Trade Map User Guide

International Trade Centre U N C TA D / W T O Market Analysis Services October 2006 User Guide Trade Map Trade Statistics for International Business Development Market Analysis Section Division of Product and Market Development Trade Map - User Guide Market Analysis Section Division of Product and Market Development October 2006 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 54-56 rue de Montbrillant Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Abbreviations CIF COMESA EBOPS FOB GATS HS ITC LDCs m. MERCOSUR MFN n.e.s. p.a. SITC TSI UNCTAD UNSD WTO Cost, insurance and freight Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Extended Balance of Payment Services Classification Free on board General Agreement on Trade in Services Harmonized System International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Least developed countries million Common Market of the South Most Favoured Nation not elsewhere specified per annum Standard International Trade Classification Trade Support Institution United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Statistics Division World Trade Organization Note: Please note that the statistics in Trade Map undergo annual updates, as well as updates throughout the year as new information becomes available. These updates may generate varying figures or trends from what is seen in this User Guide, however the principles and applications of Trade Map remain the same. Please contact trademap@intracen.org for more information or assistance. ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ........................................................................1 1.1 – OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 - WHY USE TRADE MAP ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 - DATA SOURCES AND AVAILABILITY ..................................................................................................... 2 1.4 - ACCESS TO THE TOOL ........................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2 - HOW TO USE TRADE MAP .........................................................4 2.1 - HOW TO ENTER THE DATABASE........................................................................................................... 4 2.2 - SELECTION MENU ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 - SELECT A PRODUCT OR A SERVICE...................................................................................................... 8 2.4 - SELECT A COUNTRY OR A PARTNER COUNTRY .................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3 - THE PRODUCT APPROACH .....................................................12 A South African Chamber of Commerce assisting local exporters of Oranges ............. 12 3.1 - ASSESS THE WORLD MARKET FROM THE DEMAND SIDE ....................................................................... 12 3.2 - ASSESS WORLD COMPETITORS ......................................................................................................... 14 An exporter of Fresh fillets from Uganda looking for new markets ................................ 18 3.3 - REVIEW CURRENT SITUATION OF THE COUNTRY’S EXPORTS ................................................................ 18 3.4 - IDENTIFY THE WORLD’S LEADING IMPORTERS ..................................................................................... 21 3.5 - ANALYZE THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPETITORS................................................................................. 22 3.6 - EXAMINE TARIFFS AND TARIFF QUOTAS IN POTENTIAL NEW MARKETS ................................................... 24 3.7 - INVESTIGATE COMPETITORS AT THE NATIONAL TARIFF LINE LEVEL ...................................................... 26 An importer of Refrigerators from Venezuela searching for new sources of supply..... 31 3.8 - IDENTIFY CURRENT SUPPLIERS ......................................................................................................... 31 3.9 - ASSESS POTENTIAL SUPPLIERS THROUGH A GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE MARKET ...................... 33 A Turkish exporter of Apparel looking for product diversification in a given market.... 35 3.10 - ASSESS THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCTS CURRENTLY EXPORTED ............................................ 35 3.11 - IDENTIFY SIMILAR PRODUCTS IMPORTED BY THE GIVEN MARKET......................................................... 36 CHAPTER 4 - COUNTRY APPROACH ............................................................41 A government’s analyst from Romania wanting to best prioritize effort in trade and investment promotion ......................................................................................................... 41 4.1 - GAUGE NATIONAL TRADE PERFORMANCE BY SECTOR ......................................................................... 41 4.2 - ANALYZE TRENDS IN A SUB-SECTOR (4-DIGIT PRODUCT GROUPS)........................................................ 44 4.3 - OVERVIEW OF TOP PRODUCTS EXPORTED BY THE COUNTRY ............................................................... 48 A Trade Support Institution from Estonia exploring for potential increase of bilateral trade with Finland ................................................................................................. 54 4.4 - ASSESS CURRENT BILATERAL TRADE BETWEEN TWO PARTNER COUNTRIES AT THE SECTORAL LEVEL ...... 54 4.5 - ANALYZE BILATERAL TRADE AT THE PRODUCT LEVEL .......................................................................... 57 Cambodia’s Government analyzing product areas for trade increase with EU, as a region ................................................................................................................................... 60 4.6 - REVIEW OF EXISTING AND POTENTIAL TRADE BETWEEN A SELECTED COUNTRY AND A REGION ................ 61 4.7 - ANALYZE TRADE POTENTIAL IN A GRAPHIC FORMAT ............................................................................ 63 CHAPTER 5 – TRADE IN SERVICES ..............................................................65 5.1 - REVIEW WORLD EXPORTERS OF SERVICES ........................................................................................ 65 5.2 - IDENTIFY A COUNTRY’S SUPPLIERS FOR THE SELECTED SERVICE ......................................................... 68 SUMMARY .................................................................................................70 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO i ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP List of Tables TABLE 1: LIST OF IMPORTERS FOR THE SELECTED PRODUCT IN 2004 ............................................................................. 13 TABLE 2: LIST OF EXPORTERS FOR THE SELECTED PRODUCT IN 2004............................................................................. 14 Explanatory Notes for Table 1 and Table 2 ......................................................................................... 15 TABLE 3: LIST OF EXPORTERS FOR THE SELECTED PRODUCT – TRADE DATA OVER FIVE YEARS......................................... 16 TABLE 4: LIST OF EXPORTERS FOR THE SELECTED PRODUCT – TRADE DATA OVER FIVE YEARS......................................... 17 Explanatory Notes for Table 3 and Table 4 ......................................................................................... 17 TABLE 5: LIST OF IMPORTING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT EXPORTED BY UGANDA IN 2004................................................. 19 Explanatory Notes for Table 5 ............................................................................................................. 20 TABLE 6: LIST OF IMPORTERS FOR THE SELECTED PRODUCT IN 2004 ............................................................................. 21 TABLE 7: LIST OF SUPPLYING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT IMPORTED BY ITALY IN 2004...................................................... 22 Explanatory Notes for Table 7 ............................................................................................................. 23 TABLE 8: LIST OF PRODUCTS FOR WHICH INFORMATION ON TARIFF BARRIERS FOR ITALY IS AVAILABLE (EXTRACT).............. 24 TABLE 9: 2006 TARIFF BARRIERS REPORTED BY ITALY .................................................................................................. 25 TABLE 10: LIST OF PRODUCTS AT TARIFF LINE LEVEL IMPORTED BY ITALY OVER THE LAST 3 YEARS (2003-2005) .............. 27 Explanatory Notes for Table 10 ........................................................................................................... 28 TABLE 11: LIST OF SUPPLYING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT IMPORTED BY ITALY IN 2005 – TARIFF LINE LEVEL .................... 29 TABLE 12: LIST OF SUPPLYING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT IMPORTED BY ITALY IN 2005 – GROWTH RATES ........................ 30 Explanatory Notes for Table 11 and Table 12 ..................................................................................... 30 TABLE 13: LIST OF SUPPLYING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT IMPORTED BY VENEZUELA IN 2004 .......................................... 31 Explanatory Notes for Table 13 ........................................................................................................... 32 TABLE 14: LIST OF SUPPLYING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT IMPORTED BY GERMANY IN 2004............................................. 35 Explanatory Notes for Table 14 ........................................................................................................... 36 TABLE 15: LIST OF PRODUCTS IMPORTED BY GERMANY IN 2004 (EXTRACT) ................................................................... 37 Explanatory Notes for Table 15 ........................................................................................................... 38 TABLE 16: LIST OF PRODUCTS AT TARIFF LINE LEVEL IMPORTED BY GERMANY IN 2005 .................................................... 38 TABLE 17: LIST OF PRODUCTS AT TARIFF LINE LEVEL IMPORTED BY GERMANY IN 2005 .................................................... 39 Explanatory Notes for Table 16 and Table 17 ..................................................................................... 40 TABLE 18: LIST OF PRODUCT GROUPS AND SERVICES EXPORTED BY ROMANIA IN 2004 (EXTRACT)................................... 42 Explanatory Notes for Table 18 ........................................................................................................... 43 TABLE 19: LIST OF IMPORTING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT EXPORTED BY ROMANIA IN 2004 ............................................. 43 Explanatory Notes for Table 19 ........................................................................................................... 44 TABLE 20: LIST OF PRODUCTS EXPORTED BY ROMANIA IN 2004, HS 4 .......................................................................... 45 TABLE 21: THE LEADING PRODUCTS EXPORTED BY ROMANIA IN 2004, HS 6-DIGIT LEVEL................................................ 48 Explanatory Notes for Table 20 and Table 21 ..................................................................................... 49 TABLE 22: THE LEADING PRODUCTS EXPORTED BY ROMANIA IN 2004 – TRADE DATA OVER FIVE YEARS ........................... 52 Explanatory Notes for Table 22 ........................................................................................................... 53 TABLE 23: EXISTING AND POTENTIAL TRADE BETWEEN ESTONIA AND FINLAND IN 2004, HS 2 ......................................... 55 Explanatory Notes for Table 23 ........................................................................................................... 56 LEVEL TABLE 24: EXISTING AND INDICATIVE POTENTIAL TRADE BETWEEN ESTONIA AND FINLAND IN 2004, HS 6-DIGIT ............................................................................................................................................................ 57 Explanatory Notes for Table 24 ........................................................................................................... 58 TABLE 25: LIST OF COUNTRY AND ECONOMIC GROUPS .................................................................................................. 60 TABLE 26: EXISTING AND INDICATIVE POTENTIAL TRADE BETWEEN CAMBODIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) IN 2004 ............................................................................................................................................................ 62 TABLE 27: LIST OF EXPORTING COUNTRIES PRESENTLY AVAILABLE IN THE DATABASE FOR THE SELECTED SERVICE ............ 67 TABLE 28: LIST OF SUPPLYING MARKETS FOR A SERVICE IMPORTED BY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ............................... 68 ii International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP TABLE 29: LIST OF IMPORTING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT EXPORTED BY BRAZIL IN 2004................................................. 73 TABLE 30: LIST OF IMPORTING MARKETS FOR A PRODUCT EXPORTED BY BRAZIL IN 2004- MIRROR STATISTICS................. 74 Charts CHART 1: PROSPECTS FOR DIVERSIFICATION OF SUPPLIERS FOR A PRODUCT IMPORTED BY VENEZUELA IN 2004 .......... ....................................................................................................................................... 34 CHART 2: GROWTH OF NATIONAL SUPPLY AND INTERNATIONAL DEMAND FOR EXPORT PRODUCTS OF ROMANIA IN 2004, HS 4-DIGIT LEVEL ....................................................................................................... 47 CHART 3: GROWTH OF NATIONAL SUPPLY AND INTERNATIONAL DEMAND FOR THE TWENTY LEADING ROMANIAN EXPORTS IN 2004 ..................................................................................................................... 51 CHART 4: POTENTIAL TRADE BETWEEN CAMBODIA AND EUROPEAN UNION (EU) IN 2004.......................... 64 Annexes ANNEX I: FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS AS A BASIS FOR STRATEGIC MARKET RESEARCH ............................ 72 ANNEX II: EXTENDED BALANCE OF PAYMENTS SERVICES CLASSIFICATION (EBOPS) INCLUDING MEMORANDUM ITEMS ............................................................................................................................... 76 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO iii ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 - Ov e r v ie w Understanding the structure and evolution of international markets is essential for both firms and trade support institutions (TSIs). As outwardly oriented firms scan the world market for opportunities to diversify products and markets, as well as suppliers, they are confronted with the following questions: What is the structure of the world market for a product? What are the trends? With which countries does my country currently trade? Where are opportunities for market diversification? What tariff barriers exist in a specific market? Which countries are competing in a specific market and globally? TSIs need to set priorities in terms of trade promotion, sectoral performance, partner countries and trade development strategies to utilize resources effectively. Strategic market research with detailed statistical information on international trade flows helps them gauge the competitiveness of national and sectoral trade performance and identify priority products and markets for trade development by addressing the following types of questions: What are priority markets and products for trade promotion? What countries supply the majority of my country’s imports? What alternative sources of supply are available? In what areas does my country have a competitive advantage? What is my country’s current trade performance? For what products is there potential to increase bilateral trade? What are the trade flows between my country and a specific regional or economic group? 1.2 - Wh y use Trade Map Trade Map was developed by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) to answer these and related questions with the objectives of facilitating strategic market research, monitoring both national and product-specific trade performance, revealing comparative and competitive advantage, identifying the potential for market or product diversification and designing and prioritizing trade development programmes for both firms and trade support institutions. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 1 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP By transforming the large volume of primary trade data into an accessible, user-friendly, and interactive Web-based format, Trade Map provides users with indicators on country or product performance, demand, alternative markets and the role of competitors. It presents information in both tables and charts, and allows queries based on product, country and regional country groupings for exports or imports. 1.3 - Data Sources and Availability The information contained in Trade Map is based on the world’s largest database of trade statistics, COMTRADE, maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) http://unstats.un.org/unsd/comtrade. COMTRADE covers more than 90% of world trade, allowing Trade Map to include over 220 countries and territories and 5,300 products defined at the 2-, 4- or 6-digit level of the Harmonized System (HS). The Harmonized System is an international nomenclature for the classification of products. It allows participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis for customs purposes. At the international level, the Harmonized System (HS) for classifying goods is a six-digit code system. The HS comprises approximately 5,300 article/product descriptions that appear as headings and subheadings, arranged in 99 chapters, grouped in 21 sections. The six digits can be broken down into three parts. The first two digits (HS-2) identify the chapter the goods are classified in, e.g. 09 = Coffee, Tea, Maté and Spices. The next two digits (HS-4) identify groupings within that chapter, e.g. 09.02 = Tea, whether or not flavoured. The next two digits (HS-6) are even more specific, e.g. 09.02.10 Green tea (not fermented)... Up to the HS-6 digit level, all countries classify products in the same way (a few exceptions exist where some countries apply old versions of the HS). Beyond the six-digit level, the classification becomes national. Countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs by adding more digits to make the HS classification of products even more specific. This greater level of specificity is referred as the national tariff line level. For example Canada adds another two digits to its exports and imports to classify them in greater depth and the code 09023010 is the code for black tea, packaged as tea bags. Trade Map database includes additional data for over 80 countries at the 8- and 10-digit level. Data is available not only for countries that report their own trade data, but also for the over 50 primarily low-income countries that do not report national trade statistics to COMTRADE. The trade of these countries has been reconstructed on the basis of data reported by partner countries or mirror statistics. Although using mirror statistics has its shortcomings (see Annex I), it does generate a wealth of information, which would otherwise be unavailable. This mix of direct and mirror statistics gives the best estimation of the worldwide market for all products. In the 5-year date option you will notice that mirror data are presented in red color in order to be distinguished from direct data (hyperlinked or in black), and estimated data (in green). 2 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP In addition, Trade Map contains information for 2006 on tariff barriers for more than 40 countries (the number is constantly growing) and provides detailed information on bilateral market access conditions across products and countries, including ad valorem and specific tariffs, tariff quotas, bilateral and regional agreements. As of October 2006, the database presents 2004 trade data collected from over 160 reporting countries and 2005 data already for over 80 countries. It also provides for the first time general statistics on services for selected countries based on WTO, OECD and Eurostat data (see classification criteria in Annex II) at different levels of detail and aggregation. Further developments on trade in services data are expected in the coming months. 1.4 - Access to the tool ITC has signed several agreements with local institutions, such as Trade Support Institutions, Export Development Agencies and Ministries, in order to make Trade Map available to the widest number of users. ITC’s National Partners have been granted the right to disseminate access to the tool within their country to all types of users from the public sector as well as the private sector and universities. Access is made possible through a special passwordprotected web page customized to the partner institution’s identity (see an example at http://www.trademap.net/bangladesh/login.htm for Trade Map Bangladesh). Users based in partner countries can obtain an account to Trade Map by contacting our partner. Contact details are published on the national customized web page. To find out if your country has access via ITC’s national partners, please visit our website www.trademap.org where you will find a full list of countries partners by clicking on “Trade Map Partners” at the top left of the web page. For users in countries not yet served by a partner, Trade Map is available on a subscription basis. You may want to first apply for a temporary free trial password to get familiar with the tool. Please register online for a free trial and visit our web page for more information on subscription options and fees (left-hand column). Additional information such as a downloadable version of the tool’s User Guide and a frequently asked questions (FAQs) section are available on the website. A section on product/service description is also available. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 3 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHAPTER 2 - HOW TO USE TRADE MAP 2.1 - How to enter the database Trade Map Homepage On the image above of the Trade Map Homepage, you will see a box in the middle of the screen providing instructions on how to access the tool. The portal can be accessed either through a “national version” or through the ITC Generic version. Both versions provide access to the same database. Users can access Trade Map through a national portal if their country is served by a local partner institution, responsible for password creation. If this is not the case, users need to access the tool through the ITC Generic portal. As mentioned in the introduction, you can verify if in your country there is a certified institution for password dissemination by clicking on “Trade Map Partners” in the left part of the top bar menu. Alternatively, you may want to select your country from the drop-down menu, click on “Ok” and you will be redirected either to the national customized Trade Map version named “Trade Map your country” (e.g. Trade Map Peru) or directly to the Free Trials request page if no partners are available. Free trial requests can be submitted also from Trade Map Homepage by clicking on the icon “Register for a free trial”. Please complete all information before submitting the request form. You will be contacted by our team as soon as possible. 4 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP On the national portals, you will be able to identify which is your country’s partner institution, its mission and the contact details of the institution in charge of passwords creation. Please contact our partner to receive your username and password. Please note that your account will be valid only for the version (national or ITC Generic) it has been created for. Hereinafter the screen shots will always be of the ITC Generic English version of the tool. Be aware that the data and all functionalities are the same for all versions, generic as well as national ones.s Log in page Choose your language (English, French or Spanish versions are available so far) and enter your username and password. Please remember that usernames and passwords are case sensitive. By clicking on “Submit Query”, you will get to the Selection Menu page (see screen below). 2.2 - Selection Menu Selection Menu (English version) International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 5 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Trade Map can be used following two different approaches: The product approach or the country approach. The product approach will provide you with product-specific trade data at different levels of detail and aggregation, whereas the country approach will provide you with insight into a country’s export/import profile and allow you to analyze bilateral trade between two countries or regions. More details on each will follow. On the Selection Menu, you will find the following blue buttons: Submit: to confirm the selection you have made and obtain the corresponding tables Reset: to reset the selected options Help: for assistance on how to make your selection to obtain the information needed Table/graphic: for instructions on how to create and download graphic version of trade data available User guide: to download this User Guide (French and Spanish are also available) The menu allows you select the export or import side of statistics. Please note that by default the export side is selected in your query. At the bottom right of the screen you will be able to switch from the English, to the French or Spanish version. National versions are already set for the country’s official language/s. The three main selection options are “Select a product or a service”, “Select a country” and “Select a partner country”. 6 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP As they are all hyper-linked, you only need to click on each of them to select the product/country or partner of your interest. It is not compulsory to select all three options for each single query. You need to select at least one product or one country/region and then to select the import/export side of statistics. The table below shows all possible selections and their corresponding screens. You select: Service Product Country Partner Country Imp Exp Imp Exp You will obtain: Trade Map Table World import market for the selected product in 2004 World export market for the selected product in 2004 List of supplying markets for a product imported by a country in 2004 List of importing markets for a product exported by a country in 2004 Existing and indicative potential trade between a country/region and its partner country/region in 2004 for a product imported by the country/region Existing and indicative potential trade between a country/region and its partner country/region in 2004 for a product exported by the country/region Existing and indicative potential trade between a country/region and its partner country/region in 2004 for all products imported by the country/region Existing and indicative potential trade between a country/region and its partner country/region in 2004 for all products exported by the country/region List of products and services imported by a country in 2004 List of products and services exported by a country in 2004 List of importing countries presently available in the database for the selected service over the last 5 years List of exporting countries presently available in the database for the selected service over the least 5 years List of supplying markets (countries and regions) for a service imported by a country/region over the last 5 years List of importing markets (countries and regions) for a service exported by a country/region over the last 5 years List of supplying markets (countries and regions) for a service imported by a country/region over the last 5 years List of importing markets (countries and regions) for a service exported by a country/region over the last 5 years Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 7 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 2. 3 - S e l e c t a pr oduc t or a s e rv i ce To select a product or a service, click on the option “Select a product or a service” and a search panel will help you. The screen is divided in two sections, the first one for the selection of products and the second one for the selection of services. You can search for a product either by keyword or by HS code, whereas you can search a service only by keyword. For example, if you enter “tea” as keyword in the box “Select a product by keyword” and you submit the query, a list will appear containing all products with the word tea in the label. If you enter 09 as product code, a list will appear of all products whose product code begins with 09. To select a product, just click on the HS product code in the list available. Product codes at 2, 4 or 6-digit level of the Harmonized System HS can be selected. (Extract) After having selected the product of your interest, back to the Selection Menu, if you submit your request without having selected any country, you will get a list of importing or exporting markets for the product under review. If you submit an empty field (both cases), you will get a list of all products at 2, 4 and 6-digit level available in the database. 8 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP The same system is applied to the selection of services. For example, if you enter insurance as keyword and you submit, you will get to a list of services corresponding to your selection. To confirm the selection of a service, click on the corresponding code. If you submit an empty field, you will get as for product selection, the full list of services available in the database sorted by code. Please see short extract below. (Extract) International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 9 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 2.4 - Select a country or a partner country To select a country, click on the option “Select a country” or “Select a partner country” and a search panel will help you. This screen also is divided in two sections, the first for the selection of countries and the second for the selection of regions. Search the country/region of your interest by keyword and you will get the list of countries/regions corresponding to your selection. To select the one of your interest, click on the hyper-linked country/region code located in the first column. If you submit an empty field in the first section (countries), you will get the full list of countries included in the database. This table will also allow you to check if the countries reported to the UN Statistic Division in 2004, the last year reported by the country, last trade data reported at the tariff line level and the most recent information available on tariff barriers. 10 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP If you select an empty field in the second section (regions), you will get the full list of geographical and economic regions for which trade data have been aggregated. You will also have the possibility of checking all the countries belonging to that region by clicking on the correspondent hyper-link “List”. (Extract) International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 11 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHAPTER 3 - THE PRODUCT APPROACH The two main approaches to using Trade Map are by product and by country. The product perspective allows users to analyze the market for a specific product including the structure of the market, and trends in supply and demand, the opportunities for diversifying into alternative markets or away from traditional sources of supply, and the potential for product diversification within current product-specific trade promotion strategies. This section describes the product approach by applying it in answering a series of specific questions on products from the perspective of Trade Support Institutions (TSIs) and Exporters. Typical question could be “What are the major importing countries for a product? What are the trends? Which are the major competitors on a specific market?” A SOUTH AFRICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE ASSISTING LOCAL EXPORTERS OF ORANGES 3.1 - Ass ess the world market from the demand side This section will discuss applying the product approach using the case of a Chamber of Commerce advisor in South Africa assisting exporters of Oranges in analyzing the world import market for their product. The advisor starts by choosing Fresh or Dried Oranges 080510 (screen above) as the product under review and selecting ‘Import’, the full list of importing countries for this product is generated (Table 1). 12 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 1: List of importers for the selected product in 2004 Product : 080510 Oranges, fresh or dried Value imported in 2004, in US$ thousand 3,242,074 429,098 395,380 232,340 218,241 154,541 144,367 136,744 129,341 127,706 110,449 101,591 98,002 73,557 Quantity Quantity Unit value imported unit (US$/unit) in 2004 Annual growth in value between 20002004, % 13 646 793 706 610 388 799 885 752 595 658 900 720 641 15 18 15 11 24 11 21 -1 7 34 -2 27 16 Annual growth in quantity between 2000-2004, % 4 4 4 -1 3 14 -2 14 -3 2 14 -4 15 -2 Annual growth in value between 20032004, % 18 37 35 2 19 12 10 21 -11 16 48 6 27 18 Share in world imports, % Information on tariff measures Importers World estimation Germany France Netherlands United Kingdom Russian Federation Belgium Republic of Korea Hong Kong (SARC) Canada Spain Japan Italy Poland 0 664,557 498,424 328,979 357,986 398,678 180,678 154,444 171,940 214,513 167,751 112,937 136,085 114,776 No quantity Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 100 13 12 7 7 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Next Trade data over 5 years List of exporting countries List of importing regions Selection menu Help One of the unique features of Trade Map is the inclusion of the World estimation, the first line of Table 1, which represents the sum of reporting and non-reporting countries for 070190 Fresh or Dried Oranges (abbreviated as Oranges below) and gives an overall impression of the world import market. Table 1 shows that the world import market for Oranges reached a value of US$ 3,242 million in 2004 with an increase in value of 18% over the 2003-2004 period. Over the last five years of reference (2000-2004), we notice an increase in value of imports of 13% p.a. and an annual increase in quantity of 4%. The difference between those two average growth rates indicates upward pressure on the unit value of Oranges. Though not strictly a price, unit value can be used as a proxy to indicate a general increase in the price level. We can see also that the market is predominantly concentrated in Europe, with European markets representing over 60% of world import demand. The only significant non-European markets are the Rep. of Korea and Canada, which together represent around 8% of the world import market1. The Russian Federation is included in the European market. Most of Hong Kong’s imports are re-exported, so this market is not taken into consideration as one of the main import markets. 1 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 13 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 3.2 - As s e s s w or ld c ompe titor s To assess those countries competing with South Africa in the export of Oranges, the Chamber of Commerce would click on “List of exporting countries“ at the bottom of Table 1, and the list of countries exporting Oranges is generated (see Table 2). Table 2: List of exporters for the selected product in 2004 Product : 080510 Oranges, fresh or dried Value exported in Quantity Quantity Unit value 2004, in exported in unit (US$/unit) US$ 2004 thousand 2,814,528 1,150,269 369,228 271,357 140,968 102,932 91,847 90,595 83,387 69,043 51,573 48,091 41,926 30,528 29,584 27,317 5,024,735 1,520,846 604,319 736,592 205,246 222,670 211,871 231,818 102,635 100,068 134,035 59,494 136,005 39,231 35,273 76,927 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 560 756 611 368 687 462 434 391 812 690 385 808 308 778 839 355 9 56 -1 2 14 3 16 37 12 12 -7 57 -9 -13 10 -11 23 19 -3 11 Annual growth in value between 20002004, % 14 19 5 21 20 Annual growth in quantity between 2000-2004, % 4 2 5 9 8 Annual growth in value between 20032004, % 16 19 3 27 21 -6 -32 63 15 37 -13 8 86 194 38 37 Share in world exports, % Report in Comtrade in 2004 Exporters World estimation Spain United States of America South Africa Netherlands Morocco Greece Egypt Australia Italy Turkey Belgium Argentina Germany France Uruguay 100 41 13 10 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Next Trade data over 5 years List of importing countries List of exporting regions Selection menu Help Table 2 shows the world export market for Oranges. The Chamber of Commerce can see that South African exporters command about 10% share in world exports ranking as third country in the world export market. Spain and the United States are the two largest exporters of Oranges accounting for almost 54% of the world market. Spanish exports of Oranges experienced an increase both in value (19%) and quantity (2%) during the 5-year period as did American exports (5% and 5% respectively). Looking at the world trends, we can see that globally the market is experiencing a positive trend over the 5 years in both value (+14%) and quantity (+4). The structure of those growth rates may again indicate the general price level has gone up over the same period, as the overall value grew faster than quantity. South Africa has benefited from the same positive trend showing an increase of 21% in value and 9% in quantity. This favorable 14 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP situation for South African exports is also confirmed by the growth rate corresponding to the last year period (+27). Growth rates higher than the world average lead to think that South African exports are improving their competitive advantage in facing world competition and that they are clearly gaining market share. Another noticeable aspect of the two tables is the difference between the World estimation for exports (at the top of Table 2) and the World Estimation for imports (shown at the top of Table 1). This difference is common, and results primarily from the difference between the way countries report exports, generally reported in Free On Board (FOB) terms, and the way countries report imports, generally reported in Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) terms. There are a number of other reasons as well. For more on how import and export statistics can differ and on the interpretation of trade statistics in general, see Annex I, Foreign Trade Statistics as a Basis for Market Research. Explanatory Notes for Table 1 and Table 2 Importers /Exporters: Value importer/exported in 2004, in US$ thousand: Quantity imported/exported in 2004: Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Annual growth in value between 2000-2004, %: Country names are sorted by imported (exported) value. Value imported (exported) in 2004 in current US$ thousand as reported by countries to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. Quantity imported (exported) in 2004. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. Annual growth rate of import/export value over the 5-year period. This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If a country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends. This growth rate is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. The country’s market share of world import (export) market for 2004. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported. Information on tariff barriers at the tariff-line level (i.e. 6-, 8-, or 10-digits depending on the country). The "Y" for ‘yes’ indicates which countries have reported their trade data to the COMTRADE database in 2004. If there is no entry, that country did not report and the data are based on mirror statistics. Annual growth in quantity between 2000-2004, %: Annual growth in value between 2003-2004, %: Share in world imports/exports, %: Information on tariff measures TNTB, (Table 1): Report in COMTRADE in 2004 (Table 2): By clicking at the bottom of the previous table on “Trade data over 5 years”, the table below will be generated. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 15 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 3: List of exporters for the selected product – Trade data over five years Product : 080510 Oranges, fresh or dried Exported Exported value Exported value Quantity Unit value 2005 in quantity 2004 in unit (US$/unit) 2005 US$ US$ thousand thousand Tons Tons 384,016 583,471 Tons 658 Exported quantity 2004 Exported value 2003 in US$ thousand Exported quantity 2003 Exported value 2002 in US$ thousand Exported quantity 2002 Exported value 2001 in US$ thousand Exported quantity 2001 Exporters World estimation Spain United States of America South Africa Netherlands Morocco Greece Egypt Australia Italy Turkey Belgium Argentina Germany France Uruguay 14,323 23,121 19,122 28,153 53,120 70,594 97,539 65,275 130,736 100,741 99,904 209,789 2,814,528 5,024,735 2,521,288 5,094,125 2,200,962 4,860,667 1,988,220 1,150,269 1,520,846 369,228 604,319 969,684 1,431,973 358,192 661,694 869,486 1,583,860 325,085 550,750 0 637,781 1,331,671 313,970 495,390 271,835 1,235,027 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 220 271,357 140,968 102,932 736,592 205,246 222,670 211,871 231,818 102,635 100,068 134,035 59,494 136,005 39,231 35,273 76,927 213,196 116,907 109,267 136,020 105,593 72,532 50,311 59,068 44,542 22,481 10,390 21,471 19,931 723,280 201,298 262,174 297,853 339,698 99,265 82,848 177,288 65,173 78,134 13,947 28,778 60,242 131,292 73,282 83,930 137,829 73,322 81,801 58,469 55,590 45,458 17,593 18,990 19,933 14,550 660,288 143,089 229,754 274,715 230,795 135,916 130,343 187,519 78,616 84,825 37,630 32,837 49,401 129,368 87,593 624,411 169,758 476 91,847 90,595 120,849 44,645 85,795 63,410 46,507 45,818 40,678 8,341 25,817 22,739 418,708 134,992 150,083 152,355 143,236 82,677 106,709 14,632 44,331 62,832 746 648 83,387 69,043 51,573 752 48,091 41,926 749 821 30,528 29,584 27,317 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics The world estimation (in green) represents the sum of reporting and non reporting countries The data in red represents mirror figures based on partner data Next Table with analytical indicators List of importing countries World share Selection menu Table 3 shows trade data over a five-year period for world exports of Oranges. This information indicates the exported value and quantity for each year between 2001 and 2005. It is important to note that in this view countries are sorted by default in descending order of values exported in the most recent year-in this case 2005. By clicking on the hyperlinked heading “Exported value”, you can sort exporting countries for each of the 5 different years of reference. In the screen above (Table 3), we have ranked results by the year 2004, because 2005 trade is not yet sufficiently covered and this may lead to discrepancies in the world market overview. Unlike the main view, the 5-year view includes the most recent year for which Trade Map does not have the data for many countries. Because the reporting is not complete, Trade Map cannot calculate a world estimation or mirror data, and the analyst must take care not to use this data as they would a year with full reporting. In this case, for instance, neither Spain nor the Netherlands have reported, so a ranking for 2005 would certainly not be indicative of world trade. The World estimations for the years 2001 to 2004 show that the exported value increased consistently from US$ 1,988 million to nearly US$ 2,814 million. Using this data, the Chamber of Commerce advisor can follow South Africa’s exports to the world on a year-byyear basis. In this case, it appears that the country’s exports of Oranges have been increasing on a regular basis from 2001 to 2004, accounting for the positive growth rates in value and quantity in Table 2 (21% and 9% respectively). Should the advisor need to analyze the market shares of the different exporting countries over the 5-year period, he/she can click on “World share” among the options at the bottom 16 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP of the previous table and the screen below will appear (Table 4). Again, we have sorted countries by 2004 values, showing that Spain and the United States represent more than 50% of the world export market throughout the reference period. Table 4: List of exporters for the selected product – Trade data over five years Product : 080510 Oranges, fresh or dried Share in world value exported in 2005, % Share in Share in world world quantity value exported exported in 2005, in 2004, % % Share in world quantity exported in 2004, % Share in world value exported in 2003, % Share in world quantity exported in 2003, % Share in world value exported in 2002, % Share in world quantity exported in 2002, % Share in Share in world world value quantity exported exported in 2001, in 2001, % % Exporters World estimation in value and quantity Spain United States of America South Africa Netherlands Morocco Greece Egypt Australia Italy Turkey Belgium Argentina Germany France Uruguay N.A. N.A. N.A N.A N.A. N.A N.A. N.A. N.A N.A N.A. N.A N.A. N.A 2,814,528 5,024,735 2,521,288 5,094,125 2,200,962 4,860,667 1,988,220 0 41 13 30 12 38 14 28 13 40 15 33 11 32 16 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A 10 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 15 4 4 4 5 2 2 3 1 3 1 1 2 8 5 4 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 14 4 5 6 7 2 2 3 1 2 0 1 1 6 3 4 6 3 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 14 3 5 6 5 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 7 4 N.A. 6 2 4 3 2 2 2 0 1 1 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics The world estimation (in green) represents the sum of reporting and non reporting countries The data in red represents mirror figures based on partner data Next Trade in value Selection menu Help Explanatory Notes for Table 3 and Table 4 Exporters: Exported value, in US$ thousand: Country names are sorted by exported value. Value exported in the indicated year in current US$ thousand as reported to COMTRADE. For the years 2001-2004 this may also be calculated using mirror statistics which will be shown in red. Quantity exported in the indicated year. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. Market share of value exported by a country in the indicated year. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported. This is not available for years with incomplete data. Market share quantity exported by a country in the indicated year. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported. This is not available for years with incomplete data. Exported Quantity Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Share in world value exported %: Share in world quantity exported %: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 17 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP AN EXPORTER OF FRESH FILLETS FROM UGANDA LOOKING FOR NEW MARKETS We have just used Trade Map to explore the world market for Oranges. Now let's turn to the example of an exporter of Fish Fillets from Uganda wishing to identify new potential markets for export diversification. Several initial steps are involved in choosing which market/s may offer opportunities in terms of export development. First, the exporter needs to review Uganda’s exports to identify current partners, how they rank as world importers and what are the global trends of those markets. He/she may then want to gauge the performance of Uganda exports at national level. Second, he/she should identify the world’s leading importing countries for Fish fillets to see in which market to concentrate his/her effort. Finally, once the exporter has identified those potential target countries, he/she should find out which countries currently supply those markets, their country’s performance and if they have any comparative advantage in terms of tariffs they face versus their competitors. 3.3 - Review current situation of t he country’s exports As a first step, the Ugandan exporter of Fish fillets could use Trade Map to see which countries currently import Fish fillets from Uganda. In order to do so, the exporter would select “Uganda” as the country, “030410 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled“ (abbreviated Fish fillets below) as the product, and “Export”. In the Selection Menu, click on Select a country and search for “Uganda” by keyword. You will get the first screen below. Then click on the hyper-linked country code of Uganda (800), in the first column, to confirm the selection and then select the product and the export side as described above. Before submitting the request, you should have the screen below, showing the selected options. 18 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP This generates Table 5 below. From Table 5, the exporter can immediately see that world estimated imports from Uganda of Fish fillets amounted to over US$70 million in 2004. Belgium representing the 4th largest importing market of the world is Uganda’s major trading partner, consuming 30% of its exports of Fish fillets. We also notice the significant increase in Belgium’s imports from Uganda by soaring 77% in terms of value over the fiveyears period from 2000-2004 and 427% in the last year (2004). By contrast, the United States of America (USA) is only the 4th leading importer from Uganda with an 7% share of Uganda’s Fish fillets exports and yet is the number one importing market in the world commanding a 37% share of world imports. We see also that Uganda’s exports to the USA have increased over the 2000-2004 period by 28% p.a., while the USA’s imports from the world have increased 9% p.a. We further notice that the 6th largest importer, Spain, is becoming another promising target market for Uganda’s exports. Imports of Fish fillets from Uganda show extremely positive trends in value as well as in quantity over the 2000-2004 period and in particular in the last year. Table 5: List of importing markets for a product exported by Uganda in 2004 Product : 030410 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled Uganda's exports represent 3% of world exports for this product, its ranking in world exports is 11 Export Exported trend in Share in value Exported value Uganda's Quantity Unit value quantity 2004 in between unit (US$/unit) exports, US$ 2004 2000% thousand 2004, %, p.a. Export trend in quantity between 20002004, %, p.a. Export growth in value between 20032004, %, p.a. Total import growth in value of partner countries between 20002004, %, p.a. 13 4 2 5 1 3 8 16 26 7 10 6 37 8 4 0 0 10 20 34 9 10 11 12 62 Importers Ranking of partner countries in world imports Share of partner countries in world imports, % World Belgium France Netherlands United States of America Germany Spain Luxembourg United Arab Emirates 70,397 21,193 19,093 10,422 4,742 4,731 4,442 2,128 1,711 100 30 27 15 7 7 6 3 2 19,138 6,092 5,465 3,010 822 968 1,174 632 487 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 3,678 3,479 3,494 3,462 5,769 4,887 3,784 3,367 3,513 51 77 38 65 1155 361 427 354 297 267 529 1039 78 9 28 0 2 97 130 107 129 121 392 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 19 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Italy Lebanon Canada Trade data Partner over 5 regions years 806 361 265 1 1 0 184 111 36 Tons Tons Tons 4,380 3,252 7,361 Product clusters (HS4) exported by Uganda -2 175 -15 145 239 247 531 6 43 13 6 0 2 20 75 14 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Supplying markets Product clusters Importing (HS6) exported by markets (HS4) Uganda World exporters World importers Mirror data Selection menu Bubble graph Help The selection menu at the bottom of Table 5 gives the option of viewing the data in a variety of other ways including by Trade data over 5 years in value and quantity, by Partner regions as well as partner countries, by Supplying markets a list of those markets that supply Fish fillets to Uganda, Importing markets (HS4) at the HS 4-digit level, Product clusters (HS6) exported by Uganda at the HS 6-digit level, Product clusters (HS4) exported by Uganda at the HS 4-digit level, or World exporters or World importers of Fish fillets. Finally it also offers the option to view the table as reported by partner country imports (Mirror data) and the ability to create a chart with the data (Bubble graph), which will be described in detail later. Explanatory Notes for Table 5 Importers: Exported value 2004, in US$ thousand: Share in Uganda’s exports, %: Exported quantity 2004 Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Export trend in value between 20002004, %, p.a.: Importer markets for a product exported by Uganda (sorted by exported value). Value exported by Uganda in 2004 in US$ thousand as reported by this country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data). Share of partner countries in the exports of the target country Quantity exported in 2004. Where mirror statistics are used, quantity may differ among reporting countries. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If a country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends. It is interesting to compare growth in value and growth in quantity to have an indication of the growth of unit values US$. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. This indicates the world ranking of the partner country as an importer in 2004. This indicates the world share that the partner country represents as an importer of the selected product. This indicates the global import growth of the partner country from the world for the selected product. This indicator is calculated on data as reported by the importing country. This combined with the export trend in value, calculated above, allow the analyst to see how the market share of the country under review has changed in the partner country. Export trend in quantity between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: Export growth in value between 2003-2004, %, p.a.: Ranking of partner countries in world imports: Share of partner countries in world imports, %: Total import growth in value of partner countries between 20002004,%, p.a.: 20 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 3.4 - Ide ntify the w or ld’s le a ding impor te r s The Ugandan exporter can also use Trade Map to identify the major importing markets of the world. In order to do so, the exporter would select the product Fish fillets and “Import” in the selection menu in order to generate Table 6. Clicking on Submit will generate the table shown below. Table 6: List of importers for the selected product in 2004 Product : 030410 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled Value imported in 2004, in US$ thousand 2,551,421 Quantity Quantity Unit value imported unit (US$/unit) in 2004 Annual growth in value between 20002004, % 13 Annual growth in quantity between 20002004, % 8 Annual growth in value between 20032004, % 17 Share in world imports, % Information on tariff measures Importers World estimation United States of America France Germany Belgium Italy Netherlands United Kingdom Sweden Spain Switzerland Denmark Japan Canada Poland Austria Luxembourg Next 433,890 Tons 5,880 100 949,613 254,240 207,056 181,897 156,140 151,500 128,424 86,271 81,417 75,082 69,580 43,732 40,304 24,694 16,435 10,408 145,464 41,720 55,386 29,307 25,785 22,884 15,916 14,950 15,346 6,935 12,852 4,278 6,412 8,889 3,367 1,083 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 6,528 6,094 3,738 6,207 6,055 6,620 8,069 5,771 5,305 10,827 5,414 10,223 6,286 2,778 4,881 9,610 9 20 11 10 20 33 14 32 11 8 16 -8 14 63 8 12 10 9 8 -2 15 12 1 23 9 1 10 -10 6 18 0 2 3 42 24 14 22 15 43 19 33 21 75 -4 8 366 5 38 37 10 8 7 6 6 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB TNTB Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Trade data over 5 years List of exporting countries List of importing regions Selection menu Help Table 6 shows those countries in the world that import Fish fillets, the value and quantity imported, unit of measurement, unit value, growth rate, global market share and provides a International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 21 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP link to tariff barrier information for each country listed. As Italy is a growing market, registering 20% and 15% growth respectively in value and quantity p.a. over the 5-year period, it could be an interesting prospect for the Ugandan exporter. An additional promising signal is the growth of imported value (23%) over the 2003-2004 period, the unit price over the world average and the size of the market (ranked 6th with 6% of world share). Explanatory notes for Table 6 as for Table 1. 3.5 - An alyze the performance of competitors Next, the exporter should proceed to gathering more information on those countries that supply Fish fillets to the Italian market by clicking on Italy in Table 6. The resulting list is shown below as Table 7. One can also obtain a list of supplying markets for an importing country by selecting the country name in any of the importer lists produced by Trade Map. The table of supplying markets for a product imported by a country allows the exporter in Uganda to identify the major providers of this product to Italy, such as the Netherlands with 39% and Denmark with 21% of the Italian market. The table will also show if this market is already importing from any of Uganda’s neighbors, which could mean easier penetration for its exporters. In this case, however, it is clear that the top suppliers of Fish fillets to the Italian market are largely neighboring European countries. Once the Ugandan exporter knows in which countries the main competitors operate, he/she should research what sorts of advantages those competitors may have, e.g. logistics, treaties, political ties, etc. In this case, the Netherlands and Denmark are the predominant suppliers of the Italian market, which can probably be explained by their position as the largest world exporters of Fish fillets worldwide after Chile and by their geographical proximity. However, if we look at Tanzania and Kenya, two exporters neighboring Uganda and exporting similar products, we can see that they rank six and seven among the top ten suppliers, showing soaring growth rates over the last 5 years. This may indicate that Uganda has an opportunity to expand its presence in the Italian import market. Table 7: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Italy in 2004 Product : 030410 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled Italy's imports represent 6% of world imports for this product, its ranking in world imports is 6 Import Imported Share trend in Imported in value value Quantity Unit value Italy's quantity between 2004 in unit (US$/unit) imports, 2004 US$ 2000% 2004, thousand %, p.a. Import trend in quantity between 20002004, %, p.a. Import growth in value between 20032004, %, p.a. Total export growth in value of partner countries between 20002004, %, p.a. 12 3 2 9 16 10 11 3 1 15 7 17 18 Exporters Ranking of partner countries in world exports Share of partner countries in world exports, % World Netherlands Denmark France Spain 155,219 60,386 33,136 14,441 9,044 100 39 21 9 6 25,662 9,261 5,281 2,123 1,224 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 6,049 6,520 6,275 6,802 7,389 20 13 12 28 24 15 8 8 23 8 21 8 27 56 75 22 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Austria Tanzania, United Rep. of Kenya Belgium Sweden Greece United Kingdom Argentina Senegal Chile Costa Rica 8,928 4,978 3,459 3,355 2,598 2,571 2,452 2,102 1,704 1,420 1,066 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2,617 1,054 741 627 406 282 365 411 158 131 325 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 3,412 4,723 4,668 5,351 6,399 9,117 6,718 5,114 10,785 10,840 3,280 101 436 -2 58 83 26 1 47 28 91 36 -15 49 60 22 0 28 2 56 39 78 -41 41 -31 23 15 21 1478 59 81 10 22 7 12 78 8 40 0 3 1 5 2 0 4 0 -21 22 163 16 33 -17 9 -9 1 18 16 1 9 5 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Country imports Tariff Next at 8 or measures 10-digit level Product Trade Supplying clusters data Partner Importing over markets (HS6) regions markets 5 (HS4) imported years by Italy Product clusters World World Mirror Selection Bubble Help (HS4) exporters importers data menu graph imported by Italy Explanatory Notes for Table 7 Exporters: Imported value in 2004 in US$ thousand: Share in target country’s imports, %: Imported quantity 2004: Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Import trend in value between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: Partner name sorted by exported value. Value imported in 2004 in US$ thousand as reported by the selected country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data). Share of partner countries in the imports of the target country in 2004. As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used by reporting countries. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If a country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends. It is interesting to compare growth in value and growth in quantity to have an indication of the growth of prices in US$. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. This indicates the world ranking of the partner country as an exporter in 2004. With this indicator, it is possible to know if the selected country trades with the leading suppliers of the selected product. This indicates the world share that the partner country represents as an exporter of the selected product. This indicates the global export growth of the partner country to the world for the selected product. This indicator is calculated on data as reported by the partner market. Import trend in quantity between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: Import growth in value between 2003-2004, %, p.a.: Ranking of partner countries in world exports: Share of partner countries in world exports, %: Total export growth in value of partner countries between 20002004 %, p.a.: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 23 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 3.6 - Examine tariffs and tariff quotas in potential new markets Trade Map also contains information on tariffs and tariff quotas This information allows the analyst to gauge access conditions for any potential market. In order to access this information, the exporter would first click on TNTB in Table 6 for the desired country, in this case Italy. This will generate Table 8. Table 8 provides a list of products corresponding to the 6-digit level code for which Trade Map contains data on tariff barriers for the selected market. The product codes in this table correspond to the national tariff schedule of the importing country when last updated. In the case of Italy, the European Union tariff schedule is applied. Table 8: List of products for which Information on tariff barriers for Italy is available (extract) Product Code 0304101311 0304101319 0304101390 0304101500 0304101710 0304101790 0304101920 0304101930 0304101940 0304101990 0304103110 0304103190 0304103300 0304103500 0304103810 0304103820 0304103825 0304103840 0304103845 0304103860 0304103870 0304103875 0304103880 0304103885 0304103890 0304109110 0304109120 0304109190 030410972001 030410972002 Next Wild Fresh or chilled fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced (detailed label not available) Other Fresh or chilled fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced (detailed label not available) Fresh or chilled fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced (detailed label not available) Fresh or chilled fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced (detailed label not available) Of eels (Anguilla spp) Of carp Of trout (Oncorhynchus apache and Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) Other Of the species Gadus morhua Other Of coalfish (Pollachius virens) Of redfish (Sebastes spp.) Of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Of lesser or Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hilloglossus) of herrings of mackerel Fresh or chilled fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced (detailed label not available) Bluefin tunas (Thunnus thynnus) Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Fresh or chilled fillets and other fish meat, whether or not minced (detailed label not available) Of sea bream (Dentex dentex and Pagellus spp.) Of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Other Of trout of the species Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus clarki, Oncorhynchus aguabonita, Oncorhynchus gilae, Oncorhynchus apache and Oncorhynchus chrysogaster Of carp Other of a weight exceeding 80 g per piece, for industrial manufacture (detailed label not available) of a weight exceeding 80 g per piece, for industrial manufacture (detailed label not available) World exporters World importers Selection menu Product Description List of supplying markets in Italy 24 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP By selecting the product code 0304101930 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled of Carp, from Table 8, the exporter generates Table 9 showing tariff barriers reported by Italy in 2006 for this product. For cases in which the national tariff lines correspond exactly to the HS-6 digit product code, the list appearing in Table 9 is unnecessary, and Trade Map will proceed directly to the information on market access barriers shown below. Table 9 indicates that the Ugandan exporter is faced with a Most Favored Nation (MFN) duty of 9% on Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled of Carp, but, because Uganda is among the group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries as designated by the European Union, by complying with special requirements it can also benefit from a preferential trade agreement and is actually subject to zero tariff. The exporter may also obtain more detailed notes on tariffs in the selected country by selecting Country notes, at the bottom of Table 9. The notes cover all products and give such information as duration of the barrier, country coverage, special provisions, rules of origin and beneficiary countries. Selecting Explanatory notes will give more in-depth definitions of the terminology used in Trade Map to classify access barriers. Table 9: 2006 Tariff barriers reported by Italy Tariff barriers reported by Italy in 2006 for product: 0304101930 Of carp Tariff measures MFN duties (Applied) Preferential tariff for Liechtenstein Preferential tariff for Overseas Countries and Territories Preferential tariff for Generalized System of Preferences countries Preferential tariff for Least Developed Countries Preferential tariff for African, Caribbean and Pacific States (associated with EEC) countries Preferential tariff for Algeria Preferential tariff for Morocco Preferential tariff for Tunisia Preferential tariff for Jordania Preferential tariff for Lebanon Preferential tariff for Chile Preferential tariff for Mexico Preferential tariff for Turkey Preferential tariff for countries beneficiary of the incentive arrangement for sustainable development Preferential tariff for Bulgaria Preferential tariff for Andorra Preferential tariff for San Marino Tariff advalorem 9% 2.7% 0% 5.5% 0% Excluding Myanmar Tariff specific Agreement with the following countries 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1.8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Up to 210 tons annually of 12 products whose codes begin with 0301930000, 0302691100, 0303791100, 030410, 0304201940, 0304901016, 0305: Inside duty: 0%. Outside duty: 6.3%. Administration method: non-specified (NS) Up to 250 tons annually of 58 products whose codes begin with 0302230000, 0302291000, 0302299000, 0302698500, Applied tariff quota Croatia Applied tariff quota Iceland International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 25 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 0303320000, 030379, 030410, 030420, 030490: Inside duty: 0%. Outside duty: 2.7%. Administration method: non-specified (NS) Up to 110 tons annually of 0304101920, 0304101930, 0304101940, 0304101990, 0304201920, 0304201940, 0304201950, 0304201990: Inside duty: 0%. Outside duty: 2.7%. Administration method: non-specified (NS) Up to 140 tons annually of 48 products whose codes begin with 030193, 030269, 030379, 030410, 030420, 030490, 0305: Inside duty: 0%. Outside duty: 9%. Administration method: non-specified (NS) Up to 140 tons annually of 48 products whose codes begin with 030193, 030269, 030379, 030410, 030420, 030490, 0305: Inside duty: 0%. Outside duty: 9%. Administration method: non-specified (NS) Up to 140 tons annually of 48 products whose codes begin with 030193, 030269, 030379, 030410, 030420, 030490, 0305: Inside duty: 0%. Outside duty: 6.3%. Administration method: non-specified (NS) Up to 140 tons annually of 48 products whose codes begin with 030193, 030269, 030379, 030410, 030420, 030490, 0305: Inside duty: 0%. Outside duty: 9%. Administration method: non-specified (NS) Applied tariff quota Norway Applied tariff quota for Albania Applied tariff quota for Bosnia and Herzegovina Applied tariff quota for TFYR Macedonia Applied tariff quota for Yugoslavia Source : national data reported to UNCTAD (TRAINS) and ITC (Market Access Map) Note : please refer to explanatory notes concerning tariff definitions. For more comprehensive information about tariffs and market access, see Market Access Map (MAcMap). List of supplying markets in Italy World exporters World importers Selection menu Country notes Explanatory notes 3. 7 - I nv e s t i ga t e c ompe t i t or s a t t he N a t i ona l Ta r i f f L i ne L eve l Trade Map also allows the user, for selected countries (check online for updates of number of countries covered), to analyze the HS 6 information at the more detailed “national tariff line level”. Tariff line level refers to more detailed classification codes countries apply to goods as part of their national tariff codes. These national tariff line codes are based on the HS system, but have more than 6 digits and usually further break down the product group covered at the HS 6 level. For instance, the HS 6 level code 080450 includes Guavas Mangos and Mangosteens, Fresh or Dried in the same group. The national tariff code for Hong Kong breaks this down into three codes: 08045010 Guavas, Fresh or Dried, 08045020 Mangos, Fresh or Dried, and 08045030 Mangosteens, Fresh or Dried. This information allows the user to narrow down his research and target certain specific products. To access this tariff line level information, first select a product at the 6-digit level and submit you request without selecting any country or region (as shown in Table 6). Once the list of importing or exporting countries is posted on the screen, if a hyper-link exists on values in the second column, it means that trade data at tariff line level is available for the 26 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP country under review. Just click on the link to access this information2. An example of this is shown below for Italy. Clicking on 156,140 on Table 6 generates the screen shown below. Table 10: List of products at tariff line level imported by Italy over the last 3 years (2003-2005) Product: 030410 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled Product code Imported Share Imported Imported Imported value in value Imported value Imported Quantity Unit value 2005 in Italy's quantity 2004 in quantity 2003 in quantity unit (USD/unit) USD imports, 2005 USD 2004 USD 2003 thousand % thousand thousand 192,074 100 155,194 127,918 Product label Total FISH FILLETS OF SALTWATER FISH, FRESH OR CHILLED (EXCL. 03041038 COD, FISH OF THE SPECIES BOREOGADUS SAIDA, COALFISH AND REDFISH) FRESH OR CHILLED FILLETS OF FRESHWATER FISH (EXCL. TROUT 'SALMO TRUTTA, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, ONCORHYNCHUS 03041019 CLARKI, ONCORHYNCHUS AGUABONITA AND ONCORHYNCHUS GILAE', PACIFIC SALMON, ATLANTIC SALMON AND DANUBE SALMON) FRESH OR CHILLED FILLETS OF PACIFIC SALMON 'ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA, ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA, ONCORHYNCHUS KETA, ONCORHYNCHUS TSCHAWYTSCHA, ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH, ONCORHYNCHUS MASOU AND ONCORHYNCHUS RHODURUS', ATLANTIC SALMON 'SALMO SALAR' AND DANUBE SALMON 'HUCHO HUCHO' 71,788 37 10,100 Tons 7,108 65,959 10,670 52,526 8,081 71,476 37 11,863 Tons 6,025 49,183 8,861 40,732 7,848 03041013 20,636 11 3,022 Tons 6,829 14,242 2,271 12,310 2,160 FRESH OR CHILLED FILLETS OF COD 'GADUS 03041031 MORHUA, GADUS OGAC, GADUS MACROCEPHALUS' 2 17,336 9 2,690 Tons 6,445 14,579 2,281 13,396 2,297 Please note that this information is also available when you have selected a country and a product. Once the list of trade partners is posted on the screen, if a link is available at the bottom of the page mentioning that country data is available at the 8 or 10-digit level, it means that you can click on the link to access this information. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 27 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP AND OF FISH OF THE SPECIES 'BOREOGADUS SAIDA' FISH MEAT 'WHETHER OR NOT MINCED', OF SALTWATER FISH, 03041098 FRESH OR CHILLED (EXCL. FISH FILLETS AND FLAPS OF HERRING) 8,501 4 1,020 Tons 8,334 9,064 1,140 7,135 933 Source: ITC calculations based on Eurostat statistics List of exported products Trade data with growth rates Trade data in Euros Trade partners at HS6 World importers at HS6 Selection menu Table 10 shows the list of products at the national tariff line level imported by Italy. For Uganda, this more detailed data is very useful, because it allows the exporter to focus on the specific product Uganda exports, 03041019 Fresh or Chilled Fillets of Freshwater Fish accounting for 37% of Italian imports in this category. When using this table the analyst should be aware that there is a slight variation in the data for 2004 (the total indicated here is 155,194 instead of 156,140) because the data at the tariff line level comes from the country or region itself (in this case Eurostat) rather than through the United Nations Statistics Division. This can lead to some differences. At this level, you should also be aware you are able to analyze trade data in the original currency, in this case euros. Please click at the bottom of the page on the hyperlink “Trade Data in Euros” and you will obtain the same table with the value declared in Euros. Explanatory Notes for Table 10 Product Code: HS product code for product imported in 2004. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions. Abbreviated product nomenclatures. description corresponding to the HS Product label: Imported value in 2005 in US$ thousand: Share in the country’s imports, %: Imported Quantity 2005: Quantity Unit: Unit value (USD/unit) Value imported in the indicated year in US$ thousand as reported by the selected country. Share of product defined at the tariff line level in the country’s total imports of the corresponding 6-digit product. As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used by reporting countries. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. 28 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP To find the list of supplying markets to Italy specifically for the product code 03041019, click on 03041019 in Table 10 to generate Table 11 below. Table 11: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Italy in 2005 – Tariff line level Product : 03041019 FRESH OR CHILLED FILLETS OF FRESHWATER FISH (EXCL. TROUT 'SALMO TRUTTA, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, ONCORHYNCHUS CLARKI, ONCORHYNCHUS AGUABONITA AND ONCORHYNCHUS GILAE', PACIFIC SALMON, ATLANTIC SALMON AND DANUBE SALMON) Exporters Imported value 2005 in USD thousand 71,476 43,728 14,956 7,906 1,335 1,072 615 529 525 255 150 128 107 61 50 34 13 6 6 Importing Markets Share in Italy's imports, % 100 61 21 11 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Imported Quantity Unit value quantity unit (USD/unit) 2005 11,863 7,043 2,787 1,153 251 167 108 83 132 39 20 22 20 15 9 12 2 1 1 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 6,025 6,209 5,366 6,857 5,319 6,419 5,694 6,373 3,977 6,538 7,500 5,818 5,350 4,067 5,556 2,833 6,500 6,000 6,000 Imported value 2004 in USD thousand 49,183 33,529 4,076 5,828 2,310 1,907 277 0 0 386 85 12 0 15 9 500 17 120 0 Imported quantity 2004 8,861 5,973 842 915 491 325 48 0 0 71 17 2 0 3 1 103 4 40 0 Partner countries (HS6) Imported value 2003 in USD thousand 40,732 26,781 1,110 2,220 431 3,973 308 0 0 142 71 197 0 0 0 2,188 0 3,311 0 Selection menu Imported quantity 2003 7,848 4,868 240 334 87 871 53 0 0 34 10 31 0 0 0 413 0 907 0 World Netherlands United Republic of Tanzania Denmark Kenya Belgium Spain Portugal Slovenia Uganda France United Kingdom Senegal Hungary Germany Greece Turkey Austria Estonia Source: ITC calculations based on Eurostat statistics Trade data in Euros Trade data with growth rates List of 8 or 10-digit products imported Table 11 above shows trade data over a three-year period (2003-2005) for the exports of product 03041019 to Italy. Here the table focuses on specific competitors including neighboring Tanzania and Kenya. You may also want to click on the link at the bottom of the page to obtain the growth rates corresponding to the same trade flows shown in Table 11. Here is the screen you will get: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 29 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 12: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Italy in 2005 – Growth rates Product : 03041019 FRESH OR CHILLED FILLETS OF FRESHWATER FISH (EXCL. TROUT 'SALMO TRUTTA, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, ONCORHYNCHUS CLARKI, ONCORHYNCHUS AGUABONITA AND ONCORHYNCHUS GILAE', PACIFIC SALMON, ATLANTIC SALMON AND DANUBE SALMON) Imported Share in value 2005 Italy's in USD imports, thousand % 71,476 43,728 14,956 7,906 1,335 1,072 615 529 525 255 150 128 107 61 50 34 13 6 6 Trade data in USD Trade data in Euros 100 61 21 11 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Imported Quantity Unit value quantity unit (USD/unit) 2005 Import Import Import Import growth in growth in growth in growth in value quantity value quantity between between between between 2004-2005, 2004-2005, 2003-2004, 2003-2004, % % % % 45 30 267 36 -42 -44 122 34 18 231 26 -49 -49 125 21 25 267 163 436 -52 -10 13 23 251 174 464 -63 -9 Exporters World Netherlands United Republic of Tanzania Denmark Kenya Belgium Spain Portugal Slovenia Uganda France United Kingdom Senegal Hungary Germany Greece Turkey Austria Estonia 11,863 7,043 2,787 1,153 251 167 108 83 132 39 20 22 20 15 9 12 2 1 1 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 6,025 6,209 5,366 6,857 5,319 6,419 5,694 6,373 3,977 6,538 7,500 5,818 5,350 4,067 5,556 2,833 6,500 6,000 6,000 -34 76 967 -45 18 1000 172 20 -94 109 70 -94 307 456 -93 -24 -95 400 800 -88 -50 -97 -96 -96 -77 -75 Source: ITC calculations based on Eurostat statistics Importing Markets Trade data with growth rates Growth rates with List of 8 or 10-digit trade data in Euros products imported Partner countries (HS6) Selection menu Explanatory Notes for Table 11 and Table 12 Exporters: Imported value in 2005 in US$ thousand: Share in target country’s imports, %: Imported quantity 2005: Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Import growth in value between 2004-2005, % Import growth in quantity between 2004-2005, % Partner name sorted by exported value. Value imported in 2004 in US$ thousand as reported by the selected country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data). Share of partner countries in the imports of the target country in 2004. As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used by reporting countries. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. Annual growth in value between the indicated years. Annual growth in quantity between the indicated years. 30 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP AN IMPORTER OF REFRIGERATORS FROM VENEZUELA SEARCHING FOR NEW SOURCES OF SUPPLY Trade Map also provides leads for importers on supplier diversification. An importer of Refrigerators in Venezuela, for instance, may want to investigate the possibility of diversifying suppliers. The importer will need first to identify which countries supply the majority of its imports, then assess their performance and finally examine what alternative sources of supply are available among the current suppliers and also among other exporting countries. 3.8 - Ide ntify current suppliers As a first step, the importer would identify current suppliers by typing “Venezuela” as the country under review and “841821 Refrigerators, household type, compression-type” (abbreviated as Refrigerators below) as the product HS code under review (see above). By next choosing ‘Import’, the importer generates a list of those markets supplying Refrigerators to Venezuela—shown below as Table 13. Table 13: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Venezuela in 2004 Product : 841821 Refrigerators, household type, compression-type Venezuela's imports represent 1% of world imports for this product, its ranking in world imports is 24 Import Imported trend in Share in Imported value value Quantity Unit value Exporters 2004 in Venezuela's quantity between unit (US$/unit) imports, % 2004 US$ 20002004, thousand %, p.a. Import trend in quantity between 20002004, %, p.a. Import growth in value between 20032004, %, p.a. Total export growth in value of partner countries between 20002004, %, p.a. 11 27 5 14 1 6 1 -8 -2 -10 Ranking of partner countries in world exports Share of partner countries in world exports, % World Colombia Mexico Korea, Rep. of 27,655 13,288 7,968 2,291 100 48 29 8 9,932 4,472 1,998 506 Tons Tons Tons Tons 2,784 2,971 3,988 4,528 -17 -18 5 -18 -15 -15 -5 -29 160 369 180 187 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 31 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Korea United States of America Panama Ecuador Chile Brazil China Czech Republic Peru Canada 2,163 510 501 481 256 58 57 40 32 8 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2,481 75 116 149 89 16 10 13 5 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Product clusters (HS6) imported by Venezuela 872 6,800 4,319 3,228 2,876 3,625 5,700 3,077 6,400 -34 -26 -26 -17 -30 -19 -17 -40 -31 -12 -32 -35 3 -29 44 106 184 115 16 50 54 46 11 3 8 1 0 0 0 2 13 2 0 0 -25 -3 -15 5 19 23 344 -23 -3 -54 109 -52 -17 129 52 33 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Tariff measures Trade data Partner Importing over 5 regions markets years Supplying markets (HS4) Product clusters (HS4) imported by Venezuela World World Mirror exporters importers data Selection Bubble Help menu graph Table 13 shows that Colombia and Mexico are the leading suppliers of Refrigerators, together accounting for 77% of Venezuela’s import market. Mexico is the world’s 5th leading exporter of this product while Colombia is only 27th. Colombia’s and Mexico’s exports worldwide experienced a decline in value respectively by 8% and 2% p.a. over the period from 2000 to 2004, a rate of growth which did not keep pace with the growth of the world market over the same period which was 11% p.a. However the table also shows that the Venezuela import market more than doubled in 2004 compared to the previous year with a growth rate of 160%. At the same time Mexican and Colombian exports to Venezuela experienced an extraordinary increase of respectively 369% and 180% in value. In addition, the table shows that China, the third largest exporter in the world, commands less than 1% of Venezuela’s market for Refrigerators. China’s growth in exports to the world soared by 23% p.a. over the 20002004 period, leaving the growth rates of Venezuela’s other supplying countries including the growth of world exports far behind. We can also see that the unit value of Refrigerators from China is significantly lower than those from Mexico and Colombia. If transportation costs are not prohibitive, China could be a viable alternative supplier. It would also be interesting to investigate why the number one largest exporter in the world is not among Venezuela’s top suppliers (the top world exporter would show up as number “1” in the column marked “Ranking of partner countries in world exports”) and what other Latin American countries export Refrigerators (e.g. Brazil). Explanatory Notes for Table 13 Exporters: Imported value in 2004 in US$ thousand: Share in the country’s imports,% Imported quantity 2004: Partner name sorted by exported value. Value imported in 2004 in US$ thousand as reported by the selected country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data). Share of partner countries in the imports of the target country in 2004. As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used by reporting countries. 32 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Import trend in value between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If a country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends. It is interesting to compare growth in value and growth in quantity to have an indication of the growth of prices in US$. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. This indicates the world ranking of the partner country as an exporter in 2004. With this indicator, it is possible to know if the selected country trades with the leading suppliers of the selected product. This indicates the world share that the partner country represents as an exporter of the selected product. This indicates the global export growth of the partner country to the world for the selected product. This indicator is calculated on data as reported by the partner market. Import trend in quantity between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: Import growth in value between 2003-2004, %, p.a.: Ranking of partner countries in world exports: Share of partner countries in world exports, %: Total export growth in value of partner countries between 20002004%, p.a.: 3.9 - Ass ess potential suppliers through a graphic representation of the market The information given in Table 13 is also available in bubble chart format (see Chart 1). To generate this bubble chart, click on “bubble chart” at the bottom of the table and follow the instructions. It requires Microsoft Excel and the ability to download a small macro. This chart presents the growth of Venezuela’s major partner markets for Refrigerators (on the vertical) compared to those same partner markets’ share in Venezuela’s imports (on the horizontal), providing an overview of the prospects for supplier diversification. It illustrates that Colombia and Mexico, bubbles located at the bottom right of the graph, as mentioned above command a large portion of Venezuela’s market for Refrigerators (77%). The size of the bubbles shows that Colombia’s share in world exports is around 1% while Mexico’s share is at 6%. China and Turkey are shown as having significant export growth to the world, (23% p.a. and slightly more than 42% respectively), but a relatively small share of Venezuela’s imports, both again less than 1%. Colombia and Mexico bubbles are located at the bottom right of the graph, showing that they command a large portion of Venezuela’s market for Refrigerators, even if they are not among the largest world exporters (bubbles size) and they experience a negative growth trend (bubble under the 0% growth line). If we look instead to China and Turkey, we see that they are not big suppliers of Venezuela (on the left side of the chart), but the size of the bubbles indicates that they are among the main world exporters and their market is growing (bubbles located above the 0% growth line). By adding a line representing the world market growth, we would also be able to see if each of the markets are gaining (above the line) or loosing market share (below the line). International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 33 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHART 1: Prospects for diversification of suppliers for a product imported by Venezuela in 2004 Prospects for diversification of suppliers for a product imported by Venezuela in 2004 Product : 841821 Refrigerators, household type, compression-type 100 90 Czech Republic 80 Annual growth of partner countries exports to the world between 2000-2004, % 70 60 Turkey 50 40 China 30 Sweden Slovenia 20 Brazil Germany 10 0 Chile Panama Italy Mexico 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 -10 5 Canada 10 Korea, Rep. of Korea Ecuador Colombia -20 United States of America Peru -30 Scale=5% of world exports Share of partner countries in Venezuela's imports, 2004, % Note: The area of the circles correponds to the share in world exports of supplying markets for the selected product. Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics. 34 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP A TURKISH EXPORTER OF APPAREL LOOKING FOR PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION IN A GIVEN MARKET An entrepreneur based in Turkey has been exporting apparel to Germany for the past few years. Wishing to improve his/her performance, he/she may want to scan the German market to find opportunities for differentiating his/her production. Trade Map could be used first to monitor the current situation of Turkish exports on the German market compared to its competitors and then to look for similar products with growing demand in the same export market. 3. 10 - A s s e s s t he pe r f or ma nc e of the pr odu c t s c ur rent l y e x por t e d As a first step in the process of outlining an effective export strategy, the Turkish exporter of not knitted womens/girls trousers and shorts of synthetic fibres may need to analyze his/her current situation in the German market. By selecting the product (HS 620463), “Germany” and “import” on the Selection Menu, he/she can obtain the table below, which describes the German market for the product under review. Table 14: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Germany in 2004 Product : 620463 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibres, not knitted Germany's imports represent 13% of world imports for this product, its ranking in world imports is 3 Import Imported trend in Share in Imported value value Quantity Unit value between 2004 in Germany's quantity unit (US$/unit) imports, % 2004 US$ 20002004, thousand %, p.a. Import trend in quantity between 20002004, %, p.a. Import growth in value between 20032004, %, p.a. Total export growth in value of partner countries between 20002004, %, p.a. 3 4 5 1 34 13 6 6 15 1 2 -4 17 8 10 Exporters Ranking of partner countries in world exports Share of partner countries in world exports, % World Romania Turkey China Bangladesh Poland 650,364 78,636 71,465 63,430 47,597 40,541 100 12 11 10 7 6 26,782 2,547 2,298 3,146 4,021 1,193 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 24,284 30,874 31,099 20,162 11,837 33,982 1 10 -6 11 21 -6 -1 1 -12 19 30 -13 11 19 -11 33 101 11 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Product Country Trade clusters Supplying imports data Partner Importing (HS6) Tariff Next at 8 or over markets measures regions markets imported 10-digit 5 (HS4) by level years Germany Product clusters (HS4) World Mirror Selection Bubble World Help imported exporters importers data menu graph by Germany International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 35 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP The table indicate that, while Turkey ranks 2nd with 11% share of the German market, it experiences a negative trend. Over the last 5 years Turkish exports declined in value and in quantity by respectively 6% and 12%, and in the last year, while the Germany’ overall import trend in value grew by 11%, it scored another negative growth rate (-11%). In addition we can also see that Turkey is underperforming compared to all its main competitors. Romania, China and Bangladesh are growing at a faster pace than Turkey and they are performing better then the market itself. Explanatory Notes for Table 14 Exporters: Imported value in 2004 in US$ thousand: Share in the country’s imports, % Imported quantity 2004: Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Import trend in value between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: Partner name sorted by exported value. Value imported in 2004 in US$ thousand as reported by the selected country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data). Share of partner countries in the imports of the target country in 2004. As labelled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used by reporting countries. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If a country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends. It is interesting to compare growth in value and growth in quantity to have an indication of the growth of prices in US$. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. This indicates the world ranking of the partner country as an exporter in 2004. With this indicator, it is possible to know if the selected country trades with the leading suppliers of the selected product. This indicates the world share that the partner country represents as an exporter of the selected product in 2004. This indicates the global export growth of the partner country to the world for the selected product. This indicator is calculated on data as reported by the partner market. Import trend in quantity between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: Import growth in value between 2003-2004, %, p.a.: Ranking of partner countries in world exports: Share of partner countries in world exports, %: Total export growth in value of partner countries between 20002004%, p.a.: 3.11 - I d e ntify s imila r pr oduc ts impor te d by the giv e n ma rk e t This situation may lead the Turkish exporter to consider opportunities for product diversification in order to counterbalance the not promising trend for the product under review. He/she needs then to know what complementary products Germany imports and among them, what related products are experiencing growth. A list of potential products for diversification is generated by clicking on the hyper-link at the bottom of the table 14 “Product clusters (HS6) imported by Germany”. Trade Map will provide the exporter with a list of all products belonging to the same product cluster imported by Germany (see table 15 below). 36 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 15: List of products imported by Germany in 2004 (extract) Annual Annual Annual growth in growth in growth in value 2004 Quantity Quantity value quantity value in US$ 2004 unit between between between thousand 2000-2004, 2000-2004, 2003-2004, % % % Annual growth in value of world exports between 20002004, % HS rev. 1 Product World market share, % Ranking in world market 620411 Womens/girls suits, of wool or fine animal hair, not knitted 12,167 118 Tons -15 -26 4 7 4 1 Womens/girls 620412 suits, of cotton, not knitted Womens/girls 620413 suits, of synthetic fibres, not knitted Womens/girls suits, of other 620419 textile materials, not knitted Womens/girls ensembles, of 620421 wool or fine animal hair, not knitted Womens/girls 620422 ensembles, of cotton, not knitted Womens/girls ensembles, of 620423 synthetic fibres, not knitted Womens/girls ensembles, of 620429 other textile materials, not knitted Womens/girls jackets, of wool or 620431 fine animal hair, not knitted Womens/girls 620432 jackets, of cotton, not knitted Womens/girls jackets, of synthetic fibres, not knitted Womens/girls jackets, of other textile materials, not knitted 14,500 424 Tons 23 33 23 6 2 2 66,742 2,862 Tons -4 -1 45 10 3 3 9,566 335 Tons -15 -10 21 4 7 -2 6,585 43 Tons 10 -17 47 20 1 -8 28,174 1,891 Tons 18 18 -11 8 4 18 40,886 1,724 Tons -10 -10 34 13 1 -5 10,681 406 Tons -16 -17 9 4 8 3 116,684 2,009 Tons -6 -15 42 12 3 4 232,393 6,832 Tons 42 35 7 13 3 32 620433 310,008 8,333 Tons 4 -3 36 15 2 4 620439 114,778 2,409 Tons 0 -9 50 11 2 7 Womens/girls trousers and 620462 shorts, of cotton, not knitted Womens/girls trousers and 620463 shorts, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 1,575,792 66,717 Tons 19 13 11 10 2 14 650,364 26,782 Tons 1 -1 11 13 3 3 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Trade data Product clusters (HS6) over 5 years exported by Germany The leading products (HS6) Product clusters (HS4) imported by Germany imported by Germany Selection menu Bubble graph Help International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 37 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP On the table 15, by clicking on each of the hyper-linked HS codes in the first column, we generate tables illustrating who are the suppliers of Germany for that specific product and what are their trends, in the last years as well as over the last 5 years. Explanatory Notes for Table 15 HS rev. 1: HS 6-digit product code for product imported in 2004. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions. Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 6-digit product code. Value of 2004 imports in the selected product. These figures are as reported by countries to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. Quantity imported in 2004. Where mirror statistics are used, if the exporting and importing countries use different units no quantity will be displayed. The unit in which quantities are reported. Growth in the value of imports. This trend is calculated by the least squares method. If a country did not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends. It is interesting to compare growth in value and growth in quantity to have an indication of the growth of prices in US$. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. Share of the importing country in the world market in 2004. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they reported. The world ranking of the selected country in the import of the product under review. The trend is calculated again using the least squares method. Product: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Quantity 2004: Quantity unit: Annual growth in value between 2000-2004: Annual growth in quantity between 2000-2004,%: Annual growth in value between 2003-2004,%: World market share, %: Ranking in world market: Annual growth in value of world exports between 2000-2004, %: By clicking on the hyper-linked imported value (third column), we will generate the table below providing the list of products at the tariff line level for the corresponding 6-digit product. The trade data will be displayed for the three most recent years available: in this case they cover the period 2003-2005, as Germany has already reported to the UNSD. Table 16: List of products at tariff line level imported by Germany in 2005 Product : 620432 Womens/girls jackets, of cotton, not knitted Product code Imported Imported Imported value Share in Imported value Imported value Imported Quantity Unit value 2005 in Germany's quantity 2004 in quantity 2003 in quantity unit (USD/unit) imports, % 2005 2004 2003 USD USD USD thousand thousand thousand 381,166 100 222,057 223,744 Product label Total WOMEN'S OR GIRLS' JACKETS AND BLAZERS OF COTTON 62043290 (EXCL. KNITTED OR CROCHETED, INDUSTRIAL 379,008 99 0 Mixed 219,225 0 221,653 0 38 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP AND OCCUPATIONAL, WIND-JACKETS AND SIMILAR ARTICLES) WOMEN'S OR GIRLS' JACKETS AND BLAZERS OF COTTON, INDUSTRIAL AND 62043210 OCCUPATIONAL (EXCL. KNITTED OR CROCHETED, WIND-JACKETS AND SIMILAR ARTICLES) List of exported products 2,158 1 0 Mixed 2,832 0 2,091 0 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Trade data with growth Trade data in rates Euros Trade partners at HS6 World importers at HS6 Selection menu The exporter may want also to investigate trends of imported values and quantities of this specific market. He/she just needs to click at the bottom of the table on “Trade data with growth rates” to retrieve the same information, but complemented with annual growth rates in value and quantity. Same information is also available in the local currency (€) as shown in Table 17. Please see all the different options listed at the bottom of the tables. Table 17: List of products at tariff line level imported by Germany in 2005 Product : 620432 Womens/girls jackets, of cotton, not knitted Product code Imported Imported Imported Share in Imported value value Imported value Imported Quantity Unit value 2005 in Germany's quantity 2004 in quantity 2003 in quantity unit (Euros/unit) Euros imports, % 2005 Euros 2004 Euros 2003 thousand thousand thousand 306,062 100 179,373 197,775 Product label Total WOMEN'S OR GIRLS' JACKETS AND BLAZERS OF COTTON (EXCL. KNITTED OR 62043290 CROCHETED, INDUSTRIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL, WIND-JACKETS AND SIMILAR ARTICLES) WOMEN'S OR GIRLS' JACKETS AND BLAZERS OF COTTON, INDUSTRIAL AND 62043210 OCCUPATIONAL (EXCL. KNITTED OR CROCHETED, WIND-JACKETS AND SIMILAR ARTICLES) List of exported products 304,329 99 0 Mixed 177,085 0 195,927 0 1,733 1 0 Mixed 2,288 0 1,848 0 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Trade data with growth rates Trade data in USD Trade partners at HS6 World importers at HS6 Selection menu International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 39 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Explanatory Notes for Table 16 and Table 17 Product Code: HS product code for product imported in 2004. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions. Abbreviated product nomenclatures. description corresponding to the HS Product label: Imported value 2005 in US$/Euros thousand: Share in the country’s imports, %: Imported Quantity 2005: Quantity Unit: Unit value (USD/unit or Euros/unit)) Value imported in the indicated year in US$ or Euros thousand as reported by the selected country. Share of product defined at the tariff line level in the country’s total imports of the corresponding 6-digit product. As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used by reporting countries. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ or Euros divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. 40 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHAPTER 4 - COUNTRY APPROACH The second approach to using Trade Map, the country approach, allows users to assess the national trade performance of a country and also review the potential for bilateral trade with a partner. A GOVERNMENT’S ANALYST FROM ROMANIA WANTING TO BEST PRIORITIZE EFFORT IN TRADE AND INVESTMENT PROMOTION 4. 1 - G a ug e na t iona l t r a de pe r f or ma nc e by s e c t or The government of Romania may wish to investigate how the country’s exports compete in the world market in order to best prioritize their efforts to attract foreign or domestic investment and/or to promote trade. By selecting Romania as the country on the Selection Menu and indicating ‘Export’ (Screen above), Trade Map generates a list of Romania’s products (blue and white rows) and services (yellow rows) exported. In the first table, products and services are sorted by HS or BOPs classification respectively. By going at the top of the table and clicking on the hyperlinked headings, the user can switch from a code-sorted list (HS rev.1 or BOP) list sorted by value (Value 2004 in US$ thousand). The same result can be obtained by using the hyperlinks at the bottom of that list. By selecting the “List sorted by value”, the Romanian analyst can focus on product groups and services of the greatest interest, shown below as Table 18. The 2-digit level for products provides a sectoral overview of Romania’s exports. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 41 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 18: List of product groups and services exported by Romania in 2004 (extract) HS rev. 1 Product or service or BOP Total products + services 2CS 205 2OS 236 Total commercial services Transportation Other commercial services Travel All products 62 Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet Electrical, electronic equipment Iron and steel Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc Footwear, gaiters and the like, parts thereof Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated buildings Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal Annual growth in value between 2000-2004, % 23 20 24 20 11 23 19 Annual growth in value between 2003-2004, % 31 17 27 7 19 33 16 Annual growth of world Ranking in country exports between exports 2000-2004, % 9 9 9 11 7 9 6 1 1 Share in world exports, % Value 2004 in US$ thousand Ranking in world exports 26,990,830 3,505,502 1,534,358 1,436,158 534,984 23,485,328 3,465,282 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 2.6 40 47 36 36 59 52 9 85 72 84 2,528,962 2,258,932 1,590,504 33 29 25 37 61 62 7 19 8 2 3 4 0.2 0.9 0.1 37 29 42 27 1,587,787 22 39 11 5 0.2 63 64 1,512,494 18 6 7 6 2.5 10 61 1,195,470 22 17 8 7 1.0 26 94 1,118,323 24 32 10 8 1.0 25 44 1,028,141 18 29 9 9 1.1 20 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE and WTO statistics Next Trade data List of product groups List of product over 5 years sorted by HS code groups imported The leading products (HS6) exported The leading products (HS4) exported Selection menu Help From this table the Romanian government can see that overall, Romania ranks 52 among the world’s exporters in goods, with a 23% p.a. growth in exports over the 2000-2004 period and 33% p.a. over the 2003-2004 period. At the same time the 5-year growth trend for the world is only 9% p.a. indicating an increase in the market share of Romania’s exporters. Looking at exports at the HS 2-digit level highlights which sectors might be interesting from the perspective of attracting foreign or domestic investment. Sectors such as Electrical, electronic equipment (HS 85) or Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet (HS 61) are experiencing high growth in value (33% and 22% p.a. respectively), while world exports of these products are only growing at 7% and 8% p.a. respectively. These may be attractive sectors for investment. 42 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Explanatory Notes for Table 18 HS rev. 1 or BOP: HS product code for product imported in 2004. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions. BOP stands for the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (see Annex II: EBOPS) Abbreviated product/service description respectively corresponding to the HS and BOP nomenclatures. Value of 2004 imports in the selected product. These figures are as reported by countries to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. Annual growth in the value of imports. This trend is calculated by the least squares method. If a country did not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a fouryear period. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. This indicator shows the importance of the product group in the country's exports or imports 2004. It is especially relevant when this table is sorted by product code rather than value. This indicator is calculated based on Trade Map’s world estimate which includes reported and mirror data. The world ranking in 2004 of the selected country in the export of the product under review. Product or service: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Annual growth in value between 2000-2004: Annual growth in value between 2003-2004,%: Ranking in country exports: Share in world exports, %: Ranking in world exports: By clicking on the hyperlinked 2-digit code, you obtain the list of partner countries for that specific sector. See screen below. Table 19: List of importing markets for a product exported by Romania in 2004 Product : 85 Electrical, electronic equipment Romania's exports represent 0.2% of world exports for this product, its ranking in world exports is 36 Export Exported trend in Share in Exported value value Quantity Unit value Romania's Importers 2004 in quantity between exports, unit (US$/unit) US$ 2004 2000% thousand 2004, %, p.a. Export trend in quantity between 20002004, %, p.a. Export growth in value between 20032004, %, p.a. Total import growth in value of partner countries between 20002004, %, p.a. 7 4 14 7 24 20 11 16 6.8 2.3 4.1 0.8 1.2 3.1 1.7 10 9 1 9 20 4 12 Ranking of partner countries in world imports Share of partner countries in world imports, % World Germany Italy United Kingdom Austria Hungary France Spain 2,528,962 548,096 436,029 317,327 284,935 194,407 193,734 83,656 100 22 17 13 11 8 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity 33 32 43 54 44 124 -1 116 37 44 46 22 28 100 57 208 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 43 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Explanatory Notes for Table 19 Importers: Exported value in 2004 in US$ thousand: Share in target country’s exports, %: Imported quantity 2004: Quantity unit: Unit value (US$/unit): Export trend in value between 20002004, %, p.a.: Partner name sorted by imported value. Value exported in 2004 in US$ thousand as reported by the selected country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data). Share of partner countries in the exports of the target country in 2004. As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used by reporting countries. The unit in which quantities are reported. Value in US$ divided per quantity. This indicator can be used as a proxy for the price. This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If a country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends. It is interesting to compare growth in value and growth in quantity to have an indication of the growth of prices in US$. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. This indicates the world ranking of the partner country as an importer in 2004. With this indicator, it is possible to know if the selected country trades with the leading suppliers of the selected product. This indicates the world share that the partner country represents as an importer of the selected product. This indicates the global import growth of the partner country to the world for the selected product. This indicator is calculated on data as reported by the partner market. Export trend in quantity between 2000-2004, %, p.a.: Export growth in value between 2003-2004, %, p.a.: Ranking of partner countries in world imports: Share of partner countries in world imports, %: Total import growth in value of partner countries between 20002004 %, p.a.: 4.2 - An a ly ze tr ends in a s ub-s e c tor (4-dig it pr odu c t g r oups ) Alternatively, the government’s analyst may prefer to have a more in depth look at each of the sectors listed in Table 18. By clicking on the value exported corresponding to each sector (i.e. 2,528,962 for the HS 85), we can see all products at HS 4-digit level included in this product cluster listed by code (Table 20). By clicking at the bottom of the page on “Next”, we can see the second part of that list and he/she can look for areas within that sector that may be interesting. 44 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 20: List of products exported by Romania in 2004, HS 4 Annual Annual Annual Annual growth in value growth in growth in growth in World value of Ranking 2004 in Quantity Quantity market value quantity value world in world 2004 unit US$ between between between share, imports market thousand 200020002003% between 2004, % 2004, % 2004, % 20002004, % HS rev. 1 Product 8501 Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets) 134,577 37,522 Tons 20 7 32 0 31 8 Electric generating 8502 sets and rotary converters Parts suitable for use solely/princ with 8503 machines of hd no 85.01/85.02 Electric transformer,static converter (for example rectifiers) Electromagnets;permanent magnets;magnetic chucks;etc Primary cells and primary batteries 289 34 Tons 19 -53 467 0 83 9 40,403 8,793 Tons 29 12 82 0 34 9 8504 122,684 9,829 Tons 26 18 39 0 36 7 8505 4,200 328 Tons 35 -9 114 0 40 5 8506 355 11,529 41 2,702 Tons Tons 36 105 72 150 104 0 0 59 46 6 8 8507 Electric accumulator Electro-mechanical tool for working in the 8508 hand,with self-contd elec-motor 975 121 Tons -1 719 0 49 7 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics First Previous Trade data Product clusters over 5 (HS4) imported by years Romania The leading products (HS6) exported by Romania The leading products (HS4) exported by Romania Selection menu Bubble graph Help For instance, among the products listed, HS 8504 Electric transformer appears to be a promising market. At the world level, imports show a positive trend of 7% over the 20002004 period. This is a sizeable sector for Romania and has shown substantial growth over both the 5- and 2-year period (26% and 18% p.a.), while world imports have grown 7% p.a. from 2000-2004. From Table 20, the analyst can generate a graphical representation in the form of a bubble graph by clicking on “bubble graph” at the bottom of the screen. The bubble graph for this data is presented below as CHART 2. CHART 2 presents Romania’s export performance for all the HS 4-digit product codes within the HS85 Electric, electronic equipment sector. The chart shows the export value of each product (size of the bubbles), and compares Romania’s export growth (horizontal axis) with the growth of international demand (vertical axis). In addition, the diagonal line (the line of constant world market share) divides the chart into two parts. Romania's exports of products to the right of this line have grown faster than world imports thus increasing their share in the world market. Conversely, products to the left of the diagonal line have seen an erosion of their world market share. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 45 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP The diagonal reference line and horizontal axis are particularly interesting in terms of trade development, since they divide the chart into four quadrants with different characteristics: Underachievers, champions, achievers in adversity and losers in declining markets. Each of these is described briefly below. Underachievers, located in the upper-left quadrant, experience a negative export trend in a world growing market. Careful examination by entrepreneurs and trade promoters can help determine how resources (if any) should be invested to better profit from a growing international demand. The upper-right quadrant contains champions, export products with a relative high-growth in the country’s portfolio and an increasing world demand. These sub-sectors are important to the country because they generate a high level of profits. The lower-right quadrant contains clusters of products that are performing well in a world negative-growth market. These businesses are called achievers in adversity, because they are still generating profits in a declining market. Losers in declining market are Romanian export products experiencing a negative trend in a global negative-growth market. They frequently result in losses, thus entrepreneurs and trade promoters should carefully consider their reasons for investing in those sub-sectors. The chart also provides an overview of the concentration of exports. The appearance of one or a few comparatively large circles in one area shows that exports are highly concentrated. This does not appear to be the case for Romania. 46 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHART 2: Growth of national supply and international demand for export products of Romania in 2004, HS 4-digit level Growth of national supply and international demand for export products of Romania in 2004 20 Magnetc tape recorder & sound rec app Electro-mechanical domestic appliance,with selfcontaind electric motor Television camera, transmissn app for radio-telephony Video recording or reproducing apparatus Electrical lighting/signalling equip,windscreen wipers,defrosters,etc Parts suitable for use solely/princ with machines of hd no 85.01/85.02 Prepared unrecordd media for 12.5 record (tapes) sound Radar apparatus, radio navigational app&radio remote control apparatus Electric instantaneous water heater,space htg; hair dryer 17.5 15 Annual growth of world imports between 2000-2004, % Underachievers 10 Electrical ignition/starting equip (spark plugs/starter motors) Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets) 7.5 Microphones&stand;lo udspeaker;headphone /earphone;sound amplifier set Electric accumulator Electric,laser/photon beam/plasma arc solderg with cut capabilitie,etc Electric transformer,static converter (for example rectifiers) 5 Recorded tape, recorded for sound 2.5 Electro-magnets;permanent magnets;magnetic chucks;etc Champions 0 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 -2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Achievers in adversity Losers in declining markets -5 Bubble scale = US$ 10 millions -7.5 Electric app for line telephony,incl curr line system Diagonal of constant world market share -10 Annual growth of exports of Romania between 2000-2004, % Note: The area of the circles corresponds to the export value of the product for Romania Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 47 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 4. 3 - Ov e r v ie w of t op pr o duc t s e xpor t e d b y t he c ount r y To refine the research at the 6-digit level, the analyst has two options: from Table 18 either click on the exported value corresponding to each product sub-groups (third column) to investigate in that specific market or click on the hyperlink “The leading products (HS6) exported by Romania” at the bottom of the table to obtain an overview of the top product exported by the country across all sectors. This second option will generate the list of Romania’s top 500 products exported at the HS 6-digit level. Trade data in Table 21 show that Romania’s tenth largest export Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted (HS 620342), grew 36% p.a. over the 2000-2004 period, while world imports of these products grew 5% p.a., suggesting that Romania’s 3% share of the world market is growing. Also interesting are Romania’s exports of Footwear, outer soles of rubber/plastics uppers of leather, n.e.s (HS 640399), which grew at 30% p.a. over the full period (18% p.a. over 2002-2003) while world imports grew at only 7% p.a. These may be interesting sectors in which to focus trade promotion efforts. Table 21: The leading products exported by Romania in 2004, HS 6-digit level Annual Annual Annual growth in growth in growth in Share in Quantity value quantity value world unit between between between exports, 2000-2004, 2000-2004, 2003-2004, % % % % No quantity Annual growth in value of world imports between 2000-2004, % 9 HS rev. 1 Product Value 2004 in US$ thousand Quantity 2004 Ranking in world export TOTAL All products Petroleum oils&oils obtained from 271000 bituminous minerals, other than crude etc Ignition wirg sets &oth wirg sets used in vehicles, aircraft etc Furniture, wooden, nes 23,485,328 0 23 33 0 52 1,415,580 4,170,743 Tons 23 13 38 1 37 10 854430 796,444 49,574 Tons 54 33 45 5 5 7 940360 608,283 251,487 Tons 20 2 30 4 10 11 Hot roll iron/steel, 720851 not coil >600mm x >10mm Ferrous waste and 720449 scrap, iron or steel, nes Footwear, outer soles of 640399 rubber/plastics uppers of leather, nes Uppers and parts 640610 thereof, other than stiffeners Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted 437,572 887,484 Tons 38 15 57 6 5 24 437,331 2,274,901 Tons 34 5 53 3 9 38 415,722 25,237 Tons 30 18 18 2 13 7 381,316 13,797 Tons 12 -2 -10 15 1 0 620342 372,506 14,398 Tons 36 18 29 3 10 5 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Next Trade data over 5 years The leading products (HS6) imported The leading products (HS4) exported List of product groups (HS2) exported Selection menu Bubble graph Help 48 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP From Table 21, Chart 3 can be generated, which follows the same structure of Chart 2, but with a few significant differences. The axes of this graph are exactly the same of those presented in Chart 2: Romania’s annual export growth (horizontal axis) and the annual growth of international demand (vertical axis) both over a 5-year period. Chart 3 differs from Chart 2 by indicating the average nominal growth of the total exports of Romania for the period 2000 to 2004 (dotted vertical reference line) and the average nominal growth of world imports over the same period (horizontal reference line), which was 9% p.a. By adding two reference lines, we are now able to assess the performance of the 20 leading export products of Romania in the world markets. In Chart 3 it is the diagonal line, representing constant market share, and the horizontal reference line (growth of total world imports) that divide the chart into four quadrants. It should be noted that the criterion for distinguishing growing and declining products is in this chart the average nominal growth rate of total world imports from 2000 to 2004, which was 9% annually. Products, whose world imports have grown below this rate (i.e. 5% annually), are classified as declining products, as their share in world trade is declining, while products located in the upper quadrants are growing products, as they are growing faster than the world market. Explanatory Notes for Table 20 and Table 21 HS rev. 1: HS product code for product imported in 2004. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions. Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 6-digit code. Value of 2004 imports in the selected product. These figures are as reported by countries to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. Quantity exported in 2004. Where mirror statistics are used, if the exporting and importing countries use different units no quantity will be displayed. The unit in which quantities are reported. Growth in the value of imports. This trend is calculated by the least squares method. If a country did not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This trend is also calculated by using the least squares method. This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country performance over the last two years. This indicates the world share that the country represents as an exporter of the corresponding product. The 2004 world ranking of the selected country in the export of the product under review. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they reported. The world ranking in 2004 of the selected country in the export of the product under review. The trend is calculated for the product under review by the least squares method. Product: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Quantity 2004: Quantity unit: Annual growth in value between 2000-2004: Annual growth in quantity between 2000-2004,%: Annual growth in value between 2003-2004,%: World market share, % (Table 20): Ranking in world market (Table 20): Share in world exports, % (Table 21): Ranking in world exports (Table 21): Annual growth in value of world imports between 2000-2004,%: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 49 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Champions - winners in growth markets: These are the export products for which Romania has performed very well, such as Hot roll iron/steel. This sector contains particularly dynamic products for which the value of world exports is growing, and for which Romanian exporters have increased their share. Exporters of these products have proven their international competitiveness over the period. Trade promotion efforts for these products are less risky, as they are national success stories that can serve as benchmarks for other industries. Promotional efforts in these products should aim at broadening supply capacity. Underachievers - losers in growth markets: These products represent particular challenges for trade promotion efforts. While international demand has been growing at above-average rates, Romania has been falling behind. Its exports have declined and as a result, Romania has been losing international market share. In general, the bottleneck is not international demand, but rather the supply capacity. For these products, it is essential to identify and remove the specific bottlenecks that impede a more dynamic expansion of exports. Losers in declining markets: The export prospects for these products tend to be bleak in the case of Romania. World imports of the product concerned have increased at a belowaverage rate or actually declined, and the market share of Romania has gone down. Trade promotion efforts for products in this category face difficulty. They need to adopt an integrated approach to take into account bottlenecks on both the supply and demand side. Achievers in adversity - winners in declining markets: World import markets for products in this quadrant, such as Mens/boys trousers and shorts of cotton not knitted, are declining or growing at a below average rate, but the market share of Romanian exporters is growing. From a trade promotion perspective, niche-marketing strategies are required to isolate positive trade performance from the overall decline in these markets. 50 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHART 3: Growth of national supply and international demand for the twenty leading Romanian exports in 2004 Growth of national supply and international demand for export products of Romania in 2004 40 Total export growth of Romania Ferrous waste and scrap, iron or steel, nes 35 Underachievers 30 Hot roll iron/steel, not coil >600mm x >10mm Annual growth of world imports between 2000-2004, % 25 Champions Petroleum oils&oils obtained from bituminous minerals,o/than crude etc Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted 20 Cargo vessels nes&oth vessels for the transport of both persons&goods Air or gas compressors, hoods 15 Lumber, coniferous (softwood) 6 mm and thicker Furniture, wooden, nes Parts of vacuum pumps, compressors, fans, blowers, hoods Pneumatic tire new of rubber f motor car incl station wagons&racg cars Colour television receivers Footwear, outer soles of rubber/plastics uppers of leather, nes 10 Growth of total world imports Parts and accessories of bodies nes for motor vehicles Ignition wirg sets&oth wirg sets usd in vehicles,aircraft etc Losers in declining 5markets Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted Electric conductors,for a voltage not exceedg 80 V,fittd w connectors Polyvinyl chloride, not mixed with any other substances 0 Uppers and parts thereof, other than stiffeners 0 10 20 30 -5 Lumber, Beech Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, not knitted Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibres, not knitted 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Achievers in adversity Bubble scale = US$ 10 millions Pullovers, cardigans and similar articles of manmade fibres, knitted Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of manmade fibres, not knitted -10 Diagonal of constant world market share Annual growth of exports of Romania between 2000-2004, % Note: The area of the circles corresponds to the export value of the product for Romania Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 51 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP For a more in depth look at leading Romanian export products, the analyst can click on the hyper link “Trade data over 5 years”at the bottom of the table 21 to examine the 5-year time series data, shown below as Table 22. The total exports from the country to the world increased significantly from US$17,7 billion to US$23,5 billion between 2003 and 2004. Table 22: The leading products exported by Romania in 2004 – Trade data over five years HS rev.1 Product Exported value 2004 in US$ thousand 23,485,328 Exported quantity 2004 Exported Quantity value 2003 unit in US$ thousand No 17,618,048 quantity Exported quantity 2003 Exported value 2002 in US$ thousand 13,875,709 Exported quantity 2002 Exported value 2001 in US$ thousand 11,384,994 Exported quantity 2001 Exported value 2000 in US$ thousand 10,366,522 Exported quantity 2000 0 TOTAL All products Petroleum oils&oils obtained from 271000 bituminous minerals,o/than crude etc Ignition wirg sets&oth 854430 wirg sets usd in vehicles,aircraft etc 940360 Furniture, wooden, nes 1,415,580 4,170,743 Tons 1,023,382 3,606,023 959,770 4,404,981 608,328 2,851,938 659,568 2,520,117 796,444 49,574 Tons 548,068 38,365 390,132 30,712 221,371 22,787 143,489 15,488 608,283 251,487 Tons 469,283 227,207 374,605 231,412 313,753 227,883 298,996 224,430 Hot roll iron/steel, not 720851 coil >600mm x >10mm Ferrous waste and 720449 scrap, iron or steel, nes Footwear, outer soles 640399 of rubber/plastics uppers of leather, nes Uppers and parts 640610 thereof, other than stiffeners Mens/boys trousers 620342 and shorts, of cotton, not knitted Cargo vessels nes&oth vessels for the transport of both persons&goods 437,572 887,484 Tons 278,294 990,409 166,886 781,961 132,510 586,842 128,434 577,897 437,331 2,274,901 Tons 286,429 2,280,210 170,249 1,959,855 116,831 1,587,142 159,358 2,158,672 415,722 25,237 Tons 352,632 24,536 283,269 22,883 213,350 18,525 142,102 12,876 381,316 13,797 Tons 425,616 16,725 361,916 16,982 305,132 15,996 258,978 15,835 372,506 14,398 Tons 288,860 12,305 204,660 11,796 158,899 10,505 109,334 6,855 890190 325,515 230,615 Tons 247,895 219,463 268,373 168,733 139,036 212,514 178,814 313,282 Parts of vacuum 841490 pumps, compressors, fans, blowers, hoods Lumber, coniferous 440710 (softwood) 6 mm and thicker 620520 Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, not knitted 322,239 1,718 Tons 107,322 1,631 75,373 1,553 35,125 3,741 1,424 280 287,160 1,153,691 Tons 240,950 1,119,255 185,284 880,705 157,060 748,865 194,628 948,297 262,100 7,887 Tons 257,742 8,948 193,042 8,953 137,245 6,972 113,433 5,501 Womens/girls 620462 trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted Pneumatic tire new of rubber f motor car incl station wagons&racg cars Parts and accessories of bodies nes for motor vehicles Colour television receivers 246,054 9,446 Tons 221,314 9,410 150,398 8,273 131,805 6,791 73,688 4,221 401110 245,703 72,127 Tons 204,328 64,728 78,575 30,119 15,173 8,961 14,424 8,564 870829 235,501 7,499 Tons 177,952 5,418 117,277 6,054 65,740 4,386 36,928 1,916 852812 228,282 5,362 Tons 201,866 4,405 72,721 1,270 467 11 45 0 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Next Table with analytical indicators Trade data with growth rates The leading products imported Selection menu 52 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Explanatory Notes for Table 22 HS rev. 1: HS product code for product exported in 2004. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions. Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 6-digit code. Value exported in 2004 exports for the selected product. These figures are as reported by countries to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. Quantity exported in 2004 for the selected product. Where mirror statistics are used, if the exporting and importing countries use different units no quantity will be displayed. The unit in which quantities are reported. Product: Exported value 2004, in US$ thousand: Exported quantity 2004: Quantity unit: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 53 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP A TRADE SUPPORT INSTITUTION FROM ESTONIA EXPLORING FOR POTENTIAL INCREASE OF BILATERAL TRADE WITH FINLAND A Trade Support Institution based in Estonia may wish to expand current trade between its country and a neighboring country, such as Finland. This organization is interested in identifying sectors and products on which to focus its trade promotion efforts. We will demonstrate how that TSI can analyze trade potential at both the sector (HS two-digit) or product (HS six digit) level. 4.4 - Ass ess current bilateral trade between two partner c ountr ie s a t the se c tor a l le v e l This example focuses on a TSI in Estonia analyzing the trade potential with Finland. The first step would be to select “Estonia” as the country under review, “Finland” as the partner country and ‘Export’ in the selection menu (Screen above). The resulting table provides bilateral trade data at the sector level organized by HS 2-digit code. To sort through Estonia’s leading HS-2 products exported to Finland, click on the link “Value 2004 in US$ thousand” on the top of the table (in the section Estonia’s exports to Finland). 54 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 23: Existing and potential trade between Estonia and Finland in 2004, HS 2 Estonia's exports have been reported by Estonia Finland's imports have been reported by Finland Indicative Annual Annual Annual potential Market Market Value growth in growth in Value growth in trade in Value 2004 share share 2004 in value value 2004 in value US$ in US$ in world in world US$ US$ between between between thousand thousand imports exports thousand 20002000thousand 2000% % 2004, % 2004, % 2004, % 1,256,068 487,291 5 -7 50,658,369 7,693,693 11 4 0.5 5,539,696 0.6 1,304,196 11 4 0.1 3,139,801 0.1 816,830 Estonia's exports to Finland Finland's imports from world Estonia's exports to world Product Product label code All products 85 Electrical, electronic equipment Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated buildings Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet Articles of iron or steel Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus Other made textile articles, sets, worn clothing etc Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet Plastics and articles thereof Vehicles other than railway, tramway 44 126,874 16 1,129,007 18 1.1 713,846 15 0.7 253,573 94 114,503 32 656,783 13 0.5 472,548 27 0.4 220,359 84 74,856 13 6,202,184 8 0.5 223,373 16 0.0 146,761 62 74,004 5 658,798 12 0.5 202,549 9 0.2 116,692 73 39,431 18 875,365 11 0.6 144,081 12 0.1 94,839 90 38,185 10 1,257,551 10 0.4 107,768 17 0.0 60,866 63 30,735 22 143,199 13 0.5 81,219 10 0.3 40,464 61 25,341 9 522,732 12 0.4 70,466 9 0.1 43,610 39 22,092 23 1,728,465 12 0.6 117,628 24 0.0 86,358 87 21,065 22 4,669,495 20 0.6 262,906 19 0.0 172,085 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Trade data Next over 3 years List of product groups (HS2) exported by Estonia List of product groups (HS2) imported by Finland Import side Bilateral trade (HS4) sorted by potential trade Bilateral trade (HS6) sorted by potential trade Selection menu Help From Table 23, the TSI can see actual trade between Estonia and Finland, Finland’s imports from the world, and Estonia’s exports to the world, both for overall trade and for individual product groups listed. Total exports from Estonia to Finland amounted to over US$ 1 billion International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 55 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP in 2004 and grew at 5% p.a. over the 2000-2004 period. Finland’s imports from the world were almost US$ 51 billion with an annual growth rate of 11% p.a., while Estonia’s exports to the world were US$ 5.5 billion and grew at a rate of 11% p.a. Overall, Finland’s growing demand and Estonia’s growing supply capacity incited trade between the two countries positively. If we focus on the sector of Furniture, lightning, signs, prefabricated buildings HS94, we see that trade between Finland and Estonia valued over US$ 114 million and increased at 32% p.a.. Finland’s imports from the world were about US$ 657 million in 2004 and grew at 13% p.a., while Estonia’s exports to the world were over US$ 472 million and increased at 27% p.a. As Estonia’s exports to Finland are growing at a faster pace than its exports to the world, we can affirm that Finland is gaining market share in Estonian exports. From Table 23 we can generate three other tables providing more detailed information for each of the sector listed in the first column. By clicking on the hyper-linked HS code, we will obtain the list of countries importing the selected product from Estonia. We can also click on the hyper-linked value appearing under the heading “Finland’s import value from the world” to see a full list of countries supplying Finland. Finally, to further analyze the bilateral trade between the two countries, we can click on the hyper-linked value exported from Estonia to Finland to obtain trade data at the 4-digit level. Explanatory Notes for Table 23 Product code: Product label: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Product code for the product traded between the two countries under review. Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 2-digit code. The trade between the two selected countries, as reported by the selected country to the COMTRADE database or as reported by the selected partner country to the COMTRADE database if the selected country has not reported trade data. The trend of bilateral trade as a percentage. The trend is calculated using the least squares method. If the selected country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on partner statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country or partner country data is not available for at least a four-year period. The value imported by the partner country from the world for the product group under review, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. The growth of imports from the world for the selected partner country. The trend is calculated using the least squares method. If the selected partner country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where partner country data is not available for at least a four-year period. This indicator is calculated based on Trade Map’s world estimate, which includes reported and mirror data. The value exported by the country to the world for the product group under review, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. The growth of exports to the world for the selected country. The trend is Selected country exports to the partner country: Annual growth in value between 2000-2004, %: Partner country’s imports from the world: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Annual growth in value between 2000-2004,%: Market share in world imports, %: Selected country exports to world: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Annual growth in value between 56 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 2000-2004,%: calculated by the least squares method. If the country under review does not report trade data in 2004 the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country data is not available for at least a four-year period. The world export share for the selected country and product group under review. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported. The potential trade between the two selected countries. Potential trade of 2- and 4-digit product clusters is the sum of potential trade calculated for all 6-digit products included in the corresponding cluster. Potential trade at the 6-digit level is defined as the lower value of the amount a country exports to the world or the amount the partner country imports from the world, minus the existing trade between the two countries under review. In other words, high potential means that the partner country’s imports are significant and the country’s exports are also significant, but the share of the country in the imports of the partner country is relatively small. Note that this is “indicative” and points out areas for further research only. Market share in world exports, %: Indicative potential in US$ thousand: 4. 5 - A n a l y ze bi l a t e ra l t ra de a t t he pr oduc t l e v e l Trade Map also allows analysis of bilateral trade potential at the HS 6-digit level. By clicking on the hyper link “Bilateral trade (HS6) sorted by potential trade” at the bottom of Table 23, the analyst can generate a list of individual products exported from Estonia to Finland and the respective indicative trade potential (Table 24 below) Table 24: Existing and indicative potential trade between Estonia and Finland in 2004, HS 6-digit level Estonia's exports have been reported by Estonia Finland's imports have been reported by Finland Estonia's exports to Finland Product code Finland's imports from world Estonia's exports to world Indicative potential trade in Quantity Quantity US$ 2004 Unit thousand Annual Annual Value Value growth Share in growth 2004 in in value Estonia's 2004 in in value US$ US$ between exports , between thousand 2000% thousand 20002004, % 2004, % 225,113 9 41 998,911 10 Annual Value growth Quantity Quantity 2004 in in value US$ 2004 Unit between thousand 20002004, % 6,184 Tons 552,872 22 Product label Parts suitable f use 852990 solely/princ w the app of headings 85.25 to 85.28 Transmission apparatus,for 852520 radioteleph incorporatg reception apparatus Petroleum oils&oils 271000 obtained from bituminous minerals,o/than crude etc 271600 Electrical energy 720449 Ferrous waste and scrap, iron or steel, nes 4,671 Tons 327,759 105,024 -29 28 702,085 -2 2,446 Tons 381,157 -14 2,774 Tons 276,133 10,163 31 7 1,167,545 12 3,421,706 Tons No quantity Tons 141,240 6 583,161 Tons No quantity Tons 131,077 0 927 -23 0 2 321,785 55,441 43 27 0 272,294 55,308 61,346 39 18 0 292,376 55,308 54,514 Lumber, coniferous 440710 (softwood) 6 mm and thicker Structures&parts of 730890 structures,i/s (ex prefab bldgs of headg no.9406) 940600 Prefabricated buildings 940360 Furniture, wooden, nes 440320 Logs, poles, coniferous nes Automobiles w reciprocatg 870323 piston engine displacg > 1500 cc to 3000 cc 854441 Electric conductors,for a voltage not exceedg 80 7,957 20 4 59,371 24 199,500 Tons 179,754 12 482,802 Tons 51,414 17,514 2,663 13,433 7,846 1,933 24 7 12 5 12 23 3 23 15 67,472 51,450 92,579 354,374 13 60 19 26,518 16,723 30,503 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 75,359 96,752 59,377 52,946 46,935 9 31 1 -10 21 53,783 80,857 21,053 918,266 3,867 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 49,958 48,787 45,944 45,100 45,002 24 5,625,018 33 167,838 4 1,856,571 10,032 0 21 48,332 5 1,451 Tons 48,148 16 1,281 Tons 38,116 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 57 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP V,fittd w connectors 440399 Logs, non-coniferous nes Seats with wooden 940161 frames,upholstered nes 940390 Furniture parts nes Flat rolled prod,i/nas,painted,varnished or plast coated,>/=600mm wide 19,151 28,776 11,428 -2 45 28 37 47 28 319,427 60,408 42,218 13 6,389,545 24 11 10,889 16,044 Tons Tons Tons 51,546 61,449 40,996 5 1,132,147 46 20 10,698 19,283 Tons Tons Tons 32,395 31,632 29,568 721070 1,051 103 3 29,629 -1 26,546 Tons 31,339 31 29,188 Tons 28,578 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Next Trade data over 3 years Import side Bilateral trade (HS2) Bilateral trade (HS4) sorted by potential trade Selection menu Bubble graph Help The analyst can sort this data by value or indicative potential trade. Trade potential is defined as the lower of the value a selected country exports to the world or the value the partner country imports from the world minus the current trade between the two countries under review. The trade potential is indicative only and serves as a departure point for further research. According to Table 24 there is trade potential between Estonia and Finland in Prefabricated buildings HS 940600. Current trade is US$ 2.7 million. Finland imported just over US$ 51.5 million from the world and those imports grew 60% p.a. indicating increasing demand. Estonia’s exports to the world of just under US$ 97 million grew 31% p.a. indicating increasing supply. To estimate potential trade, we take the lower value between the value Finland imports from the world and Estonia’s exports to the world, which is US$ 51.5 million (Finland’s imports) and we deduct the current bilateral trade, which is US$ 2.7 million. Thus, if Finland were to obtain its entire import supply from Estonia, the indicative trade potential would be almost US$ 49 million. By clicking on the value of Finland’s imports from the world (column 6), we can show a list of all supplying markets of Prefabricated buildings to Finland. Alternatively, by clicking on the product code in the first column, HS 940600, we can view the importing markets for Prefabricated buildings from Estonia. Explanatory Notes for Table 24 Product code: Product label: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Product code for the product traded between the two countries under review. Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 2-digit code. The trade between the two selected countries, as reported by the selected country to the COMTRADE database or as reported by the selected partner country to the COMTRADE database if the selected country has not reported trade data. The trend of bilateral trade as a percentage. The trend is calculated using the least squares method. If the selected country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on partner statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country or partner country data is not available for at least a four-year period. Share of the partner country in the exports of the target country for the selected product. The value imported by the partner country from the world for the Selected country exports to the partner country: Annual growth in value between 2000-2004, %: Share in partner country’s exports, %: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Partner country’s imports from the world: 58 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP product group under review, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. Annual growth in value between 2000-2004,%: The growth of imports from the world for the selected partner country. The trend is calculated using the least squares method. If the selected partner country does not report trade data in 2004, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where partner country data is not available for at least a four-year period. Quantity imported in 2004. Where mirror statistics are used, if partner countries use different units of quantity, no quantity will be shown. The unit in which quantities are reported. The value exported by the country to the world for the product group under review, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics. The growth of exports to the world for the selected country. The trend is calculated by the least squares method. If the country under review does not report trade data in 2004 the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country data is not available for at least a four-year period. Quantity exported in 2004. Where mirror statistics are used, if partner countries use different units of quantity, no quantity will be shown. The unit in which quantities are reported. The potential trade between the two selected countries as calculated in 2004. Trade potential is defined as the lower value of the amount a market exports (imports) to the world and the amount the partner country imports (exports) from the world, minus the existing trade between the two countries under review. In other words, high potential means that the partner country’s imports are significant and the country’s exports are also significant, however the share of the country in the imports of the partner country is small. Quantity 2004: Quantity unit: Selected country exports to world: Value 2004, in US$ thousand: Annual growth in value between 2000-2004,%: Quantity 2004: Quantity unit: Indicative potential in US$ thousand: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 59 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CAMBODIA’S GOVERNMENT ANALYZING PRODUCT AREAS FOR TRADE INCREASE WITH EU, AS A REGION Trade Map also allows analysis of trade flows between a country and a list of pre-set regional or economic groupings. On the Selection Menu, if you enter the “Select a country” or “Select a partner country” option you will have the choice of viewing either individual countries or a set of preselected regional groups (e.g. COMESA, MERCOSUR, etc.). To see a full list of the preselected regional groups, go to the selection menu, click on ”Select a country”, and click “Submit” next to select by region name. This will produce table 25 below. For of the preselected regional groupings, a list of countries included is provided, as well as indications as to whether those countries report trade data to COMTRADE or not. In cases where some countries in a regional group do not report to COMTRADE, their trade statistics are estimated, as in the individual country case, by the use of mirror statistics (estimating exports based on partners’ imports and vice versa). Please find below the full list of country groupings available in Trade Map: Table 25: List of country and economic groups List of countries belonging to the region List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List Region Code G07 G32 G29 G31 G19 G20 G39 G13 G24 G40 G37 G17 G23 G03 G12 G34 G33 G09 Africa Region Name African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP Group) America Andean Community Asia Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Central American Common Market (CACM) Central Asian Republics Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA) Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 60 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP G01 G02 G08 G27 G25 G26 G41 G21 G38 G15 G16 G05 G10 G22 G14 G28 G04 G30 G06 G18 G11 G35 G36 Developed Market Economies Developing Market Economies Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Europe European Union (EU) G7 Greater China Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Latin America and the Caribbean Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Maghreb Middle East North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Oceania Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Southern African Development Community (SADC) West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List List 4. 6 - R e v i e w of ex i s t i ng and pot e n t i a l t r a de be t w een a s e l ect e d country and a region The government of Cambodia might be interested in analyzing in which products there is a potential for increased trade between itself and the European Union. To do so, the analyst first selects Cambodia from the country menu and then European Union from the partner country menu. The first table shows the results by chapter at the HS 2-digit or sector level. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 61 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP To look at the more detail HS6 or product level, the analyst clics on Bilateral trade (HS6) sorted by potential trade, at the bottom of the screen. This creates Table 26 below. Table 26: Existing and indicative potential trade between Cambodia and the European Union (EU) in 2004 Cambodia’s exports have been reported by partners countries Please click on European Union (EU) to see the list of reporting countries in the region Indicative potential Annual Annual Annual trade in Value Value Value growth growth growth Share in US$ 2004 in in value 2004 in in value Quantity Quantity 2004 in in value Quantity Quantity Cambodia's thousand US$ US$ US$ between between 2004 Unit between 2004 Unit exports , % thousand 2000thousand 2000thousand 20002004, % 2004, % 2004, % Cambodia's exports to European Union (EU) European Union (EU)'s imports from world Cambodia's exports to world Product code Product label 490700 Unusd postage,revenue stamps;cheque forms,banknotes,bond certific,etc 0 0 212,286 19 0 Tons 611,948 24 15 Tons 212,286 Pullovers,cardigans&similar 611090 articles of oth textile materials,knittd 610342 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, knitted 309,327 31 66 595,978 7 0 No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity No quantity 469,175 25 29,922 Tons 159,848 18,703 0 15 348,397 15 0 126,814 5 11,905 Tons 108,111 Womens/girls trousers and 610469 shorts, of other textile materials, knitted 610462 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, knitted 17,721 45 9 123,763 2 0 191,517 67 12,868 Tons 106,042 5,242 6 6 994,708 14 0 82,935 15 5,450 Tons 77,693 Pullovers, cardigans and 611020 similar articles of cotton, knitted Womens/girls blouses and 610690 shirts, of other materials, knitted Womens/girls skirts, of 610459 other textile materials, knitted 610510 610452 Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, knitted Womens/girls skirts, of cotton, knitted 28,986 7 29 5,278,525 14 0 100,137 4 6,821 Tons 71,151 14,949 69 18 95,310 16 0 84,554 32 5,641 Tons 69,605 624 -3 1 80,674 16 0 63,180 41 3,727 Tons 62,556 6,319 466 42 16 10 1,071,825 1 111,215 5 19 0 0 64,788 40,870 15 36 5,005 2,517 Tons Tons 58,469 40,404 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Next Import side Bilateral trade (HS2) Bilateral trade (HS4) sorted by potential trade Selection menu Bubble graph Help Explanatory notes for Table 26 as for Table 24. For example, we can see that the product Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, knitted HS 610342 is experiencing growth both in the value of EU imports (15% p.a.) and in the value of Cambodia’s exports (5% p.a.) to the world. The trade between the two was also over US$ 18,5 million in 2004. However, trade growth between the two has remained over the 5-year period lower than 1% p.a. and the European Union only consumes 15% of Cambodia’s exports of these products. Given the growing demand in the European Union and supply from Cambodia, this may be an area in which improved marketing or negotiations may help the government of Cambodia capitalize on almost US$ 108 million in potential trade. Cambodian analysts should use the same caution applied by Estonians in the case of bilateral trade potential between Estonia and Finland – This value is the theoretical maximal trade between the two partners and these indicative data must be complemented with other types of data and analysis to assess the real potential trade for the selected product. 62 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP By clicking the value of the EU’s imports from the world, we can see which individual countries supply the EU with those products and which among them are the main competitors on the European market. Likewise, by clicking on the value of exports from Cambodia to the world, we can see to which countries Cambodia currently supplies those products. 4.7 - An a ly ze tr ade pote ntia l in a g r a phic for ma t Chart 4 presents the same information as Table 26 in a graphic format. Again, a full set of instructions for generating this chart is available by clicking on the hyper link “Bubble Graph” at the bottom of table 26. The annual growth of the EU’s imports from the world is plotted on the vertical axis and the share of the EU in Cambodia’s exports is plotted on the horizontal, while the size of the bubbles represents the size of the potential trade between the two. The graph suggests Cambodia may concentrate its efforts to support its exporters for all those products experiencing a positive trend in European imports. We notice that some products, such as Womens/girls trousers and shorts of cotton (610462) or Knitted Womens/girls skirts of other textile material and of cotton (610549), show a high growth rate in demand from the EU and these could be a promising areas for trade promotion. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 63 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHART 4: Potential trade between Cambodia and European Union (EU) in 2004 Potential trade between Cambodia and European Union (EU) in 2004 45 Mens/boys shirts, of other textile materials, knitted 40 Annual growth of European Union (EU)'s imports from the world between 2000-2004, % 35 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted Unusd postage,revenue stamps;cheque forms,banknotes,bond certific,etc Womens/girls skirts, of cotton, knitted Footwear,outr sole/uppr of leathr,strap across the instep/arnd big toe 30 Natural rubber in other forms nes Womens/girls skirts, of other textile materials, knitted 25 Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of cotton, knitted Mens/boys jackets and blazers, of other textile materials, knitted 20 Womens/girl s trousers and shorts, Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of of cotton, cotton, knitted knitted Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of other materials, knitted Pullovers, cardigans and similar articles of cotton, knitted Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, knitted 15 Womens/girls dresses, of other textile materials, knitted 10 Mens/boys nightshirts and pyjamas, of cotton, knitted Womens/girls trousers & shorts,of other textile materials,not knitted Antiques of an age exceeding one hundred years Pullovers,cardigans&similar articles of oth textile materials,knittd Bubble scale = US$ 10 millions 5 Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, knitted Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of other textile materials, knitted Garments nes, of other textile materials, knitted 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Share of European Union (EU) in Cambodia's exports , 2004, % Note: The area of the circles correponds to the potential trade value between the two countries under review for the selected products. Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics. 64 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP CHAPTER 5 – TRADE IN SERVICES The advent of the General Agreement on Trade in Services dramatically increased the demand for reliable international statistics allowing analysts to compare imports and exports of services between countries. According to World Bank numbers, services represented 66% of the value added in the global economy in 2003, yet detailed statistics on trade in services are hardly available. In order to respond to these needs, the principal international organizations created the Manual on International Trade Statistics in 2002. This manual proposed standards for the collection and use of data on trade in services. We encourage users of services trade statistics to read the manual as well as the training materials developed by the WTO. These are available for download at the following addresses: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/manual.htm. Services data is much less complete and detailed that merchandise trade data discussed through this user guide. The very recent process of standardization as well as the complexity in its implementation explain this scarcity of detailed information. It is much easier to capture merchandise flows than to capture flows of exports in financial services or communications that cannot be physically tracked. In order to provide better coverage of trade in services, both from the point of view of sectors and countries, Trade Map uses three sources of data, WTO, OECD, and Eurostat. The 150 sub-categories of services defined in the GATS3 are roughly grouped in 60 categories of the balance of payments nomenclature extended to services (EBOPS). The EPBOS in turn are grouped into 11 categories in the 5th edition of the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5). Again to provide better coverage, Trade Map allows you to access all categories of services in the EPOBS nomenclature. It should be noted, however, that the availability of information varies by data source. WTO data covers exports and imports for most countries in three general categories: Travel, Transport, and Other Commercial Services. Eurostat and OECD provide statistics for most of the EBOPS categories, but only for members, and only Eurostat provides information by partner country and region. 5.1 - Re v ie w w or ld e x por te r s of s er v ice s In order to analyze trade in services, go to the product/service search menu (see below) and click on “Select a product of a service” on the Selection Menu. 3 General Agreement on Trade in Services. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 65 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Leave blank the “search by keyword” box at the bottom of the screen and click on “submit the query”. You will get to the full list of categories available in the database. (Extract) 66 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP For this example, we will analyze total commercial services, so click on the code “2CS” corresponding to the category “Total commercial services”, select export and submit the query. You will obtain the list of countries exporting services shown below as Table 27. Table 27: List of exporting countries presently available in the database for the selected service Service: 2CS Total commercial services Exporters Total United States of America United Kingdom Germany France Spain Japan Italy Netherlands China Hong Kong (SARC) Belgium Austria Canada Ireland Switzerland Denmark Republic of Korea Singapore Sweden India Luxembourg Greece Taiwan, Province of China Norway Australia Turkey Russian Federation 33,394,872 33,221,422 25,446,148 25,463,076 24,564,712 23,386,528 19,889,166 54,027,540 49,532,196 47,242,586 46,881,426 46,170,918 37,111,620 37,478,036 39,742,006 36,571,248 37,773,350 Exported value 2004 in US$ thousand 2,099,750,000 319,277,000 169,203,000 126,109,000 108,367,000 84,160,114 93,757,110 84,566,248 72,399,802 Exported value 2003 in US$ thousand 1,805,020,000 287,695,000 145,752,000 115,597,000 98,930,114 76,251,970 75,933,320 70,051,910 63,074,280 46,374,822 45,203,200 42,960,840 42,352,098 41,945,060 37,732,054 33,228,990 31,672,400 31,501,800 30,612,944 30,337,316 28,026,068 24,673,450 24,203,884 22,964,000 21,464,938 20,621,906 18,989,000 15,889,130 Exported value 2002 in US$ thousand 1,592,320,000 274,852,000 128,758,000 98,275,670 85,730,952 62,033,612 70,155,100 59,562,210 54,573,130 39,381,242 43,007,600 36,152,470 34,834,868 39,832,234 28,369,062 29,021,030 26,666,600 27,345,100 29,877,838 23,756,708 23,299,662 19,969,532 20,125,358 21,501,000 18,516,990 17,472,696 14,724,000 13,450,450 19,383,700 19,415,000 17,468,372 16,294,912 15,913,000 11,215,000 19,181,100 19,890,000 17,134,172 18,194,790 20,177,000 9,565,000 33,000,594 38,280,418 23,266,460 26,120,120 25,134,400 28,102,500 28,999,716 21,758,368 20,820,208 31,060,048 39,271,058 18,325,724 27,740,570 23,721,300 29,746,200 29,311,118 20,014,400 17,520,742 Exported value 2001 in US$ thousand 1,490,570,000 268,417,000 116,293,000 83,918,450 81,775,058 57,842,828 68,630,150 57,098,144 50,087,160 32,901,000 39,370,386 Exported value 2000 in US$ thousand 1,485,240,000 278,468,000 117,750,000 79,603,110 80,329,772 53,199,138 73,362,000 55,997,644 48,360,208 30,145,952 38,668,118 Source of data WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO Next List of importing countries Selection menu In 2004, trade in services represented more than US$ 2 trillion, one quarter of global merchandise trade. This table shows the importance of the U.S. in services exports. In 2004, U.S. services exports represented about 15% of global exports in services compared with only 9% of global exports in goods. China represents the opposite example. In 2003 Chinese exports of services were only 2,7% of the world total (no data for 2004 is yet available), where Chinese exports of goods represented 7% of world exports in 2004. When you compare the table above showing total services exports with that of world exports of all International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 67 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP products you see both have had similar rates of annual growth, about 9% in value between 2000 and 2004. 5.2 - Ide ntify a countr y ’s s upplie r s for the s e le c te d se r v ic e Let’s take the example of the United States as an importer of transportation services. The user may need to find which are the countries exporting this type of services to the American market. On the selection menu, the user should select “United States” as the country, “Transportation” as the service and the import side of statistics as indicated in the screen below. By clicking on “Submit” you will obtain the Table 28, providing imported values for the last 5 years available in the database: in this case covering the 1998-2002 period. Data can be ranked for each year of reference by clicking on the hyper link at the top of the column. Table 28: List of supplying markets for a service imported by United States of America Service : 205 Transportation Exporters World Europe G7 European Union (EU 15) America North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) United Kingdom Japan Canada Germany Republic of Korea China France Mexico Netherlands Middle East Hong Kong (SARC) Italy Switzerland Singapore Australia Israel Norway Africa Brazil Main service categories Imported value 2002 in US$ thousand 58,622,684 23,742,000 22,517,000 20,410,000 10,255,000 Imported value 2001 in US$ thousand 61,575,337 26,552,000 23,478,000 22,431,000 10,402,000 Imported value 2000 in US$ thousand 65,792,447 27,237,000 25,721,000 22,882,000 11,232,000 Imported value 1999 in US$ thousand 55,527,319 22,433,000 22,184,000 18,841,000 9,583,000 Imported value 1998 in US$ thousand 50,411,994 Source of data Eurostat OECD OECD OECD OECD 5,970,000 5,881,000 6,736,000 5,965,000 OECD 5,947,000 5,220,000 4,183,000 4,091,000 2,985,000 2,548,000 2,094,000 1,787,000 1,757,000 1,239,000 1,120,000 982,000 952,000 883,000 833,000 731,000 706,000 672,000 469,000 Importing markets 6,265,000 5,426,000 4,022,000 4,198,000 2,816,000 2,069,000 2,303,000 1,859,000 2,041,000 1,169,000 1,243,000 1,264,000 1,432,000 824,000 983,000 693,000 818,000 691,000 507,000 Mirror data 7,420,000 6,321,000 4,495,000 4,087,000 3,090,000 1,676,000 2,166,000 2,241,000 2,027,000 1,019,000 1,515,000 1,232,000 1,422,000 972,000 867,000 654,000 561,000 689,000 496,000 List of all importing countries 6,339,000 5,846,000 3,938,000 3,474,000 2,682,000 1,164,000 1,556,000 2,027,000 1,590,000 1,100,000 1,391,000 1,031,000 1,124,000 984,000 830,000 564,000 406,000 703,000 448,000 List of all exporting countries OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD OECD Selection menu 68 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Under the column “Exporters” you will find listed all the countries and regions exporting this category of services to the United States. By clicking on the hyper link, the user will generate the table presenting the destination of the services exported by that country/region. By selecting the “Main service category” at the bottom of Table 28, you will obtain the list of all services and products imported by the country under review. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 69 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP SUMMARY Trade Map provides information on trade flows in a user friendly and easily accessible format. Users have access to the world’s largest trade database, COMTRADE, containing indicators on national export performance, international demand, alternative markets, and the role of competitors from both the product and country perspective. Users can quickly and easily: Analyze present export markets. Examine the performance and dynamics of a country’s export markets for any product, identifying the number and size of export markets and the concentration of exports and highlights countries where market share has increased. Pre-select priority markets. View the world’s major importing countries, with indicators illustrating the extent of import concentration in the world’s markets and in which countries’ demand has increased greatly over the period. View the competitors in the global market. Competing countries, exporting the same product, are ranked in terms of value, with additional indicators on quantities, growth and market share, highlighting the position of a country in world exports, as well as the position of neighboring countries. Assess competitors in specific export markets. View a country’s competitors in any leading target market, with information on the export performance of these competitors, showing the number of supplying countries and their performance in the market. Find information on market access barriers. This function provides tariff-line information on countries’ major instruments of trade control, such as ad-valorem and specific tariffs, MFN tariffs, tariff quotas, bilateral and regional agreements. View trade data at the tariff line level. Trade flows are described at the most detailed level for an average of 10,000 products and over 80 countries worldwide, covering almost 90% of world trade. Identify new sources of supply. Countries exporting a product both to the world and to a specific country are ranked against one another, allowing direct comparisons of current and potential sources of national supply. Review opportunities for product diversification in a specific market. Make a comparative assessment of import demand for related products in the market under review and identify whether similar products are imported by the country under review and if synergies are possible. 70 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Assess national trade performance. Make an overall evaluation of national trade performance and identify priority areas for investment and trade promotion at the sectoral and product level. Identify existing and potential bilateral trade with any partner country or region. Bilateral trade opportunities can be identified by comparing actual bilateral trade, demand in terms of the global imports of partner countries and the global export supply capacity of the home country. Find statistics on trade in services. For the first time a trade database presents also statistics on services over the 5 years for a selected number of countries in the EBOPS Classification. Statistics are sourced from WTO, OECD and Eurostat data. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 71 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Annex I: Foreign Trade Statistics as a Basis for Strategic Market Research What Users Should Take into Consideration Foreign trade statistics provide a differentiated picture of trade flows among countries. They are comprehensive in terms of product coverage (more than 5,300 products under the Harmonized System), geographical coverage (around 220 countries and territories covering 97% of world trade) and time series (data under the Harmonized System are available for the last decade). Moreover, they are readily available at moderate costs. This makes them an attractive source for market research and the assessment of trade performance. Against this background, ITC has developed a number of tools for international marketing and trade promotion based on trade statistics. Country Map, Trade Map, Market Access Map, Investment Map and Product Map are all cases in point. All of these tools strive to present trade statistics in an analytical and user-friendly format. Notwithstanding the attractiveness of this comprehensive source of information, users should factor in the following weak points of foreign trade statistics: Trade data are never complete. Smuggling and non-reporting represent a serious problem in a number of countries. In addition, trade statistics, like any source of information, are not free of mistakes and omissions. Most countries include imports for re-exports and re-exports in their trade statistics. A low-income country may show up as an exporter of airplanes simply because its national airline has sold secondhand planes. The export value refers to the total or contract value. According to international conventions for reporting trade statistics, the export value refers to the total or contract value, which may of course, be very different from local value-added. For many processing activities the local value added remains below 20% of the export value. Different products are categorized differently. Even at the lowest level of desegregation, product groups in the trade nomenclatures do not necessarily reflect trade names and often contain a wide range of different products. Moreover, the product nomenclature is sometimes misleading. The labels of aggregated product groups are often very general and provide at times only limited guidance on the leading items within the group of products concerned. Exchange rate fluctuations are not always recorded. Exchange rate fluctuations are not always properly recorded in international trade statistics. Values are normally aggregated over the period of one year in local currency and converted into US dollars. Mirror statistics are sometimes used. For countries that do not report trade data to the United Nations, ITC uses partner country data, an approach referred to as mirror statistics. Mirror statistics are a secondbest solution being better than having no data at all and allow the coverage of the over 50 primarily low-income countries that do not report national trade statistics to COMTRADE. At the same time, they have a number of shortcomings when compared to the first-best solution of nationally reported data. First and foremost, they do not cover trade with other non-reporting countries. As a result, mirror statistics hardly cover South-South trade and would not be a suitable source for an assessment of intraAfrican trade. Second, there is the problem of transshipments, which may hide the actual source of supply. Third, mirror statistics invert the reporting standards by valuing exports in c.i.f. terms (i.e. including transport cost and insurance) and imports in f.o.b. terms (excluding these items). 72 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP In an effort to make some of these discrepancies more transparent, we have included the option of viewing Mirror statistics within Trade Map (See bottom of Table 29). Table 29 presents the data of those countries that import Forzen Orange Juice from Brazil as reported by Brazil. While Table 30 presents the same data as reported by Brazilian partner countries. Table 29: List of importing markets for a product exported by Brazil in 2004 Product : 200911 Orange juice,unfermented spiritd,whether/not sugard/sweet,frozen Brazil's exports represent 67% of world exports for this product, its ranking in world exports is 1 Export Exported Share trend in Exported value in value Quantity Unit value 2004 in Brazil's quantity between unit (US$/unit) US$ exports, 2004 2000thousand % 2004, %, p.a. Export trend in quantity between 20002004, %, p.a. Export growth in value between 20032004, %, p.a. Total import growth in value of partner countries between 20002004, %, p.a. -11 8 17 2 5 10 9 11 20 22 15 24 35 41 23 4 1 12 6 3 4 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 -39 -60 -11 -3 62 0 13 38 20 -12 1 -1 -28 -5 Importers Ranking of partner countries in world imports Share of partner countries in world imports, % World Belgium Netherlands United States of America Japan China Republic of Korea Australia Israel Switzerland Spain New Zealand Chile Argentina Taiwan, Province of China United Kingdom Portugal 789,683 322,018 180,992 111,159 67,847 31,003 18,465 17,660 8,120 7,526 3,338 3,049 2,491 2,062 1,862 100 1,010,258 41 23 14 9 4 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 422,180 230,993 146,695 76,996 37,998 21,595 23,754 10,368 8,888 4,627 4,142 2,773 2,307 2,203 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 782 763 784 758 881 816 855 743 783 847 721 736 898 894 845 -4 4 -17 -7 1 88 -2 4 44 60 12 -11 -1 -27 -14 -5 3 -19 -8 -2 88 -4 1 40 62 13 -9 -2 -28 -15 -13 -14 4 -39 -11 71 -38 9 91 -45 83 33 -13 52 -3 1,729 1,051 0 0 2,609 1,155 Tons Tons Product clusters (HS6) imported by Slovenia 663 910 -47 16 -45 10 1084 0 4 54 7 0 3 -31 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Tariff measures Trade data Partner Importing over 5 regions markets years Supplying markets (HS4) Product clusters (HS4) imported by Slovenia World Mirror World exporters importers data Selection Bubble Help menu graph International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 73 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Table 30: List of importing markets for a product exported by Brazil in 2004- Mirror Statistics Product : 200911 Orange juice,unfermentd spiritd,whether/not sugard/sweet,frozen Figures are based on data reported to Comtrade by importing countries (mirror statistics) Export Exported Share trend in value in Exported value Quantity Unit value 2004 in Brazil's quantity between unit (US$/unit) US$ exports, 2004 2000thousand % 2004, %, p.a. Export trend in quantity between 20002004, %, p.a. Export growth in value between 20032004, %, p.a. Total import growth in value of partner countries between 20002004, %, p.a. Importers Ranking of partner countries in world imports Share of partner countries in world imports, % Total Germany United States of America Japan Canada Australia China France Republic of Korea Russian Federation Israel Spain Norway Taiwan, Province of China Switzerland New Zealand 570,956 134,060 85,107 53,327 47,621 35,864 35,367 34,987 33,632 30,723 7,527 7,341 7,031 5,141 5,120 5,058 100 23 120,295 15 488,426 9 8 6 6 6 6 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 45,729 44,935 36,285 0 33,749 28,978 18,546 6,964 6,641 6,771 4,592 4,085 5,262 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons No quantity Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 1,037 1,161 1,657 1,081 1,105 1,038 1,120 1,253 961 1,114 174 1,166 1,060 988 -9 -9 0 0 10 70 -7 -1 98 66 -17 -11 -2 25 -4 -19 -11 -3 22 6 -10 -4 60 -10 -10 -3 1 9 1 -55 -4 -9 40 -8 -5 -15 4 60 -3 -27 12 2 -13 1 2 5 6 11 10 3 9 7 20 15 14 23 22 24 16 12 6 5 3 3 10 4 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 -6 -11 -3 1 13 62 -4 0 86 38 -12 -2 -5 20 1 Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics Direct data Selection menu Help Explanatory notes for Table 29 and Table 30 as for Table 19. In Table 29, providing data reported by Brazil (direct data), we note that Belgium and the Netherlands appear to be the two top destination markets of Brazilian exports accounting for more than 60% of total export value. However, according to the import values those two countries declare, they do not even rank among the first 15 countries importing from Brazil (Table 30 – mirror statistics). Belgium and the Netherlands are both reporting countries to the COMTRADE database and among the various reasons that generally account for those discrepancies, re-exports can explain this difference. In this specific case, we know that Brazilian exports mainly enter the European market through the two biggest ports located respectively in the Netherlands and in Belgium: the port of Rotterdam and the port of Antwerp. Brazil considers Belgium and the Netherlands as the two markets of destination for its orange frozen juices and therefore counts these flows as exports to those countries, whereas Netherlands and Belgium they do not include those products in imports 74 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP from Brazil as those products are just transiting through their national territories. They are re-exporting the product under review to other continental markets and this fact also explains why France and Germany appear to be among the countries of destination in the mirror statistics table, whereas Brazil does not declare to trade with them. It may also happen that countries are listed as main partners according to trade statistics provided by the selected exporting country, whereas they are not included in the table based on mirror statistics. This is mainly to be explained by the fact that they have not reported to the COMTRADE database. From tables above you may note that also import/export values declared for the same trade flow by Brazil and by a partner country do not coincide. This difference is common and there are over 20 reasons to explain this statistical phenomenon. Please refer to http://www.intracen.org/countries/structural05/reliability03.pdf. In view of the above shortcomings, foreign trade statistics should never be the sole source of insight, but need to be complemented by other sources and in particular cross-checked by product specialists and industry insiders. Overall, ITC’s experience suggests that trade statistics represent a very useful source of information and a valid point of departure for strategic market research, if analyzed with a healthy mix of skepticism and pragmatism visà-vis their strengths and shortcomings. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 75 ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP Annex II: Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS) including memorandum items An interagency taskforce, convened by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and consisting of members of the European Commission, International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the World Tourism Organization (WTO/OMT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO/OMC), has developed the Extended Balance of Payments Services (EBOPS) Classification of transactions between residents and non-residents, in consultation with IMF for the use of their members. It is a further extension of the Joint Classification of OECD and Eurostat. It can also be considered as a more detailed classification than that of BPM5, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) classification for balance of payments transactions in trade in services, by breaking down a number of its service items. In addition, the EBOPS classification is designed to address some of the detailed information needs of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). For more information, please download the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/manual.htm. Classification components : 1 Transportation 1.1 Sea transport 1.1.1 Passenger 1.1.2 Freight 1.1.3 Other 1.2 Air transport 1.2.1 Passenger 1.2.2 Freight 1.2.3 Other 1.3 Other transport 1.3.1 Passenger 1.3.2 Freight 1.3.3 Other Extended classification of other transport 1.4 Space transport 1.5 Rail transport 1.5.1 Passenger 1.5.2 Freight 1.5.3 Other 1.6 Road transport 1.6.1 Passenger 1.6.2 Freight 1.6.3 Other 1.7 Inland waterway transport 1.7.1 Passenger 1.7.2 Freight 1.7.3 Other 1.8 Pipeline transport and electricity transmission 1.9 Other supporting and auxiliary transport services 2 Travel 2.1 Business travel 2.1.1 Expenditure by seasonal and border workers 2.1.2 Other 2.2 Personal travel 2.2.1 Health-related expenditure 2.2.2 Education-related expenditure 2.2.3 Other 3 Communications services 3.1 Postal and courier services 3.2 Telecommunications services 4 Construction services 4.1 Construction abroad 4.2 Construction in the compiling economy 5 Insurance services 5.1 Life insurance and pension funding 5.2 Freight insurance 5.3 Other direct insurance 5.4 Reinsurance 5.5 Auxiliary services 6 Financial services 7 Computer and information services 7.1 Computer services 7.2 Information services 7.2.1 News agency services 7.2.2 Other information provision services 76 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADE MAP 8 Royalties and license fees 8.1 Franchises and similar rights 8.2 Other royalties and license fees 9 Other business services 9.1 Merchanting and other trade-related services 9.1.1 Merchanting 9.1.2 Other trade-related services 9.2 Operational leasing services 9.3 Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services 9.3.1 Legal, accounting, management consulting, and public relations 9.3.1.1 Legal services 9.3.1.2 Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping, and tax consulting services 9.3.1.3 Business and management consulting and public relations services 9.3.2 Advertising, market research, and public opinion polling 9.3.3 Research and development 9.3.4 Architectural, engineering, and other technical services 9.3.5 Agricultural, mining, and on-site processing services 9.3.5.1 Waste treatment and depollution 9.3.5.2 Agricultural, mining, and other on-site processing services 9.3.6 Other business services 9.3.7 Services between related enterprises, n.i.e. 10 Personal, cultural, and recreational services 10.1 Audiovisual and related services 10.2 Other personal, cultural, and recreational services 10.2.1 Education services 10.2.2 Health services 10.2.3 Other 11 Government services, n.i.e. 11.1 Embassies and consulates 11.2 Military units and agencies 11.3 Other government services Memorandum items 1 Freight transportation on merchandise, valued on a transaction basis 1.1 Sea freight 1.2 Air freight 1.3 Other freight 1.4 Space freight 1.5 Rail freight 1.6 Road freight 1.7 Inland waterway freight 1.8 Pipeline freight 2 Travel 2.1 Expenditure on goods 2.2 Expenditure on accommodation and food and beverage serving services 2.3 All other travel expenditure 3 Gross insurance premiums 3.1 Gross premiums––life insurance 3.2 Gross premiums––freight insurance 3.3 Gross premiums––other direct insurance 4 Gross insurance claims 4.1 Gross claims––life insurance 4.2 Gross claims––freight insurance 4.3 Gross claims––other direct insurance 5 Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) 6 Financial services including FISIM 7 Merchanting gross flows 8 Audiovisual transactionsa a This item consists of a range of services and other transactions relating to audiovisual activities. Included are services that may be included in either audiovisual services or royalties and licenses fees, and also the acquisition and disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets relating to audiovisual activities, such as patents, copyrights, trademarks and franchises. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 77 ITC: Your Partner in Trade Development The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the technical cooperation agency of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) for operational, enterprise-oriented aspects of trade development. ITC supports developing and transition economies, and particularly their business sectors, in their efforts to realize their full potential for developing exports and improving import operations. ITC works in six areas: Product and market development Development of trade support services Trade information Human resource development International purchasing and supply management Needs assessment, programme design for trade promotion International Trade Centre U N C TA D / W T O ITC: Your partner in trade development For more information: Street address: ITC, 54–56, rue de Montbrillant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland. Postal address: ITC, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Telephone: +41 22 730 0111 fax: +41 22 733 4439 e-mail: itcreg@intracen.org Internet: http://www.intracen.org