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Describing and Exploring Private
Participation in Infrastructure Services
(PPIS) Database
by Nataliya Pushak1
June 2009
Finance, Economics, and Urban department (FEU)
Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to describe, summarize, present and explore the content of the Private
Participation in Infrastructure Services Database (PPIS). The PPIS database is probably the most
comprehensive firm-level database on electricity and water distribution utilities that exists at the
time of writing (Spring 2009). PPIS contains information on more than 1,200 utilities from 71
developing and transition economies in water and electricity distribution sectors for over more than
a decade of operation. The dataset includes data on 301 utilities with Private Participation (PSP) and
926 State Owned Entrerprises (SOE). This paper accompanies more particularly the analytical work
undertaken into the performance of private sector operators, published in Gassner K, A. Popov and
N. Pushak (2009)“Does Private Sector Participation Improve Performance in Electricity and Water
Distribution?” Trends and Policy Options No. 6, PPIAF and World Bank, available at
http://www.ppiaf.org/documents/trends_and_policy/PSP_water_electricity.pdf.
We envisage this paper to serve as a reference guide for further research and benchmarking
purposes. This paper accompanies the actual database that is accessible on-line under
http://www.ppiaf.org/content/view/480/485.
1
npushak@worldbank.org
1
Acknowledgments:
Invaluable guidance, help, support, and inspiration in writing of this report offered by Katharina
Gassner are greatly appreciated.
Generous funding from the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) has made this
database possible and is gratefully acknowledged. Jose Aceves, Carolina Czastkiewicz, Julio A.
Gonzalez and Yanliang Miao provided outstanding research assistance. Doug Andrew played an
important role in the design and implementation of the database. The original idea was based on
work by J. Luis Guasch, VivienFoster, and Luis Andrés for the World Bank’s Latin America and
the Caribbean Region. Their input in the form of knowledge transfer and data for this region is
gratefully acknowledged.
Many individuals inside and outside the World Bank helped to compile the data, generously
offering their knowledge and their contacts. Without their help, this database could not have been
completed. Collaboration with the team at the International Benchmarking Network for Water and
Sanitation Utilities (http://www.ib-net.org), which is administered by the World Bank, resulted in
the inclusion of the large number of water utilities in the panel. Help and support of Alexander
Danilenko is particularly appreciated. Access to data was facilitated on several occasions by the
intervention of a particular individual; among those to whom we owe thanks are Peter Thomson,
Ignacio Iribarren, Valeriy Tsaplin, Yuriy Myroshnychenko, Rostyslav Goy, Xavier Cledan Mandri-
Perrott, Jim Southworth, Anneli Ivanov, Edgar Saravia, Roman Palac, Adam Kuriata, and Ivan
Ivanov. We also greatly appreciate the assistance received from the following regulators, investors,
and utilities: the National Electricity Regulatory Commission of Ukraine, the Public Services
Regulatory Commission of the Republic of Armenia, AES Corporation (United States), United
Utilities (United Kingdom), Tallinna Vesi (Estonia), Eesti Energia AS (Estonia), Sofiyska Voda
(Bulgaria), and Stoen (Poland).
Finally, various consultants gathered data in the field. We thank the following individuals for
excellent work: Stephen Karekezi and the researchers associated with the African Energy Policy
Research Network (Kenya); Valentin Arion (Moldova); Lenka Camrova (Czech Republic); Nazim
Mammadov (Azerbaijan); Kis András (Hungary); Martin Rodriguez Pardina (Argentina); Guillermo
Aber, Hugo Santa Maria, and Alvaro Quijandria (Peru); Alejandro Vivas (Colombia); Roberto M.
Iglesias and Marina Figueira de Mello (Brazil); and Sergei Sivaev and Alexei Rodionov (Russian
Federation). The following national and regional organizations participated in the fieldwork: the
African Energy Policy Research Network (Kenya), the Water Utility Partnership for Capacity
Building in Africa (Senegal), the Institute for Structural Policy (IREAS, Czech Republic), Apoyo
Consultoria (Peru), the Institute for Urban Economics (Russian Federation), Macroconsulting
(Argentina), and the Hungarian Environmental Economics Centre (MAKK, Hungary).
2
Contents
1. GUIDE TO THIS PAPER....................................................................................................................... 7
2. DATABASE OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Sectoral coverage and composition .................................................................................... 10
2.2. PSP cases and SOEs ........................................................................................................... 11
2.3. Regional composition ........................................................................................................ 12
2.4. Regional differences in selection of PSP cases and SOEs ................................................. 13
2.5. Country composition .......................................................................................................... 15
3. VARIABLE DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................ 20
4. DETAILED SUMMARIES OF CORE INDICATORS .................................................................... 24
4.1. Capital and capacity approximation: Connections .......................................... 25
4.1.1. ELECTRICITY – Residential connections ....................................................................... 25
4.1.2 WATER – Total connections ......................................................................................... 28
4.1.3. SANITATION – Total connections ................................................................................ 30
4.2 Output .................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.1 ELECTRICITY— Electricity sold per connection (MWh) ................................................ 32
4.2.2. WATER— Water sold per connection (m3) .................................................................. 35
4.2.3. SANITATION— Wastewater treated per connection (m3) .......................................... 37
4.3. Labor ..................................................................................................................... 38
4.3.1 ELECTRICITY — Employees ........................................................................................... 38
4.3.2. WATER AND SANITATION – Employees ...................................................................... 41
4.4. Labor Productivity............................................................................................... 43
4.4.1 ELECTRICITY— Electricity sold per worker (MWh) ....................................................... 43
4.4.2 WATER — Water sold per worker (m3) ........................................................................ 46
4.4.3. SANITATION— Wastewater treated per worker (m3) ................................................. 48
4.5. Connections per worker ...................................................................................... 50
4.5.1. ELECTRICITY – Residential connections per worker .................................................... 50
4.5.2. WATER— Connections per worker .............................................................................. 52
4.6. Coverage ............................................................................................................... 55
.
4.6. 1. ELECTRICITY— Residential coverage rate (%) ............................................................ 55
4.6.2. WATER— Residential coverage rate (%) ..................................................................... 57
4.7. Collection ratio ..................................................................................................... 59
4.7.1 ELECTRICITY‐ Collection ratio (%) ................................................................................. 59
4.7.2 WATER— Collection ratio (%) ....................................................................................... 61
4.8 Operational performance ..................................................................................... 63
4.8.1 ELECTRICITY— Electricity lost in distribution (%) ......................................................... 63
4.8.2 WATER— Water lost in distribution(%) ........................................................................ 65
4.9 Quality.................................................................................................................... 68
4.9.1 ELECTRICITY— Frequency of interruptions .................................................................. 68
4.9.2. WATER— Hours with water daily ................................................................................ 70
4.9.3. SANITATION— Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection .................................. 72
4.10. Investment .......................................................................................................... 74
4.10.1. ELECTRICITY— Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker ........................................... 74
4.10.2 WATER— Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker .................................................... 76
4.11 Price...................................................................................................................... 77
4.11.1 ELECTRICITY— Average residential tariff ................................................................... 77
4.11.2 WATER – Average residential tariff ............................................................................ 80
3
5. DATA SOURCES AND TEMPLATES ............................................................................................... 82
5.1. Data sources and quality control ............................................................................ 82
5.2. Data templates ....................................................................................................... 84
5.3. List of observed utilities......................................................................................... 92
5.3.1. Electricity – included PSP cases ................................................................................... 92
5.3.2. Electricity – targeted, but not included PSP cases ...................................................... 96
5.3.3. Electricity – SOEs ......................................................................................................... 96
5.3.4. Water and Sanitation – PSP cases ............................................................................... 99
.
5.3.5. Water and Sanitation – targeted but not included PSP cases .................................. 102
5.3.6. Water and Sanitation – SOEs .................................................................................... 103
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................ 106
List of tables
Table 1. Sample composition: utilities by region and sector .......................................................................... 8
Table 2a. Number of utilities by country and type of utility, WSS and electricity ....................................... 15
Table 2b. Number of utilities by country and type of utility, Electricity ...................................................... 17
Table 2c. Number of utilities by country and type of utility, WSS .............................................................. 19
Table 3a. List of quantatitative variables...................................................................................................... 21
Table 3b. Description of core indicators....................................................................................................... 22
Table 4a. Summary statistics for electricity ................................................................................................. 23
Table 4b. Summary statistics for water ........................................................................................................ 24
Table 4c. Summary statistics for sanitation .................................................................................................. 24
Table 5a. Residential utility connections by year, electricity ....................................................................... 26
Table 5b. Residential utility connections by region, electricity .................................................................... 26
Table 5c. Residential utility connections by country, electricity .................................................................. 27
Table 6a. Total utility connections by year, water ........................................................................................ 28
Table 6b. Total utility connections by region, water .................................................................................... 29
Table 6c. Total utility connections by country, water .................................................................................. 29
Table 7a. Total utility connections by year, sanitation ................................................................................. 30
Table 7b. Total utility connections by region, sanitation.............................................................................. 31
Table 7c. Total utility connections by country, sanitation ............................................................................ 31
Table 8a. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by year ........................................................................... 33
Table 8b. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by region ....................................................................... 33
Table 8c. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by country ..................................................................... 34
Table 9a. Water sold per connection (m3), by year....................................................................................... 35
Table 9b. Water sold per connection (m3), by region ................................................................................... 35
Table 9c. Water sold per connection (m3), by country ................................................................................. 36
Table 10b. Wastewater treated per connection (m3), by region .................................................................... 37
Table 10c. Wastewater treated per connection (m3), by country .................................................................. 38
Table 11a. Employees, by year, electricity ................................................................................................... 39
Table 11b. Employees, by region, electricity ............................................................................................... 39
Table 11c. Employees, by country, electricity.............................................................................................. 40
Table 12a. Employees, by year, WSS........................................................................................................... 41
Table 12b. Employees by region, WSS ........................................................................................................ 42
Table 12c. Employees, by country, WSS ..................................................................................................... 42
Table 13a. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by year ............................................................................... 44
Table 13b. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by region ........................................................................... 44
Table 13c. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by country .......................................................................... 45
Table 14a. Water sold per worker (m3), by year ........................................................................................... 46
Table 14b. Water sold per worker (m3), by region ....................................................................................... 46
Table 14c. Water sold per worker (m3), by country ..................................................................................... 47
Table 15a. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by year ............................................................................. 48
Table 15b. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by region .......................................................................... 48
Table 15c. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by country ........................................................................ 49
4
Table 16a. Residential connections per worker, by year, electricity ............................................................ 50
Table 16b. Residential connections per worker, by region, electricity ......................................................... 51
Table 16c. Residential connections per worker, by country, electricity ....................................................... 51
Table 17a. Connections per worker, by year, water ..................................................................................... 52
Table 17b. Connections per worker, by region, water .................................................................................. 53
Table 17c. Connections per worker, by country, water ................................................................................ 53
Table 18a. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, electricity ..................................................................... 55
Table 18b. Residential coverage rate (%), by region, electricity .................................................................. 55
Table 18c. Residential coverage rate (%), by country, electricity ................................................................ 56
Table 19a. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, water ............................................................................ 57
Table 19b. Residential coverage rate (%), by region, water ......................................................................... 58
Table 19c Residential coverage rate (%), by country, water ........................................................................ 58
Table 20a. Collection ratio (%), by year, electricity ..................................................................................... 59
Table 20b. Collection ratio (%), by region, electricity ................................................................................. 60
Table 20c. Collection ratio (%), by country, electricity ............................................................................... 60
Table 21a. Collection ratio (%), by year, water ............................................................................................ 61
Table 21b. Collection ratio (%), by region, water ........................................................................................ 61
Table 21c. Collection ratio (%), by country, water ...................................................................................... 62
Table 22a. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by year ................................................................................. 63
Table 22b. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by region ............................................................................. 64
Table 22c. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by country ........................................................................... 64
Table 23a. Water lost in distribution (%), by year........................................................................................ 66
Table 23b. Water lost in distribution (%), by region .................................................................................... 66
Table 23c. Water lost in distribution (m3), by country ................................................................................. 67
Table 24a. Frequency of interruptions, by year, electricity .......................................................................... 68
Table 24b. Frequency of interruptions, by region, electricity....................................................................... 69
Table 24c. Frequency of interruptions, by country, electricity ..................................................................... 69
Table 25a. Hours with water daily, by year .................................................................................................. 70
Table 25b. Hours with water daily, by region .............................................................................................. 70
Table 25c. Hours with water daily, by country............................................................................................. 71
Table 26a. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by year .............................................................. 72
Table 26b. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by region .......................................................... 73
Table 26c. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by country......................................................... 73
Table 27a. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, electricity ................................ 74
Table 27b. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by region, electricity ............................ 74
Table 27c. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by country, electricity .......................... 75
Table 28a. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, WSS ....................................... 76
Table 28b. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by region, WSS .................................... 76
Table 28c.Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by country, WSS ................................... 77
Table 29a. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by year, electricity ............................................... 78
Table 29b. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by region, electricity ............................................ 78
Table 29c. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by country, electricity .......................................... 79
Table 30a. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/m3), by year, water .......................................................... 80
Table 30b. Average residential tariff (US$), by region, water ..................................................................... 81
Table 30c. Average residential tariff (US$), by country, water.................................................................... 81
Table 31. List of local organizations and consultants contracted by PPIS to collect the data ...................... 84
Table 32. Qualitative variables for electricity and water distribution sectors (one time snap-shot) ............. 85
Table 33. Ownership variables for the both sectors, followed over time ..................................................... 87
Table 34. Quantitative variables for the electricity sector, followed over time ............................................ 88
Table 35. Quantitative variables for the water sector, followed over time ................................................... 90
Table 36. List of included PSP, electricity ................................................................................................... 92
Table 37. List of targeted but not included PSP, electricity ......................................................................... 96
Table 38. List of SOE, electricity ................................................................................................................. 96
Table 39. List of included PSP, water and sanitation ................................................................................... 99
Table 40. List of targeted but not included PSP, water and sanitation ........................................................102
Table 41. List of SOE, water and sanitation ................................................................................................103
5
List of figures
Figure 1. PPIS database: utilities, variables, years, by sector ......................................................................... 9
Figure 2. Sectoral composition of PPIS database ......................................................................................... 10
Figure 3. Sample of PSP cases and SOEs, overall and by sector ................................................................. 11
Figure 4. Sample of PSP cases by type of contract ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 5. Regional composition: overall, and by sector ............................................................................... 12
Figure 6. Regional composition for PSP cases and SOEs. ........................................................................... 13
Figure 7. Number of PSP cases by region .................................................................................................... 14
Figure 8. Number of PSP cases and SOEs included into PPIS, .................................................................... 15
Figure 9. Mean utility connections ............................................................................................................... 25
Figure 10. Residential utility connections by year, electricity, thousands .................................................... 25
Figure 11. Total utility connections by year, water, thousands .................................................................... 28
Figure 12. Total utility connections by year, sanitation, thousands .............................................................. 30
Figure 13. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by year ......................................................................... 32
Figure 14. Water sold per connection (m3), by year ..................................................................................... 35
Figure 15. Wastewater treated per connection (m3), by year ........................................................................ 37
Figure 16. Employees by year, electricity .................................................................................................... 38
Figure 17. Employees by year, WSS ............................................................................................................ 41
Figure 18. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by year ............................................................................... 43
Figure 19. Water sold per worker (m3), by year ........................................................................................... 46
Figure 20. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by year .............................................................................. 48
Figure 21. Residential connections per worker, by year, electricity ............................................................. 50
Figure 22. Total connections per worker, by year, water ............................................................................. 52
Figure 23. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, electricity ...................................................................... 55
Figure 24. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, water ............................................................................. 57
Figure 25. Collection ratio (%), by year, electricity ..................................................................................... 59
Figure 26. Collection ratio (%), by year, water ............................................................................................ 61
Figure 27. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by year ................................................................................. 63
Figure 28. Water lost in distribution (%), by year ........................................................................................ 65
Figure 29. Frequency of interruptions, by year, electricity........................................................................... 68
Figure 30. Hours with water daily, by year .................................................................................................. 70
Figure 31. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by year .............................................................. 72
Figure 32. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, electricity ................................ 74
Figure 33. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, WSS ........................................ 76
Figure 34. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by year, electricity ................................................ 77
Figure 35. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/m3), by year, water ........................................................... 80
6
1. Guide to this paper
The paper proceeds as follows: the first section provides the database overview. The next
sections are essentially a collection of summary tables presenting the data on overall,
regional, and country level, respectively. The paper concludes with a description of data
sources, templates used for data collection, and lists of observed utilities.
Not all data requested in the comprehensive templates reproduced in section 5.2. is
contained in the database. Certain variables will have been excluded because too little
information was gathered to warrant inclusion in a global database, or variable values could
not be verified independently. Also note that the indicators used in Gassner, Popov, Pushak
(2009) are a subset of the variables contained in the PPIS database described in this paper.
2. Database overview
The database that is described in this paper has been created to allow an in-depth analysis of the
question ‘Does the private sector outperform the public one in infrastructure sectors?’. To address
the question as rigorously as possible and to distill universally applicable results from the multitude
of evidence, a data set of more than 1,200 utilities (301 utilities with PSP and 926 SOEs) in 71
developing and transition economies in water and electricity distribution was constructed. The data
set compiled is unique in its coverage and this paper accompanies the actual database that is
accessible on-line under the address http://www.ppiaf.org/content/view/480/4852.
The PPIS database represents, as well as possible, the entire population of utilities that have
experienced private participation between the beginning of the 1990s and 2002. In rare cases data
going back as far as the 1970s and 1980s are included.
PPIS covers the two sectors - electricity distribution and water and sanitation services - in
all developing regions as defined by the World Bank: East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central
Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and Sub-
Saharan Africa. All PSP cases with at least three years’ post-PSP experience are targeted for
inclusion in the sample, resulting in an end date for the data collection of 2005.3 If the targeted PSP
population is defined as every known case of PSP in the sectors, regions, and time frame chosen, the
PSP sample represents 84 percent of the targeted PSP population, with coverage of 89 percent (160
2
Direct links to the database are the following:
http://www.ppiaf.org/documents/trends_and_policy/PSP_water_electricity/PPIS_database.xls (Excel) or
http://www.ppiaf.org/documents/trends_and_policy/PSP_water_electricity/PPISdatabase.dta (Stata).
3
As mentioned, the last year for private sector entry included in our sample is 2002; three years’ post-PSP data
imply that the most recent performance data collected are for 2005.
7
companies) of all PSP contracts in the electricity sector and 79 percent (141 companies) in the water
sector.4
The database addresses the question of the counterfactual by including state-owned
enterprises (SOEs) operating in the same sectors and countries or regions. We use the term SOEs in
a broad sense, referring to utilities owned and controlled by government at all levels, whether
central, provincial, or municipal. In this manner, the database contains a sample of 301 utilities with
PSP and 926 SOEs in 71 developing and transition economies. Table 1 summarizes the composition
of the sample.
Table 1. Sample composition: utilities by region and sector
Electricity Water and sanitation Both sectors
Region PSP SOE Total PSP SOE Total PSP SOE Total
EAP 1 2 3 10 87 97 11 89 100
ECA 35 21 56 29 365 394 64 386 450
LAC 111 44 155 94 330 424 205 374 579
MENA 1 2 3 4 29 33 5 31 36
SA 3 3 6 0 0 0 3 3 6
SSA 9 18 27 4 25 29 13 43 56
Total 160 90 250 141 836 977 301 926 1,227
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA =
Middle East and North Africa; SA = South Asia; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa. PSP = utilities with private sector
participation; SOE = state-owned enterprise.
By identifying utilities in a number of countries and following them over a number of years, we
create a data panel, that is, a data set that consists of observations on a given number of firms
observed over several periods.5 The final panel spans the years 1973–2005, but most of the data are
concentrated in 1992–2004 (figure 1). Because we rarely succeed in securing a complete time series
from 1992 to 2005, for either the PSP group or the SOE comparators, the panel should be viewed as
unbalanced.
In addition to the improvement in data coverage, another important contribution of our
database is that it covers a range of ways in which PSP has been introduced in water and electricity
utilities. The PSP experiences included in the database cover a range of legal arrangements defining
the role of the private sector: management and lease contracts, concessions, and partial and full
divestitures.6 In essence, the criterion we use for selection for the PSP sample is whether the private
4
Section 2.4 provides further detail on this point.
5
In other words, both a cross-section and a time-series dimension are present in a panel.
6
Full divestiture is defined as the transfer of 100 percent of infrastructure assets, operating assets, and
operating rights to private hands for an indefinite period; partial divestiture as the transfer of at least 51
percent but less than 100 percent of these assets and rights to private hands for an indefinite period; a
concession as the transfer of these assets and rights for a limited period; a lease contract as state ownership of
infrastructure assets, joint ownership of operating assets, and private ownership of operating rights for a
limited period; and a management contract as state ownership of infrastructure and operating assets and
private ownership of operating rights for a limited period. In addition, the private side in a divestiture or
8
operator has control over the operating assets of the utility. In other words, we consider the transfer
of operating rights as defining PSP rather than the transfer of “pipes and wires.” While this criterion
is the basis for the selection of all utilities with PSP for our sample, the different degrees of transfer
of rights and assets implied by the different legal arrangements for PSP result in a range of
contractual obligations and profit and investment incentives for private operators.
To illustrate the PPIS database composition, we juxtapose number of utilities, number of observed
variables and available years (Figure 1). The number of utilities for which at least one variable is
observed and its value is different from zero, ranges from 1 utility in years1973-79 to 1,096 utilities
in year 2001, with more uniform distribution for electricity utilities (Panel A).
Panel B shows that, for example, the database has at least one observation on every of the 61
available indicators for years 1998 to 2004. On average 7 variables (out of total 22) are observed for
an electricity utility in a given year, and 12 variables (out of total 41) for a WSS utility in a given
year (Panel C).
Figure 1. PPIS database: utilities, variables, years, by sector
Panel A: number of observed utilities Panel B: number of observed variables
Electricity Water and sanitation Electricity Water and sanitation
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1973 1973
1974 1974
1975 1975
1976 1976
1977 1977
1978 1978
1979 1979
1980 1980
1981 1981
1982 1982
1983 1983
1984 1984
1985 1985
1986 1986
1987 1987
1988 1988
1989 1989
1990 1990
1991 1991
1992 1992
1993 1993
1994 1994
1995 1995
1996 1996
1997 1997
1998 1998
1999 1999
2000 2000
2001 2001
2002 2002
2003 2003
2004 2004
2005 2005
2006 2006
Panel C: average number of observed variables per utility per year
Electricity Water and sanitation
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 25
1973
1980
1974
1975 1981
1976 1982
1977 1983
1978
1979 1984
1980 1985
1981 1986
1982 1987
1983
1984 1988
1985 1989
1986 1990
1987 1991
1988
1989 1992
1990 1993
1991 1994
1992 1995
1993
1994 1996
1995 1997
1996 1998
1997 1999
1998
1999 2000
2000 2001
2001 2002
2002 2003
2003
2004 2004
2005 2005
2006 2006
concession earns the full revenue; in a lease contract, a percentage of the revenue; and in a management
contract, a fixed or variable fee. For a detailed discussion of forms of PSP, see Delmon (2006).
9
2.1. Sectoral coverage and composition
The electricity utilities included in the database cover an estimated 9% (448 million people as of
2002) of the total population in all developing and transition countries7; the figure for the included
water and sanitation utilities is an estimated 4% (184 million people as of 2002) of total population
in all developing and transition countries8.
The database contains only utilities engaged in distribution to end users, with households being
necessarily a part of utility customer base. The ratio of water and sanitation to electricity utilities in
the database is approximately 80:20, as figure 2 shows.
Figure 2. Sectoral composition of PPIS database
SECTOR N of % of
utilities total
6 1
Detailed composition
Water only 236 19%
Sanitation only9 5 0.4%
Water and sanitation 730 60%
Electricity, water and
10
sanitation 5 0.4%
Electricity and water11 3 0.2%
3 Electricity only 244 20%
Total 1,223 100%
2-sector composition
1.Water 2.Sanitation Electricity 250 20%
3.Water and sanitation 4.Electricity, water and sanitation Water and sanitation 977 80%
5.Electricity and water 6.Electricity Total12 1,227 100%
Source: Authors' calculations
Data are collected within two major sectors. Therefore we distinguish only between electricity
sector, on one hand, and water and sanitation sector, on the other hand. Such distinction leads to
double counting of some utilities operational in both sectors (in cases where data are available for
both of the sectors).13 According to the 2-sector composition, the database contains data on 250
utilities active in the electricity sector, and 977 utilities active in the water and sanitation sector,
which yields a total of 1,227.
7
According to The World Bank country classification
8
According to The World Bank country classification
9
The utilities are: Rustavi-Tbilisi, Chashurykanal, Rustavcanal (Geogia); Budapest Sewage Works
(Hungary); Kharkiv wastewater (Ukraine); and Wastewater Management Authority (Thailand).
10
Empresas Municipales De Cali, Empresas Publicas de Medellín (Colombia); Amendis Tánger and Tetouan,
LYDEC Casablanca, and REDAL Rabat (Morocco).
11
Empresa Publica de Electricidade e Agua (Electra) (Cape Verde); Societe d'Energie et d'Eaux du Gabon
(SEEG) (Gabon); and Electricite et Eau du Mali SA (EDM SA) (Mali).
12
Utilities operational in both sectors and for which data is collected for both sectors are counted twice.
13
4 utilities are double-counted in the total of 1,227.
10
2.2. PSP cases and SOEs
Overall, the database contains information on 301 utilities with PSP and 926 state owned utilities
(SOEs). In both sectors and in all regions, we estimate covering 84% of the total universe of firms
which experienced private party managerial intervention before 2003 (considering different forms
of private participation– see below). PSP cases make up 64% of electricity sample, and 14% of
water and sanitation sample (figure 3).
Figure 3. Sample of PSP cases and SOEs, overall and by sector
1,000
141
800
836
PSP: 301 (25%)
600
PSP
SOE
400
SOE: 926 (75%)
200
160
90
0
Source: Authors' calculations
Electricity Water and sanitation
Source: Authors’ calculations
We further recognize the heterogeneity of PSP sample by distinguishing among full divestitures,
partial divestitures, concessions, and lease and management contracts. In this regard, PSP samples
differ greatly across the two sectors. While divestitures (full and partial) constitute the majority of
the electricity sample, concession contracts dominate the water sample (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Sample of PSP cases by type of contract
electricity water and sanitation
8% 2% 5%
5%
24%
43%
47%
66%
Full divestiture Partial divestiture
Concession contract Lease and management contract
Source: Authors' calculations
Figure 4
11
2.3. Regional composition
The figure below illustrates the regional distribution of utilities included in the PPIS database from
sectoral, and PSP versus SOEs perspectives. More than 80% of all utilities in each sector come from
two regions, namely LAC and ECA.
Figure 5. Regional composition: overall, and by sector
MENA Regional composition: overall
SA
SSA
EAP
N of % of
Region utilities total
LAC 579 47%
LAC ECA 450 37%
EAP 100 8%
SSA 56 5%
ECA
MENA 36 3%
SA 6 0.5%
Total 1,227 100%
MENA Regional composition: electricity
SA
SSA N of % of
EAP Region utilities total
LAC 155 62%
ECA 56 22%
ECA EAP 3 1%
LAC SSA 27 11%
MENA 3 1%
SA 6 2%
Total 250 100%
MENA Regional composition: water and sanitation
SSA
EAP
N of % of
Region utilities total
LAC 424 43%
LAC
ECA 394 40%
EAP 97 10%
SSA 29 3%
ECA MENA 33 3%
SA 0 0%
Total 977 100%
Almost 70 percent of all PSP cases are from LAC region and about 20 percent from ECA, while
both ECA and LAC contribute about 40 percent each to the overall sample of SOE cases (figure 6).
12
Figure 6. Regional composition for PSP cases and SOEs.
MENA Regional composition: PSP cases
SA
SSA
EAP N of % of
Region utilities total
LAC 205 68%
ECA
ECA 64 21%
SSA 13 4%
EAP 11 4%
LAC
MENA 5 2%
SA 3 1%
Total 301 100%
MENA Regional composition: SOEs
SA
SSA
N of % of
EAP
Region utilities total
LAC
ECA 386 42%
LAC 374 40%
EAP 89 10%
SSA 43 5%
ECA
MENA 31 3%
SA 3 0%
Total 926 100%
2.4. Regional differences in selection of PSP cases and SOEs
The aim for the sample of PSP cases was to represent as close as possible the total population of
utilities with PSP in the realm covered by the study, i.e. every case of PSP in electricity and water
and sanitation distribution in the developing regions covered (subject to the condition of minimum
3-year PSP operation mentioned above). The initial selection of PSP cases is based on the Private
Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) Project Database, compiled by the Public- Private Infrastructure
Advisory Facility (PPIAF) and the World Bank.14 From this starting point, regional experts and
consultants verified that all PSP cases in a given country and region were taken into account.
In the event, across all regions, the PSP sample covers, at least to some extent, 84% (301
companies) of the targeted PSP population, with 89% coverage (160 companies) in the electricity
sector, and 79% coverage (141 companies) in the water sector (figure 7).
14
The PPI Project Database (http://ppi.worldbank.org) covers all low- and middle-income countries, as
classified by the World Bank.
13
Figure 7. Number of PSP cases by region
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 MENA
MENA
ECA
SA
SSA
ECA
SA
SSA
LAC
LAC
EAP
EAP
Elelctitricity WSS
included into PPIS database targeted, but not included
Note: The cut-off point for a PSP case to be included in the database is 2002; this ensures a minimum
number of years with post-PSP data.
The ideal group of SOEs to act as control group for a PSP-SOE comparison is one that differs from
the group of PSP cases solely in the treatment, in this case, control over the operation of the utility,
but is otherwise identical to the group of PSP cases. Therefore the SOE sample was initially selected
on the basis of the available group of PSP cases, according to several criteria (same country or
region of origin being the primary one) as to provide a valid comparator group. In practice, the
approach adopted to construct the SOE sample was two fold. Firstly, data was collected for the
identified SOEs believed to match the PSP cases best. Secondly, in an opportunistic manner, we
included into the PPIS database SOE utility data available from other research efforts, in particular
the IB-NET Benchmarking site (http://www.ib-net.org/).
It is important to underscore that unless additional SOE data were readily available and added
opportunistically, the number of SOEs in a region and sector closely follows the PSP cases. It is the
PSP cses that drive the SOE data collection. Thus, the regions that did not have qualifying PSP
cases in the sector at the time of data collection, such as South Asia in the water sector, are likewise
underrepresented in terms of SOEs (figure 8; see also figure 7 and table 1).
14
Figure 8 . Number of PSP cases and SOEs included into PPIS,
by sector and region
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
MENA
MENA
ECA
SA
SSA
ECA
SA
SSA
LAC
LAC
EAP
EAP
Elelctitricity WSS
PSP SOE
Note: The cut-off point for a PSP case to be included in the database is 2002; this ensures a minimum
number of years with post-PSP data
On the other hand, because of the pervasiveness of PSP in electricity distribution in Latin America,
there is a shortage of comparable SOEs to match all the selected PSP cases in the region. Thus,
although outside Latin America the numbers of PSP cases and SOEs in electricity are relatively well
balanced, within that region there are considerably more PSP cases than SOEs.
2.5. Country composition
The PPIS database comprises utilies from 71 country; however the top ten countries account for 72
percent of all included utilities (75 percent of WSS utilities, and 72 percent of Electricity utilities)
Brazil is by far the country with most observed utilities in both sectors: 27 percent of all utilities,
SOEs and with PSP, are Brazilian (tables 2a-c).
2 Table 2a. Number of utilities by country and type of utility, WSS and electricity
# Country PSP SOE Total % of total
1 Brazil 56 277 333 27.1%
2 Ukraine 13 98 111 9.0%
3 Russian Federation 3 87 90 7.3%
4 Colombia 41 45 86 7.0%
5 Vietnam 0 70 70 5.7%
6 Chile 45 2 47 3.8%
15
# Country PSP SOE Total % of total
7 Moldova 3 43 46 3.7%
8 Argentina 31 12 43 3.5%
9 Czech Republic 17 13 30 2.4%
10 Kazakhstan 0 30 30 2.4%
11 Georgia 1 28 29 2.4%
12 Hungary 11 17 28 2.3%
13 Peru 9 17 26 2.1%
14 Romania 0 25 25 2.0%
15 Croatia 0 21 21 1.7%
16 Malaysia 3 16 19 1.5%
17 Kyrgyz Republic 1 17 18 1.5%
18 Morocco 4 14 18 1.5%
19 Jordan 1 11 12 1.0%
20 Nigeria 0 12 12 1.0%
21 Mexico 4 6 10 0.8%
22 Zambia 0 9 9 0.7%
23 Bolivia 4 4 8 0.7%
24 China 5 3 8 0.7%
25 India 3 3 6 0.5%
26 Azerbaijan 4 1 5 0.4%
27 El Salvador 5 0 5 0.4%
28 Poland 2 3 5 0.4%
29 Slovak Republic 4 1 5 0.4%
30 Estonia 2 2 4 0.3%
31 Panama 3 1 4 0.3%
32 Paraguay 0 4 4 0.3%
33 Yemen, Rep. 0 4 4 0.3%
34 Guatemala 3 0 3 0.2%
35 Nicaragua 2 1 3 0.2%
36 Philippines 3 0 3 0.2%
37 Tanzania 1 2 3 0.2%
38 Uganda 2 1 3 0.2%
39 Armenia 2 0 2 0.2%
40 Burkina Faso 1 1 2 0.2%
41 Costa Rica 0 2 2 0.2%
42 Cote d'Ivoire 2 0 2 0.2%
43 Malawi 0 2 2 0.2%
44 Mali 2 0 2 0.2%
45 Namibia 1 1 2 0.2%
46 Uruguay 0 2 2 0.2%
47 Benin 0 1 1 0.1%
48 Botswana 0 1 1 0.1%
49 Bulgaria 1 0 1 0.1%
16
# Country PSP SOE Total % of total
50 Cameroon 1 0 1 0.1%
51 Cape Verde 1 0 1 0.1%
52 CAR 0 1 1 0.1%
53 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0 1 1 0.1%
54 Djibouti 0 1 1 0.1%
55 Ecuador 1 0 1 0.1%
56 Eritrea 0 1 1 0.1%
57 Ethiopia 0 1 1 0.1%
58 Gabon 1 0 1 0.1%
59 Ghana 0 1 1 0.1%
60 Honduras 0 1 1 0.1%
61 Kenya 0 1 1 0.1%
62 Mauritania 0 1 1 0.1%
63 Mauritius 0 1 1 0.1%
64 Mozambique 0 1 1 0.1%
65 Niger 0 1 1 0.1%
66 Senegal 1 0 1 0.1%
67 South Africa 0 1 1 0.1%
68 Togo 0 1 1 0.1%
69 Trinidad and Tobago 1 0 1 0.1%
70 West Bank and Gaza 0 1 1 0.1%
71 Zimbabwe 0 1 1 0.1%
Total 301 926 1,227 100.0%
3Table 2b. Number of utilities by country and type of utility, Electricity
# Country PSP SOE Total % of total
1 Brazil 38 16 54 21.6%
2 Chile 26 1 27 10.8%
3 Ukraine 13 13 26 10.4%
4 Argentina 18 7 25 10.0%
5 Peru 9 7 16 6.4%
6 Colombia 4 7 11 4.4%
7 Bolivia 3 3 6 2.4%
8 India 3 3 6 2.4%
9 Moldova 3 2 5 2.0%
10 Azerbaijan 4 1 5 2.0%
11 El Salvador 5 0 5 2.0%
12 Hungary 4 0 4 1.6%
13 Poland 1 3 4 1.6%
14 Czech Republic 3 0 3 1.2%
15 Slovak Republic 3 0 3 1.2%
16 Panama 3 0 3 1.2%
17
# Country PSP SOE Total % of total
17 Guatemala 3 0 3 1.2%
18 Russian Federation 1 1 2 0.8%
19 Malaysia 0 2 2 0.8%
20 Morocco 1 1 2 0.8%
21 Mexico 0 2 2 0.8%
22 Estonia 1 1 2 0.8%
23 Nicaragua 2 0 2 0.8%
24 Uganda 1 1 2 0.8%
25 Namibia 1 1 2 0.8%
26 Georgia 1 0 1 0.4%
27 Zambia 0 1 1 0.4%
28 Philippines 1 0 1 0.4%
29 Tanzania 1 0 1 0.4%
30 Armenia 1 0 1 0.4%
31 Burkina Faso 0 1 1 0.4%
32 Cote d'Ivoire 1 0 1 0.4%
33 Malawi 0 1 1 0.4%
34 Mali 1 0 1 0.4%
35 Uruguay 0 1 1 0.4%
36 Botswana 0 1 1 0.4%
37 Cameroon 1 0 1 0.4%
38 Cape Verde 1 0 1 0.4%
39 CAR 0 1 1 0.4%
40 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0 1 1 0.4%
41 Djibouti 0 1 1 0.4%
42 Eritrea 0 1 1 0.4%
43 Ethiopia 0 1 1 0.4%
44 Gabon 1 0 1 0.4%
45 Ghana 0 1 1 0.4%
46 Kenya 0 1 1 0.4%
47 Mauritania 0 1 1 0.4%
48 Mauritius 0 1 1 0.4%
49 Mozambique 0 1 1 0.4%
50 Niger 0 1 1 0.4%
51 Senegal 1 0 1 0.4%
52 South Africa 0 1 1 0.4%
53 Zimbabwe 0 1 1 0.4%
Total 160 90 250 100.0%
4
18
Table 5Table 2c. Number of utilities by country and type of utility, WSS
# Country PSP SOE Total % of total
1 Brazil 18 261 279 28.6%
2 Russian Federation 2 86 88 9.0%
3 Ukraine 0 85 85 8.7%
4 Colombia 37 38 75 7.7%
5 Vietnam 0 70 70 7.2%
6 Moldova 0 41 41 4.2%
7 Kazakhstan 0 30 30 3.1%
8 Georgia 0 28 28 2.9%
9 Czech Republic 14 13 27 2.8%
10 Romania 0 25 25 2.6%
11 Hungary 7 17 24 2.5%
12 Croatia 0 21 21 2.1%
13 Chile 19 1 20 2.0%
14 Argentina 13 5 18 1.8%
15 Kyrgyz Republic 1 17 18 1.8%
16 Malaysia 3 14 17 1.7%
17 Morocco 3 13 16 1.6%
18 Jordan 1 11 12 1.2%
19 Nigeria 0 12 12 1.2%
20 Peru 0 10 10 1.0%
21 Mexico 4 4 8 0.8%
22 Zambia 0 8 8 0.8%
23 China 5 3 8 0.8%
24 Paraguay 0 4 4 0.4%
25 Yemen, Rep. 0 4 4 0.4%
26 Bolivia 1 1 2 0.2%
27 Slovak Republic 1 1 2 0.2%
28 Estonia 1 1 2 0.2%
29 Philippines 2 0 2 0.2%
30 Tanzania 0 2 2 0.2%
31 Costa Rica 0 2 2 0.2%
32 Poland 1 0 1 0.1%
33 Panama 0 1 1 0.1%
34 Nicaragua 0 1 1 0.1%
35 Uganda 1 0 1 0.1%
36 Armenia 1 0 1 0.1%
37 Burkina Faso 1 0 1 0.1%
38 Cote d'Ivoire 1 0 1 0.1%
39 Malawi 0 1 1 0.1%
40 Mali 1 0 1 0.1%
41 Uruguay 0 1 1 0.1%
42 Benin 0 1 1 0.1%
19
# Country PSP SOE Total % of total
43 Bulgaria 1 0 1 0.1%
44 Ecuador 1 0 1 0.1%
45 Honduras 0 1 1 0.1%
46 Togo 0 1 1 0.1%
47 Trinidad and Tobago 1 0 1 0.1%
48 West Bank and Gaza 0 1 1 0.1%
Total 141 836 977 100.0%
We have presented the main characteristics of the sample of utilities and will proceed to the
summary of the collected variables. We begin with a short variable description and list of collected
variables.
Not all data requested in the comprehensive templates reproduced in section 5.2. is contained in the
database. Certain variables will have been excluded because too little information was gathered to
warrant inclusion in a global database, or variable values could not be verified independently. Also
note that the indicators used in Gassner, Popov, Pushak (2009) are a subset of the variables
contained in the PPIS database described in this paper.
3. Variable description
Data on both qualitative and quantitative variables were collected for each utility in the sample. The
qualitative set, common to both sectors, gathers utility- and country-level characteristics. It contains
a PSP dummy variable equal to one if utility ever experienced private participation during the
observed period, or zero if the utility remained SOE; information on the type of PSP contract and
the year of entry for the private sector, if any; as well as utility name, sector, and country of origin.
The database also includes exchange rates used for currency conversions in the GPP (2009) study.
For the study, the qualitative variables were used mostly to indicate whether and for which period
the utility can be considered a PSP and as control variables for the utility type and other differences
among utilities. As apparent from the data collection templates (table 32), we made an effort to
collect more detailed qualitative information for each of the utilities, but in practice more detailed
information was only partially avaible, particularly for water utilities.
The quantitative variables include measures of outputs (for example, water or electricity sold),
inputs (for example, number of staff in the utility), physical capital (approximated by, for example,
the customer base), labor productivity (defined as output per worker), operational performance (for
example, level of network losses or bill collection rates), service quality (for example, duration of
daily water supply and average frequency of interruptions in electricity per year), and average prices
(calculated as revenues divided by volume sold). First, we look at the list of the collected variables
20
per sector. Table 3a presents all the available variables as they were initially collected, before the
final selection was made on the basis of data quality.15 All variables from table 3a are available in
the online database.
6 Table 3a. List of quantatitative variables
# variable name Unit short definition
Electricity
1 el_connections Number Total number of connections in the utility area
2 el_connections_r Number Total number of residential connections in the utility area
3 el_connections_nr Number Total number of non-residential connections in the utility area
4 el_generated MWH Total electricity generated by the utility per year available for sale
5 el_purchased MWH Total electricity purchased by the utility for distribution per year
6 el_sold MWH Total electricity sold
7 el_sold_r MWH Total electricity sold to residential consumers
8 el_lost % Electricity lost each year in distribution
9 el_revenue Lnc Total revenues from electricity distributed
10 el_revenue_r Lnc Total revenues from electricity distributed to residential consumers
11 el_opex Lnc Total annual operating expenses (OPEX)
12 el_labor_cost Lnc Total labor costs
13 el_employee Number Total number of employees in the utility (full time equivalent)
14 el_coverage % Residential coverage for electricity service
15 el_collection % Collection ratio
16 el_inst_capasity MW Installed capacity for generation
17 el_network Km Length of distribution network
18 el_capex Lnc Total annual investments (CAPEX)
19 el_cost Lnc Cost of purchased electricity
20 el_freq_interrupt number/year Interruption frequency rate per year
21 el_tariff_r lnc /MWH Average residential electricity tariff (calculated as average revenues)
Water
1 w_connections Number Total number of water connections in the utility area
2 w_connections_r Number Total number of residential water connections in the utility area
3 w_connections_nr Number Total number of NON-residential water connections in the utility area
4 w_coverage % Residential coverage for water service
5 w_bill_collection_ratio % Collection ratio
6 w_inst_capasity m3 Installed capacity for water supply
7 w_network Km Length of network for water distribution
8 w_produced m3 Total water produced by the utility per year
9 w_sold m3 Total water sold by the utility
10 w_sold_r m3 Total water sold by the utility to residential consumers
11 w_revenue Lnc Revenues from water
12 w_revenue_r Lnc Revenues from water supplied to residential consumers
13 w_labor_cost Lnc Total labor costs (water)
14 w_nonrevenue % Non-Revenue water
15 w_quality1 Hours/day Average number of hours per day with residential water service
16 Average residential water tariff per m3 (calculated as average
w_tariff_r lnc / m3
revenues)
17 w_pipe_breaks Number Number of water blockages
15
The full templates used for data collection are replicated in the tables 32-35. Importantly, we have strived to
collect more variables than presented in table 3a. However, for some of them, the availability of data was
limited and/or it was not feasible to collect the data as in the case of following the exact distribution of the
share of private ownership for each utility over time.
21
# variable name Unit short definition
18 w_employee_fte Number Total number of employees in the utility (full time equivalent)
19 w_opex Lnc Total annual operating expenses (OPEX)
20 w_capex Lnc Total annual investments (CAPEX)
Sanitation
1 s_connections Number Total number of sewerage connections in the utility area
2 s_connections_r Number Total number of residential sewerage connections in the utility area
3 s_connections_nr Number Total number of non-residential sewerage connections
4 s_coverage % Residential coverage for sewerage service
5 s_network Km Length of network for sewerage
6 s_wastewater_treated m3 Total used-water (wastewater) treated by the utility per year (if any)
7 s_collected m3 Total water collected by the utility
8 s_collected_r m3 Total water collected by the utility from residential consumers
9 s_revenue Lnc Revenues from sewerage
10 s_revenue_r Lnc Revenues from sewerage collected from residential consumers
11 s_labor_cost Lnc Total labor costs (sewerage)
12 Average residential sewerage tariff per m3 (calculated as average
s_tariff_r lnc / m3 revenues)
13 s_blockage Number Number of sewerage blockages
14 s_employee_fte Number Total number of employees in the utility
15 s_opex Lnc Total annual operating expenses (OPEX)
16 s_capex Lnc Total annual investments (CAPEX)
Water and sanitation
1 ws_revenue Lnc Total revenues (water and sewerage)
2 ws_labor_cost Lnc Total labor costs (water and sewerage)
3 ws_capex Lnc Total annual investments (CAPEX)
4 ws_opex Lnc Total annual operating expenses (OPEX)
5 ws_employee_fte Number Total number of employees in the utility (water and sewerage)
Note: lnc stands for local nominal currency. For comparison purposes, monetary variables are presented in
constant 2005 $US in all summary tables. For more detail on the variables gathered and their definition please
refer also to Tables 34.
Next, we concentrate on the summaries of a subset of indicators, derived from the variables
listed above, the quality of which was judged to be sufficient for further econometric analysis. We
label these indicators ‘core indicators’. Table 3b summarizes them. Similarly to variables from
Table 3a, all indicators listed in Table 3b are available in the online database.
7Table 3b. Description of core indicators
Core Indicator Variable Variable
Electricity distribution Water distribution and sanitation services
1. Capital, Residential connections Total connections, water and sanitation
Capacity
2. Output Electricity sold to residential and Water sold to residential and nonresidential
nonresidential customers per connection customers per connection (m3)
(MWh) Wastewater treated per connection (m3)
3. Labor Employees Employees, water and sanitation
4. Labor Electricity sold per worker (MWh) Water sold per worker (m3)
22
Core Indicator Variable Variable
Electricity distribution Water distribution and sanitation services
productivity Residential connections per worker Wastewater treated per worker (m3)
Totalconnections per worker, WSS
5. Coverage Potential residential customers covered Potential residential customers covered (%
(% of households) of population)
6. Collection rate Outstanding bills collected (%) Outstanding bills collected (%)
7. Operational Electricity lost in distribution (% of Water lost in distribution (% of water
performance electricity produced and purchased) produced)
8. Service quality Annual supply interruptions Hours with water daily
Sewerage blockages per sewerage
connection
9. Investment Total annual investment (CAPEX) per Total annual investment (CAPEX) per
worker (US$) worker (US$)
10. Price Average residential tariff (US$) Average residential tariff (US$) calculated
calculated as residential revenue divided as resisdential revenue divided by residential
by residential volume sold volume sold
Source: Authors.
Note: MWh = megawatt-hours; m3 = cubic meters.
Tables 4a –c give overall summary statistics for the above indicators for the electricity, water, and
sanitation sectors respectively.
8Table 4a. Summary statistics for electricity
observ Utiliti
Mean Median Min Max Sd
Variable ations esa
1 Residential connections 524,495 224,283 1,019 16,147,532 1,228,455 2,118 224
2 Electricity sold perconnection (MWh) 6 4 1 178 13 2,271 232
3 Employees 3,440 1,106 16 76,713 8,674 1,965 225
4 Electricity sold per worker (MWh) 1,834 1,521 141 11,311 1,462 1,854 214
5 Residential connections per worker 353 308 4 2,624 280 1,674 195
6 Residential coverage (% of households) 78 95 4 100 31 431 46
7 Collection rate (%)a 82 87 14 103 20 451 69
8 Electricity lost in distribution (%) 17 15 2 50 8 2,041 216
9 Annual supply interruptions 1,459 24 1 56,597 6,669 774 115
10 Total annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (US$) 13,243 8,184 186 57,705 13,384 457 83
11 Average residential tariff per MWh (US$) 81 85 9 249 42 1,538 194
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers are cut
off. Monetary amounts are in 2005 U.S. dollars.
a. number of utilities is less than maximum of 250 because we do not have a single variable which is
observed for all utilities
b. Collection rates may exceed 100 percent because of debts collected for previous years
9
23
Table 4b. Summary statistics for water
observ
Mean Median Min Max Sd Utilitiesa
Variable ations
1 Total connections 78,660 12,340 9 6,590,497 311,983 5,268 924
2 Water sold per connection (m3) 1,223 231 52 310,879 10,913 4,553 892
3 Employees 390 141 1 18,587 958 5,386 942
4 Water sold per worker (m3) 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957 4,721 904
5 Total connections per worker 172 130 0 3,097 188 4,867 892
6 Residential coverage (% of population) 78 85 5 100 23 4,389 905
7 Collection rate (%)b 95 100 13 106 13 2,802 524
8 Water lost in distribution (%) 33 32 1 100 16 4,499 877
9 Hours with water daily 20 24 1 24 6 2,734 547
10 Total annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (US$) 6,872 2,813 0 86,990 11,422 1,738 356
11 Average residential tariff per m3 (in US$) 0.58 0.39 0.02 4.88 0.71 1,916 375
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers are cut
off. Monetary amounts are in 2005 U.S. dollars. Total connections are used as approximation for residential
connections
a. number of utilities is less than maximum of 977 because we do not have a single variable which is
observed for all utilities
b. Collection rates may exceed 100 percent because of debts collected for previous years
10
Table 4c. Summary statistics for sanitation
observ
Mean Median Min Max Sd Utilities
Variable ations
1 Total connections 61,722 8,861 4 5,032,356 274,701 3,724 661
2 Wastewater treated per connection (m3) 567 214 1 13,320 1,125 1,514 299
3 Wastewater treated per worker (m3) 144,198 11,892 85 40,606,288 2,224,210 1,756 333
4 Residential coverage (% of population) 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957 4,721 904
5 Sewerage blockages per connection 60 67 0 100 31 2,784 595
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers are cut
off. Monetary amounts are in 2005 U.S. dollars. Total connections are used as approximation for residential
connections
4. Detailed summaries of core indicators
4.0. Preliminary observations on the size of utilities and importance of
outliers
When we average all available annual observations on total connections within each utility16, we
can see that, on average, electricity utilities tend to have significantly larger customer base than
water or sanitation utilities. This holds true for both residential and non-residential connections. We
also clearly see that extreme outliers are present in each of the sectors. Therefore it might be
advisable to rely more on the median rather than mean values (figure 9).
16
Note of caution: not all utilities are observed over the same period of time
24
Figure 9 Mean utility connections
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
all observations w ithout outliers
electricity 665,572 339,831
w ater 78,660 18,267
sanitation 61,722 14,957
Note: Data was cleaned to the extent possible and the biggest and smallest values
were rechecked in an effort to eliminate data entry mistakes. However, a significant
range of values is to be expected beause of the difference in the utilities size (i.e.
national versus regional versus local utilities). Here, outliers are defined as points
below Q1-1.5×(Q3-Q1) and above Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1), where Q1 is the 25th percentile
and Q3 is the 75th percentile.
We now present summary statistics by year, region, and country for core indicators listed in Table
3b. Note that the statistics refer to the complete set of observations, that is outliers are not
eliminated to allow the researcher a view of the original data. The statistics are presented for all
utilities, with no distinction made between utilities with PSP and SOEs17.
4.1. Capital and capacity approximation: Connections
4.1.1. ELECTRICITY – Residential connections
Figure 10. Residential utility connections by year, electricity, thousands
000
40
00
30
00
20
00
10
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
17
For a PSP-SOE comparison please refer to Gassner K, A. Popov and N. Pushak (2009) “Does Private
Sector Participation Improve Performance in Electricity and Water Distribution?” Trends and Policy Options
No. 6, PPIAF and World Bank, available at
http://www.ppiaf.org/documents/trends_and_policy/PSP_water_electricity.pdf).
25
11Table 5a. Residential utility connections by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1981 650,111 650,111 650,111 650,111 1
1982 663,300 663,300 663,300 663,300 1
1983 676,757 676,757 676,757 676,757 1
1984 691,637 691,637 691,637 691,637 1
1985 706,011 706,011 706,011 706,011 1
1986 1,377,760 1,600,388 728,387 1,804,505 571,559 3
1987 707,141 447,088 9,096 2,555,502 687,110 34
1988 687,898 439,935 9,380 2,641,853 684,616 38
1989 680,412 444,656 9,584 2,725,211 699,465 40
1990 541,332 287,336 9,700 2,807,856 644,230 58
1991 481,908 195,416 10,048 2,899,137 623,107 70
1992 526,612 168,998 4,012 11,900,000 1,261,185 104
1993 545,329 178,374 9,496 12,500,000 1,292,454 109
1994 568,822 185,069 11,573 13,100,000 1,361,741 108
1995 554,155 194,704 15,777 13,587,339 1,322,249 126
1996 588,068 209,401 11,499 14,011,456 1,363,074 131
1997 525,723 175,034 1,348 14,571,767 1,318,356 153
1998 533,472 184,272 1,357 15,144,986 1,341,503 161
1999 564,579 194,143 1,359 15,753,373 1,388,370 163
2000 559,304 201,920 988 16,500,000 1,413,509 173
2001 621,777 293,900 973 17,200,000 1,404,506 187
2002 677,287 338,256 945 17,900,000 1,474,977 186
2003 777,654 394,911 1,085 18,700,000 1,666,574 155
2004 761,611 389,902 1,094 19,591,838 2,164,789 88
2005 2,021,607 271,708 23,766 20,447,764 4,971,997 17
2006 3,696,033 388,000 24,189 21,304,458 6,893,406 9
2,118
Total1 524,495 224,283 1,019 16,147,532 1,228,455
(224 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
12 Table 5b. Residential utility connections by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 2,572,527 2,930,803 295,310 4,491,468 2,120,898 28 3
ECA 517,393 469,169 1,019 1,784,708 351,199 268 51
LAC 477,024 169,488 1,355 16,147,532 1,406,432 1,653 148
MENA 1,806,542 1,806,542 1,806,542 1,806,542 4 1
SA 1,359,691 1,559,860 5,631 2,513,583 1,265,901 13 3
SSA 383,167 158,842 1,152 3,441,159 781,102 152 18
Total1 524,495 224,283 1,019 16,147,532 1,228,455 2,118 224
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
26
13Table 5c. Residential utility connections by country, electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 315,704 151,121 33,230 1,903,966 475,373 288 25
Armenia 889,800 889,800 889,800 889,800 3 1
Azerbaijan 277,465 318,990 55,178 440,530 169,985 65 5
Bolivia 74,942 28,480 18,318 203,897 79,431 101 6
Brazil 658,942 376,209 19,109 3,452,674 759,383 558 49
Burkina Faso 166,100 166,100 166,100 166,100 15 1
Cameroon 435,314 435,314 435,314 435,314 10 1
Cape Verde 44,172 44,172 44,172 44,172 1 1
Chile 123,306 44,475 1,355 929,364 199,840 176 26
Colombia 457,852 408,958 106,713 1,414,775 369,641 138 11
Czech Republic 591,951 551,431 342,780 881,641 271,706 20 3
El Salvador 167,799 170,038 31,495 335,780 110,639 70 5
Eritrea 68,944 68,944 68,944 68,944 12 1
Estonia 33,480 33,480 33,480 33,480 2 1
Ethiopia 493,175 493,175 493,175 493,175 12 1
Georgia 374,865 374,865 374,865 374,865 6 1
Ghana 513,394 513,394 513,394 513,394 12 1
Guatemala 337,254 382,854 221,279 407,628 101,198 36 3
India 1,359,691 1,559,860 5,631 2,513,583 1,265,901 13 3
Kenya 363,464 363,464 363,464 363,464 13 1
Malawi 50,197 50,197 50,197 50,197 8 1
Malaysia 2,393,389 2,393,389 295,310 4,491,468 2,967,132 15 2
Mali 87,837 87,837 87,837 87,837 9 1
Mauritius 257,684 257,684 257,684 257,684 12 1
Mexico 16,147,532 16,147,532 16,147,532 16,147,532 15 1
Moldova 227,302 245,210 159,890 292,864 57,856 25 5
Morocco 1,806,542 1,806,542 1,806,542 1,806,542 4 1
Mozambique 151,584 151,584 151,584 151,584 11 1
Namibia 2,030 2,030 2,030 2,030 2 1
Nicaragua 183,344 183,344 173,740 192,947 13,581 26 2
Niger 73,329 73,329 73,329 73,329 10 1
Panama 123,347 143,853 54,455 171,732 61,268 39 3
Peru 157,629 100,542 2,478 611,212 166,553 204 16
Philippines 2,930,803 2,930,803 2,930,803 2,930,803 13 1
Poland 307,199 181,630 172,525 693,012 257,280 22 4
Russian Fed. 62,846 62,846 1,019 124,673 87,437 10 2
Senegal 335,053 335,053 335,053 335,053 4 1
Slovak Republic 687,770 606,178 551,546 905,585 190,601 10 3
South Africa 3,441,159 3,441,159 3,441,159 3,441,159 4 1
Uganda 71,686 71,686 1,152 142,219 99,749 14 2
Ukraine 668,131 548,027 143,046 1,784,708 359,182 105 26
Uruguay 469,739 469,739 469,739 469,739 2 1
Zambia 270,208 270,208 270,208 270,208 3 1
Total 524,495 224,283 1,019 16,147,532 1,228,455 2,118 224
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
27
4.1.2 WATER – Total connections
Figure 11. Total utility connections by year, water, thousands
000
10
80
0
60
0
40
0
20
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
14 Table 6a. Total utility connections by year, water
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1980 925,806 925,806 925,806 925,806 1
1981 801,261 801,261 650,000 952,522 213,915 2
1982 823,124 823,124 666,240 980,008 221,867 2
1983 845,587 845,587 682,886 1,008,287 230,093 2
1984 868,692 868,692 700,000 1,037,383 238,566 2
1985 895,540 895,540 723,762 1,067,318 242,931 2
1986 923,224 923,224 748,332 1,098,116 247,335 2
1987 938,282 938,282 773,735 1,102,830 232,706 2
1988 956,031 956,031 800,000 1,112,061 220,660 2
1989 670,827 818,291 66,194 1,127,997 546,046 3
1990 211,458 96,646 1,143 1,139,326 317,796 16
1991 157,425 84,006 1,105 1,139,326 260,866 26
1992 175,852 89,031 1,297 1,139,326 280,319 30
1993 178,529 93,357 1,431 1,269,688 291,089 32
1994 168,930 86,864 1,431 1,312,807 281,889 44
1995 281,273 86,467 1,770 5,432,152 631,050 131
1996 230,206 54,776 60 5,491,931 569,507 182
1997 135,897 23,569 29 5,846,768 435,722 367
1998 107,863 13,391 10 6,158,554 403,518 468
1999 105,824 12,540 6 6,635,843 404,775 521
2000 82,057 11,262 15 6,791,153 360,428 675
2001 86,799 12,655 11 7,034,329 358,585 748
2002 103,260 18,100 3 7,242,272 387,507 693
2003 101,668 19,037 30 7,406,857 390,545 692
2004 115,721 17,877 50 7,865,112 452,780 556
2005 75,275 17,589 834 1,497,586 214,677 67
5,268
Total1 78,660 12,340 9 6,590,497 311,983
(924 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
Total connections are used as approximation for residential connections.
28
15Table 6b. Total utility connections by region, water
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 97,774 15,131 741 1,179,824 201,735 539 94
ECA 19,727 5,373 9 511,000 44,047 1,815 350
LAC 125,281 17,299 196 6,590,497 444,987 2,644 418
MENA 82,869 44,518 8,889 548,914 108,626 132 33
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 51,197 27,500 3,191 515,490 93,817 138 29
Total 78,660 12,340 9 6,590,497 311,983 5,268 924
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
Total connections are used as approximation for residential connections
16Table 6c. Total utility connections by country, water
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 213,478 143,308 23,216 1,190,250 272,040 123 17
Armenia 258,000 258,000 258,000 258,000 8 1
Benin 101,000 101,000 101,000 101,000 5 1
Bolivia 109,281 109,281 56,148 162,413 75,141 16 2
Brazil 127,789 11,037 196 6,590,497 523,148 1,729 278
Bulgaria 116,552 116,552 116,552 116,552 8 1
Burkina Faso 57,802 57,802 57,802 57,802 10 1
Chile 144,089 94,182 2,248 939,662 210,355 276 20
China 413,301 575,000 11,480 877,405 380,357 20 5
Colombia 58,582 13,403 812 1,185,104 175,270 333 71
Costa Rica 248,298 248,298 49,234 447,362 281,519 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 515,490 515,490 515,490 515,490 5 1
Croatia 16,910 12,200 1,280 81,000 18,194 105 21
Czech Republic 38,128 24,204 5,425 169,387 39,367 209 25
Ecuador 257,386 257,386 257,386 257,386 6 1
Estonia 18,756 18,756 17,224 20,288 2,167 17 2
Georgia 12,629 4,033 500 104,500 23,050 138 25
Honduras 9,807 9,807 9,807 9,807 3 1
Hungary 54,953 41,600 7,217 215,027 49,010 140 19
Jordan 55,431 21,419 8,889 304,751 83,918 65 12
Kazakhstan 39,019 15,635 1,822 215,836 59,006 57 13
Kyrgyz Republic 5,789 3,660 9 22,600 5,596 87 18
Malawi 23,702 23,702 23,702 23,702 5 1
Malaysia 272,121 176,907 11,122 1,179,824 297,055 82 17
Mali 73,434 73,434 73,434 73,434 5 1
Mexico 136,837 158,770 4,084 320,294 104,500 56 8
Moldova 2,842 1,219 26 38,730 6,104 343 41
Morocco 114,597 67,599 19,002 548,914 133,639 50 16
Nicaragua 515,611 515,611 515,611 515,611 3 1
Nigeria 40,658 30,482 3,191 98,300 31,254 48 12
Panama 421,152 421,152 421,152 421,152 3 1
Paraguay 51,477 11,323 5,362 177,902 84,354 6 4
Peru 200,344 83,032 27,603 1,231,528 365,254 67 10
Philippines 440,338 440,338 346,535 534,142 132,658 15 2
Poland 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000 1 1
29
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Romania 17,548 10,820 578 82,136 19,361 119 25
Russian Federation 7,962 2,616 45 114,028 16,065 344 74
Slovak Republic 61,926 61,926 23,731 100,121 54,016 6 2
Tanzania 7,025 7,025 4,213 9,837 3,976 10 2
Togo 46,580 46,580 46,580 46,580 5 1
Trinidad and Tobago 227,899 227,899 227,899 227,899 8 1
Uganda 38,757 38,757 38,757 38,757 9 1
Ukraine 23,262 3,590 87 511,000 67,389 233 82
Uruguay 720,834 720,834 720,834 720,834 11 1
Vietnam 23,108 11,412 741 315,786 44,593 422 70
West Bank and Gaza 38,228 38,228 38,228 38,228 5 1
Yemen, Rep. 49,432 43,792 39,422 70,720 14,489 12 4
Zambia 15,751 15,494 3,911 35,994 11,207 36 8
Total 78,660 12,340 9 6,590,497 311,983 5,268 924
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
Total connections are used as approximation for residential connections
4.1.3. SANITATION – Total connections
Figure 12. Total utility connections by year, sanitation, thousands
80
0
60
0
40
0
20
00
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
17Table 7a. Total utility connections by year, sanitation
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1981 560,000 560,000 560,000 560,000 1
1982 579,306 579,306 579,306 579,306 1
1983 599,277 599,277 599,277 599,277 1
1984 620,000 620,000 620,000 620,000 1
1985 684,040 684,040 644,182 723,898 56,367 2
1986 697,889 697,889 669,308 726,470 40,419 2
1987 712,192 712,192 695,414 728,970 23,728 2
1988 728,985 728,985 722,537 735,433 9,118 2
1989 744,052 744,052 737,386 750,719 9,428 2
1990 175,774 92,975 1,036 780,000 256,085 14
1991 124,979 65,218 1,040 806,993 207,472 24
1992 126,067 69,869 1,277 868,303 208,167 26
1993 127,397 75,327 1,357 915,012 209,999 28
30
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1994 101,818 53,854 1,290 956,051 187,536 41
1995 142,604 47,413 180 4,009,577 419,414 118
1996 120,859 35,423 40 4,068,002 374,205 164
1997 84,703 15,536 4 4,386,945 318,489 264
1998 106,157 13,131 4 7,282,026 512,259 318
1999 104,207 12,500 4 7,099,781 503,595 335
2000 83,644 8,940 4 6,922,096 428,895 466
2001 81,280 10,314 5 6,983,404 422,847 500
2002 79,518 14,229 10 5,621,191 323,331 430
2003 75,995 14,747 10 5,792,258 310,201 481
2004 81,483 14,558 12 6,216,845 347,696 437
2005 67,566 12,339 100 1,454,487 210,617 64
3,724
Total1 61,722 8,861 4 5,032,356 274,701
(661 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
Total connections are used as approximation for residential connections.
18Table 7b. Total utility connections by region, sanitation
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 35,314 35,314 12,838 57,790 31,786 15 2
ECA 16,190 2,800 4 656,500 51,261 1,500 304
LAC 107,433 22,988 10 5,032,356 391,297 2,025 310
MENA 69,669 33,128 1,457 564,473 109,388 126 32
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 20,939 6,666 177 154,619 41,642 58 13
Total 61,722 8,861 4 5,032,356 274,701 3,724 661
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
Total connections are used as approximation for residential connections
19Table 7c. Total utility connections by country, sanitation
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 137,983 87,756 13,008 787,306 189,152 109 16
Armenia 231,888 231,888 231,888 231,888 8 1
Bolivia 92,837 92,837 58,046 127,628 49,202 4 2
Brazil 98,459 16,256 10 5,032,356 419,705 1,182 175
Bulgaria 44,350 44,350 44,350 44,350 4 1
Burkina Faso 720 720 720 720 1 1
Chile 127,571 86,620 2,055 889,370 196,494 265 20
Colombia 105,388 11,257 812 3,547,256 455,014 313 69
Costa Rica 90,315 90,315 14,558 166,072 107,136 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 154,619 154,619 154,619 154,619 5 1
Croatia 19,845 7,480 150 109,368 30,316 85 17
Czech Republic 21,427 11,902 3,768 96,582 22,172 201 24
Ecuador 164,157 164,157 164,157 164,157 2 1
Estonia 13,529 13,529 13,529 13,529 4 1
Georgia 9,115 2,400 40 51,580 16,313 17 17
Hungary 26,951 15,400 4,500 146,490 33,663 141 19
31
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Jordan 22,770 3,081 1,457 154,702 44,278 65 12
Kazakhstan 22,042 19,860 1,867 57,740 17,662 47 10
Kyrgyz Republic 674 419 32 1,320 529 40 8
Mexico 124,463 142,054 4,084 329,248 105,703 56 8
Moldova 1,255 289 36 23,192 3,705 327 39
Morocco 115,570 67,599 19,002 564,473 137,023 49 16
Nicaragua 193,257 193,257 193,257 193,257 2 1
Panama 245,039 245,039 245,039 245,039 3 1
Paraguay 28,870 4,377 2,827 103,902 50,026 6 4
Peru 181,185 71,407 18,529 1,151,687 343,453 68 10
Philippines 35,314 35,314 12,838 57,790 31,786 15 2
Romania 9,115 7,168 276 34,020 7,797 110 23
Russian Federation 4,523 917 4 86,797 11,500 299 67
Slovak Republic 16,469 16,469 8,462 24,476 11,323 7 2
Tanzania 2,487 2,487 2,487 2,487 3 1
Togo 242 242 242 242 5 1
Uganda 6,666 6,666 6,666 6,666 9 1
Ukraine 30,574 2,297 55 656,500 93,288 210 75
Uruguay 151,144 151,144 151,144 151,144 11 1
Yemen, Rep. 26,760 30,438 13,038 33,128 9,493 12 4
Zambia 13,433 15,067 177 36,302 12,573 35 8
Total 61,722 8,861 4 5,032,356 274,701 3,724 661
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
Total connections are used as approximation for residential connections
4.2 Output
4.2.1 ELECTRICITY— Electricity sold per connection (MWh)
Figure 13. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by year
10
8
6
4
2
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
32
20Table 8a. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1981 4.01 4.01 4.01 4.01 1
1982 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.79 1
1983 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 1
1984 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.99 1
1985 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 1
1986 3.52 3.24 3.15 4.18 0.57 3
1987 4.74 4.24 1.57 12.77 2.39 32
1988 4.62 4.23 1.49 12.99 2.37 35
1989 4.51 4.18 1.65 13.12 2.33 38
1990 4.20 3.58 1.55 12.47 2.06 54
1991 4.03 3.37 1.57 12.28 1.91 66
1992 5.34 3.64 1.62 50.41 5.95 109
1993 5.15 3.70 1.2 59.72 6.09 112
1994 5.93 3.74 1.16 95.04 10.21 114
1995 5.67 3.76 1.08 81.77 8.52 128
1996 5.58 3.99 1.00 87.63 8.56 129
1997 5.48 3.90 1.15 76.90 7.37 160
1998 5.35 4.06 0.83 66.90 6.36 171
1999 5.31 4.12 0.59 60.72 5.87 173
2000 6.36 4.41 0.72 180.12 13.95 184
2001 6.19 4.25 0.48 184.33 13.32 214
2002 6.08 4.26 0.73 187.71 13.51 210
2003 6.31 4.35 0.72 139.25 11.39 179
2004 6.92 4.35 0.73 198.28 18.47 114
2005 7.27 4.79 0.83 71.31 12.89 28
2006 8.85 4.64 0.81 55.41 14.29 13
2,271
Total1 6.29 4.37 0.72 177.94 12.8
(232 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
21Table 8b. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 8.63 8.96 5.91 11.02 2.57 26 3
ECA 9.83 6.2 1.11 177.94 23.66 300 54
LAC 4.20 3.77 0.72 15.33 2.2 1,681 146
MENA 5.60 5.6 4.38 6.83 1.73 12 2
SA 3.16 3.13 2.37 4.14 0.6 36 6
SSA 12.35 6 1.78 68.31 16.28 216 21
Total 6.29 4.37 0.72 177.94 12.8 2,271 232
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
22
33
Table 8c. Electricity sold per connection (MWh), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 4.66 4.37 2.66 13.27 2.08 273 24
Armenia 3.86 3.86 3.86 3.86 3 1
Azerbaijan 9.01 8.24 7.45 12.40 1.96 65 5
Bolivia 2.60 2.58 1.64 3.32 0.66 101 6
Botswana 21.77 21.77 21.77 21.77 7 1
Brazil 5.09 4.54 2.09 15.33 2.52 547 47
Burkina Faso 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.13 15 1
Cameroon 6.69 6.69 6.69 6.69 10 1
Cape Verde 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 6 1
Chile 3.90 3.37 1.28 10.08 1.79 259 27
Colombia 4.12 4.51 2.23 6.72 1.63 115 11
Czech Republic 7.74 7.82 6.77 8.62 0.93 24 3
El Salvador 2.64 2.71 1.67 3.62 0.86 70 5
Eritrea 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 12 1
Estonia 12.52 12.52 8.29 16.76 5.99 7 2
Ethiopia 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 12 1
Gabon 8.09 8.09 8.09 8.09 2 1
Georgia 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.18 2 1
Ghana 4.07 4.07 4.07 4.07 12 1
Guatemala 2.34 1.46 1.09 4.48 1.86 33 3
Hungary 6.89 7.61 4.72 7.61 1.45 22 4
India 3.16 3.13 2.37 4.14 0.60 36 6
Kenya 7.39 7.39 7.39 7.39 13 1
Malawi 11.43 11.43 11.43 11.43 12 1
Malaysia 9.99 9.99 8.96 11.02 1.45 13 2
Mali 4.26 4.26 4.26 4.26 9 1
Mauritius 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 12 1
Mexico 6.15 6.15 6.15 6.15 15 1
Moldova 1.97 1.35 1.11 4.49 1.42 25 5
Morocco 5.60 5.60 4.38 6.83 1.73 12 2
Mozambique 5.57 5.57 5.57 5.57 11 1
Namibia 18.49 18.49 18.49 18.49 2 1
Nicaragua 3.25 3.25 3.22 3.28 0.04 26 2
Niger 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 12 1
Panama 6.43 7.70 3.89 7.70 2.20 39 3
Peru 2.40 2.20 0.72 5.55 1.22 200 16
Philippines 5.91 5.91 5.91 5.91 13 1
Poland 8.43 6.55 5.67 14.95 4.36 35 4
Russian Fed. 177.94 177.94 177.94 177.94 5 1
Senegal 2.96 2.96 2.96 2.96 9 1
Slovak Republic 8.07 7.38 7.34 9.50 1.24 12 3
South Africa 68.31 68.31 68.31 68.31 12 1
Tanzania 5.01 5.01 5.01 5.01 14 1
Uganda 8.44 8.44 8.44 8.44 12 1
Ukraine 6.24 4.52 2.25 22.34 4.58 100 25
Uruguay 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 3 1
Zambia 42.19 42.19 42.19 42.19 12 1
Zimbabwe 26.56 26.56 26.56 26.56 10 1
Total 6.29 4.37 0.72 177.94 12.80 2,271 232
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
34
4.2.2. WATER— Water sold per connection (m3)
Figure 14. Water sold per connection (m3), by year
000
20
50
10
00
10
50
0
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
23Table 9a. Water sold per connection (m3), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 1,264 359 316 4,021 1,839 4
1993 1,027 389 286 3,153 1,219 5
1994 509 205 126 3,000 738 15
1995 330 228 84 2,687 337 93
1996 426 241 56 5,000 684 132
1997 1,328 257 6 33,141 4,235 308
1998 1,559 243 11 183,333 9,811 407
1999 1,755 234 38 331,667 16,095 442
2000 1,392 249 3 133,333 7,167 610
2001 1,274 228 19 192,727 8,404 675
2002 1,754 217 2 713,333 29,008 610
2003 496 211 8 41,905 2,526 651
2004 319 197 17 13,353 750 539
2005 199 194 69 588 75 62
4,553
Total1 1,223 231 52 310,879 10,913
(892 utilities)
Note: 1 Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
24Table 9b. Water sold per connection (m3), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 361 231 108 5,050 600 475 92
ECA 2,485 353 52 310,879 17,278 1,788 346
LAC 255 201 69 6,342 344 2,034 395
MENA 202 185 95 533 75 130 32
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 3,370 476 75 32,664 8,540 126 27
Total 1,223 231 52 310,879 10,913 4,553 892
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
35
3
25Table 9c. Water sold per connection (m ), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 416 433 227 675 139 40 11
Armenia 593 593 593 593 8 1
Benin 218 218 218 218 5 1
Bolivia 202 202 163 240 54 4 2
Brazil 247 196 76 6,342 386 1,641 274
Bulgaria 750 750 750 750 6 1
Burkina Faso 418 418 418 418 10 1
Chile 434 246 182 1,707 477 35 17
China 584 579 435 743 135 16 4
Colombia 218 205 69 951 114 216 70
Costa Rica 316 316 313 319 4 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 236 236 236 236 5 1
Croatia 438 299 118 2,350 504 105 21
Czech Republic 454 383 210 1,322 260 208 25
Ecuador 303 303 303 303 2 1
Estonia 1,210 1,210 415 2,004 1,123 17 2
Georgia 602 293 69 6,296 1,209 138 25
Honduras 444 444 444 444 3 1
Hungary 248 190 79 879 189 140 19
Jordan 195 158 124 533 114 65 12
Kazakhstan 1,311 297 74 9,328 2,502 57 13
Kyrgyz Republic 17,778 282 57 310,879 73,152 86 18
Malawi 863 863 863 863 5 1
Malaysia 176 168 120 277 43 34 17
Mali 476 476 476 476 5 1
Moldova 434 209 60 2,255 577 340 41
Morocco 217 221 164 276 34 48 15
Nicaragua 166 166 166 166 2 1
Nigeria 8,237 1,153 75 32,664 12,991 40 10
Panama 574 574 574 574 3 1
Paraguay 235 234 172 298 67 6 4
Peru 229 243 151 331 60 67 10
Philippines 763 763 612 913 213 15 2
Poland 473 473 473 473 1 1
Romania 3,187 1,026 204 53,049 10,406 119 25
Russian Federation 4,494 697 52 32,189 7,205 324 70
Slovak Republic 362 362 349 375 18 6 2
Tanzania 254 254 239 269 21 7 2
Togo 318 318 318 318 5 1
Uganda 452 452 452 452 9 1
Ukraine 796 281 59 17,553 2,179 233 82
Uruguay 196 196 196 196 11 1
Vietnam 382 253 108 5,050 680 410 69
West Bank and Gaza 222 222 222 222 5 1
Yemen, Rep. 161 173 95 204 47 12 4
Zambia 641 618 312 1,074 280 35 8
Total 1,223 231 52 310,879 10,913 4,553 892
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
36
4.2.3. SANITATION— Wastewater treated per connection (m3)
Figure 15. Wastewater treated per connection (m3), by year
00
30
00
20
00
10
0
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
26
Table 10a. Wastewater treated per connection (m3), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1993 1,654 1,654 1,654 1,654 1
1994 1,730 1,730 1,730 1,730 1
1995 388 177 3 2,088 553 34
1996 369 162 2 2,155 527 48
1997 298 131 1 1,932 447 69
1998 323 128 1 3,894 631 92
1999 412 145 1 11,276 1,262 110
2000 599 235 1 8,333 991 189
2001 629 197 0 13,843 1,395 212
2002 597 210 1 13,077 1,254 227
2003 519 217 1 13,040 990 264
2004 456 213 1 3,617 619 266
2005 3,119 3,119 3,119 3,119 1
1,514
Total1 61,722 8,861 4 5,032,356 274,701
(299 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
27Table 10b. Wastewater treated per connection (m3), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
ECA 1,017 622 24 13,320 1,512 630 139
LAC 154 116 1 1,281 180 855 153
MENA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 657 284 13 1,803 681 29 7
Total 567 214 1 13,320 1,125 1,514 299
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
37
3
28Table 10c. Wastewater treated per connection (m ), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 247 215 44 543 206 21 7
Armenia 498 498 498 498 8 1
Brazil 144 112 1 1,281 176 779 137
Bulgaria 3,041 3,041 3,041 3,041 4 1
Burkina Faso 1,369 1,369 1,369 1,369 1 1
Colombia 294 294 48 539 347 7 2
Cote d'Ivoire 13 13 13 13 5 1
Croatia 417 205 24 1,565 529 36 8
Czech Republic 1,111 938 356 2,008 488 137 23
Estonia 3,650 3,650 3,650 3,650 4 1
Georgia 482 471 206 781 266 4 4
Hungary 506 401 130 1,514 390 137 19
Kyrgyz Republic 3,035 668 84 8,706 3,788 25 5
Moldova 582 306 28 2,268 579 58 30
Peru 186 157 28 432 162 43 6
Romania 1,738 1,538 176 3,280 837 105 22
Russian Federation 13,320 13,320 13,320 13,320 3 1
Slovak Republic 1,739 1,739 1,311 2,168 606 4 2
Tanzania 709 709 709 709 3 1
Ukraine 272 230 123 731 135 105 22
Uruguay 429 429 429 429 5 1
Zambia 626 279 146 1,803 787 20 4
Total 567 214 1 13,320 1,125 1,514 299
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
4.3. Labor
4.3.1 ELECTRICITY — Employees
Figure 16. Employees by year, electricity
000
50
00
40
00
30
00
20
00
10
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
29
38
Table 11a. Employees, by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1973 2,311 2,311 2,311 2,311 1
1974 2,306 2,306 2,306 2,306 1
1975 2,301 2,301 2,301 2,301 1
1976 2,296 2,296 2,296 2,296 1
1977 2,291 2,291 2,291 2,291 1
1978 2,286 2,286 2,286 2,286 1
1979 2,281 2,281 2,281 2,281 1
1980 2,191 2,191 2,191 2,191 1
1981 2,104 2,104 2,104 2,104 1
1982 2,020 2,020 2,020 2,020 1
1983 2,091 2,091 2,091 2,091 1
1984 2,283 2,283 2,283 2,283 1
1985 2,421 2,421 2,421 2,421 1
1986 2,495 2,495 2,495 2,495 1
1987 4,371 2,463 51 14,161 4,042 32
1988 4,230 2,433 55 14,044 3,957 36
1989 4,206 2,473 63 14,682 4,012 37
1990 3,447 2,177 76 14,237 3,918 47
1991 3,219 2,052 77 13,766 3,538 48
1992 3,763 1,669 79 71,979 8,418 79
1993 3,611 1,691 70 72,511 8,282 82
1994 4,531 1,523 55 72,432 10,076 93
1995 4,089 1,355 33 72,397 9,436 107
1996 4,024 1,357 14 72,810 9,549 118
1997 3,545 1,100 19 74,264 9,116 131
1998 3,754 1,010 19 72,879 9,841 147
1999 3,594 969 19 72,449 9,551 152
2000 3,545 1,002 10 74,871 9,169 176
2001 3,424 1,092 12 77,542 8,829 191
2002 2,681 1,006 14 80,257 7,155 185
2003 3,152 1,355 14 79,195 7,841 150
2004 3,755 1,238 18 79,800 9,575 99
2005 2,545 327 18 29,845 7,580 27
2006 4,776 753 63 29,697 10,235 14
1,965
Total1 3,440 1,106 16 76,713 8,674
(225 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
30Table 11b. Employees, by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 11,546 6,738 2,032 25,867 12,624 18 3
ECA 3,085 2,656 85 10,143 2,422 348 56
LAC 2,112 529 18 76,713 7,459 1,330 133
MENA 5,385 5,385 914 9,857 6,324 15 2
SA 34,637 35,628 74 68,025 24,937 36 5
SSA 3,911 2,126 16 32,679 6,401 218 26
Total 3,440 1,106 16 76,713 8,674 1,965 225
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
39
31Table 11c. Employees, by country, electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 1,118 520 89 5,601 1,566 190 25
Armenia 9,774 9,774 9,774 9,774 5 1
Azerbaijan 2,032 2,478 733 2,822 913 65 5
Bolivia 191 138 76 423 134 75 6
Botswana 1,929 1,929 1,929 1,929 4 1
Brazil 2,118 1,136 18 9,488 2,487 536 49
Burkina Faso 1,342 1,342 1,342 1,342 15 1
Cameroon 3,756 3,756 3,756 3,756 12 1
Cape Verde 491 491 491 491 4 1
CAR 422 422 422 422 5 1
Chile 369 129 18 1,946 549 114 12
Colombia 1,003 1,023 289 1,900 504 94 11
Congo, Dem. Rep. 5,497 5,497 5,497 5,497 1 1
Cote d'Ivoire 2,879 2,879 2,879 2,879 6 1
Czech Republic 1,535 1,422 1,140 2,043 462 25 3
Djibouti 914 914 914 914 6 1
El Salvador 286 274 48 606 205 61 5
Eritrea 828 828 828 828 10 1
Estonia 4,872 4,872 85 9,658 6,769 20 2
Ethiopia 8,333 8,333 8,333 8,333 13 1
Georgia 1,992 1,992 1,992 1,992 3 1
Ghana 3,542 3,542 3,542 3,542 12 1
Guatemala 460 460 460 460 1 1
Hungary 2,512 2,656 2,081 2,656 288 12 4
India 34,637 35,628 74 68,025 24,937 36 5
Kenya 8,359 8,359 8,359 8,359 13 1
Malawi 2,323 2,323 2,323 2,323 12 1
Malaysia 13,950 13,950 2,032 25,867 16,854 11 2
Mali 1,040 1,040 1,040 1,040 4 1
Mauritania 872 872 872 872 7 1
Mauritius 1,830 1,830 1,830 1,830 12 1
Mexico 56,809 56,809 36,905 76,713 28,149 14 2
Moldova 966 881 771 1,286 211 39 5
Morocco 9,857 9,857 9,857 9,857 9 1
Mozambique 2,821 2,821 2,821 2,821 11 1
Namibia 17 17 16 19 3 9 2
Nicaragua 627 627 616 638 16 2 2
Niger 1,128 1,128 1,128 1,128 11 1
Panama 691 672 337 1,062 363 39 3
Peru 392 297 25 1,292 410 196 16
Philippines 6,738 6,738 6,738 6,738 7 1
Poland 1,163 1,013 937 1,688 352 28 4
Russian Fed. 274 274 250 298 34 8 2
Senegal 782 782 782 782 2 1
Slovak Republic 2,776 2,970 2,000 3,358 699 25 3
South Africa 32,679 32,679 32,679 32,679 11 1
Tanzania 6,900 6,900 6,900 6,900 10 1
Uganda 1,225 1,225 27 2,423 1,694 14 2
Ukraine 4,157 3,601 599 10,143 2,206 118 26
Uruguay 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 8 1
Zambia 4,400 4,400 4,400 4,400 12 1
Zimbabwe 7,040 7,040 7,040 7,040 8 1
40
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Total 3,440 1,106 16 76,713 8,674 1,965 225
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
4.3.2. WATER AND SANITATION – Employees
Figure 17. Employees by year, WSS
100
50
100
00
00
50
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
32Table 12a. Employees, by year, WSS
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1980 13,609 13,609 13,609 13,609 1
1981 6,083 6,083 1,593 10,573 6,350 2
1982 5,765 5,765 1,632 9,898 5,845 2
1983 5,693 5,693 1,605 9,780 5,781 2
1984 5,754 5,754 1,652 9,855 5,800 2
1985 5,619 5,619 1,657 9,580 5,602 2
1986 5,538 5,538 1,676 9,400 5,461 2
1987 5,747 5,747 1,749 9,746 5,655 2
1988 5,717 5,717 1,728 9,705 5,641 2
1989 4,061 1,718 794 9,670 4,880 3
1990 2,120 805 507 8,598 2,917 7
1991 1,468 725 318 8,625 2,075 15
1992 1,458 665 144 8,307 2,189 13
1993 1,081 652 126 4,015 1,094 14
1994 897 536 129 5,935 1,194 34
1995 1,290 622 58 18,865 2,184 139
1996 929 350 11 18,467 1,835 206
1997 562 215 4 19,129 1,368 389
1998 475 173 1 19,287 1,217 520
1999 321 142 1 5,008 552 530
2000 342 148 1 4,841 559 714
2001 400 155 2 18,159 970 777
2002 404 132 1 18,505 1,023 700
2003 401 134 1 18,546 1,028 672
41
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
2004 410 127 1 17,735 1,086 560
2005 233 79 2 1,905 389 75
2006 833 833 833 833 1
5,386
Total1 390 141 1 18,587 958
(942 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
33Table 12b. Employees by region, WSS
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 399 169 21 2,717 556 549 94
ECA 334 163 3 3,952 506 2,090 384
LAC 422 88 1 18,587 1,320 2,524 417
MENA 582 400 174 2,116 485 89 18
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 536 473 61 1,962 464 134 29
Total 390 141 1 18,587 958 5,386 942
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
34Table 12c. Employees, by country, WSS
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 852 429 57 7,278 1,633 118 18
Armenia 1,348 1,348 1,348 1,348 9 1
Benin 555 555 555 555 5 1
Bolivia 595 595 544 647 73 16 2
Brazil 419 47 1 18,587 1,503 1,710 274
Bulgaria 1,345 1,345 1,345 1,345 5 1
Burkina Faso 599 599 599 599 5 1
Chile 313 256 9 1,652 369 188 20
China 1,120 1,088 99 2,717 913 26 6
Colombia 176 78 5 2,338 345 333 74
Costa Rica 1,685 1,685 333 3,037 1,912 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 1,485 1,485 1,485 1,485 5 1
Croatia 224 155 9 1,398 314 105 21
Czech Republic 546 288 85 2,007 589 218 26
Ecuador 988 988 988 988 4 1
Estonia 422 422 135 708 405 15 2
Georgia 208 61 24 2,783 548 144 25
Honduras 54 54 54 54 3 1
Hungary 532 327 54 2,689 601 222 23
Jordan 471 360 174 1,246 322 69 12
Kazakhstan 533 432 11 2,592 565 132 29
Kyrgyz Republic 99 78 16 340 82 90 18
Malawi 445 445 445 445 5 1
Malaysia 826 694 102 2,078 583 84 17
Mali 473 473 473 473 5 1
Mexico 568 614 94 970 316 54 8
Moldova 131 67 11 1,965 302 350 41
42
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Morocco 2,116 2,116 2,116 2,116 3 1
Nicaragua 2,811 2,811 2,811 2,811 3 1
Nigeria 757 585 112 1,962 527 48 12
Panama 2,525 2,525 2,525 2,525 3 1
Paraguay 247 41 21 884 425 6 4
Peru 475 383 127 1,678 454 71 10
Philippines 2,467 2,467 2,467 2,467 3 1
Poland 560 560 560 560 2 1
Romania 465 326 70 1,752 408 120 25
Russian Federation 286 172 4 2,391 375 437 86
Slovak Republic 282 282 282 282 4 1
Tanzania 102 102 90 115 17 10 2
Togo 670 670 670 670 5 1
Uganda 457 457 457 457 9 1
Ukraine 342 126 3 3,952 640 237 84
Uruguay 5,155 5,155 5,155 5,155 11 1
Vietnam 204 142 21 1,874 296 436 70
West Bank and Gaza 221 221 221 221 5 1
Yemen, Rep. 623 566 400 961 274 12 4
Zambia 196 155 61 497 149 37 8
Total 390 141 1 18,587 958 5,386 942
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
4.4. Labor Productivity
4.4.1 ELECTRICITY— Electricity sold per worker (MWh)
Figure 18. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by year
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
43
Source: PPIS database
35
Table 13a. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1978 992 992 992 992 1
1979 1,066 1,066 1,066 1,066 1
1980 1,182 1,182 1,182 1,182 1
1981 1,368 1,368 1,368 1,368 1
1982 1,374 1,374 1,374 1,374 1
1983 1,316 1,316 1,316 1,316 1
1984 1,335 1,335 1,335 1,335 1
1985 1,292 1,292 1,292 1,292 1
1986 1,348 1,348 1,348 1,348 1
1987 1,034 923 168 2,946 589 32
1988 1,027 974 178 3,017 618 35
1989 1,006 883 187 3,055 638 37
1990 962 861 124 3,008 581 47
1991 1,052 897 268 3,118 585 48
1992 957 884 120 3,140 600 74
1993 1,080 904 126 3,301 710 80
1994 1,139 936 132 3,511 809 88
1995 1,257 1,000 140 3,707 855 101
1996 1,432 1,211 179 4,656 1,008 112
1997 1,722 1,437 159 7,874 1,254 129
1998 1,940 1,614 162 7,592 1,384 139
1999 2,087 1,804 50 9,466 1,552 146
2000 2,392 1,974 127 13,366 2,015 154
2001 2,221 1,644 110 15,878 2,131 180
2002 2,399 1,741 146 16,743 2,270 176
2003 2,292 1,667 193 13,691 2,094 141
2004 1,986 1,356 170 7,283 1,694 89
2005 3,842 4,245 392 8,611 2,173 26
2006 3,931 4,267 409 7,733 2,224 11
1,854
Total1 1,834 1,521 141 11,311 1,462
(214 utilities)
Note: 1 Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
36Table 13b. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 2,475 2,650 1,558 3,217 844 18 3
ECA 1,417 1,157 359 4,186 999 317 54
LAC 2,229 1,849 141 11,311 1,548 1,282 128
MENA 732 732 212 1,253 736 15 2
SA 284 280 210 365 79 28 4
SSA 898 421 157 5,987 1,230 194 23
Total 1,834 1,521 141 11,311 1,462 1,854 214
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
37
44
38Table 13c. Electricity sold per worker (MWh), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 2,155 2,244 576 4,700 1,061 186 25
Armenia 370 370 370 370 2 1
Azerbaijan 1,173 1,252 639 1,464 336 65 5
Bolivia 1,040 1,016 171 1,941 665 75 6
Botswana 986 986 986 986 4 1
Brazil 2,228 1,841 355 6,445 1,340 529 47
Burkina Faso 258 258 258 258 15 1
Cameroon 779 779 779 779 12 1
Cape Verde 229 229 229 229 4 1
CAR 158 158 158 158 5 1
Chile 4,130 3,711 1,008 11,311 2,622 107 12
Colombia 2,414 1,909 768 5,909 1,698 81 11
Czech Republic 3,414 3,231 3,056 3,956 477 24 3
Djibouti 212 212 212 212 6 1
El Salvador 1,815 1,646 1,273 2,341 463 61 5
Eritrea 205 205 205 205 10 1
Estonia 2,194 2,194 735 3,652 2,063 20 2
Ethiopia 163 163 163 163 12 1
Georgia 852 852 852 852 2 1
Ghana 709 709 709 709 12 1
Guatemala 4,834 4,834 4,834 4,834 1 1
Hungary 1,982 2,086 1,670 2,086 208 9 4
India 284 280 210 365 79 28 4
Kenya 421 421 421 421 13 1
Malawi 352 352 352 352 12 1
Malaysia 2,104 2,104 1,558 2,650 773 11 2
Mali 392 392 392 392 4 1
Mauritania 157 157 157 157 1 1
Mauritius 624 624 624 624 12 1
Mexico 1,637 1,637 1,637 1,637 7 1
Moldova 579 390 359 1,356 435 39 5
Morocco 1,253 1,253 1,253 1,253 9 1
Mozambique 347 347 347 347 11 1
Namibia 1,274 1,274 994 1,555 397 3 2
Niger 343 343 343 343 11 1
Panama 1,499 1,640 832 2,025 609 39 3
Peru 1,468 1,156 141 3,410 943 188 16
Philippines 3,217 3,217 3,217 3,217 7 1
Poland 2,213 2,254 1,235 3,111 986 28 4
Russian Fed. 1,358 1,358 1,358 1,358 3 1
Senegal 1,693 1,693 1,693 1,693 2 1
Slovak Republic 2,250 2,309 2,112 2,329 120 25 3
South Africa 5,987 5,987 5,987 5,987 11 1
Tanzania 244 244 244 244 9 1
Uganda 649 649 649 649 12 1
Ukraine 1,080 814 375 4,186 836 100 25
Uruguay 827 827 827 827 8 1
Zambia 1,820 1,820 1,820 1,820 12 1
Zimbabwe 1,588 1,588 1,588 1,588 7 1
Total 1,834 1,521 141 11,311 1,462 1,854 214
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
45
4.4.2 WATER — Water sold per worker (m3)
Figure 19. Water sold per worker (m3), by year
800
00
600
00
400
00
200
00
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
39Table 14a. Water sold per worker (m3), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 81,441 80,269 52,665 112,560 24,679 4
1993 71,379 66,382 30,562 122,190 41,251 4
1994 56,648 27,940 6,384 415,938 94,914 18
1995 39,065 29,391 3,579 182,567 31,732 117
1996 37,476 24,088 2,311 318,102 40,932 159
1997 37,490 24,562 1,627 1,047,368 65,083 330
1998 35,180 28,588 1,442 260,000 31,526 443
1999 35,203 28,159 1,373 261,300 32,250 470
2000 37,703 26,808 208 942,056 55,853 640
2001 42,279 27,332 467 1,948,571 90,318 697
2002 66,174 33,000 300 11,400,000 468,147 599
2003 53,977 36,184 261 895,204 69,410 637
2004 54,186 37,959 466 694,650 60,162 540
2005 55,716 38,630 1,525 678,006 86,161 62
2006 35,270 35,270 35,270 35,270 1
4,721
Total1 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957
(904 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
40Table 14b. Water sold per worker (m3), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 32,158 19,470 4,184 247,263 40,006 490 93
ECA 24,431 18,366 1,584 276,362 26,525 2,030 378
LAC 77,497 47,444 7,043 3,831,923 200,919 1,995 388
MENA 19,668 12,181 5,660 68,397 16,025 85 18
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 85,885 40,553 4,148 897,960 172,677 121 27
Total 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957 4,721 904
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
46
41Table 14c. Water sold per worker (m3), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 167,260 181,712 87,634 305,013 66,743 40 11
Armenia 113,681 113,681 113,681 113,681 9 1
Benin 39,480 39,480 39,480 39,480 5 1
Bolivia 56,862 56,862 20,866 92,859 50,907 4 2
Brazil 73,299 45,780 9,488 3,831,923 234,837 1,609 270
Bulgaria 67,704 67,704 67,704 67,704 5 1
Burkina Faso 45,595 45,595 45,595 45,595 5 1
Chile 167,933 122,454 59,994 523,243 118,093 37 17
China 140,930 156,208 27,704 247,263 84,076 22 6
Colombia 60,020 39,544 7,043 375,274 57,110 204 67
Costa Rica 46,696 46,696 46,279 47,114 590 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 81,949 81,949 81,949 81,949 5 1
Croatia 42,608 23,779 7,733 276,362 57,682 105 21
Czech Republic 30,818 26,039 14,747 62,808 13,252 203 26
Ecuador 84,051 84,051 84,051 84,051 2 1
Estonia 52,984 52,984 43,404 62,563 13,547 15 2
Georgia 27,874 20,044 5,525 109,309 24,536 138 25
Honduras 83,320 83,320 83,320 83,320 3 1
Hungary 24,770 19,309 11,299 114,302 21,247 219 23
Jordan 16,111 11,692 5,660 44,636 10,731 65 12
Kazakhstan 24,892 22,563 2,302 69,028 15,708 117 26
Kyrgyz Republic 26,255 18,184 2,501 90,254 24,957 89 18
Malawi 45,944 45,944 45,944 45,944 5 1
Malaysia 10,580 9,527 4,184 30,629 6,052 48 17
Mali 73,539 73,539 73,539 73,539 5 1
Moldova 6,289 4,624 1,584 42,825 7,172 347 41
Morocco 68,397 68,397 68,397 68,397 3 1
Nicaragua 26,420 26,420 26,420 26,420 2 1
Nigeria 152,752 39,438 4,148 897,960 277,756 40 10
Panama 96,250 96,250 96,250 96,250 3 1
Paraguay 58,959 53,702 46,546 81,884 16,496 6 4
Peru 80,154 53,708 33,972 250,991 65,559 70 10
Philippines 112,056 112,056 112,056 112,056 3 1
Poland 41,446 41,446 41,446 41,446 2 1
Romania 41,203 32,648 15,033 234,526 41,740 120 25
Russian Fed. 26,640 19,177 1,596 159,666 24,628 420 83
Slovak Republic 31,151 31,151 31,151 31,151 4 1
Tanzania 16,926 16,926 12,704 21,149 5,971 7 2
Togo 22,091 22,091 22,091 22,091 5 1
Uganda 38,262 38,262 38,262 38,262 9 1
Ukraine 15,400 12,220 2,768 54,193 11,738 237 84
Uruguay 27,588 27,588 27,588 27,588 11 1
Vietnam 26,858 20,689 5,605 101,993 18,822 417 69
West Bank& Gaza 38,384 38,384 38,384 38,384 5 1
Yemen, Rep. 13,479 12,105 9,333 20,374 4,793 12 4
Zambia 51,333 46,830 23,888 108,509 27,320 35 8
Total 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957 4,721 904
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
47
4.4.3. SANITATION— Wastewater treated per worker (m3)
Figure 20. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by year
0000
400
000
300
000
200
000
100
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
42Table 15a. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 81,441 80,269 52,665 112,560 24,679 4
1993 71,379 66,382 30,562 122,190 41,251 4
1994 56,648 27,940 6,384 415,938 94,914 18
1995 39,065 29,391 3,579 182,567 31,732 117
1996 37,476 24,088 2,311 318,102 40,932 159
1997 37,490 24,562 1,627 1,047,368 65,083 330
1998 35,180 28,588 1,442 260,000 31,526 443
1999 35,203 28,159 1,373 261,300 32,250 470
2000 37,703 26,808 208 942,056 55,853 640
2001 42,279 27,332 467 1,948,571 90,318 697
2002 66,174 33,000 300 11,400,000 468,147 599
2003 53,977 36,184 261 895,204 69,410 637
2004 54,186 37,959 466 694,650 60,162 540
2005 55,716 38,630 1,525 678,006 86,161 62
2006 35,270 35,270 35,270 35,270 1
4,721
Total1 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957
(904 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
43Table 15b. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 32,158 19,470 4,184 247,263 40,006 490 93
ECA 24,431 18,366 1,584 276,362 26,525 2,030 378
LAC 77,497 47,444 7,043 3,831,923 200,919 1,995 388
MENA 19,668 12,181 5,660 68,397 16,025 85 18
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 85,885 40,553 4,148 897,960 172,677 121 27
Total 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957 4,721 904
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
48
44Table 15c. Wastewater treated per worker (m3), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 167,260 181,712 87,634 305,013 66,743 40 11
Armenia 113,681 113,681 113,681 113,681 9 1
Benin 39,480 39,480 39,480 39,480 5 1
Bolivia 56,862 56,862 20,866 92,859 50,907 4 2
Brazil 73,299 45,780 9,488 3,831,923 234,837 1,609 270
Bulgaria 67,704 67,704 67,704 67,704 5 1
Burkina Faso 45,595 45,595 45,595 45,595 5 1
Chile 167,933 122,454 59,994 523,243 118,093 37 17
China 140,930 156,208 27,704 247,263 84,076 22 6
Colombia 60,020 39,544 7,043 375,274 57,110 204 67
Costa Rica 46,696 46,696 46,279 47,114 590 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 81,949 81,949 81,949 81,949 5 1
Croatia 42,608 23,779 7,733 276,362 57,682 105 21
Czech Republic 30,818 26,039 14,747 62,808 13,252 203 26
Ecuador 84,051 84,051 84,051 84,051 2 1
Estonia 52,984 52,984 43,404 62,563 13,547 15 2
Georgia 27,874 20,044 5,525 109,309 24,536 138 25
Honduras 83,320 83,320 83,320 83,320 3 1
Hungary 24,770 19,309 11,299 114,302 21,247 219 23
Jordan 16,111 11,692 5,660 44,636 10,731 65 12
Kazakhstan 24,892 22,563 2,302 69,028 15,708 117 26
Kyrgyz Republic 26,255 18,184 2,501 90,254 24,957 89 18
Malawi 45,944 45,944 45,944 45,944 5 1
Malaysia 10,580 9,527 4,184 30,629 6,052 48 17
Mali 73,539 73,539 73,539 73,539 5 1
Moldova 6,289 4,624 1,584 42,825 7,172 347 41
Morocco 68,397 68,397 68,397 68,397 3 1
Nicaragua 26,420 26,420 26,420 26,420 2 1
Nigeria 152,752 39,438 4,148 897,960 277,756 40 10
Panama 96,250 96,250 96,250 96,250 3 1
Paraguay 58,959 53,702 46,546 81,884 16,496 6 4
Peru 80,154 53,708 33,972 250,991 65,559 70 10
Philippines 112,056 112,056 112,056 112,056 3 1
Poland 41,446 41,446 41,446 41,446 2 1
Romania 41,203 32,648 15,033 234,526 41,740 120 25
Russian Fed. 26,640 19,177 1,596 159,666 24,628 420 83
Slovak Republic 31,151 31,151 31,151 31,151 4 1
Tanzania 16,926 16,926 12,704 21,149 5,971 7 2
Togo 22,091 22,091 22,091 22,091 5 1
Uganda 38,262 38,262 38,262 38,262 9 1
Ukraine 15,400 12,220 2,768 54,193 11,738 237 84
Uruguay 27,588 27,588 27,588 27,588 11 1
Vietnam 26,858 20,689 5,605 101,993 18,822 417 69
West Bank& Gaza 38,384 38,384 38,384 38,384 5 1
Yemen, Rep. 13,479 12,105 9,333 20,374 4,793 12 4
Zambia 51,333 46,830 23,888 108,509 27,320 35 8
Total 49,743 31,041 1,584 3,831,923 138,957 4,721 904
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
49
4.5. Connections per worker
4.5.1. ELECTRICITY – Residential connections per worker
60
0
50
0
40
0
30
0
20
0 Figure 21. Residential connections per worker, by year, electricity
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
45Table 16a. Residential connections per worker, by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1981 309 309 309 309 1
1982 328 328 328 328 1
1983 324 324 324 324 1
1984 303 303 303 303 1
1985 292 292 292 292 1
1986 292 292 292 292 1
1987 197 172 85 380 78 32
1988 194 165 82 388 83 36
1989 195 159 90 406 87 37
1990 207 169 69 439 100 47
1991 224 190 111 472 102 48
1992 211 191 22 509 113 67
1993 228 202 17 548 131 73
1994 247 211 17 627 151 77
1995 274 233 18 755 166 85
1996 313 291 20 762 183 98
1997 366 340 22 1,591 243 114
1998 407 361 24 1,443 257 127
1999 457 406 27 1,457 288 130
2000 510 439 28 3,008 397 135
2001 477 387 61 3,629 419 165
2002 478 376 3 3,825 436 165
2003 423 288 60 2,010 362 130
2004 318 220 5 2,100 285 80
2005 513 388 116 2,174 487 16
2006 639 366 122 2,232 801 6
1,674
Total1 353 308 4 2,624 280
(195 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
50
46Table 16b. Residential connections per worker, by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 274 189 145 488 186 18 3
ECA 207 175 4 512 104 255 51
LAC 457 409 60 2,624 301 1,249 121
MENA 190 190 190 190 4 1
SA 57 57 57 57 6 1
SSA 105 80 21 461 95 142 18
Total 353 308 4 2,624 280 1,674 195
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
47Table 16c. Residential connections per worker, by country, electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 405 372 60 859 204 190 25
Armenia 92 92 92 92 2 1
Azerbaijan 125 129 75 157 35 65 5
Bolivia 321 313 92 509 169 75 6
Brazil 384 377 127 792 144 528 47
Burkina Faso 122 122 122 122 15 1
Cameroon 117 117 117 117 10 1
Cape Verde 95 95 95 95 1 1
Chile 856 552 315 2,624 875 80 6
Colombia 512 365 293 1,567 366 86 11
Czech Republic 402 392 301 512 106 20 3
El Salvador 656 628 561 875 128 61 5
Eritrea 87 87 87 87 10 1
Estonia 495 495 495 495 2 1
Ethiopia 59 59 59 59 12 1
Georgia 188 188 188 188 2 1
Ghana 140 140 140 140 12 1
Guatemala 1,181 1,181 1,181 1,181 1 1
India 57 57 57 57 6 1
Kenya 48 48 48 48 13 1
Malawi 21 21 21 21 8 1
Malaysia 167 167 145 189 31 11 2
Mali 100 100 100 100 4 1
Mauritius 142 142 142 142 12 1
Mexico 225 225 225 225 7 1
Moldova 253 250 197 329 52 25 5
Morocco 190 190 190 190 4 1
Mozambique 54 54 54 54 11 1
Namibia 73 73 73 73 2 1
Niger 63 63 63 63 9 1
Panama 198 178 177 237 34 39 3
Peru 575 597 81 1,058 244 182 16
Philippines 488 488 488 488 7 1
Poland 239 181 172 422 122 17 4
Russian Fed. 211 211 4 418 293 7 2
Senegal 461 461 461 461 2 1
Slovak Republic 298 274 214 406 98 10 3
51
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
South Africa 117 117 117 117 4 1
Uganda 60 60 48 73 18 14 2
Ukraine 169 161 117 256 38 105 26
Zambia 70 70 70 70 3 1
Total 353 308 4 2,624 280 1,674 195
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
4.5.2. WATER— Connections per worker
Figure 22. Total connections per worker, by year, water
300
250
200
150
100
50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
48Table 17a. Connections per worker, by year, water
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1980 68 68 68 68 1
1981 249 249 90 408 225 2
1982 254 254 99 408 219 2
1983 264 264 103 426 228 2
1984 264 264 105 424 225 2
1985 274 274 111 437 230 2
1986 282 282 117 446 233 2
1987 278 278 113 442 233 2
1988 289 289 115 463 246 2
1989 225 117 83 476 218 3
1990 207 138 74 488 148 7
1991 192 132 100 498 135 9
1992 207 161 105 485 112 12
52
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1993 217 185 32 493 116 14
1994 164 155 13 505 122 26
1995 175 167 16 532 105 103
1996 185 163 2 806 146 164
1997 156 112 0 849 148 345
1998 155 112 0 755 143 443
1999 159 122 0 818 144 472
2000 148 93 0 3,443 195 647
2001 164 107 0 2,486 190 714
2002 199 152 0 3,918 228 642
2003 211 163 2 4,152 244 646
2004 231 184 2 4,231 253 542
2005 297 209 6 3,267 420 61
4,867
Total1 172 130 0 3,097 188
(892 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
49Table 17b. Connections per worker, by region, water
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 155 98 12 1,133 163 462 91
ECA 58 44 0 418 52 1,762 344
LAC 280 231 43 3,097 212 2,425 410
MENA 109 81 40 354 81 85 18
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 104 72 7 483 105 133 29
Total 172 130 0 3,097 188 4,867 892
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
50Table 17c. Connections per worker, by country, water
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 362 316 164 818 158 105 17
Armenia 207 207 207 207 8 1
Benin 182 182 182 182 5 1
Bolivia 211 211 87 335 175 16 2
Brazil 268 223 50 3,097 212 1,659 273
Bulgaria 93 93 93 93 5 1
Burkina Faso 114 114 114 114 5 1
Chile 445 476 91 738 153 186 20
China 350 335 272 443 86 12 3
Colombia 272 218 62 1,851 239 305 69
Costa Rica 148 148 148 148 0 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 347 347 347 347 5 1
Croatia 101 97 22 185 45 105 21
Czech Republic 76 78 37 117 22 179 24
Ecuador 281 281 281 281 4 1
Estonia 91 91 31 151 85 15 2
Georgia 84 65 17 418 80 138 25
Honduras 181 181 181 181 3 1
53
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Hungary 117 119 45 172 38 140 19
Jordan 90 70 40 256 60 65 12
Kazakhstan 74 70 3 208 56 54 12
Kyrgyz Republic 77 60 0 200 60 87 18
Malawi 53 53 53 53 5 1
Malaysia 327 305 95 1,133 243 34 17
Mali 155 155 155 155 5 1
Mexico 212 229 43 330 96 54 8
Moldova 22 23 1 53 11 342 41
Morocco 354 354 354 354 3 1
Nicaragua 184 184 184 184 3 1
Nigeria 103 40 7 483 144 48 12
Panama 168 168 168 168 3 1
Paraguay 255 265 201 286 38 6 4
Peru 338 264 174 783 215 66 10
Philippines 235 235 235 235 3 1
Romania 43 34 6 246 46 118 25
Russian Fed. 37 19 0 212 45 334 72
Slovak Republic 85 85 85 85 4 1
Tanzania 68 68 47 89 30 10 2
Togo 70 70 70 70 5 1
Uganda 90 90 90 90 9 1
Ukraine 50 39 1 281 43 233 82
Uruguay 142 142 142 142 11 1
Vietnam 104 88 12 661 95 413 70
West Bank &Gaza 173 173 173 173 5 1
Yemen, Rep. 86 86 56 116 26 12 4
Zambia 81 78 62 105 15 36 8
Total 172 130 0 3,097 188 4,867 892
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
54
4.6. Coverage
4.6. 1. ELECTRICITY— Residential coverage rate (%)
10
9
9
8
80
5
0
5
0
Figure 23. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, electricity
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
51Table 18a. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 81 100 4 100 28 28
1993 79 97 4 100 29 30
1994 82 100 4 100 27 29
1995 81 100 4 100 29 31
1996 82 100 5 100 29 30
1997 81 100 5 100 29 33
1998 82 99 5 100 27 34
1999 83 98 5 100 26 37
2000 81 96 5 100 28 39
2001 84 98 5 100 27 40
2002 83 98 5 100 28 36
2003 83 99 4 100 27 36
2004 91 100 4 100 21 28
431
Total1 78 95 4 100 31
(46 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
52Table 18b. Residential coverage rate (%), by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 97 97 97 97 1 1
ECA 99 100 93 100 2 191 18
LAC 78 84 28 100 22 196 18
MENA 48 48 48 48 3 1
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
55
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
SSA 29 21 4 75 26 40 8
Total 78 95 4 100 31 431 46
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
53Table 18c. Residential coverage rate (%), by country, electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 65 71 28 98 24 83 7
Azerbaijan 100 100 98 100 1 65 5
Brazil 98 98 94 100 3 44 4
Colombia 92 91 84 100 8 30 3
Djibouti 48 48 48 48 3 1
Estonia 100 100 100 100 13 1
Ethiopia 12 12 12 12 5 1
Georgia 93 93 93 93 1 1
Mexico 95 95 95 95 7 1
Moldova 100 100 100 100 0 65 5
Mozambique 5 5 5 5 11 1
Namibia 48 48 48 48 2 1
Niger 6 6 6 6 4 1
Peru 61 60 43 81 19 32 3
Philippines 97 97 97 97 1 1
Poland 100 100 100 100 13 1
Russian Fed. 100 100 100 100 0 26 2
Senegal 30 30 30 30 4 1
Slovak Republic 100 100 100 100 0 2 2
South Africa 50 50 50 50 2 1
Uganda 4 4 4 4 2 1
Ukraine 100 100 100 100 6 1
Zimbabwe 75 75 75 75 10 1
Total 78 95 4 100 31 431 46
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
56
4.6.2. WATER— Residential coverage rate (%)
Figure 24. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, water
10
9
8
70
0
0
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
54Table 19a. Residential coverage rate (%), by year, water
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1980 99 99 99 99 1
1981 98 98 98 98 1
1982 99 99 99 99 1
1983 99 99 99 99 1
1984 99 99 99 99 1
1985 87 87 74 99 17 2
1986 87 87 75 99 17 2
1987 87 87 74 99 18 2
1988 86 86 73 99 19 2
1989 86 86 73 99 19 2
1990 85 94 60 100 16 13
1991 81 80 62 99 13 20
1992 81 78 57 99 15 16
1993 90 97 55 100 13 31
1994 89 96 23 100 16 41
1995 92 98 23 100 14 74
1996 83 94 25 100 21 119
1997 73 82 3 100 28 255
1998 74 81 6 100 27 341
1999 74 82 7 100 26 338
2000 75 81 4 100 25 525
2001 77 84 2 100 24 755
2002 78 85 4 100 24 651
2003 80 89 7 100 22 646
2004 84 92 7 100 19 542
2005 91 93 77 100 9 7
4,389
Total1 78 85 5 100 23
(905 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
57
55Table 19b. Residential coverage rate (%), by region, water
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 44 43 5 89 19 411 70
ECA 79 86 6 100 22 1,947 380
LAC 83 89 7 100 18 1,788 395
MENA 84 88 32 100 15 110 31
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 61 59 16 100 21 133 29
Total 78 85 5 100 23 4,389 905
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
56Table 19c Residential coverage rate (%), by country, water
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 85 86 76 95 7 113 14
Armenia 100 100 100 100 9 1
Benin 52 52 52 52 5 1
Bolivia 77 77 69 86 12 16 2
Brazil 82 89 7 100 20 1,084 276
Bulgaria 98 98 98 98 6 1
Burkina Faso 78 78 78 78 5 1
Chile 99 99 90 100 2 243 19
Colombia 88 91 45 100 13 203 58
Costa Rica 98 98 96 100 3 4 2
Cote d'Ivoire 77 77 77 77 5 1
Croatia 82 92 24 100 23 105 21
Czech Republic 91 94 70 100 10 112 22
Ecuador 65 65 65 65 7 1
Estonia 100 100 100 100 5 1
Georgia 62 55 23 100 27 138 25
Honduras 74 74 74 74 3 1
Hungary 98 100 81 100 4 220 23
Jordan 93 95 78 98 6 58 12
Kazakhstan 83 97 6 100 24 134 30
Kyrgyz Republic 66 61 31 100 23 90 18
Malawi 70 70 70 70 5 1
Mali 70 70 70 70 5 1
Mexico 75 83 27 99 29 37 5
Moldova 60 59 25 97 19 342 41
Morocco 84 84 68 100 9 43 16
Nicaragua 87 87 87 87 3 1
Nigeria 58 58 16 100 24 48 12
Panama 96 96 96 96 3 1
Paraguay 45 42 24 70 19 6 4
Peru 83 84 58 100 11 61 10
Philippines 77 77 73 80 5 15 2
Poland 86 86 86 86 2 1
Romania 92 99 68 100 12 122 25
Russian
Federation 86 90 21 100 15 422 85
Slovak Republic 89 89 84 95 8 3 2
Tanzania 56 56 54 59 4 10 2
58
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Togo 46 46 46 46 5 1
Uganda 50 50 50 50 9 1
Ukraine 74 80 27 100 23 237 84
Uruguay 96 96 96 96 5 1
Vietnam 43 43 5 89 19 396 68
Yemen, Rep. 50 53 32 64 16 9 3
Zambia 65 65 28 100 25 36 8
Total 78 85 5 100 23 4,389 905
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
4.7. Collection ratio
4.7.1 ELECTRICITY- Collection ratio (%)
Figure 25. Collection ratio (%), by year, electricity
10
9
8
7
60
0
0
0
0
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
57Table 20a. Collection ratio (%), by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 65 75 19 106 31 16
1993 63 73 20 102 31 16
1994 65 77 20 104 31 19
1995 66 77 20 100 28 21
1996 71 80 19 101 28 22
1997 69 79 22 101 27 22
1998 58 68 10 100 30 33
1999 65 78 12 111 30 31
2000 75 82 20 107 24 34
59
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
2001 84 88 21 109 19 59
2002 89 94 22 108 15 61
2003 89 95 21 106 18 57
2004 91 97 25 112 18 54
2005 92 93 90 94 2 3
2006 91 90 89 94 3 3
451
Total1 82 87 14 103 20
(69 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
58Table 20b. Collection ratio (%), by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 82 82 82 82 6 1
ECA 83 94 21 103 23 217 38
LAC 81 85 14 100 19 140 20
MENA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SA 71 71 64 78 10 14 2
SSA 85 86 74 100 8 74 8
Total 82 87 14 103 20 451 69
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
59Table 20c. Collection ratio (%), by country, electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 81 81 72 91 14 2 2
Azerbaijan 30 30 21 40 7 65 5
Brazil 87 92 64 99 16 32 4
Cameroon 85 85 85 85 4 1
Colombia 77 90 14 100 30 33 7
Georgia 55 55 55 55 9 1
Ghana 89 89 89 89 12 1
India 71 71 64 78 10 14 2
Kenya 75 75 75 75 11 1
Malaysia 82 82 82 82 6 1
Mauritius 100 100 100 100 12 1
Moldova 80 81 77 83 2 31 5
Mozambique 87 87 87 87 8 1
Niger 84 84 84 84 9 1
Peru 80 80 69 86 6 73 7
Russian Fed. 96 96 96 96 5 1
Tanzania 89 89 89 89 6 1
Uganda 74 74 74 74 12 1
Ukraine 95 98 78 103 8 107 26
Total 82 87 14 103 20 451 69
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
60
4.7.2 WATER— Collection ratio (%)
Figure 26. Collection ratio (%), by year, water
10
9
9
8
80
5
0
5
0
1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
60Table 21a. Collection ratio (%), by year, water
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1994 83 83 83 83 1
1995 99 100 80 105 4 76
1996 96 100 52 103 10 93
1997 97 100 51 103 8 137
1998 98 100 41 104 7 195
1999 97 100 31 107 9 235
2000 95 100 21 108 13 320
2001 95 100 13 109 14 373
2002 95 100 12 109 13 402
2003 95 100 7 109 13 496
2004 95 100 13 109 13 469
2005 91 95 70 100 12 5
2,802
Total1 95 100 13 106 13 (n524
utilities)
Note: 1 Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
61Table 21b. Collection ratio (%), by region, water
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 96 98 91 100 4 21 6
ECA 89 95 13 106 16 732 148
LAC 97 100 18 102 10 1,929 337
MENA 100 100 99 100 0 52 18
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 83 92 39 100 19 68 15
Total 95 100 13 106 13 2,802 524
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
61
62Table 21c. Collection ratio (%), by country, water
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 71 76 43 89 16 46 9
Benin 99 99 99 99 5 1
Brazil 100 100 99 102 0 1,716 278
Bulgaria 92 92 92 92 5 1
Burkina Faso 100 100 100 100 5 1
China 96 96 91 100 4 19 5
Colombia 90 98 18 100 18 102 43
Cote d'Ivoire 93 93 93 93 5 1
Croatia 61 70 13 88 25 64 13
Czech Republic 95 96 84 100 5 124 16
Estonia 99 99 99 99 4 1
Hungary 99 100 80 103 5 193 22
Malawi 92 92 92 92 5 1
Moldova 93 97 38 106 14 82 41
Morocco 100 100 100 100 0 40 14
Peru 74 73 50 90 14 56 6
Philippines 100 100 100 100 2 1
Romania 96 98 74 106 7 119 25
Russian
Federation 82 87 70 87 10 19 3
Slovak Republic 82 82 82 82 2 1
Tanzania 96 96 96 96 2 1
Togo 75 75 75 75 5 1
Uganda 100 100 100 100 9 1
Ukraine 81 84 52 101 15 120 25
Uruguay 90 90 90 90 9 1
Yemen, Rep. 100 100 99 100 1 12 4
Zambia 74 73 39 97 21 32 8
Total 95 100 13 106 13 2,802 524
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
62
4.8 Operational performance
4.8.1 ELECTRICITY— Electricity lost in distribution (%)
25
20
15
10
Figure 27. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by year
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
63Table 22a. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1978 13 13 13 13 1
1979 15 15 15 15 1
1980 16 16 16 16 1
1981 13 13 13 13 1
1982 17 17 17 17 1
1983 22 22 22 22 1
1984 19 19 19 19 1
1985 18 18 16 20 3 2
1986 17 17 14 21 5 2
1987 12 11 6 21 5 26
1988 13 12 6 22 5 28
1989 13 13 6 26 5 31
1990 14 14 6 29 5 53
1991 15 13 6 29 5 51
1992 17 15 6 40 7 95
1993 17 15 6 77 9 97
1994 18 17 6 91 10 105
1995 18 16 6 68 9 115
1996 18 16 5 72 9 145
1997 18 17 4 64 9 159
1998 18 16 2 49 9 167
1999 18 15 2 62 10 173
2000 18 14 2 49 10 179
2001 18 14 1 54 10 183
2002 17 14 1 54 10 174
63
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
2003 17 14 1 45 9 134
2004 15 13 1 40 7 85
2005 13 10 6 46 9 19
2006 13 12 9 20 4 11
2,041
Total1 17 15 2 50 8
(216 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
64Table 22b. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 12 12 12 13 0 19 2
ECA 19 19 7 38 8 457 54
LAC 15 14 2 50 8 1,320 129
MENA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SA 34 33 25 43 7 36 6
SSA 17 18 3 34 8 209 25
Total 17 15 2 50 8 2,041 216
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
65Table 22c. Electricity lost in distribution (%), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 16 15 7 37 7 189 25
Armenia 24 24 24 24 6 1
Azerbaijan 22 23 17 23 2 65 5
Bolivia 12 11 9 21 4 93 6
Botswana 9 9 9 9 10 1
Brazil 14 13 2 43 8 482 46
Burkina Faso 14 14 14 14 5 1
Cameroon 28 28 28 28 10 1
Cape Verde 18 18 18 18 7 1
Central African
Republic 30 30 30 30 6 1
Chile 8 7 6 13 2 98 11
Colombia 19 19 14 24 4 97 11
Congo, Dem. Rep. 3 3 3 3 1 1
Czech Republic 8 8 7 9 1 22 3
El Salvador 15 14 9 21 5 70 5
Eritrea 17 17 17 17 6 1
Estonia 18 18 18 18 13 1
Ethiopia 18 18 18 18 10 1
Georgia 37 37 37 37 8 1
Ghana 23 23 23 23 12 1
Guatemala 13 13 13 13 0 24 3
Hungary 11 10 10 12 1 13 4
India 34 33 25 43 7 36 6
Kenya 18 18 18 18 13 1
Malawi 22 22 22 22 8 1
Malaysia 13 13 13 13 6 1
64
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Mali 26 26 26 26 9 1
Mauritania 26 26 26 26 1 1
Mauritius 11 11 11 11 12 1
Moldova 25 26 19 29 4 58 5
Mozambique 15 15 15 15 11 1
Namibia 10 10 10 11 1 3 2
Nicaragua 27 27 27 27 0 26 2
Niger 11 11 11 11 12 1
Panama 17 16 10 24 7 39 3
Peru 20 17 12 50 10 200 16
Philippines 12 12 12 12 13 1
Poland 10 9 7 12 2 11 3
Russian Fed. 12 12 10 14 3 15 2
Senegal 18 18 18 18 9 1
Slovak Republic 10 9 9 10 0 18 3
South Africa 7 7 7 7 15 1
Tanzania 21 21 21 21 12 1
Uganda 22 22 10 34 17 14 2
Ukraine 22 22 8 38 7 228 26
Uruguay 14 14 14 14 2 1
Zambia 20 20 20 20 12 1
Zimbabwe 9 9 9 9 11 1
Total 17 15 2 50 8 2,041 216
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
4.8.2 WATER— Water lost in distribution (%)18
Figure 28. Water lost in distribution (%), by year
4
4
3
3
25
0
5
0
5
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
18
We use water lost in distribution and nonrevenue water as synonyms.
65
66Table 23a. Water lost in distribution (%), by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 27 25 15 40 8 7
1993 25 25 2 38 11 9
1994 40 41 7 80 19 17
1995 38 37 4 82 15 121
1996 34 31 2 95 17 157
1997 33 31 1 81 16 309
1998 33 30 1 84 17 438
1999 32 30 1 97 16 467
2000 31 29 1 100 17 620
2001 31 30 1 100 17 647
2002 34 31 1 100 17 584
2003 36 35 1 100 17 613
2004 36 34 2 100 17 504
2005 38 36 12 67 17 6
4,499
Total1 33 32 1 100 16
(877 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
67Table 23b. Water lost in distribution (%), by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 35 35 8 95 13 611 94
ECA 27 25 1 87 14 1,868 355
LAC 38 38 2 100 17 1,787 372
MENA 43 42 19 81 16 112 30
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 40 38 12 78 18 121 26
Total 33 32 1 100 16 4,499 877
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
68
66
Table 23c. Water lost in distribution (m3), by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 36 39 12 58 13 27 10
Armenia 52 52 52 52 9 1
Benin 20 20 20 20 5 1
Bolivia 36 36 33 39 4 4 2
Brazil 36 35 2 100 18 1,515 266
Burkina Faso 17 17 17 17 10 1
Chile 32 33 10 43 9 35 17
China 21 20 18 27 3 56 7
Colombia 44 43 20 68 12 116 57
Costa Rica 49 49 47 50 2 3 2
Cote d'Ivoire 19 19 19 19 5 1
Croatia 20 17 15 50 8 105 21
Czech Republic 24 22 14 44 8 169 21
Ecuador 73 73 73 73 2 1
Estonia 31 31 31 31 6 1
Georgia 29 26 15 54 11 129 23
Honduras 59 59 59 59 3 1
Hungary 26 25 16 37 5 219 23
Jordan 58 58 43 81 12 60 12
Kazakhstan 29 28 1 67 15 109 26
Kyrgyz Republic 26 23 9 79 16 87 18
Malawi 12 12 12 12 5 1
Malaysia 36 35 21 63 11 135 17
Mali 36 36 36 36 5 1
Moldova 31 34 4 60 11 324 41
Morocco 32 33 19 45 9 40 14
Nicaragua 57 57 57 57 1 1
Nigeria 40 40 29 60 11 36 9
Panama 38 38 38 38 3 1
Paraguay 58 58 47 68 11 6 4
Peru 44 40 31 62 11 72 10
Philippines 56 56 46 66 14 16 2
Romania 33 33 9 66 16 122 25
Russian Fed. 27 25 3 81 17 355 71
Slovak Republic 38 38 37 39 1 4 2
Tanzania 65 65 57 72 11 7 2
Togo 29 29 29 29 5 1
Uganda 51 51 51 51 9 1
Ukraine 25 21 2 87 15 230 82
Vietnam 36 35 8 95 13 404 68
Yemen, Rep. 37 37 34 42 3 12 4
Zambia 47 53 20 78 20 34 8
Total 33 32 1 100 16 4,499 877
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
67
4.9 Quality
4.9.1 ELECTRICITY— Frequency of interruptions
000
30
00
20
00
10
Figure 29. Frequency of interruptions, by year, electricity
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
69Table 24a. Frequency of interruptions, by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1991 18 17 4 47 11 15
1992 92 20 2 418 130 23
1993 89 25 2 481 136 25
1994 92 24 4 483 146 25
1995 333 28 3 6,832 1,281 28
1996 175 29 3 5,419 771 49
1997 1,953 24 3 124,131 15,049 68
1998 1,643 19 1 97,141 11,335 76
1999 1,324 18 2 43,846 6,132 83
2000 1,790 17 3 51,964 7,384 93
2001 1,381 20 3 47,296 6,591 92
2002 1,107 19 3 31,328 4,438 88
2003 1,118 16 1 27,047 4,169 75
2004 3,117 130 4 30,026 7,172 27
2005 9 10 6 11 2 6
2006 12 12 12 12 1
774
Total1 1,459 24 1 56,597 6,669
(115 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
68
70Table 24b. Frequency of interruptions, by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 28,313 28,313 29 56,597 40,000 16 2
ECA 2,977 317 72 25,344 7,504 82 11
LAC 404 16 1 15,222 1,938 638 91
MENA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 3,790 424 59 32,841 9,696 38 11
Total 1,459 24 1 56,597 6,669 774 115
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
71Table 24c. Frequency of interruptions, by country, electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 47 7 4 285 105 48 7
Azerbaijan 314 308 273 367 40 52 4
Bolivia 7 5 3 16 5 29 5
Brazil 27 18 6 140 26 480 53
Burkina Faso 318 318 318 318 11 1
Cape Verde 63 63 63 63 3 1
CAR 424 424 424 424 1 1
Chile 12 12 6 17 5 4 3
Colombia 4,054 138 5 15,222 6,493 22 6
El Salvador 15 17 1 24 10 5 5
Estonia 25,344 25,344 25,344 25,344 5 1
Gabon 59 59 59 59 1 1
Malawi 32,841 32,841 32,841 32,841 2 1
Malaysia 56,597 56,597 56,597 56,597 8 1
Mali 1,980 1,980 1,980 1,980 4 1
Mauritius 61 61 61 61 1 1
Moldova 346 346 72 621 389 3 2
Mozambique 69 69 69 69 3 1
Niger 2,165 2,165 2,165 2,165 3 1
Peru 956 27 11 5,222 1,820 48 11
Philippines 29 29 29 29 8 1
Poland 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 6 1
Russian
Federation 174 174 160 188 20 12 2
Senegal 3,213 3,213 3,213 3,213 3 1
Slovak Republic 1,071 1,071 1,071 1,071 4 1
Uruguay 13 13 13 13 2 1
Zimbabwe 493 493 493 493 6 1
Total 1,459 24 1 56,597 6,669 774 115
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
69
4.9.2. WATER— Hours with water daily
Figure 30. Hours with water daily, by year
2
2
1
15
0
5
0
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
72Table 25a. Hours with water daily, by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1990 24 24 24 24 0 4
1991 21 24 10 24 5 7
1992 23 24 18 24 2 8
1993 22 24 10 24 5 8
1994 15 9 9 24 7 21
1995 20 24 3 24 7 67
1996 19 24 3 24 7 114
1997 20 24 2 24 6 257
1998 20 24 1 24 7 336
1999 20 24 1 24 6 329
2000 20 24 1 24 6 462
2001 20 24 0 24 6 405
2002 20 24 0 24 7 267
2003 19 24 0 24 7 232
2004 21 24 0 24 6 210
2005 22 24 12 24 5 7
2,734
Total1 20 24 1 24 6
(547 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
73
Table 25b. Hours with water daily, by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 18 19 2 24 6 272 66
ECA 21 24 1 24 6 1,946 374
LAC 21 24 6 24 5 341 69
MENA 8 7 6 24 5 60 13
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 16 16 4 24 6 115 25
Total 20 24 1 24 6 2,734 547
70
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
74Table 25c. Hours with water daily, by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 23 24 21 24 1 67 13
Armenia 5 5 5 5 9 1
Bolivia 16 16 8 24 11 16 2
Bulgaria 24 24 24 24 6 1
Chile 24 24 24 24 0 35 17
China 24 24 24 24 0 20 2
Colombia 21 22 8 24 5 80 10
Costa Rica 24 24 24 24 0 3 2
Cote d'Ivoire 24 24 24 24 5 1
Croatia 24 24 24 24 0 105 21
Czech Republic 24 24 24 24 0 92 20
Ecuador 24 24 24 24 2 1
Estonia 24 24 24 24 13 1
Georgia 14 13 4 24 7 138 25
Honduras 24 24 24 24 3 1
Hungary 24 24 24 24 0 212 23
Jordan 6 7 6 7 0 59 12
Kazakhstan 23 24 8 24 3 133 29
Kyrgyz Republic 22 24 9 24 4 90 18
Malawi 24 24 24 24 5 1
Mali 24 24 24 24 5 1
Mexico 19 24 6 24 8 41 5
Moldova 13 14 1 24 6 348 41
Morocco 24 24 24 24 1 1
Nicaragua 20 20 20 20 3 1
Nigeria 12 13 4 24 6 41 10
Panama 20 20 20 20 3 1
Paraguay 24 24 24 24 0 6 4
Peru 14 15 8 22 5 62 10
Philippines 21 21 21 21 0 15 2
Romania 23 24 16 24 2 120 25
Russian
Federation 23 24 12 24 2 449 88
Tanzania 13 13 10 16 5 9 2
Togo 24 24 24 24 5 1
Trinidad and
Tobago 12 12 12 12 9 1
Uganda 15 15 15 15 9 1
Ukraine 21 24 4 24 6 231 81
Uruguay 24 24 24 24 11 1
Vietnam 18 18 2 24 6 237 62
Zambia 18 17 10 24 5 36 8
Total 20 24 1 24 6 2,734 547
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
71
4.9.3. SANITATION— Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection
Figure 31. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by year
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
75Table 26a. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by year
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1990 24 24 24 24 0 4
1991 21 24 10 24 5 7
1992 23 24 18 24 2 8
1993 22 24 10 24 5 8
1994 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 1
1995 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.17 0.06 5
1996 0.2 0.1 0 1.05 0.26 31
1997 0.68 0.05 0 26.71 3.18 78
1998 0.43 0.03 0 28 2.47 148
1999 0.58 0.03 0 54 4.27 166
2000 0.38 0.03 0 31.5 2.24 221
2001 0.37 0.03 0 50.6 3.33 233
2002 0.11 0.03 0 3.65 0.31 215
2003 0.11 0.04 0 3.75 0.31 233
2004 0.14 0.03 0 9.78 0.67 231
2005 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 1
1,078
Total1 0.36 0.03 0 38.16 2.5
(249 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
76
72
Table 26b. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by region
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 0.36 0.03 0 38.16 2.5 1,078 249
ECA 0.04 0.02 0 0.59 0.07 431 141
LAC 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 5 1
MENA 0.28 0.12 0.03 1.21 0.38 49 10
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 0.25 0.03 0 38.16 1.97 1,563.00 401
Total 0.36 0.03 0 38.16 2.5 1,078 249
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
77Table 26c. Sewerage blockages per sewerage connection, by country
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 0.02 0.02 0 0.08 0.02 26 10
Armenia 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 8 1
Bolivia 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 3 1
Brazil 0.05 0.03 0 0.59 0.08 359 101
Chile 0.01 0.01 0 0.04 0.01 17 14
Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cote d'Ivoire 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 5 1
Croatia 0.05 0 0 0.18 0.08 30 6
Czech Republic 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 4 1
Ecuador 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 2 1
Georgia 0.3 0.06 0 3.75 0.89 17 17
Hungary 0.03 0.02 0 0.08 0.02 107 17
Jordan 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 5 1
Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0.02 0.01 39 9
Kyrgyz Republic 0.68 0.05 0.01 3.93 1.45 35 7
Moldova 0.3 0.17 0.01 4.06 0.65 306 39
Panama 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1 1
Paraguay 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 6 4
Peru 0.05 0.05 0 0.12 0.04 16 8
Romania 0.25 0.19 0 1.37 0.29 100 21
Russian Fed. 0.97 0.02 0 38.16 4.99 242 60
Tanzania 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 3 1
Togo 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 5 1
Uganda 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 9 1
Ukraine 0.07 0.02 0 1.2 0.17 190 71
Zambia 0.28 0.12 0.03 1.21 0.46 27 6
Total 0.25 0.03 0 38.16 1.97 1,563 401
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
73
4.10. Investment
4.10.1. ELECTRICITY— Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker
Figure 32. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, electricity
400
3 00
20 0
100
000
0 0
00
00
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
78Table 27a. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 18,304 14,088 6,635 34,190 14,253 3
1993 15,823 13,767 5,123 30,888 9,175 7
1994 19,214 11,840 4,519 54,167 17,225 10
1995 18,674 16,355 1,324 48,360 15,096 13
1996 21,331 13,789 162 79,109 22,107 28
1997 17,044 12,946 189 63,756 17,065 30
1998 18,571 10,910 127 60,029 18,682 39
1999 15,165 10,538 150 78,558 17,012 36
2000 14,448 7,238 157 60,653 15,709 42
2001 11,305 7,141 170 57,252 11,636 56
2002 12,081 7,067 179 69,653 14,097 58
2003 10,869 5,638 119 72,784 13,703 65
2004 13,707 8,925 61 69,963 16,002 61
2005 34,442 28,098 14,575 89,096 24,196 9
457
Total1 13,243 8,184 186 57,705 13,384
(83 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
79
Table 27b. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
74
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 15,824 15,824 3,267 28,381 17,759 12 2
ECA 6,029 1,426 186 35,140 8,773 187 38
LAC 20,355 19,133 1,553 57,705 14,892 208 32
MENA 22,074 22,074 22,074 22,074 4 1
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 16,496 17,245 762 28,849 9,758 46 10
Total 13,243 8,184 186 57,705 13,384 457 83
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
80Table 27c. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by country,
electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 6,743 7,151 4,895 8,184 1,682 18 3
Azerbaijan 349 308 186 557 144 45 5
Brazil 18,049 19,052 3,647 30,956 8,968 71 9
Cape Verde 7,102 7,102 7,102 7,102 4 1
Chile 29,587 27,879 15,171 52,899 14,288 19 5
Colombia 26,056 27,188 3,846 54,206 15,727 44 7
Cote d'Ivoire 18,167 18,167 18,167 18,167 2 1
Czech Republic 30,216 30,939 24,570 35,140 5,322 23 3
Djibouti 22,074 22,074 22,074 22,074 4 1
Estonia 15,999 15,999 14,253 17,746 2,470 11 2
Ethiopia 22,169 22,169 22,169 22,169 8 1
Georgia 9,856 9,856 9,856 9,856 1 1
Kenya 4,716 4,716 4,716 4,716 10 1
Malawi 14,470 14,470 14,470 14,470 8 1
Malaysia 3,267 3,267 3,267 3,267 5 1
Mali 16,322 16,322 16,322 16,322 3 1
Mexico 34,827 34,827 11,949 57,705 32,354 14 2
Moldova 3,863 4,303 1,575 7,082 2,262 23 5
Namibia 14,023 14,023 762 27,285 18,754 8 2
Peru 11,450 6,085 1,553 32,155 12,050 42 6
Philippines 28,381 28,381 28,381 28,381 7 1
Poland 11,716 10,004 7,459 17,686 5,324 17 3
Senegal 28,849 28,849 28,849 28,849 1 1
Slovak Republic 8,808 8,743 8,031 9,650 811 23 3
Uganda 25,119 25,119 25,119 25,119 2 1
Ukraine 873 658 318 3,115 712 44 16
Total 13,243 8,184 186 57,705 13,384 457 83
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
75
4.10.2 WATER— Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker
Figure 33. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, WSS
000 100 100 200 200
50 00 50 00 50
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
81Table 28a. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by year, WSS
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1992 3,894 3,894 3,894 3,894 1
1993 2,065 1,939 19 4,365 1,781 4
1994 25,552 6,441 38 79,907 32,945 7
1995 16,321 10,038 37 66,811 18,405 11
1996 19,317 12,762 53 60,394 17,579 17
1997 13,320 3,230 4 88,000 21,842 35
1998 13,810 6,197 0 208,335 22,307 188
1999 7,256 3,177 0 166,447 15,729 208
2000 7,461 3,158 0 84,100 12,938 184
2001 7,388 1,888 0 323,698 23,667 263
2002 5,463 1,864 0 121,367 11,843 271
2003 5,827 2,290 6 108,811 11,252 276
2004 6,181 2,361 11 119,974 12,280 259
2005 1,556 943 9 7,407 2,048 14
1,738
Total1 6,872 2,813 0 86,990 11,422
(356 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
82Table 28b. Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by region, WSS
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 11,158 11,537 9,762 12,174 1,250 9 3
ECA 3,911 528 0 41,394 7,992 290 68
LAC 7,533 3,293 31 86,990 12,053 1,439 285
MENA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
Total 6,872 2,813 0 86,990 11,422 1,738 356
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
76
83Table 28c.Annual investment (CAPEX) per worker (2005 US$), by country, WSS
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 28,855 28,855 28,855 28,855 9 1
Armenia 1,533 1,533 1,533 1,533 5 1
Brazil 7,183 3,343 94 81,394 10,965 1,284 259
Bulgaria 17,144 17,144 17,144 17,144 3 1
Chile 86,990 86,990 86,990 86,990 3 1
China 10,649 10,649 9,762 11,537 1,256 6 2
Colombia 3,389 1,012 31 25,283 6,411 77 17
Czech Republic 13,141 9,243 1,424 41,394 11,434 92 14
Estonia 22,921 22,921 22,921 22,921 11 1
Georgia 533 550 317 728 157 15 7
Kazakhstan 323 188 0 1,015 347 42 11
Kyrgyz Republic 266 45 40 713 388 11 3
Peru 17,091 10,334 4,587 56,917 19,663 61 6
Philippines 12,174 12,174 12,174 12,174 3 1
Poland 18,808 18,808 18,808 18,808 1 1
Russian Fed. 338 243 0 1,084 335 108 28
Slovak Republic 4,037 4,037 4,037 4,037 2 1
Uruguay 10,402 10,402 10,402 10,402 5 1
Total 6,872 2,813 0 86,990 11,422 1,738 356
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
4.11 Price19
4.11.1 ELECTRICITY— Average residential tariff
Figure 34. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by year, electricity
10
10
8
6
42
0
0
0
0
1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
19
Price or average residential tariff is calculated as average revenue, i.e as residential revenue divided by
residential volume sold
77
84Table 29a. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by year, electricity
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1990 55 55 30 85 17 14
1991 66 70 36 100 21 16
1992 66 57 8 259 43 46
1993 67 56 12 237 42 47
1994 79 73 16 173 38 56
1995 93 99 23 231 33 107
1996 114 122 25 218 37 124
1997 111 127 20 200 37 127
1998 102 119 11 188 40 140
1999 88 91 12 276 35 147
2000 89 87 8 255 38 151
2001 76 78 7 245 38 171
2002 64 57 10 248 37 164
2003 73 70 4 235 41 150
2004 61 50 12 234 44 70
2005 52 53 19 84 19 8
1,538
Total1 81 85 9 249 42
(194 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
85Table 29b. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by region, electricity
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 93 101 47 131 43 21 3
ECA 38 28 9 121 23 201 43
LAC 95 99 21 185 28 1,132 125
MENA 132 132 15 249 165 9 2
SA 44 45 36 49 6 33 4
SSA 92 84 10 197 63 142 17
Total 81 85 9 249 42 1,538 194
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
86
78
Table 29c. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/KWh), by country, electricity
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 118 114 75 185 30 134 24
Armenia 49 49 49 49 5 1
Azerbaijan 20 20 18 21 2 6 2
Bolivia 70 70 60 79 8 72 6
Botswana 10 10 10 10 3 1
Brazil 97 101 39 130 13 485 54
Cameroon 84 84 84 84 9 1
Cape Verde 164 164 164 164 7 1
CAR 187 187 187 187 5 1
Colombia 64 64 54 75 7 143 11
Czech Republic 67 65 63 73 6 24 3
Djibouti 249 249 249 249 6 1
El Salvador 124 121 102 148 18 70 5
Eritrea 117 117 117 117 10 1
Estonia 47 47 47 47 13 1
Ethiopia 55 55 55 55 13 1
Ghana 38 38 38 38 12 1
Guatemala 131 112 107 174 37 16 3
India 44 45 36 49 6 33 4
Malawi 25 25 25 25 5 1
Malaysia 74 74 47 101 38 9 2
Mali 197 197 197 197 4 1
Mauritius 49 49 49 49 12 1
Mexico 68 68 68 68 14 1
Moldova 49 49 48 51 2 35 5
Morocco 15 15 15 15 3 1
Mozambique 24 24 24 24 11 1
Nicaragua 118 118 118 118 0 26 2
Niger 173 173 173 173 9 1
Panama 137 137 136 138 1 21 3
Peru 61 65 21 85 15 151 16
Philippines 131 131 131 131 12 1
Poland 10 10 10 10 2 1
Russian Fed. 9 9 9 9 2 1
Senegal 150 150 150 150 10 1
Slovak Republic 101 110 72 121 26 11 3
South Africa 54 54 54 54 3 1
Tanzania 102 102 102 102 8 1
Uganda 97 97 97 97 12 1
Ukraine 28 28 27 28 0 103 26
Zimbabwe 30 30 30 30 9 1
Total 81 85 9 249 42 1,538 194
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
79
4.11.2 WATER – Average residential tariff
Figure 35. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/m3), by year, water
1
.8
.6
.4
.2
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
year
mean median
Source: PPIS database
87Table 30a. Average residential tariff (2005 US$/m3), by year, water
# of
Year Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations
1981 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 1
1982 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 1
1983 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 1
1984 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 1
1985 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 1
1986 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 1
1987 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 1
1988 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 1
1989 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 1
1990 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 1
1991 0.46 0.42 0.29 0.76 0.14 13
1992 0.50 0.48 0.06 0.86 0.20 14
1993 0.45 0.43 0.05 0.85 0.21 16
1994 0.60 0.49 0.14 1.55 0.33 17
1995 0.57 0.52 0.04 1.62 0.31 47
1996 0.62 0.54 0.06 1.75 0.35 61
1997 0.44 0.36 0.03 2.08 0.36 115
1998 0.44 0.43 0.01 1.89 0.35 130
1999 0.39 0.37 0.01 1.73 0.31 137
2000 0.47 0.33 0.01 3.05 0.52 229
2001 0.47 0.29 0.02 3.71 0.54 241
2002 0.53 0.26 0.01 4.89 0.71 233
2003 0.59 0.32 0.03 6.21 0.78 326
2004 0.87 0.51 0.02 6.56 1.05 261
2005 0.94 0.57 0.09 6.21 1.28 66
1,916
Total1 0.58 0.39 0.02 4.88 0.71
(375 utilities)
1
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
80
88Table 30b. Average residential tariff (US$), by region, water
# of # of
Region Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
EAP 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.30 0.04 437 74
ECA 0.71 0.46 0.03 4.48 0.83 810 161
LAC 0.70 0.52 0.02 4.88 0.71 586 122
MENA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SA ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐
SSA 0.25 0.19 0.06 0.59 0.16 83 18
Total 0.58 0.39 0.02 4.88 0.71 1,916 375
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No
outliers are cut off.
89Table 30c. Average residential tariff (US$), by country, water
# of # of
Country Mean Median Min Max Sd
observations utilities
Argentina 0.33 0.12 0.06 1.04 0.47 12 4
Bolivia 0.27 0.27 0.04 0.49 0.32 2 2
Brazil 0.45 0.47 0.21 0.75 0.14 96 19
Bulgaria 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 6 1
Burkina Faso 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 5 1
Chile 0.75 0.73 0.38 1.49 0.26 211 20
China 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.30 0.07 52 7
Colombia 0.83 0.55 0.11 4.88 0.89 248 68
Costa Rica 0.48 0.48 0.24 0.72 0.34 3 2
Cote d'Ivoire 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 5 1
Croatia 0.46 0.38 0.03 1.09 0.30 89 18
Czech Republic 0.66 0.64 0.47 1.10 0.16 180 22
Ecuador 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 1 1
Estonia 0.44 0.44 0.37 0.50 0.09 13 2
Hungary 0.71 0.66 0.46 1.34 0.21 171 22
Malawi 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 5 1
Mali 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5 1
Moldova 0.32 0.32 0.12 0.53 0.11 80 40
Nigeria 0.19 0.17 0.06 0.34 0.15 11 3
Panama 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 2 1
Paraguay 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.36 0.02 4 4
Romania 2.34 2.23 1.05 4.48 0.92 119 25
Russian Fed. 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.04 28 4
Slovak Republic 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.57 0.04 4 2
Tanzania 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 5 1
Togo 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 5 1
Uganda 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 9 1
Ukraine 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.43 0.08 120 25
Uruguay 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 7 1
Vietnam 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.25 0.04 385 67
Zambia 0.16 0.15 0.06 0.35 0.09 33 8
Total 0.58 0.39 0.02 4.88 0.71 1,916 375
Note: Annual observations are averaged within each utility first and then averaged across utilities. No outliers
are cut off.
81
5. Data sources and templates
5.1. Data sources and quality control
The following summarizes the data collection efforts:
Primary sourced utility data: First and foremost, we tried to obtain data from the primary
source, i.e. the utility itself. This strategy was implemented in two main guises:
via local consultants — in many countries and regions the data collection task was delegated to
local experts who, in turn, received data directly from companies by visiting the companies.
To name only a few, researchers from the African Energy Policy Research Network
(AFREPREN) delivered data on electricity utilities in the sub-Saharan Africa region,
Institute for Structural Policy (IREAS) provided data on water utilities in Czech Republic,
Hungarian Environmental Economics Centre (MAKK) collected data for Hungarian water
utilities. Individual local consultants collected data in Moldova and Azerbaijan (Electricity
sector), as well as in a number of LAC countries in both sectors. Data collected in
collaboration with IBNET, was all received via a network of local consultants. A list of
local consultants contracted by the Private Participation in Infrastructure Services (PPIS)
project is provided at the end of this section.
via desk research — we scrutinized utility websites, as well as websites of regulatory agencies
or related ministries, for the utility level descriptive characteristics and performance
indicators.
World Bank information based on project and sector work: Given World Bank involvement in
the restructuring of many relevant utilities, we consulted with appropriate Bank staff and
collected information available at the Bank’s local and regional offices to ensure efficient use of
existing material.
Consultant reports and case studies: Numerous consultant reports and case studies emerged as
part of the review of World Bank material and discussions with local consultants. These will
have been considered as additional data sources.
World Bank databases: Equally important, we took into account infrastructure databases
existing within the World Bank:
82
- PPIAF-World Bank PPI Database – information from the Private Participation in
Infrastructure (PPI) Database (http://ppi.worldbank.org) proved to be exceptionally
useful as the reference point for the selection of PSPs.
- IBNET database – collaboration with the team at the International Benchmarking
Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (http://www.ib-net.org), which is
administered by PPIAF and the World Bank, resulted in the inclusion of the large
number of water utilities in the panel.
- LAC PSP database– LAC PSP electricity data and most of the LAC PSP water data
comes from a separate project that has been undertaken regarding the impact of PSP in
that region (see Andres (2004), and Andres, Foster and Guasch (2008)).
The LAC electricity database can be accessed at
http://info.worldbank.org/etools/lacelectricity/home.htm
Official national online databases: Data for Brazil water and sewerage sector is taken from the
Brazil National System of Information on Water and Sewerage (SNIS)20. The primary source of
the Colombian water sector data is the National System of Public Utilities Information (SUI)21.
Other multi- and bi-lateral development institutions: On some occasions, material collected by
other multi- and bi-lateral development institutions was shared with us. This concerns in
particular the ADB and KfW and we are grateful for this collaboration.
Other research and publications: To the extent feasible, we reviewed and collected all relevant
public information available online, looking into research publications covering sector reform,
privatization experiences, regulatory settings, etc., for a number of countries.
Sometimes, utility information was provided by regulatory agencies as for the power utilities in
Armenia and Ukraine.
To ensure data quality standards, upon completion of the desktop data gathering we contacted
utilities with a written request to verify and enhance the collected data. Ideally, we would have liked
to receive feed-back from each participating company. In practice, while we have sent verification
requests to the utilities, many have not responded, and for some it was impossible to establish
contact at all. At the same time, quite a few companies, both with PSPs and SOEs, expressed
interest in the study and many returned improved company data.
20
http://www.snis.gov.br/
21
http://www.sui.gov.co/SUIWeb/logon.jsp
83
Wherever possible, we have cross-checked the indicators by comparing data from various sources.
However, we avoided collection of utility indicators from disparate sources to prevent artificial
discontinuity in the series for a particular indicator. Finally, we systematically stored the most
useful papers, case studies, and utility-specific documents, such as annual financial statements,
along with standard utility templates and dossiers as a part of a project database. Researchers are
welcome to contact the author directly to discuss available data sources.
90Table 31. List of local organizations and consultants contracted by PPIS to collect
the data
Name of the
Region Country Sector Affiliated organization Contact
consultant
ECA Azerbaijan Electricity Nazim Mammadov Independent Upon request
ECA Moldova Electricity Valentin Arion Independent Upon request
ECA Czech Water Lenka Camrova Institute for Structural www.ireas.cz/en
Republic (via IBNET) Policy (IREAS)
ECA Hungary Water Kis András Hungarian Environmental www.makk.zpok.hu
(via IBNET) Economics Centre (MAKK)
ECA Russian Electricity and Sergei Sivaev, The Institute for Urban www.urbaneconomics.ru/eng
Federation water Alexei Rodionov Economics (IUE)
(via IBNET)
LAC Argentina Electricity and Martin Rodriguez Macroconsulting www.macroconsulting.net
water
LAC Peru Electricity and Guillermo Aber, Apoyo Consultoria www.apoyo.com
water Hugo Santa Maria,
Alvaro Quijandria,
LAC Colombia Electricity and Alejandro Vivas Universidad Javeriana Upon request
water
LAC Brasil Electricity and Roberto M. Iglesias, Independent/Universidad de Upon request
water Marina Figueira de Sao Paolo
Mello
SSA Multiple Electricity AFREPREN African Energy Policy www.afrepren.org
countries Research Network
(AFREPREN)
SSA Multiple Water WUP The Water Utility www.wupafrica.org
countries (via IBNET) Partnership for Capacity
Building in Africa (WUP)
5.2. Data templates
In order to ensure data comparability across the multitude of utilities included in the data gathering
exercise, and avoid data definition issues, detailed templates were used by local consultants and
desk researchers in charge of the data collation.
Currenly, only the compiled dataset described in this paper is available online, however researchers
are welcome to contact the author directly at npushak@worldbank.org about individual utility
templates.
The templates used to collect the data are reproduced below.
84
91Table 32. Qualitative variables for electricity and water distribution sectors (one
time snap-shot)
# Variable Name Description
This states the sector in which the utility subject to this questionnaire is active:
1 Sector
Electricity, Potable Water, Sanitation
This lists all business activities which the utility in question is pursuing. In electricity,
this can for example be, distribution, transmission, generation, or any combination of
2 Business activities them (if it is combination please specify the nature of it). In water, this can be
distribution, wastewater treatment, sanitation collection, or a combination of them
(please specify if it is combination).
Note: In what follows we are interested in the distribution activities of the utility only.
The objective of the next questions is to establish the asset ownership arrangements.
Were distribution assets fully divested from In other words, did the government transfer full ownership of the distribution “pipes”
3 the Government into a separate legal or “wires” assets, to a separate legal entity? (Yes/No)
entity? If the answer is “NO” GO TO QUESTION 11
If the answer to the question 3 is “YES” please fill in Questions 4 through 10
What is the name of the legal entity to
What company holds the assets necessary to undertake the distribution business, i.e.
4 which the government transferred the
the ‘pipes’ or ‘wires’?
assets?
The answer should be one of the following:
“SOE” if 100% of shares are owned by state
Is the separate legal entity 100% state “PPP(s)” if less than 100% is owned by state and control is exercised by state
5 owned, or does it have private “PPP(p)”as above but control is exercised by private investors
participation? “PSP” if 100% privately owned and controlled
Note: PPP stands for public private partnership; PSP stand for private sector
participation; SOE stands for state owned enterprise
When did the transfer of asset ownership
6 Year of the first transfer of assets from government
happen? (year)
What was the process of ownership The process of ownership transfer can be, among others:
7 transfer? Government fiat (e.g. for SOEs), Bid, Direct Adjudication, Direct Negotiation,
Invitation, Petition, Request. If other, please specify.
The criteria to award the ownership of assets transfer can be, among others: Highest
Ownership transfer award criteria
Cannon, Highest Price, Tariff, Lowest Government Subsidy, Investment/Business Plan,
8 (probably not relevant if answer to
Shortest Duration of Concession, Multiple Criteria, Pre-qualification, Consortium. If
Question 5 is SOE)
other, please specify.
Expenditures in return for acquiring government assets. Where deferred payments were
9 Payments for assets transferred involved it would be desirable to collect information on any government or expert
views at the time of the transaction on the net present value of such payments.
Please state the name of the major private investor(s) (the ones with the largest package
If not SOE, what is the name and of shares and/or voting rights). Nationality is defined as the country where the investor
10
nationality of the private investor(s)? has its headquarters. If there is more then single private investor, please record the
names of the most important partners (up to 3-4) and their nationality.
The objective of the next questions is to establish who hold and exerts the right (in contrast to the physical assets) to operate the
distribution business. This section is optional if rights were transferred together with assets (if this is the case, please confirm this).
In other words, did the government transfer any unique and necessary economic right
Were the business rights transferred from
11 to distribute electricity or water (this economic right is sometimes labeled variously as
the government to a separate legal entity?
a license, permit or concession held by the operator) to another legal entity? (Yes/No)
If the answer to question 11 is “YES”, what What company holds the economic right to operate the distribution business?
12 is the name of the legal entity to which the
government transferred the operating right?
The answer should be one of the following:
Is the legal entity holding the operating “SOE” if 100% of shares are owned by state
13 right 100% state owned or does it have “PPP22(s)” if less than 100% is owned by state and control is exercised by state
private shareholding? “PPP(p)”as above but control is exercised by private investors
“PSP” if 100% privately owned and controlled.
14 When did the transfer of rights happen? Year of the first transfer of business rights from government
15 If the answer to question 13 is other than Please state the name of the major private investor(s) (the ones with the largest package
22
public private partnership
85
# Variable Name Description
SOE, what is the name and nationality of of shares and/or voting rights). Nationality is defined as the country where the investor
the private investor(s) in the legal entity? has its headquarters.
If there is more then single private investor, please record the names of the most
important partners (up to 3-4) and their nationality.
The following section relates to the sale of shares in the legal entity holding the right to operate to private investors (PI). We are
interested in the first private strategic investor (or investors if they bought shares simultaneously), who became involved in the
sector.
If there was a sale of shares to the PI, when
Please state the year when the agreement for the sale of shares to the first strategic
16 did the sale of shares to the first private
private investor was signed (become legal).
investor happen? (year)
When were the shares actually transferred
17 Year
to the first PI?
18 What is the name of the first PI? Please state the name of the first major PI(s), if they entered simultaneously
19 What is the nationality of the first PI? Nationality is defined as the country where the investor has its headquarters
What % of voting shares was sold to the
20 % of voting shares
first PI?
What was the process of the sale of shares The shares can be awarded through the following processes: Bid, Direct Adjudication,
21
to the first PI? Direct Negotiation, Invitation, Petition, Request. If other, please specify.
According to what criteria did the first PI receive the right to buy shares? The criteria
What was the criterion(a) used for selecting
22 can be: Highest Cannon, Highest Price, Multiple Criteria, Pre-qualification,
the successful PI?
Consortium. If other, please specify.
23 Payment for shares from the first PI Please enter the monetary amount paid by the PI for the shares
Please describe any special terms and conditions involved in the sale of shares. For
Special terms and conditions that apply to
24 example, the PI might have the priority right to buy the rest of the shares of the
the sale of shares
company once they will be available for sale.
The following set of questions covers situations where there was/is an on-going contract between the government or another legal
state owned entity (e.g. SOE) and the legal entity (e.g. PSP) holding the operating rights.
Contracts are often labeled as:
Management contract
Lease contract
25 Contract Type/Name
Concessions
Affermage
Please specify if another name is used.
For example:
If Contract is Concession, what type of Rehabilitate, operate, and transfer
26
concession it is? Rehabilitate, lease or rent, and transfer
Build, rehabilitate, operate, and transfer
Utilities holding private contracts can present one of the following states:
Operational
Concluded and not Renewed
27
Contract Status Concluded and Renewed
Cancelled (i.e. the private sector has exited from the contract)
Distressed (where the government or the operator has either requested contract
termination or is in international arbitration)
What is the name of the legal entity that
28 Please state the name and nationality of the private partner
entered the contract?
Where the legal entity had PI what is the
29 Nationality is defined as the country where the private investor has its headquarters
nationality of the main PI?
Has the original contract ever been
30 In case of renegotiation, please state date and provide detail.
renegotiated, and if so when?
The following questions concern the nature of the contractual investment rights and obligations.
Who has infrastructure investment responsibility, including the financing thereof?
31 Investment Rights
Government or the legal entity or both? Please explain.
32 Contractual Investment Obligations Is the legal entity obliged to undertake mandatory investment?
The next section concerns the contract award process and duration of the contract.
33 Year of award of contract Year of the first private participation in the business
34 Year contract was operational Year in which the PI took over control of the utility
The contract can be awarded through the following processes, among others: Bid,
35 Contract award process Direct Adjudication, Direct Negotiation, Invitation, Petition, Request. If other, please
specify.
The criteria to award contract can be, among others: Highest Cannon, Highest Price,
36 Contract award criteria
Tariff, Lowest Government Subsidy, Investment/Business Plan, Shortest Duration of
86
# Variable Name Description
Concession, Multiple Criteria, Pre-qualification, Consortium. If other, please specify.
Expenditures on acquiring government rights to provide services in a specific area.
Funds for acquiring government rights to provide services are usually paid through
37 Payment for contract license fees, or canon payments. Note: (i). no initial investment is generally involved in
management or service contracts and (ii) this variable could also be considered as the
Value of the Contract)
Over the life of the contract what % of the revenue earned by the distribution business
38 % Revenue retention p.a. is to be retained by the legal entity, (pre-tax). There is likely to be an interaction
between the answers in questions 9 and/or 37 and the answer to this question.
Number of years for which the business will be under the awarded company’s control
39 Duration of the contract
(identical to Length of contract)
The next section elicits information on the precise quality of the state owned utility as a valid comparator for this study. In this
section we would like the questions answered also in respect of PSPs where the government retains the controlling interest e.g. at
least 50% of the voting shares.
40 Is the entity (SOE) established under normal corporate law? Yes/No
What is the legal basis of the SOE? Please If the answer to the previous question was “No” please describe the legal basis for
41
name the law establishing the entity and provide the name of the law
Is the SOE subject to normal taxation rules
42 that a similar private sector firm would E.g. liable for corporation and value added taxes
face?
Are the senior public or civil servants
For example senior officials in sector or finance ministries or such persons who are
and/or government employees more
43 recently retired?
generally members of the SOE Board or
Yes/No
senior management?
Are a majority of the SOE Board private
44 As against, for instance, fixed quotas representatives of interest groups.
sector business people?
Does the SOE have the same freedom that a similar private sector firm would have in respect of employment in the SOE? (Does the
45
SOE have hiring, remuneration and firing rights?) Yes/No
46 Does the SOE have the same freedom to invest in or acquire assets that a similar private sector firm would have? Yes/No
47 Does the SOE have the same freedom to borrow funds that a similar private sector firm would have? Yes/No
Does the SOE have a clear non-conflicting commercial objective as a private firm might have? For example, maximize shareholder
48
value
How are/were non-commercial objectives for utility handled? For example, treating the maintenance of un-profitable services? Please
49
describe shortly if possible.
General Section. Please complete in all cases.
This can be: Law (passed through congress), Decree (decided by the president),
Legal authorization of private participation
50 Specific attributions of a branch in the government, Contract, License. If other, please
(Legal Framework)
specify.
Economic regulation usually means that the prices that can be charged by an entity are
Is the legal entity subject to economic
51 subject to control by the government or a specialist entity established by the
regulation?
government with that role.
Has a Regulatory Agency (RA) been Has a Regulatory Body or Agency been established to regulate the sector in which the
52
established? utility is active (including regulation by a multi-sector regulator)?
This refers to the sector(s) the agency regulates; a multi-sector RA regulates more than
53 Is it a single sector or a multi-sector RA?
one sector
54 Year in which the RA was established (RA legal establishment year)
55 Year in which the RA became operational (This is the year in which the RA started to actually regulate the sector)
56 Can the RA autonomously set the tariffs without authorization or approval from the government? Yes/No
This refers to the origin of the budget which can be: fees or charges directly levied on
57 Source of budget for the RA the regulated utility(ies); the Government’s budget; or a combination of the two (please
specify the % structure of the budget if it is combination).
Duration of term of appointment of the What is the length of the appointment term of the head of the RA, e.g. Chairperson or
58
RA’s head President?
This can be: Revenue Cap, Price Cap, Rate of Return, No Regulation. If other, please
59 Type of tariff regulations
specify.
Table 92Table 33. Ownership variables for the both sectors, followed over time
# Variable name Unit Description
This is the percentage of total equity that private investors own in the utility,
% of private sector
1 % including foreign investors. Please account for individuals, shares currently
ownership of utility (equity)
on the stock market, and any other investors, including private banks.
87
# Variable name Unit Description
Note: Any foreign ownership is considered as private.
% of ownership of the
This refers to the percentage of the equity that is owned by the main (largest)
2 utility by the main private %
private investor.
investor
% of voting rights
This corresponds to the total percentage of voting rights that belong to the
3 held by the main private %
main private investor (often the same as in Question #2).
investor
4 % of foreign ownership % This is the total percentage of equity owned by foreign investors.
This includes: governments of all levels and ministries
all other state owned entities (including entities legally separated from
5 % of state ownership %
government).
Note: Federal, state and municipal ownership is regarded as state ownership.
This is the percentage of equity held by special non-private institutions that
% of non-private, non-
are legally separate from the government such as government pension funds
6 government ownership of %
or national state owned banks.
utility
Note: This is a subset of number “5”
Table 93Table 34. Quantitative variables for the electricity sector, followed over time
# Variable name Unit Description
This is total number of connections (not individuals) for electricity
Total number of connections in
1 # distribution in the utility area (i.e. number of residential and non-
the utility area
residential connections).
Total number of residential This is total number of residential electricity connections (not
2 #
connections in the utility area individuals) in the utility area.
Total number of NON-residential This is the total number of NON-residential (commercial, industrial,
3 #
connections in the utility area government, other non-residential) electricity
A household consists of all the people who occupy a housing unit;
Total number of households in the
4 # the number of households equals the number of occupied housing
utility area
units.
This can be calculated by dividing ‘Total number of residential
Residential coverage for electricity connections’ by ‘Total number of households in the utility
5 #
electricity service area’. Note: If ‘10’ is not available but the utility can provide an
approximation of ‘11’, please report this alternative.
This is the total electricity produced or generated by the company for
Total electricity generated by the
6 MWH distribution purposes in the area covered by the utility. It should not
utility per year
include exports abroad.
Total electricity purchased by the This is the total electricity bought by the company for distribution
7 MWH
utility for distribution per year purposes in the covered area (including imports).
8 Total electricity sold MWH This is the same as total electricity billed or total electricity supplied.
Total electricity sold to residential This is the same as total electricity billed or total electricity supplied
9 MWH
consumers to residential consumers.
This is total revenues of the utility (without indirect taxes e.g. VAT).
10 Total revenues nlc
Includes revenues from both operational and financial activities.
Total revenues from electricity This is total revenues related to electricity distribution activities
11 nlc
distributed (without indirect taxes).
Total revenues from electricity
This is total revenues related to electricity distribution activities in
12 distributed to residential nlc
residential sector (without indirect taxes).
consumers
13 Collection ratio % Revenues collected / Total electricity billed.
Average number of overdue days between billing and payment per
14 Payment arrears Days
year.
This is the total number of employees related to electricity
Persons
15 Total number of employees (FTE)
distribution activities in the utility. Note: what we are looking for is
Paid Full-Time Equivalent (FTE), but any consistent series of total
88
# Variable name Unit Description
employment in the utility should be reported as alternative. If
different from FTE please state in the parentheses
This includes wages, expenses, and benefits of employees related to
16 Total labor costs nlc
electricity distribution activities.
This is the total electricity that could be generated by the utility for
17 Installed capacity for generation MW
distribution purposes.
This corresponds to the total length of electricity distribution
18 Length of distribution network Km network. Please specify the voltage. For example, networks less than
50 KV or networks 110 KV and less.
Total annual investments Total annual investments related to distribution activities (this does
19 nlc
(CAPEX) not include financial investments).
Total annual operating expenses related to distribution activities.
Total annual operating expenses
20 nlc These are expenses for the essential things that a company must
(OPEX)
incur in order to maintain business.
This is total cost of electricity purchased (does not include cost of
21 Cost of purchased electricity nlc
own generation if any and indirect taxes)
This refers to the average price the utility has to pay for the
electricity purchased for distribution. If no better information is
Average price of electricity nlc
22 /MWH
available this variable can be calculated as: Total cost of electricity
purchased by the utility
purchased (does not include cost of own generation if any and
indirect taxes) divided by Total electricity purchased.
Electricity lost each year in This includes both technical losses and commercial losses in a year
23 %
distribution and is expressed as a percentage of the total electricity distributed.
This is the number of hours the system was without power in a year.
Cumulative interruption time per Hours/
24 year
If not available, please collect any other service measure (e.g. total
year
customer complains, total customers calls answered).
Interruption frequency rate per #/ This is the total number of times the system was without power in a
25 year
year year.
Average interruption time per Hours/ If no other information is available this can be calculated as
26 year
year Cumulative interruption time / Interruption frequency rate
Please provide any available information calculated by the utility,
regulatory agencies or similar entities (e.g. statistics offices) on
Average residential electricity nlc
27 /MWH
average price per MWH of electricity sold to residential consumers
tariff *
including both fixed and variable components in local nominal
currency without indirect taxes.
Average fixed residential nlc
28 /MWH
This is the fixed factor of the residential tariff.
electricity tariff *
Average variable residential nlc This is the tariff charged for every extra MWH consumed by
29 /MWH
electricity tariff * residential customers.
Please provide any available information calculated by the utility,
regulatory agencies or similar entities (e.g. statistics offices) on
Average NON-residential nlc
30 /MWH
average price per MWH of electricity sold to NON-residential
electricity tariff *
consumers including both fixed and variable components in local
nominal currency without indirect taxes.
Average fixed NON-residential nlc
31 /MWH
This is the fixed factor of the NON-residential tariff.
electricity tariff *
Average variable NON- nlc This is the tariff charged for every extra MWH consumed by NON-
32 /MWH
residential electricity tariff * residential customers.
Government subsidies to the These are direct subsidies or investments from the Government to
33 nlc
utility the utility.
These are the total investments that private partners are required to
Mandatory investment
34 nlc undertake accordingly to their contractual arrangements with the
requirements (if any)
Government.
*Where available, please provide tariff schedule.
89
Note: lnc stands for nominal local currency
Table 94Table 35. Quantitative variables for the water sector, followed over time
# Variable name Unit Description
Total number of water This is total number of connections (not individuals) for water
1 connections in the utility # distribution in the utility area (i.e. number of residential and non-
area residential connections)
Total number of residential
This is total number of residential water connections (not individuals)
2 water connections in the #
in the utility area.
utility area
Total number of NON-
residential water This is the total number of NON -residential (commercial, industrial,
3 #
connections in the utility government, others) connections for water in the utility area.
area
Total number of households A household consists of all the people who occupy a housing unit; the
4 #
in the utility area number of households equals the number of occupied housing units.
This can be calculated by dividing ‘Total number of residential water
Residential coverage for connections’ by ‘Total number of households in the utility area’.
5 %
water service Note: If ‘10’ is not available but the utility can provide an
approximation of ‘11’, please report this alternative.
Total number of sanitation This is total number of connections (not individuals) for sanitation in
6 connections in the utility # the utility area. (i.e. number of residential and non-residential
area sanitation connections)
Total number of residential
This corresponds to total residential sanitation connections in the
7 sanitation connections in the #
utility area.
utility area
Total number of NON-
residential sanitation This corresponds to total NON-residential (commercial, industrial,
8 #
connections in the utility government, others) connections for sanitation in the utility area.
area.
This can be calculated by dividing ‘Total number of residential
sanitation connections’ by ‘Total number of households in the utility
Residential coverage for
9 % area’.
sanitation service
Note: If ‘10’ is not available but the utility can provide an
approximation of ‘15’, please report this alternative.
This is the total water production capacity the utility has for
Installed capacity for water Cubic
10 distribution purposes (mainly treatment plants; not including storage
supply meters
capacity for reserves and underground sources)
Length of network for water
11 Km This is the pipeline length for water distribution purposes
distribution
Length of network for
12 Km This is the pipeline length for sanitation purposes
sanitation
This is the total water produced by the utility per year for distribution
Total water produced by the Cubic
13 purposes
utility per year meters
Total used-water
Cubic This is the total used-water (wastewater) treated from the sanitation
14 (wastewater) treated by the
meters system in a year
utility per year (if any)
This is total water billed or supplied by the utility in a year (including
Total water sold by the Cubic
15 water supply for residential and NON-residential consumers; metered
utility meters
and unmetered)
Total water sold by the
Cubic This is total water billed or supplied to residential consumers by the
16 utility to residential
meters utility in a year.
consumers
Total water collected by the Cubic This is total water collected by the utility’s sanitation system in a year
17
utility meters (residential and non-residential).
90
# Variable name Unit Description
Total water collected by the
Cubic This is total water collected by the utility’s sanitation system in a year
18 utility from residential
meters from residential consumers
consumers
Total revenues (utility)
19 nlc This refers to total revenues of the utility (without indirect taxes).
Total revenues (water and This refers to total revenues related only to water distribution and
20 nlc
sanitation) sanitation activities (without indirect taxes)
This refers to total revenues related to water distribution activities only
21 Revenues from water nlc
(without indirect taxes; residential and non-residential)
Revenues from water
This refers to total revenues from residential consumers related to
22 supplied to residential nlc
water distribution activities only (without indirect taxes)
consumers
This is total revenues related to sanitation activities only (without
23 Revenues from sanitation nlc
indirect taxes) (residential and non-residential)
Revenues from sanitation
This is total revenues from residential consumers related to sanitation
24 collected from residential nlc
activities only (without indirect taxes)
consumers
25 Collection ratio % Revenues collected / Total water billed
26 Payment arrears Days Average number of overdue days between billing and payment.
This is the total number of employees related to electricity distribution
Total number of employees activities in the utility. Note: what we are looking for is Paid Full-Time
Persons
27 in the utility (water and Equivalent (FTE), but any consistent series of total employment in the
(FTE)
sanitation) utility should be reported as alternative. If different from FTE please
state in the parentheses
Total number of employees Persons This is the total number of employees related to water distribution
28
(water) (FTE) activities
Total number of employees Persons
29 This is the total number of employees related to sanitation activities
(sanitation) (FTE)
Total labor costs (water and This includes wages, expenses, and benefits of employees related to
30 nlc
sanitation) water distribution and sanitation activities
This includes wages, expenses, and benefits of employees related to
31 Total labor costs (water) nlc
water distribution activities only
This includes wages, expenses, and benefits of employees related to
32 Total labor costs (sanitation) nlc
sanitation activities only
Total annual investments related to distribution activities (this does not
Total annual investments include financial investments)
33 nlc
(CAPEX) Note: if there is a separation of the CAPEX figures into water and
sanitation activities available, please provide the separate figures.
Total annual operating expenses related to distribution activities.
Total annual operating
34 nlc Note: if there is a separation of the OPEX figures into water and
expenses (OPEX)
sanitation activities available, please provide the separate figures.
UFW = [Total water produced - Total water sold - Estimate of amount
of water used for authorized but unmetered water uses (i.e. unbilled
Unaccounted for water %
35 authorized consumption)]/[Total water produced]
(UFW)
Note: in case percentage is not available, please provide any available
data on these units: m3/conn/d OR m3/km/d
NRW = [(Total water produced - Total water sold (or billed)]/[Total
36 Non-Revenue water %
water produced]
Average number of hours
Hours / Average number of hours per day that water service is distributed to
37 per day with residential
day residential consumers in the utility area
water service
Percentage of samples that PSPT = potability/bacteriological test
38 %
passed a potability test Note: or any other water quality measures available.
Please provide any available information calculated by the utility,
Average residential water nlc per
39 regulatory agencies or similar entities (e.g. statistics offices) on
tariff per m3 * m3
average price per m3 of water sold to residential consumers including
91
# Variable name Unit Description
both fixed and variable components in local nominal currency, without
indirect taxes
Average fixed residential nlc per
40 This is the fixed factor of the residential tariff for water distribution
water tariff per m3 * m3
Average variable residential nlc per This is the tariff charged for every extra residential m3 of water
41
water tariff per m3 * m3 consumed
Please provide any available information calculated by the utility,
regulatory agencies or similar entities (e.g. statistics offices) on
Average NON-residential nlc per
42 average price per m3 of water sold to NON-residential consumers
water tariff per m3 * m3
including both fixed and variable components in local nominal
currency without indirect taxes
Average fixed NON-
nlc per This is the fixed factor of the non-residential tariff (this is different
43 residential water tariff per
m3 from the connection rate) for water distribution
m3 *
Average variable NON-
nlc per This is the tariff charged for every extra NON-residential m3of water
44 residential water tariff per
m3 consumed
m3 *
Please provide any available information calculated by the utility,
regulatory agencies or similar entities (e.g. statistics offices) on
Average residential nlc per
45 3 3 average price per m3 of used water collected (sanitation) to residential
sanitation tariff per m * m
consumers including both fixed and variable components in local
nominal currency without indirect taxes
Please provide any available information calculated by the utility,
regulatory agencies or similar entities (e.g. statistics offices) on
Average NON-residential nlc per
46 3 3 average price per m3 of used water collected (sanitation) to NON-
sanitation tariff per m * m
residential consumers including both fixed and variable components in
local nominal currency without indirect taxes
Government subsidies to the These are direct subsidies or investments from the Government to the
47 nlc
utility utility
These are the total investments private participators are required to
Mandatory investment
48 nlc undertake accordingly to their contractual arrangements with the
requirements (if any)
Government
*Where available, please provide tariff schedule.
Note: lnc stands for nominal local currency
5.3. List of observed utilities
5.3.1. Electricity – included PSP cases
95Table 36. List of included PSP, electricity
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
EAP Philippines Meralco 1992 Divestiture (partial)
ECA Armenia Electricity Network of Armenia (ElNetArm) 2002 Divestiture (full)
Azerbaijan Ali-Bayramli Electricity Network 2002 Concession contract
Baku Electricity Network 2002 Concession contract
Ganja Electricity Network 2002 Concession contract
Sumgait Electricity Network 2002 Concession contract
Czech Jihoceska Energetika (JCE) 2003 Divestiture (partial)
Republic Jinomoravska Energetika (JME) 1999 Divestiture (partial)
Prazska Energetika (PRE) 1996 Divestiture (partial)
Estonia AS Narva Elektrivork 1998 Divestiture (full)
92
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
Georgia Telasi 1999 Divestiture (partial)
Hungary Budapesti Elektromos Muvek 1995 Divestiture (full)
Del-Dunantuli Aramszolgaltato Rt (DEDASZ) 1995 Divestiture (full)
Eszak-Dunantuli Aramszolgaltato Rt (EDASZ). 1995 Divestiture (full)
Tiszantuli Aramszolgaltato Rt (TITASZ) 1995 Divestiture (full)
Moldova RED Centru 2000 Divestiture (full)
RED Chisinau 2000 Divestiture (full)
RED Sud 2000 Divestiture (full)
Poland STOEN 2003 Divestiture (full)
Russia Vladimir MUP Electroset (Vladimir Utility Systems) 2003 Concession contract
Slovak Stredoslovenska Energetika 2002 Divestiture (partial)
Republic Vychodoslovenska Energetika 2003 Divestiture (partial)
Zapadoslovenska Energetika 2002 Divestiture (partial)
Ukraine Chernigivoblenergo 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Khersonoblenergo 2001 Divestiture (full)
Kirovogradoblenergo 2001 Divestiture (full)
Kyivoblenergo 2001 Divestiture (full)
LuganskEnergyUnion 2002 Divestiture (full)
Lvivoblenergo 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Odesaoblenergo 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Poltavaoblenergo 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Prykarpattiaoblenergo 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Rivneoblenergo 2001 Divestiture (full)
Sevastopilenergo 2001 Divestiture (full)
Sumyoblenergo 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Zhytomyroblenergo 2001 Divestiture (full)
LAC Argentina Compania Electrica de Salta SA 1996 Divestiture (partial)
Edesur SA 1992 Divestiture (full)
Empresa de Distribucion de Electricidad de Entre Rios 1996 Divestiture (full)
Empresa de Distribucion Electrica de Tucuman SA 1995 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa de Energia de Catamarca 1996 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa de Energia de Formosa 1995 Divestiture (full)
Empresa de Energia de Rio Negro SA 1996 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Distribuidora de Electricidad de Mendoza 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Distribuidora de Electricidad de San Luis 1993 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Distribuidora de Electricidad de Santiago del Estero 1995 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Distribuidora de Electricidad La Rioja 1995 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Distribuidora de Energia Atlantica 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Distribuidora Electrica Norte SA 1997 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Distribuidora Electrica Sur SA 1997 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Distribuidora y Comercializadora Norte Sociedad Anonima
(Edenor S.A.) 1992 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Electrica San Juan 1996 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Jujena de Energia SA 1996 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Provincial de Energia La Plata SA 1992 Divestiture (partial)
Bolivia Cochabamba Light and Power Company (ELFEC) 1995 Divestiture (partial)
Company de Luz y Fuerza Electrica Oruro (ELFEO) 1995 Divestiture (full)
Electricity of La Paz (ELECTROPAZ) 1995 Divestiture (full)
AES SUL Distribuidora Gaucha de Energia (Companhia Centro-Oeste
Brazil de Distribuicao 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Caiua Servicos de Eletricidade S.A. (CAIUA) 1985 Divestiture (full)
93
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
Centrais Eletricas do Para (Celpa) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Centrais Eletricas Matogrossenses SA (CEMAT) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Cia.Sul Sergipana de Eletricidade 1999 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia de Electricidade do Estado da Bahia (COELBA) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia de Electricidade do Estado Rio de Janeiro SA (CERJ) 1996 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia de Eletricidade de Nova Friburgo (CENF) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia de Energia Eletrica de Pernambuco (CELPE) 2000 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia de Energia Eletrica do Estado do Tocantins 1989 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia Energetica de Borborema (CELB) 1999 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia Energetica do Ceara (Coelce) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia Energetica do Maranhao (CEMAR) 2000 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia Energetica do Rio Grande do Norte (Cosern) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia Forca e Luz Cataguazes-Leopoldina (CFLCL) 1982 Divestiture (full)
Companhia Forca e Luz do Oeste (CFLO) 1995 Divestiture (full)
Companhia Jaguari de Energia (CJE) 1999 Divestiture (full)
Companhia Luz e Forca de Mococa 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia Nacional de Energia Eletrica 1984 Divestiture (full)
Companhia Paulista de Energia Eletrica (CPEE) 1970 Divestiture (full)
Companhia Paulista de Forca e Luz (CPFL) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Companhia Piratininga de Forca e Luz 2001 Divestiture (full)
Elektro Eletricidade e Servicos SA (Elektro) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Eletropaulo Metropolitana Eletricidade de São Paulo 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Empesa de Eletricidade Vale Paranapanema S/A 1980 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Bandeirante de Energia (EBE) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Eletrica Bragantina S. A. (EEB) 1970 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Energetica de Sergipe S.A. 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Energetica do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (Enersul) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Luz e Forca Santa Maria S/A 1995 Divestiture (partial)
Espirito Santo Centrais Eletricas SA (ESCELSA) 1999 Divestiture (partial)
Forca e Luz Coronel Vivida Ltda. – FORCEL 1999 Divestiture (partial)
Light Servicos de Eletricidade SA 1996 Divestiture (partial)
Luz e Forca Santa Cruz 1995 Divestiture (full)
Muxfeldt, Marin & Cia 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Rio Grande Energia s.a 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Sociedade Anonima de Eletrificacao da Paraiba (SAELPA) 2000 Divestiture (partial)
Usina Hidroeletrica Nova Palma (UHENPAL) 2001 Divestiture (partial)
Chile CGE (Compania General de electricidad) 1984 Divestiture (full)
CHILECTRA S.A. 1987 Divestiture (full)
CONAFE 1984 Divestiture (full)
CREO/LUSOSORNO/GEDELSA 1999 Divestiture (full)
EDECSA (ENERGIA DE CASA BLANCA S.A.) 1996 Divestiture (full)
EDELAYSEN (EMPRESA ELECTRICA DE AYSEN) 1998 Divestiture (full)
EDELMAG (EMPRESA ELECTRICA DE MAGALLANES S.A.) 1984 Divestiture (full)
ELECDA (EMPRESA ELECTRICA DE ANTOFAGASTA S.A.) 1990 Divestiture (full)
ELIQSA (EMPRESA ELECTRICA DE IQUIQUE S.A.) 1990 Divestiture (full)
EMELARI (EMPRESA ELECTRICA DE ARICA S.A.) 1990 Divestiture (full)
EMELAT S.A. (EMPRESA ELECTRICA ATACAMA) 1988 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Electrica de Casablanca S.A. (EMELCA) 1997 Divestiture (full)
EMPRESA ELÉCTRICA DE COLINA LTDA. 1996 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Electrica de Coquimbo (Emec) 1989 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Eléctrica de Melipilla, Colchagua y Maule S.A., Emelectric 1986 Divestiture (full)
94
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
Empresa Eléctrica de Talca, Filial Emelectric S.A. 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Eléctrica Puente Alto Ltda. (EEPA) 1992 Divestiture (full)
ENERQUINTA (CHILQUINTA ENERGIA S.A.) 1987 Divestiture (full)
FRONTEL (EMPRESA ELECTRICA DE LA FRONTERA S.A.) 1981 Divestiture (full)
LITORAL (Compania ELECTRICA DEL LITORAL) 1996 Divestiture (full)
LUZ ANDES S.A. (LO BARNECHEA) 1997 Divestiture (full)
LUZ PARRAL (LUZPAR LTDA) 1996 Divestiture (full)
LUZLINARES (LUZAGRO LTDA) 1996 Divestiture (full)
RIO MAIPO (Compania ELECTRICA DEL RIO MAIPO) 1989 Divestiture (full)
SEP (PIRQUE) 1997 Divestiture (full)
Sociedad Austral De Electricidad S.A. (SAESA) 1981 Divestiture (full)
Empresa comercializadora de energia el Departamento y Bogota
Colombia (CODENSA) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa de Energia del Pacifico (EPSA) 1997 Divestiture (partial)
ElectroCosta 1998 Divestiture (partial)
ElectriCaribe 1998 Divestiture (partial)
El Salvador Compania de Alumbrado Electrico de San Salvador (CAESS) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Compania de Luz Electrica de Santa Ana (CLESA) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Distribuidora de Electricidad del Sur (DELSUR) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Distribuidora Electrica de Usulutan (DEUSEM) 1998 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Electrica de Oriente (EEO) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Guatemala Empresa de Distribucion de Occidente 1999 Concession contract
Empresa de Distribucion de Oriente 1999 Concession contract
Empresa de Distribucion Electrica de Guatemala (EEGSA) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Nicaragua Empresa Distribuidora de Electricidad del Norte 2000 Divestiture (full)
Empresa Distribuidora de Electricidad del Sur S. A. 2000 Divestiture (full)
Panama Empresa de Distribucion Electrica Elektra Noreste, S.A. 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa de Distribucion Electrica Chiriqui, S.A (EDECHI) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa de Distribucion Electrica Metro Oeste, S.A. (EDEMET) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
Peru Empresa de Distribucion de Energia de Chancay SA 1996 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa de Distribucion Electrica Lima Norte SA (merged with
Edechancay) 1994 Divestiture (partial)
Empresa Regional de Servicio Publico de Electricidad del Sur Medio
SA 1997 Divestiture (partial)
LUZ DEL SUR 1994 Divestiture (full)
EDECANETE 1996 Divestiture (full)
ELECTRO NORTE 1998 Divestiture (partial)
ELECTRO NORTE MEDIO (HIDRANDINA) 1998 Divestiture (partial)
ELECTRO CENTRO 1998 Divestiture (partial)
ELECTRO NOR OESTE 1998 Divestiture (partial)
MENA Morocco Lyonnaise des Eaux de Casablanca (LYDEC) 1997 Concession contract
SA India Delhi Vidyut Board Distribution (DVB) 2002 Divestiture (partial)
Noida Power Company Ltd. 1993 Divestiture (partial)
Orissa 1999 Divestiture (partial)
SSA Cameroon AES Sonel 2001 Concession contract
Cape Verde Electra 2000 Concession contract
Cote d'Ivoire Compagnie Ivoirienne d' Electricite (CIE) 1990 Concession contract
Gabon Societe d'Energie et d'Eaux du Gabon (SEEG) 1997 Concession contract
Mali Electricite et Eau du Mali SA (EDMSA) 1994 Management contract
Namibia Reho 2000 Lease contract
Senegal Senelec 1999 Concession contract
95
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
Tanzania Tanzania Electricity Supply Company (TANESCO) 2002 Management contract
Uganda West Nile Rural Electrification Company (WENRECO) 2003 Concession contract
* Year in which utility started to operate under private party control. Not always coincide with the formal year
of private involvement
5.3.2. Electricity – targeted, but not included PSP cases
Data for some of the identified PSPwas not possible to collect. These cases are listed below.
Reasons for the lack in data included non-response by utilities, etc Nat, please confirm/complete!
Table 96Table 37. List of targeted but not included PSP, electricity
Region Country Utility name Year*
EAP Philippines Davao Light and Power, Inc 1946
Visayan Electric Company, Inc 1946
ECA Estonia Laanemaa Elektrivork 1998
Viimsi Elekter 2000
Viru Energia 1999
Hungary DEMASZ 1995
EMASZ 1995
Kazakhstan East Kazakhstan REC 1999
Karagandaenergo 1998
Kokshetau Network Company 1997
Semipalatinsk REC 1999
Poland GZE 2001
LAC Brazil Companhia Hidroelétrica São Patrício (CHESP) pre 2003
Empresa Forca e Luz de Urussanga Ltda. (URUSSANGA) 1999
MENA Morocco Rabat Utility Concession 1998
Tangiers Water and Electricity Concession 2002
Tetouan Water and Electricity Concession 2002
SSA Chad STEE 2000
Guinea EDG 1994
Namibia Northern Electricity (reverted to SOE in 2003) 1996
* Year in which utility started to operate under private party control. Not always coincides with the formal
year of private involvement
5.3.3. Electricity – SOEs
Table 97Table 38. List of SOE, electricity
Region Country Utility name
EAP Malaysia Sarawak Electricity Supply Corpn (SESCO)
Tenaga Nasional Bhd. (TNB)
ECA Azerbaijan Nakhchivan Electricity Network
Estonia Eesti Energia AS
Moldova RED Nord
RED Nord-Vest
Poland EnergiaPro Koncern Energetyczny SA Jelenia Gora
EnergiaPro Koncern Energetyczny SA Legnica
Koncern Energetyczny ENERGA SA Koszalin
96
Region Country Utility name
Russian Federation Cherepovets MUP Electroset (Cherepovec municipal utility)
Ukraine Cherkasyoblenergo
Chernivtsioblenergo
Dniprooblenergo
Donetskoblenergo
Kharkivoblenergo
Khmelnytskoblenergo
Krymenergo
Mykolayivoblenergo
Ternopiloblenergo
Vinnytsyaoblenergo
Volynoblenergo
Zakarpattiaoblenergo
Zaporizhzhiaoblenergo
LAC Argentina APELP (La Pampa)
DPEC (Corrientes)
EMSA (Misiones)
EPEC (Cordoba)
EPEN (Neuquen)
EPESF (Santa Fe)
SECHEEP(Chaco)
Bolivia Potosi Electrical Services (SEPSA)
Sucre Energy Company S.A. (CESSA)
Tarija Electrical Service (SETAR),
Brazil Boa Vista Energia S.A.
LAC Brazil Centrais Electricas Mato-Grossenses S/A
CENTRAIS ELETRICAS DE CARAZINHO S/A (ELECTROCAR)
CENTRAIS ELETRICAS DE GOIAS (CELG)
Centrais Eletricas de Santa Catarina S.A.(CELESC)
Cia. De Eletriciadade do Amapa
Cia. Energatica do Piaui
Cia. Energetica do Amazonas
Companhia Campolarguense de Energia (COCEL)
Companhia de Eletricidade do Acre (Eletroacre)
Companhia Energetica de Alagoas
Companhia Energetica de Brasilia SA (CEB)
COMPANHIA ESTADUAL DE ENERGIA ELETRICA (CEEE)
Companhia Paranaense de Energia (Copel)
Departamento Municipal de Energia de Ijui (DEMEI)
MANAUS Energia S/A
Chile Electrica Municipal de Til-Til
Colombia Centrales Electricas del Norte de Santander
Electrificadora de Santander (Bucaramanga)
Empresa Antioquena de Energia (EADE)
Empresa de Energia de Cundinamarca
Empresa de Energia Electrica del Quindio
Empresas Municipales De Cali
Empresas Publicas de Medellin (EPM)
Mexico Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE)
97
Region Country Utility name
Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LyFC)
Peru Electro Oriente S.A
Electro Puno S.A.
Electro Sur Este SA
Electro Sur S.A.
Electro Ucayali S.A.
Proyecto Especial Chavimochic
Sociedad Electrica del Sur Oeste S.A.(SEAL)
Uruguay Administracion Nacional de Usinas y Transmisiones Electricas (UTE)
MENA Djibouti Electricite de Djibouti (EdD)
Morocco Office National de l'Electricite (ONE)
SA India Andhra pradesh electricity board (APEB)
Bihar State Electricity Board (BSEB)
Haryana State Electricity Board (HSEB)
SSA Botswana Botswana Power Corporation (BPC)
Burkina Faso Societe Nationale Burkinabe de l'Electricite (SONABEL)
Central African Republic Societe Energie de Centrafrique (ENERCA)
Congo, Dem. Rep. Societe Nationale d'Electricite (SNEL)
Eritrea Eritrea Electric Corporation (EEC)
Ethiopia Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO)
Ghana Electricity Corporation of Ghana (ECG)
Kenya Kenya Power and Lighting Co (KPLC)
Malawi Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM)
Mauritania Societe Mauritanienne d'Electricite (SOMELEC)
Mauritius Central Electricity Board (CEB)
SSA Mozambique Electricidade de Mozambique (EDM)
Namibia NamPower Corp. Ltd. (NAMPOWER)1
Oshakati
Niger Societe Nigerienne d'Electricite sa (NIGELEC)
South Africa Electricity Supply Commission (ESKOM)
Uganda Uganda Electricity Distribution Co. ltd (UEDCL)
Zambia Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (Zesco)
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA)
Note: 1 No longer distributes to the end users.
98
5.3.4. Water and Sanitation – PSP cases
Table 98Table 39. List of included PSP, water and sanitation
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
EAP China ChongMunicipal 2002 Concession contract
SanyaSino 2004 Concession contract
ShangaiPudong 2002 Concession contract
Yueyangkai 1998 Concession contract
ZhongshanTanzhou 1994 Concession contract
Malaysia Johor Water Supply 1999 Concession contract
Kelantan Water Supply Corporation 1996 Concession contract
Selangor Water Supply Company 2002 Concession contract
Philippines Manila Water Co 1997 Concession contract
MayniladWater 1997 Concession contract
ECA Armenia Yerevan Vodokanal 2000 Management contract
Bulgaria Sofiyska Voda 2000 Concession contract
Czech Republic 1. JVS 1999 Concession contract
Brnenske VaK 1993 Concession contract
CHEVAK 1998 Concession contract
Ostravske VaK 1994 Concession contract
Prazske VaK 2001 Concession contract
Severoceske VaK 1995 Concession contract
Severomoravske VaK 1999 Concession contract
Stredomoravska vodarenska 2000 Concession contract
Sumperska 2001 Concession contract
VaK Beroun 2000 Concession contract
VaK Jizni Cechy 1999 Concession contract
VaK Karlovy Vary 1994 Concession contract
Vodarenska akciova spolecnost 1993 Concession contract
Vodarna Plzen 1996 Concession contract
Estonia Tallinna Vesi 2001 Divestiture (public and private)
Hungary FCSM Rt. 1997 Concession contract
FV Rt. 1997 Management contract
KVM Kft 1994 Concession contract
PECSI VIZMU RT. 1995 Management contract
SZV.RT 1994 Concession contract
VCSM RT SZOLNOK 1996 Concession contract
ZSIGMONDY BELA RT. 1997 Concession contract
Kyrgyz Lebedinovka Vodnik 1999 Lease contract
Poland Aqua S.A. Bielsko-Biala 1999 Divestiture (public and private)
Russia OOO Novogor (former MUP PVK) 2003 Lease contract
Syzran Vodocanal 2001 Management contract
Slovak Republic TVS 1999 Concession contract
LAC Argentina Aguas Argentinas SA 1993 Concession contract
Aguas Cordobesas 1997 Concession contract
Aguas de Campana SA 1998 Concession contract
Aguas de Corrientes 1991 Concession contract
Aguas de Formosa 1995 Concession contract
Aguas de Misiones SA 1999 Concession contract
Aguas de Salta 1998 Concession contract
Aguas de Santiago SA 1997 Concession contract
99
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
Aguas de Tucuman 1995 Concession contract
Aguas del Valle SA 2000 Concession contract
Aguas Provinciales de Santa Fe 1995 Concession contract
Empresa Provincial de OS de la Rioja 1999 Management contract
Obras Sanitarias de Mendoza SA 1998 Concession contract
Bolivia Aguas del Illimani SA 1997 Concession contract
Brazil AGUAS DO PARAIBA 1999 Concession contract
Araçatuba 1998 Concession contract
Cachoeiro do Itapemirim (ES) 1998 Concession contract
GUARÁ 2000 Concession contract
JUTURNAÍBA 1998 Concession contract
LIMEIRA 1995 Concession contract
MAIRINQUE (SP) 1997 Concession contract
MANAUS (AM) 2000 Concession contract
NITERÓI (RJ) 1999 Concession contract
NOVA FRIBURGO (RJ) 1999 Concession contract
PARANAGUÁ (PR) 1997 Concession contract
PETRÓPOLIS (RJ) 1998 Concession contract
PROLAGOS (RJ) 2002 Concession contract
Parauapebas/PA 2001 Concession contract
Campo Verde/MT 2004 Concession contract
Diamantino/MT 2001 Concession contract
Campo Grande/MS 2000 Concession contract
Sorriso/MT 2001 Concession contract
Chile Aguas Andinas SA (former EMOS) 1999 Divestiture (public and private)
AGUAS CORDILLERA S.A. 2000 Divestiture (private)
AGUAS DECIMA S.A. 1995 Divestiture (private)
Aguas Manquehue 2000 Divestiture (private)
Aguas Nuevo Sur Maule (former ESSAM) 2001 Concession contract
Litoral Sur W&WS 1995 Divestiture (private)
Aguas Los Dominicos 2000 Divestiture (private)
Aguas Patagonia de Aysen (former EMSSA) 2002 Concession contract
Aguas Chanar (former EMSSAT) 2004 Concession contract
Aguas Magallanes (former ESSMAG) 2004 Concession contract
Empresa de Servicios Sanitarios de Los Lagos
(former ESSAL) 1999 Divestiture (public and private)
Aguas de Antofagasta (former Essan) 2003 Concession contract
Aguas de la Araucania (former Essar) 2004 Concession contract
Aguas del Altiplano (former Essat) 2004 Concession contract
ESSBIO 2000 Divestiture (public and private)
Aguas del Valle (former ESSCO) 2004 Concession contract
ESSEL 2000 Divestiture (public and private)
ESVAL 1998 Divestiture (public and private)
SERVICOMUNAL 1990 Divestiture (private)
Sociedad de Acueducto Alcantarillado y Aseo
Colombia de Barranquilla 1996 Lease contract
Aguas de Cartagena 1995 Concession contract
Empresa de Aguas de Girardot, Ricaurte y La
Region 1999 Management contract
Proactiva Aguas de Monteria 2000 Concession contract
Acuaviva 1997 Concession contract
100
Region Country Utility name Year* Type of PSP
Metroagua 1997 Lease contract
Empresa de Servicios de Florencia 2002 Management contract
Seraqa Tunja 1996 Concession contract
Aguas de Cajica 1998 Affermage
Operagua El Banco 2003 Concession contract
Aguas de La Peninsula 2001 Concession contract
Hidropacifico 2002 Concession contract
Aguas del Sur de La Guajira 2000 Concession contract
Operadores de Servicios 1997 Concession contract
Operadores de Servicios de La Sierra 2000 Concession contract
Acueducto Metropolitano de Bucaramanga 1916 Concession contract
Aguas de La Sabana Sa 2003 Concession contract
Aguas de La Mojana 2002 Concession contract
Operadores de Servicios del Norte 2003 Concession contract
Compania de Servicios Basicos de Colombia 2002 Divestiture (full)
Aguas de La Guajira 2001 Management contract
Aquaservicios 1996 Management contract
Hydros Chia S En Ca 2003 Management contract
Aguas del Llano 1999 Management contract
Aguazul Bogota 2002 Management contract
Hydros Melgar S En Ca 2002 Management contract
Hydros Mosquera S En Ca 2002 Management contract
Sistemas Publicos 1997 Management contract
Prestadora de Servicios Publicos Domiciliarios 1997 Management contract
Ingenieria Total Servicios Publicos 1997 Management contract
Aguas de Buga 1998 Management contract
Fontana 1996 Management contract
Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Mariquita 2000 Management contract
Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Ocana 1994 Management contract
Aguas de Rionegro Sa 1996 Management contract
Acueductos y Alcantarillados Sostenibles 1997 Management contract
Conhydra 1997 Management contract
Ecuador Interaguas 2001 Concession contract
Mexico Aguascalientes W&WS Services 1993 Concession contract
B. De Huatulco, Oax. 1996 Concession contract1
Desarollos Hidraulicos de Cancun, DHC 1994 Concession contract
Navojoa Potable Water System 1996 Lease contract
Trinidad and Severn Trent (management contractor) 1996 Management contract
Tobago
MENA Jordan WAJ Amman 1999 Management contract
Morocco Amendis Tanger, Tetouan 2002 Concession contract
Lyonnaise des Eaux de Casablanca (LYDEC) 1997 Concession contract
REDAL Rabat 1998 Concession contract
SSA Cote d'Ivoire Societe de Distribution d'Eau de Cote d'Ivoire 1987 Concession contract
Mali Energie du Mali-SA 1994 Management contract
Uganda National W&WS Co. (Kampala) 1997 Management contract
* Year in which utility started to operate under private party control. Not always coincide with the formal year of private
involvement
Note: 1 assumed to be concession contract, we were not able to verify this information
101
5.3.5. Water and Sanitation – targeted but not included PSP cases
99Table 40. List of targeted but not included PSP, water and sanitation
The utilities listed below were not included as data for them were not available from any of
the available sources and the company did not respond to the data gathering invitation. In
many of these cases it was not practicable to collect the data via local consultants.
different reasons why a company will not have been included!
Region Country Utility name Year*
EAP China Changli Water Supply 2002
Shanghai Fengxian Saur Water 2001
Philippines Subic Bay Water and Sewerage 1997
Thailand East Water Provincial Waterworks Authority 1993
Northern Bangkok Water Project 1999
Pathum Thani Rangsit Waterworks 1998
Sattahip Waterworks 2000
Vanuatu Unelco Vanuatu LTD 1993
ECA Albania Elbasan 2000
Kavaja 2002
Azerbaijan Water supply system in the city of Imishli 2001
Czech Republic VHS Benesov 2000
Voss Sokolov 1999
Montenegro MonteAqua 2002
Poland PWiK Dabrowa Gornicza 2002
PWiK Glogow 2002
SAUR Neptun Gdansk 1992
Tarnowskie Gory & Miasteczko Slaskie 2001
Romania Apa Nova Bucuresti SA 2000
Ploiesti Water 2000
Slovenia Bled 2002
Taijkistan Dushanbe 2002
Turkey Antalya Water Operations (ANTSU) 1997
Uzbekistan Bukhara and Samarkand 2002
LAC Argentina Aguas de Balcarse SA 1994
Aguas de Laprida 1996
Azurix 1998
Buenos Aires SA 1999
Sudamericana de Aguas – Pilar 1992
SSA Mozambique Aguas de Mocambique (Beira, Quelimane, Nampula, and Pemba) 1999
Aguas de Mocambique (Maputo and Matola) 1999
Niger Societe d'exploitation des eaux du Niger (SNE) 2001
Senegal Senegalaise des Eaux 1996
South Africa Johannesburg Water 2001
Nelspruit 1999
Siza Water Company Pty. 1999
Water and Sanitation Services South Africa Ltd (WSSA) 1992
* Year in which utility started to operate under private party control. Not always coincide with the formal year of private
involvement
102
5.3.6. Water and Sanitation – SOEs
Table 100Table 41. List of SOE, water and sanitation
Region Country Utility names
EAP China HebeiHandan; ShangaiWaterworks; ZhongshanShaxi
Malaysia Kedah public works; Kuching; Labuan; LAKU; Melaka; N.Sembilan; Pahang; Perak; Perbadanan Bekalan
Air Palau Pinang Bhd.; Perlis; Sabah; Sarawak Public Works Department; Sibu; Terengganu
Vietnam An Giang; Bac Giang; Bac Kan; Bac Lieu; Bac Ninh; Ben Tre; Binh Dinh; Binh Duong; Binh Phuoc; Binh
Thuan; Ca Mau; Can Tho; Cao Bang; Da Nang (DANAWASCO); Dak Lak; Dien Bien; Dong Nai; Dong
Thap; Gia Lai; Ha Dong; Ha Giang; Ha Nam; Ha Noi; Ha Noi So2; Ha Tinh; Hai Duong; Hai Phong
(HPWSCO); Hcm City Ground Water Exploitation & Treatment Company; Ho Chi Minh (WSC); Hoa Binh;
Hung Yen; Khanh Hoa; Kien Giang; Kon Tum; Lai Chau; Lam Dong; Lang Son; Lao Cai; Long An; Long
Khanh; Long Xuyen; Moc Hoa (MECO); Nam Dinh; Ngam Tp; Nghe An (NAWASCO); Ninh Binh; Ninh
Thuan (WASNCO); Phu Tho (PTOWsCo); Phu Yen; Quang Binh; Quang Ngai; Quang Ninh; Quang Tri;
Son La (SOWASUCO); Son Tay; Tam Ky Quang Nam; Tay Ninh; Thai Binh; Thai Nguyen (TWSC); Thanh
Hoa; Thua Thien Hue; Tien Giang; Tinh Ba Ria Vung Tau (WASUCO); Tinh Soc Trang; Tra Vinh; Tuyen
Quang; Vinh Long; Vinh Phuc So1; Vinh Phuc So2; Yen Bai
ECA Croatia Bizet; Bjelovar; Delnice; Ivanic Grad; Karlovac; Koprivnica; Krk; Labin; Makarska; Novi Vinodolski; Omis;
Opuzen; Osijek; Otocac; Pozega; Rijeka; Sibenik; Sisak; Slavonski Brod; Vrbovec; Zagreb
Czech Slovacke VaK; VaK Breclav; VaK Churudim; VaK Havlickuv Brod; VaK Hodonin; VaK Hradec Kralove;
Republic VaK Jablonne n.O.; VaK Kromeriz; VaK Mlada Boleslav; VaK Pardubice; VaK Prostejov; VaK Trutnov;
VHOS
Estonia Narva Vesi
Georgia Borzhomvodokanal; Chashurtskaly; Chashurykanal; Chyaturtschalkanaly; Kanal-Samtredia;
Kaspyvodokanal; Kobuletskyvodokanal; Kutschalkanal; Kvareltschalkanali; Onivodokanal; Potyvodokanal;
Rustavcanal; Rustavi-Tbilisi; Rustavvoda; Tbilisi Water Supply and Sanitation Utility; Telavvodokanal;
Terzholatschalkanal; Tkybulvodokanal; Trestvodokanal; Tschalkanali; Tskaly; Tskaro; Vodocanal-Gory;
Vodokanal-Abasha; Vodokanal-Marneul; Vodokanal-Tschaltubo; Zetafonvodokanal; Zugdydvodokanal
Hungary BACSVIZ Rt.; DEBRECENI VIZMU RT.; DOMBROVAR; DRV; EDV Rt.; ERD ES TERSEGE VIZIKOZMU KFT;
HAJDU-BIHARI ONKORM. VIZMU RT.; HEVES MEGYEI VIZMU RT.; KOZUZEMI KFT; MIVIZ RT.; NYUGAT-
NOGRAD VIZMU KFT.; PANNON-VIZ RT.; PAPAI VIZMU RT; SOPRON ES KORNYEKE VIZ- ES CSAT. RT.;
SZEKSZARDI VIZMU KFT.; VASIVIZ RT; ZALAVIZ RT.
Kazakhstan Akbulak; Astana Su Arnasy; BurabaySu; Ekibastuzsu; Esil Su; Gorvodokanal Aksu; Gorvodokanal
Petropavlovsk; Kokshetau gorvodokanal; KostanaySu; KyzylordaVodocanal; Nizhnii Bief; Nurbol;
Oskemen Vodokanal; PTBS; Semei Vodocanal; TarazSu; TBSyB; UVyK Atbasar; Vodokanal Alakol;
Vodokanal Almaty; Vodokanal Issyk; Vodokanal Kapchagai; Vodokanal Karaganda; Vodokanal Ridder;
Vodokanal Talgar; Vodokanal Zyryanovsk; Vodosnabzhenie Karatal; Water ResoucesMarketing; Zaysan
taza Su; ZhetysuVodokanal
Kyrgyz AkSuu; Balykshi Vodokanal; Belovodskoye; Cholpon Ata; Chui Krystall; JalalAbad Vodokanal; Kant
Service; KaraBalta 1; KaraBalta 2; Karakol; KyzylKiya; Naryn; Orlovskoye; Osh; Talas; Tokmak; Tyup
Moldova Anenii Noi; Balti; Basarabeasca; Briceni; Cahul; Cainari; Cantemir; Caralas; Causeni; Ceadir-Lunga;
Chisinau; Cojusna; Comrat; Cricova; Criuleni; Donduseni; Drochia; Edineti; Falesti; Floreni; Floresti;
Glodeni; Hincesti; Leova; Lipcani; Nisporeni; Ocnita; Orhei; Otaci; Resina; Riscani; Sinjerei; Soldanesti;
Soroca; Stauceni; Stefan-Voda; Straseni; Taraclia; Telenesti; Ungheni; Vulcanesti
Romania APA GRUP; APASERV; AQUASERV; AQUASOM DEJ; AQUATIM TIMISOARA; C.U.P. RA; CASSA; CJAS; CTTA
ALBA IULIA; D.A.C.; GOSCOM; R.A. APA BRAILA; R.A.J.A. AQUABIS BN; R.A.T.A.C.F.L.; RA APA CANAL
ORADEA; RAJA CONSTANTA; RAJAC IASI; RAM BUZAU; S.C. APA CANAL SRL; S.C.C.A.A. S.A.; SC
ACVASERV SRL; SC APAVIL SA VALCEA; SC EDILUL CGA SA; SC VITAL SA; SIBIU
Russian BELOGLINSKOE MNOGOOTRASLEVOE P/P ZHKKH; BOL'SHEGLUSHITSKOE POZHKKH; CHELNO-
Federation VERSHINSKOE MUP PO ZHKKH; ELKHOVSKOE P/P ZHKKH; GOUP MURMANSKVODOKANAL; GOUP
OLENEGORSKVODOKANAL; GUP ARMAVIRVODKOMPLEKS; KGMPU VODOKANAL CITY OF KUNGUR;
KRASNOARMEYSKOE MPZHKKH; KUSHEVSKOE UPRAVLENIE VODOPROVODOV GUP; LENINGRADSKOE
MUPZHKKH; LO DGUP ZHKKH LENZHILKOMSERVIS; MKKP CITY OFPIKALEVO; MMUP ZHKKH
ALEKSEEVSKOGO RAYONA; MP TUAPSEVODOKANAL; MP VERESHAGINSKIE KANALIZATSIONNYE
SETI; MP VIPTE CITY OF GORYACHIY KLYUCH; MP VODOKANAL CITY OF TIKHVIN; MP VODOKANAL
CITY OF VYBORG; MP POZHKKH ADMINISTRATSII ISAKLINSKOGO RAYONA; MP POZHKKH S. BOGATOE;
MP PU ZHKKH SUKHODOL; MP VKKH CITY OF NOVOKUYBYSHEVSK; MP VKKH CITY OF
POKHVISTNEVO; MP ZHKKH EKSP.O CITY OF NIKOL'SKOE; MP ZHKKH P.KRASNYY BOR; MU MPZHKKH
OTRADNENSKOGO RAYONA; MUP ABINSKOE ZHKKH; MUP GORVODOKANAL CITY OF CHUSOVOY;
MUP GORVODOKANAL CITY OF KIZEL; MUP KINEL'-CHERKASSKOE POZHKKH; MUP
LUGAZHILKOMKHOZ; MUP MIRNENSKOE ZHKKH; MUP NOVGORODSKIY VODOKANAL; MUP NOVO-
BUYANSKOE ZHKKH; MUP AYVODOKANAL PERMSKOGO RAYONA; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF
CHEREPOVETS; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF ARKHANGEL'SK; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF
CHAYKOVSKIY; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF GREMYACHINSK; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF
103
KRASNOKAMSK; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF KRASNOVISHERSK; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF
KROPOTKIN; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF LABINSK; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF PETROZAVODSK; MUP
VODOKANAL CITY OF PRIMORSKO-AKHTAR; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF SLAVYANSK-NA-KUB; MUP
VODOKANAL CITY OF TIKHORETSK; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF YOSHKAR-OLA; MUP VODOKANAL
CITY OFBEREZNIKI; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OFKINEL'; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OFOSA; MUP
VODOKANAL LODEYNOPOL'SKIY RAYON; MUP VODOPROVOD UST'-LABINSKOGO RAYONA; MUP
VOLZHSKOE ZHKKH; MUP ZHILKOMKHOZ CITY OF ZHIGULEVSK SAM; MUP KRASNOYARSKOE
ZHKKH; MUP NEFTEGORSKOE; MUP PO ZHKKH SHIGONSKOGO RAYONA; MUP PUVKKH CITY OF
LYS'VA; MUP VKKH VODOKANAL CITY OF KRASNODAR; MUP VODOKANAL CITY OF ANAPA; MUP
ZHKKH CHUBOVSKOE KINEL'SKOGO RAYON; MUP ZHKKH DOMASHKINSKOE KINEL'SKOGO RA; MUP
ZHKKH KOMSOMOL'SKOE KINEL'SKOGO RA; MUP ZHKKH MALYSHEVKA KINEL'SKOGO RAYON; MUP
ZHKKH SEVERNOE LOMONOSOVSKIY RAYON; MUP ZHKKH VODOKANAL TOSNENSKIY RAYON; MUP
ZHKKH KRASNOARMEYSKOGO RAYONA; MUPP ZHKKH POKHVISTNEVSKOGO RAYONA;
NOVOSEMEYKINSKOE MZHKP; OAO UK ZHKKH CITY OF OTRADNOGO; OAO VODOKANAL-SERVIS
CITY OF VOLKHOV; PESTRAVSKOE MPO ZHKKH; RUMP VODOKANAL CITY OF TEMRYUK; Salavat;
SERGIEVSKOE MPPOZHKKH; SERTOLOVSKOE MUP VTES; STAROMINSKOE UMPZHKKH; SVK-KV; UMP
VKKH CITY OF CHERNUSHKA; USPENSKOE MPZHKKH; Vladimir; VODOKANAL CITY OF GATCHINA;
VODOKANAL CITY OF KINGISEPP; VYSELKOVSKOE MPZHKKH; ZAO CHELNYVODOKANAL
Slovakia Stredoslovenska vodarenska spolocnost, a.s. (STVS)
Ukraine Alushta; Auly; Bahmach; Balaklea; Barvenkovo; Bashtanka; Beregovo; Bereznyi; Borovaya; Brody; Burluk;
Chernigiv; Chervonograd; Chuguev; Dniprodzerjynsk; Dnipropetrovsk; Drohobych; Feodosiya; Gorodok;
Hust; Ialta; Ievpatoriya; Irshava; Izyum; Jovti Vody; Kamenka Bugskaya; Kharkiv; Kharkiv wastewater;
Kolomak; Krasnograd; Krasnokutsk; Kriviy Rig; Kupiansk; Lozovaya; Lviv; Lyubotin; Marganec;
Mezhhgorie; Morshin; Mukachevo; Mykolayiv; Nijyn; Nikopol; Nosivka; Novaya Odessa; Novaya
Vodolaga; Noviy Bug; Novomoskovsk; Novoyarovsk; Novyi Bug; Ordgonikidze; Pavlograd; Peremyshliany;
Pervomaisk; Pervomaiski; Pryluky; Radekhov; Rakhov; Sakhnovshchina; Saky; Sambor; Schors;
Shevchenkovo; Skole; Sokal; Staryi Sambor; Stryi; Svaliava; Symferopol; Truskavets; Uzhgorod; Valki;
Volchansk; Volovets; Vonogradov; Voronovo; Voznesensk; Yavoriv; Yuzhni; Yuzhno Ukrainsk;
Zachepilovka; Zhidachiv; Zhovkva; Zmiev; Zolochev
LAC Argentina Aguas de los Andes SA; Aguas Rionegrinas SA; Obras Sanitarias de San Juan ( OSSE, San Juan); SAMEP;
SAPEM
Bolivia SEMAPA
Brazil AGESPISA/PI; Água Boa/MT; Água Preta/PE; Alagoinha/PB; Alagoinhas/BA; Alexandria/RN;
Almeirim/PA; Alto Araguaia/MT; Alto Paraguai/MT; Alto Taquari/MT; Alvorada D'Oeste/RO;
Amaturá/AM; Americana/SP; Ângulo/PR; Anta Gorda/RS; Antonina/PR; Araçagi/PB; Aracruz/ES;
Araguari/MG; Araguatins/TO; Araraquara/SP; Araras/SP; Atalaia/AL; Bacabal/MA; Bagé/RS; Balsas/MA;
Bandeirantes/MS; Barra do Bugres/MT; Barra Mansa/RJ; Barretos/SP; Bauru/SP; Bela Vista/MS;
Birigui/SP; Blumenau/SC; Boa Vista do Ramos/AM; Boca da Mata/AL; Bocaiúva/MG; Bom Jesus da
Lapa/BA; Brusque/SC; Caaporã/PB; CAEMA/MA; CAER/RR; CAERD/RO; CAERN/RN; CAESA/AP;
CAESB/DF; Caeté/MG; CAGECE/CE; CAGEPA/PB; Cajueiro/AL; Cametá/PA; Campinas/SP; Campo
Novo do Parecis/MT; Campo Verde/MT; Canindé/CE; Capela/SE; Caririaçu/CE; Carmo do Cajuru/MG;
Carmópolis/SE; Carolina/MA; CASAL/AL; CASAN/SC; Catanduva/SP; Catu/BA; Caxias do Sul/RS;
Caxias/MA; Ceará-Mirim/RN; CEDAE/RJ; CESAN/ES; Colatina/ES; Colorado/PR; COMPESA/PE;
COPASA/MG; Coqueiral/MG; CORSAN/RS; Cortês/PE; CO mópolis/SP; Costa Rica/MS; Curaçá/BA;
DEAS/AC; DESO/SE; Diadema/SP; Dom Aquino/MT; Doutor Ulysses/PR; Dracena/SP; EMBASA/BA;
Engenheiro Coelho/SP; Estância/SE; Extremoz/RN; Feliz Natal/MT; Gameleira/PE; Gandu/BA; Gaspar/SC;
Governador Celso Ramos/SC; Governador Valadares/MG; Grão Pará/SC; Guaçuí/ES; Guaratinguetá/SP;
Guarulhos/SP; Ibiporã/PR; Iguatu/CE; Indaiatuba/SP; Ipanema/MG; Itabira/MG; Itabuna/BA;
Itacoatiara/AM; Itaguara/MG; Itambé/PE; Itapiranga/SC; Itaúna/MG; Itu/SP; Ituiutaba/MG; Jacareí/SP;
Jaguariúna/SP; Jaraguá do Sul/SC; Jataizinho/PR; Jerônimo Monteiro/ES; João Neiva/ES; Juazeiro/BA;
Juína/MT; Juiz de Fora/MG; Jundiaí/SP; Leme/SP; Linhares/ES; Lucas do Rio Verde/MT; Macarani/BA;
Madalena/CE; Marechal Deodoro/AL; Marialva/PR; Marília/SP; Matrinchã/GO; Mauá/SP; Mogi das
Cruzes/SP; Mogi Guaçu/SP; Mogi-Mirim/SP; Muriaé/MG; Nossa Senhora do Livramento/MT; Nova
Colinas/MA; Nova Mutum/MT; Nova Odessa/SP; Nova Olímpia/MT; Nova Trento/SC; Novo Horizonte do
Norte/MT; Orleans/SC; Osasco/SP; Ourinhos/SP; O rde/SP; Paço do Lumiar/MA; Palmares/PE; Pão de
Açúcar/AL; Paranaíta/MT; Paranatinga/MT; Paratinga/BA; Parintins/AM; Passos/MG; Pastos Bons/MA;
Paulicéia/SP; Pedreira/SP; Pedro Afonso/TO; Pelotas/RS; Penedo/AL; Pindobaçu/BA; Piracicaba/SP;
Pirassununga/SP; Planalto da Serra/MT; Poços de Caldas/MG; Pomerode/SC; Pontal do Araguaia/MT; Ponte
Branca/MT; Ponte Nova/MG; Porto Alegre/RS; Porto dos Gaúchos/MT; Porto Real do Colégio/AL;
Primavera/PA; Quixeramobim/CE; Remanso/BA; Resende/RJ; Ribeirão Preto/SP; Ribeirão/PE; Rio Branco
do Sul/PR; Rio Branco/AC; Rio Branco/MT; Rio Claro/SP; Rio Negrinho/SC; Rochedo/MS; Rondon do
Pará/PA; Rondonópolis/MT; SAAE/AL (S. M. Campos); SAAE/ES; SAAE/PR; SABESP/SP;
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Sacramento/MG; Salto do Céu/MT; Salto/SP; Salvador das Missões/RS; SANEAGO/GO; SANEATINS/TO;
SANEPAR/PR; SANESUL/MS; Santa Bárbara do Pará/PA; Santa Bárbara D'Oeste/SP; Santa Cruz/RN;
Santa Rita de Cássia/BA; Santa Rita do Trivelato/MT; Santana do Livramento/RS; Santo André/SP; São
Bento do Sul/SC; São Bernardo do Campo/ no do Sul/SP; São Carlos/SP; São Cristóvão/SE; São Francisco
do Sul/SC; São Gabriel do Oeste/MS; São Gonçalo do Amarante/RN; São João do Jaguaribe/CE; São João
do Pau d'Alho/SP; São José do Rio Preto/SP; São José dos Quatro Marcos/MT; São Leopoldo/RS; São
Mateus/ES; São Miguel do Guamá/PA; São Paulo das Missões/RS; São Sebastião do Uatumã/AM;
Sarandi/PR; Senador Canedo/GO; Sertanópolis/PR; Sete de Setembro/RS; Sete Lagoas/MG; SIMAE/SC
(Capinzal); SIMAE/SC (Joaçaba); Sinop/MT; Sobradinho/BA; Sobral/CE; Sorocaba/SP; Sumaré/SP;
Tangará da Serra/MT; Tapejara/PR; Tapurah/MT; Terra Nova do Norte/MT; Terra Rica/PR; Tijucas/SC;
Timon/MA; Touros/RN; Trombas/GO; Tupi Paulista/SP; Uberaba/MG; Uberlândia/MG; Unaí/MG; União
dos Palmares/AL; Urussanga/SC; Valença/BA; Valinhos/SP; Várzea Grande/MT; Vera Cruz/RS; Viana/MA;
Vila Rica/MT; Vilhena/RO; Vinhedo/SP; Volta Redonda/RJ; Xique-Xique/BA
Chile (SMAPA) MAIPU
Colombia Aguas de Manizales; Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Acacias; Empresa de Acueducto y
Alcantarillado de Bogota; Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Madrid; Empresa de Acueducto y
Alcantarillado de Zipaquira; Empresa de Obras Sanitarias de Duitama; Empresa de Obras Sanitarias de Santa
Rosa de Cabal; Empresa de Servicio Publicos de Fusagasuga; Empresa de Servicios del Municipio de Cota;
Empresa de Servicios Publicos Caribabare de Tame; Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Aguazul; Empresa de
Servicios Publicos de Barbosa; Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Chaparral; Empresa de Servicios Publicos
de La Union; Empresa de Servicios Publicos de La Virginia; Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Lerida;
Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Sopo; Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Valledupar; Empresa de Servicios
Publicos de Villeta; Empresa de Servicios Publicos del Carmen de Viboral; Empresa Industrial y Comercial
de Chiquinquira; Empresa Municipal de Funza; Empresa Municipal de Piedecuesta; Empresa Municipal de
Piendamo; Empresa Municipal de Servicios Publicos de Arauca; Empresa Sanitaria del Quindio; Empresas
Municipales de Cali; Empresas Municipales de Cartago Sa; Empresas Municipales de Santander de
Quilichao; Empresas Publicas de Armenia; Empresas Publicas de Garzon; Empresas Publicas de Medellin;
Empresas Publicas de Puerto Boyaca; Empresas Publicas Municipales de Belen de Umbria; Empresas
Publicas Municipales de Malaga; Oficina de Servicios Publicos Municipio de Ubate; Oficina Municipal de
Servicios de Tocancipa; Serviciudad
Costa Rica Empresa de Servicios Publicos de Heredia (ESPH S.A.); Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y
Alcantarillados
Honduras Aguas de Puerto Cortes, S.A. de C.V.
Mexico Cd. Juárez, Chih.; Chihuahua, Chih.; Culiacan, Sin.; Puebla, Pue.
Nicaragua ENACAL
Panama Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Nacionales (IDAAN)
Paraguay ESSAP S.A. Asuncion and suburbs; ESSAP S.A. Encarnacion; ESSAP S.A. Pedro Juan Caballero; ESSAP
S.A. Villarrica, Coronel Oviedo
Peru Entidad Municipal Prestadora de Servicios de Saneamiento de Chimbote S.A. EP; Entidad Municipal
Prestadora de Servicios de Saneamiento de Tacna S.A. EPS T; Entidad Prestadora de Servicios de
Saneamiento de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado; Entidad Prestadora de Servicios de Saneamiento Grau S.A.
EPS GRAU S.A.; EPSASA; EPSEL; SEDACUSCO; SEDALIB; SEDAPAL; SEDAPAR
Uruguay OSE
MENA Jerusalem JWU
Jordan Ajloun; Balqa; Irbid; Jarash; Karak; Ma'an; Madaba; Mafraq; Tafila; WAJ Aqaba; Zarka
Morocco Radeec Settat; Radeef Fes; Radeel Eljadida; Radeel Larache; Radeem Meknes; RADEEMA Marrakech;
Radeen Nador; Radeeo Oujda; Radees Safi; Radeet Benimell; Radeeta Taza; RAK Kenitra; Ramsa Agadir
Yemen Hodeidah; Mukalla; Sana'a; Taiz
SSA Benin SONEB S.A.U.
Malawi LWB
Nigeria ASWB; BSWB; BSWC; EBSWC; KDSWB; KTSWB; MNWR; NSWB; OGSWC; OSWC; SSWB; YSWC
Tanzania DUWASA; SHUWASA)
Togo Societe Togolaise des Eaux (TdE)
Zambia CWSC; KWSC; LWSC; MWSC; NWSC(Nkana); NWWSSCL; SWSC; WWSC
105
This paper describes the database compiled for the following study:
Gassner K, A. Popov and N. Pushak. 2009. “Does Private Sector Participation
Improve Performance in Electricity and Water Distribution?” Trends and Policy
Options No. 6, World Bank.
(http://www.ppiaf.org/documents/trends_and_policy/PSP_water_electricity.pdf)
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