Total Time Spent (Mins) 1 -10 11-30 31-40 41-60 >60 5 5 6 8 4 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) 17.8 17.8 21.4 28.6 14.3 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W5. How long does it approximately take you to walk to your main water source from your home (one way), W6. How long do you spend queuing at the source? 63 70 80 120 1 1 1 1 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W5. How long does it approximately take you to walk to your main water source from your home (one way), & W6. How long do you spend queuing at the source? Perceived Safety of Route to Water Point Respondents no yes No answer 28 1 2 Percentage of Respondents (%) 96.5 3.5 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W7. Do you consider the route to your water point to be safe Number of Journeys to Water Point No of Journeys (Return Journeys) Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) No response 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Average 3.8 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W8. How many times a day do you fetch water? 6 3 3 6 6 3 1 2 1 12 12 24 24 12 4 8 4 W9. – Question W9 produced confusion and as such the results can not be relied upon. Method of Transportation of Water to Household Mode of Transportation Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Foot Bicycle Cart Water Vendor Wheel Barrow No answer 19 3 0 7 1 1 63 10 0 23.3 3.3 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W 9.5 How do you transport water to your home? Reliability of Water Source Reliability of Source in the Last Week Usual Water Source Unreliable in the Past week Yes No No Answer 21 9 1 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) 70 30 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W10. In the last week, has the water from your water source been unreliable at any time? Reliability of Source in the Last Year Usual Water Source Unreliable in the Past Year Yes No No Answer 6 22 3 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) 21.4 78.6 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W11. Does your regular water source supply water reliably throughout the year? Perception of Reliability Respondent Perception of Water Source Reliability Occasionally Unreliable Often Unreliable Always Unreliable No answer 25 1 1 4 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) 92.6 3.7 3.7 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W12. How reliable do you consider the water supply? Months of Year in which Water was Unavailable Months of Year Water Not Supplied <1 month 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 >6 No answer 2 5 1 5 8 2 1 4 1 2 6.9 17.2 3.4 17.2 27.6 6.9 3.4 13.8 3.4 17.2 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W13. Approximately how many months in the year does your usual water supply not supply water? Respondents are likely using the same sources so variance is not expected to be so large – this is likely due to some degree of confusion when interpreting the question. Alternative Water Source Used Action Taken when Usual Water Supply doesn’t Provide No Answer Go to Another Borehole Vendor Buy from a Water Reseller Go to Lake 3 12 12 2 9.6 38.7 38.7 6.45 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Wait Other 1 1 3.2 3.2 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W14. What do you do when there is no water supply from your usual source(s)? Water Storage in the Household Water Stored in Household 1 - No 2 - Yes – In Jerrican 3 - Yes – In a tank 4 - Yes other 0 30 0 1 0 97 0 3 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W15. Do you store water within your home? Purchase / Installation Cost of Water Storage  Average cost 1277 Kenyan Shillings Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W16. How much did they cost to purchase / install Cost of Storage Equipment Karagita Household storage equipment as obtained from local Hardware store Container Blue Drum Black Drum Black Drum Yellow Jerry Can Yellow Jerry Can Yellow Jerry Can Volume (litres) 200 100 50 20 10 5 Cost (Kshs) 1350 Kshs 520 Kshs 420 Kshs 120 Kshs 50 Kshs 10 Kshs Source: Esther Gerlach, Cranfield University Operation and Maintenance of Water Points Party Responsible for the Operation and Maintenance of Water Points Organization / Parties Responsible for Maintenance of Water Points 1 – Community based groups 2 – Individuals 3 – Local Authority 4 – Gov / Ministry of Water 5 – Private Organisations 6 – Don’t know 7 - Church 4 22 0 0 0 3 2 13 71 0 0 0 9.7 6.5 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W17. Who operates and maintains the water supply point where you get your water from? Agents Maintaining and Operating Water Supply Points Operator and maintaining agency Community based groups/Community organizations Individuals Government Private organizations Others Total Source: Maina & Associates % 36.0 51.7 0.2 7.8 4.3 100 Community Opinion on Water Point Maintenance Responsibility Organization / Parties who are felt should be Responsible for Maintenance of Water Points Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) 1 – Community based groups 2 – Individuals 3 – Local Authority 4 – Gov / Ministry of Water 5 – Private Organisations 5 1 0 17 0 16.6 3.3 0 56.7 0 6 – NGOs 7 – Don’t know 8 – Other (Church / project = 2) No answer 2 1 4 6.7 3.3 13.3 1 3.3 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W18. In your opinion who is supposed to maintain the water system in this area? Household’s Opinion on who should Maintain Water Supply Points Operator and maintaining agency Community based groups/Community organizations Individuals Government/Local authority Private organizations Others NS Total Source: Maina & Associates % 18 19 48.9 7.8 4.3 2.0 100 Consumption / Quality Available Amount of Water Sufficient Water Availability Yes No Respondents 4 27 Percentage of Respondents (%) 12.9 87.1 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W19. Do you feel you have enough water?? Water Consumption Pattern of Respondents Quantity consumed per person per day 21-40 41-60 61-100 Percentage of Respondents (%) 18 40 25 Average water consumed by Household is 45 litres Average consumption is 15.66 litres per person per day Source: Maina & Associates Household water consumption Over 100 Litres 61-100 Litres 41-60 Litres 21-40 Litres 11-20 Litres 6-10 Litres < 5 Litres per Day 0 5 10 15 20 %HHs 25 30 35 40 Source: Maina & Associates Perception of Water Quality Respondent Perception of Water Very good Good Fair Poor Very Poor Respondents 1 9 0 18 3 Percentage of Respondents (%) 3.2 29 0 58.1 9.7 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W20. How would you describe the quality of the water you use? Reasons for Water Dissatisfaction Salty Other Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) 17 4 81 19 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W20. How would you describe the quality of the water you use? Perception on quality of water Very good Good Fair Poor Very poor Total Source: Maina & Associates % 2.0 8.1 14.1 53.4 21.4 100 Treatment of Water Water Treatment Method No Treatment Boiling Sedimentation Chemicals / Chlorination Filtering Water guard Other / no response: Respondents 9 16 0 0 0 2 4 Percentage of Respondents (%) 29 51.6 0 0 0 6.5 12.9 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W21. Do you treat the water in any way before drinking it? Water Treatment Method No Treatment / Clean for consumption Boiling Sedimentation Chemicals / Chlorination Filtering Other / no response: Source: Maina & Associates Percentage of Respondents (%) 17.2 59 0.6 10 2 11.2 Average Water Treatment Expenditure per person per week  Only 4 respondents claimed to spent money on treatment. In three cases this was on a product called Waterguard. Average of 78 Kshls was spent per person per week Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W22. How much do you spend on water treatment per week Respondent Concerns Relating to Water Quality No Answer No Yes – Listed Concerns Area around the borehole is very dirty Water not clean Concerns but no alternatives Water pipes are below wastewater and are prone to contamination Donkey vendor not hygienic Water is not treated and not fit for consumption Water turns children’s teeth brown (awareness of fluoride) Turns teeth brown Not fit for human consumption Donkey vendor drums are not clean Donkey vendors use the same pipe to beat donkeys as to siphon out water Water not treated Sometimes we are sick and we are told by the doctor it is the water Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W23. Do you have any other concerns about the water quality? 9 9 Paying for Water Cost of Water from a Vendor Borehole Vendor 20 Litres 200 Litres 3 10 - 15 4 Water Reseller (Delivered) 5 40 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Cost of Piped Water Supply Mirera Installation / Membership Fee 5 Kiu 30,000 (approx official rate) 40, 000 (20,000) It has been reported that the price varied from Vendor to vendor, however these were the prices of the vendors we approached. Similarly, prices are reported to fluctuate. These were the prices as of August 2006 4 Monthly Fee Infrastructure Costs   6 350 - 1000 Kshls Varies 350 - 1000 Kshls Varies From FGDs, participants reported to be spending around 15-17% of their income of water - Source: Maina & Associates From FGDs, participants reported that 2-3 Kshs per 20 litres would be a reasonable amount to pay - Source: Maina & Associates Fluctuation in the Cost of Water Respondent opinion on Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) water cost fluctuation 1 - Cost remains the same 2 – Cost Changes No Answer 14 17 0 45 55 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W26 Does the price of water change much or is it generally the same over the course of the year? Perception on the Cost of Water Respondent opinion on water cost Too expensive Expensive A Fair Price Cheap 19 7 4 1 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) 61 22.6% 13 3.4 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W27 Opinion on the cost of water? SANITATION RELATED BASELINE DATA Households with Private Latrine Latrine in Household Yes 5 Respondents 0 Percentage of Respondents (%) 0 Various key informants were asked what the installation / memberships costs were and values ranging from 20,000 – 40,000 were quoted. 40,000 and 30,000 Kshls have been official prices quoted but key informants have said ‘back door’ prices exist, which are as much as half of the official prices quoted above. 6 Members are responsible for the connecting from the borehole network to their own household, and must pay for the pipe costs themselves. A greater distance from the network means therefore a greater cost. No 30 No Answer 1 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S28. Is there a latrine in the household itself 97 3 Plots with Private Latrine Latrine in Plot Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Yes 30 No 1 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S29. Is there a shared latrine in the household plot?  All latrines observed were pit latrines (although of varying quality) Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S30. Type of Latrine in the household plot Type of Latrine Facility Types of Latrine Facility Sewer system* Septic Tank Pit Latrine (open pit) VIP latrine Total Source: Maina & Associates Percent .4 1.6 61.4 36.6 100.0 *Likely misunderstanding of question – no known sewer network in the study area Distance from Households to Latrines Distance 30 metres or less More than 30 metres NS Total Source: Maina & Associates Households per Latrine Households per Latrine 1 (or less) 2.5 Respondents 5 1 Frequency 456 43 12 511 Percent 89.2 8.4 2.3 100.0 3 – 3.5 4 5 6 7-7.5 8 – 8.5 10 12 15 16 30 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S31. How many people share this latrine? Households Per Latrine 1-3.5 4–9 10 – 14 >14 Respondents 9 15 4 3 Percentage of Respondents (%) 29 48 13 9.7 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question W3. Where do you collect water and what is the main reason(s) you collect water from this point? Sharing of the Latrine Facility Frequency Yes No Total Source: Maina & Associates 407 104 511 Percent 79.6 20.4 100.0 Ownership of the Latrine Facility Frequency Government Private Land Lord Other NS Total 1 83 424 1 2 511 Percent .2 16.2 83.0 .2 .4 100.0 Source: Maina & Associates Latrine User Preference Preference of using Work Latrine Yes No Don’t Care No Answer / NA Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S32. Do you prefer to use the facilities at work? Respondents 3 17 1 10 Percentage of Respondents (%) 14.2 81 4.8 - User Perception of Latrine Facility Respondent Opinion of Latrine Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Respondents 20 11 Percentage of Respondents (%) 65 35 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S38. How would you describe the latrine facility you use? Reasons for Respondent Dissatisfaction Reasons 1 – Too Expensive 2 – Bad Smell 3 – Flies 4 – No proper provision for cleaning (water / paper) 5 – Dark 6 – No Privacy 7 - Other NO Answer 0 0 5 22 0 0 56 Respondents 0 3 1 0 Percentage of Respondents (%) 0 33 11 0 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S39. Reasons why you find the latrine unsatisfactory Quality of the Latrine Facility Frequency Satisfactory Unsatisfactory NS Total 262 244 5 511 Percent 51.3 47.7 1.0 100.0 Source: Maina & Associates Factors Hindering Construction of the Latrine Hindering Factors High cost Soil profile Lack of Land Other NS Total Source: Maina & Associates Frequency 256 72 130 49 4 511 Percent 51.1 14.1 25.4 9.6 .8 100.0 Reliability of the Latrines Functionality of Latrine in Past Week Non-usability of Latrine in Past Week Yes No No Answer Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S40. In the last week, has the latrine been unusable at any point? Respondents 2 27 2 Percentage of Respondents (%) 6.9 93.1 - Functionality of Latrine in Past Year Non-usability of Latrine in Past Year Yes No No Answer Respondents 4 26 1 Percentage of Respondents (%) 13.3 86.7 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S41. Has the latrine been working for use throughout the year? Maintenance of Latrine Facilities Who Maintains the Latrines Nobody Ourselves Caretaker Community Based Groups NGOs Don't Know / Other Respondents 1 25 0 0 0 1 Percentage of Respondents (%) 3.2 80.6 0 0 0 3.2 Landlord 4 13 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question S43. Who operates and maintains the latrine you use? HEALTH AND HYGIENE RELATED BASELINE DATA  None of the toilets had a facility to wash there hands – although there were wash rooms next to most latrines but no available water. However 1 washroom did have a bar of soap in it. Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question H44 – Is there a facility to wash your hands close to the latrine Incidences of Handwashing Handwashing Time Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Adults Before Eating After Toilet Other 14 20 9 45 65 29 Children 23 16 5 Respondents Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question H45 – When do you wash your hands?, H46 – When do you tell your children to wash their hands? Discarding first 8 due to possible bias in way question was asked: Handwashing Time Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) Respondents Adults Before Eating After Toilet Other 9 13 7 39 56 30 Children 17 9 5 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question H45 – When do you wash your hands?, H46 – When do you tell your children to wash their hands? Washing Hands after Visiting to the Latrines Frequency Yes 499 Percent 97.7 No Total Source: Maina & Associates 12 511 2.4 100 Washing Hands Before Eating Frequency Yes No Total Source: Maina & Associates 497 14 511 Percent 97.3 2.84 100 Incidences of Illness Illness Respondents Adults Malaria Typhoid Diahorrea / Ameoba Other (headaches, Stomach-aches, Meningitis, vomiting, fever) Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question H47 – How often during the last year have you been ill with the following diseases?, H48 – How often during the last year have your children been ill with the following diseases? Respondents Children 37 2 2 6 26 3 3 7 Common Water and Sanitation Related Diseases Illness Malaria Diarrhoea Diseases HIV/AIDS Respiratory Diseases Bilharzias Typhoid Total Source: Maina & Associates Frequency 353 53 9 9 1 69 511 Percent 69.1 10.4 1.8 1.8 .2 13.5 100.0 WASTEWATER AND SOLID WASTE RELATED BASELINE DATA Household Non – Drinking Water Outflow Flow of Used Water No answer 1 – Into the street 2 – Into Drain 3 – Re-use (Garden irrigation, brick making etc.) 4 – Sewage connection 5 – Open gutter 6 – I don’t know 7 – Other: 7.1 – Other (Soakpit / pit) 7.2 – Other (Outside but in compound) Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D50 – Where does the non-drinking water you use, from your household go? Respondents 1 22 0 0 Percentage of Respondents (%) 3.2 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 16.1 9.7 Solid Waste Disposal Methods Frequency In a pit dug in the compound In the bush Collected by private company Municipality Organized groups On the roadside Anywhere in the compound Burn rubbish Total Source: Maina & Associates 188 20 2 1 14 165 119 4 511 Percent 36.8 3.9 0.4 0.2 2.7 32.3 23.3 0.8 100.0 Expenditure on Solid Waste Disposal (Garbage Collection) Frequency Less than Kshs 100 Between Kshs 100-200 2 6 Percent .4 1.2 More than Kshs 200 Do not pay Total Source: Maina & Associates 4 466 511 .8 91.2 100.0 Disposal of Solid Waste Respondents 1 – In a pit dug in the compound 2 – In the pits on the side of the road 3 – In the bush 4 – In a bin 5 – On the roadside 6 – Anywhere 7 – Burn 8 – Other (open space) 10 7 0 0 11 0 1 2 Percentage of Respondents (%) 32 23 0 0 35 0 3 6 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D51 – How do you dispose of your solid waste / rubbish? Collection of Solid Waste Respondents No / inappropriate answer 1 – Nobody 2 – Individuals 3 – Community Based Groups 4 – Gov. / Municipality 5 – Private Companies 6.1 – Others (landlords / Agents) 6.2 Others - Caretaker 6.2 Others 6 14 2 0 0 0 6 2 1 Percentage of Respondents (%) 56 8 0 0 0 24 8 4 Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D52 – Who collects the solid waste in your area? Recognized Waste Dumping Areas Close to Respondent Households Recognized Dumping Areas in the vicinity Yes 1 7.7 Respondents Percentage of Respondents (%) No No Answer 12 18 92.3 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D53 – Are there any recognized waste dumping areas close to where you live Respondent Opinion on where Waste Disposal Management Responsibility Lies Respondents 1 - Individuals 2 – Municipality / Gov. 3 – CBGs 4 – NGOs 5 – Private Companies 6 – Others -Landlords 6 – Others –plots inhabitants Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D56 – In your Opinion , who do you think should be responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste? Percentage of Respondents (%) 0 71 3 3 0 0 22 1 1 0 6 1 19 3 Responsibility of Disposal of Solid Waste Frequency Individuals Community based groups Government (Council) Private company Total Source: Maina & Associates 112 32 253 90 508 Percent 21.9 10.1 49.5 17.6 99.4 Involvement of NGOs and CBOs in Rubbish Collection and Disposal Respondents Yes No I don’t know No answer 0 30 0 1 Percentage of Respondents (%) 0 100 0 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D57 – Have there been any NGOs or CBOs involved in rubbish collection and disposal? Respondent Participation in Garbage Clean Up Day Participation in Clean-up Day Yes No I don’t know No answer Respondents 5 26 0 Percentage of Respondents (%) 16 74 0 - Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D58 – Have you ever participated in a garbage clean up day for the area? Respondent Suggestions on how to Deal with the Solid Waste Problem Respondent Suggestions - (No Answer) People volunteer and to be paid by the plot owner The dug pt should be within the compound to allow for it to be maintained To have a specific place for dumping after collecting from plots 17 people to collect garbage (using donkey cart) - paid by government or landlord Landlord should organize this Municipal council to employ worker to collect with lorry The municipal council should do this Community should make a combined clean up effort and stop dumping Old unemployed people should be paid for this task by council Create a garbage dump - community / youth group to collect garbage (paid by landlord 10 per week) Volunteers to clean up for free Own plots sort out their own garbage To dig compost pit and dump there Youth group to be paid by municipal council Landlord Should clean own plot Municipality to provide dumping site and collect from each plot. To involve all tenants in an environmental day in the area Municipal council to work on the problem Municipal council to restrict dumping People to form groups and to collect and to be paid by the municipal council Gov to employ people to clean Municipal council to supply dustbin to every plot and collect rubbish and factory to be closed Every plot to maintain cleanliness Government to employ workers to do the cleaning Each person to clean own plot To unite and find a solution Municipal council to create dumping area Government should help People to unite and volunteers to do the cleaning Every plot to clean their own plot and municipal council to clean the streets Source: Adam Younis, Cranfield University Results from question D59 – What do you think is the solution to solve the problem of garbage in the area? Health Centres in the Area Average distance to the nearest health centre Frequency Less than 1Km Between 1 and 2 Km Between 3 and 4 Km More than 4 Km Total Source: Maina & Associates Facility Ownership Frequency Government Private NGO Total Source: Maina & Associates 142 325 44 511 Percent 17.8 73.6 12.2 100.0 247 205 33 26 511 Percent 38.3 41.1 16.5 5.1 100 Community Based Organisations in the Area Household Membership of Community Based Organizations / Groups Frequency Yes No Do not Know Total Source: Maina & Associates 511 46 444 21 100 Percent 9.0 86.9 4.1 Overview   100% of the latrines were pit latrines 0% of the latrines meet this reports definition of being of ‘adequate standard’ – this definition is provided in Appendix X of the main report. Latrine Structure Primary Latrine Material Used Wood Concrete Corrugated Iron, wood, concrete combination Plastic / Metal sheets Mud / Wood Safety / Privacy 97% of the latrines could be used in complete privacy 70% of the latrines had a functioning lock on the inside of them 6% of the latrines had separate male and female compartments 50% of the latrines look solid, sturdy and safe to use 6% of the latrines are well lit during the day if the door is shut 0% of the latrines provide lighting for use at night Access 58% of the latrines provide safe access without significant hazard 47% of the latrines are free from any dangers / hazards Hygienic Condition 53% of the latrines are free from faeces and anal cleaning materials 74% of the latrines do not have an excessive (5+) number of flies 55% of the latrines are free from excessively foul odours 10% of the latrines had a ventilation pipe Hygiene Awareness 0% of the latrines provide flushing (or cleaning) water 0% of the latrines are within 100m of a handwashing facility 3% of the latrines offer soap or another other cleansing substance for handwashing Usage and Maintenance 0% of the latrines appear not to be used 24% of the latrines appear well maintained and clean Drainage 0% of the latrines have visible traces of faeces flowing from the latrine into a non-drainage area No of latrines 3 13 7 1 6 Percentage % 10 43 23 4 20