Microsoft PowerPoint - PSO MINI TUTORIAL.PPT

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Particle Swarm optimisation: A mini tutorial 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The “inventors” (1) Russell Eberhart eberhart@engr.iupui.edu 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The “inventors” (2) at work Jim James Kennedy Kennedy_Jim@bls.gov 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Part 1: United we stand 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Cooperation example 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Memory and informers It is thanks to these eccentrics, whose behaviour is not conform to the one of the other bees, that all fruits sources around the colony are so quickly found. Karl von Frish 1927 PNP D 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Initialisation. Positions and velocities 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Neighbourhoods geographical 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation social Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Psychosocial compromise ximity i−pro Here I am! x p g My best perf. The best perf. of my neighbours v 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation roximity g−p Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The historical algorithm At each time step t for each particle for each component d update α v ( t ) ⎪ d the ⎨ velocity ⎪+ β rand ( 0, ϕ1 ) pd − xd ( t ) then move x(t + 1) = x(t ) + v(t + 1) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Randomness inside the ⎧vd ( t + 1) = loop ⎪ ⎪ ⎩+ β rand ( 0, ϕ2 ( )( g d − xd ) (t )) Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Oscillations Initial v 1 3 Fitness 2 4 Search space 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The circular neighbourhood Particle 1’s 3−neighbourhood 7 1 8 2 3 Virtual circle 6 5 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation 4 Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Random proximity Hyperparallelepiped => Biased ximity i−pro p x g v 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com pyramid =Mayan DPNP oximity g−pr Animated illustration Global optimum 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Maths and parameters The right wa y This way Or this way 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Neighbourhoods (topologies) rld” graph “Small wo or 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation ? (informers) Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com n coefficient l constrictio Globa Usual values: ⎧v(t + 1) = χ (v(t ) + ϕ (q − x(t ))) ⎨ κ=1 ⎩ x(t + 1) = v(t + 1) + x(t ) with ϕ=4.1 ϕ = rand (0, ϕ ) + rand (0, ϕ ) = ϕ ' +ϕ ' => χ=0.73 ϕ ' p +ϕ ' g q= swarm size=20 ϕ ' +ϕ ' hood size=3 2κ ⎧ for ϕ > 4 ⎪ ⎪ χ = ⎨ϕ − 2 + ϕ − 4ϕ riterion ⎪ gence c ⎪else κ n diver ⎩ No 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Type 1” form 2 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com 5D complex space A 3D section ϕ 6 5 4 -2 -1 3 2 1 0 00 1 2 } Convergence -4 -2 } Non divergence 2 Re(v) 2004−12−15 4 Re(y) Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Move in a 2D section (attractor) Im(v) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1 -0.5 0 0 0.5 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 1 Re(v) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Beyond real numbers 1 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 2004−12−15 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com 8 2 3 4 Bingo! 8 Particle Swarm optimisation Minimun requirements Comparing positions in the search space H ∀( x, x' ) ∈ H × H , ( f (x ) < f (x')) ∨ ( f (x ) ≥ f (x')) Algebraic operators (coefficient , velocity ) ⎯⊗ velocity ⎯→ (velocity, velocity ) ⎯o velocity ⎯→ ( position, position ) ⎯Θ velocity ⎯→ ( position, velocity ) ⎯⊕ position ⎯→ 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Pseudo code form velocity = pos_minus_pos(position1, position2) velocity = linear_combin(α,velocity1,β,velocity2) position = pos_plus_vel(position, velocity) } algebraic operators (position,velocity) = confinement(positiont+1,positiont) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Confinements Frontiers (ex. : interval) => Granularity => 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com End of Part 1 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Part 2: When the algo mutates 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The PSO Family 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 Empirical Empirical Canonical Canonical Adaptive Adaptive Spherical, Spherical, Gaussian Gaussian Pivot Pivot TRIBES Weighted Constraints Weighted Constraints Discrete Discrete Combinatorial Combinatorial Multi−swarm Multi−swarm Hybride Hybride OEP 0, 1, … Multi−objective Multi−objective 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Unbiased random proximity Hyperparallelepiped => Biased Hypersphere vs mity i−proxi hypercube oximity g−pr p 1.2 1 x 0.8 Volume g v 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 Dimension 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The three balls oximity i−pr p x g ximity g−pro 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Think locally, act locally narchy 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Adaptive coefficients s le or fuzzy ru Crisp αv The better I am the more I follow my own way rand(0…b)(p-x) The better is my best neighbour the more I tend to go towards him 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Adaptive swarmrulessize zzy Crisp or fu There has been enough improvement although I'm the worst I try to kill myself I'm the best but there has been not enough improvement I try to generate a new particle 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com TRIBES and strategies ES IB TR Adaptive information links Adaptive proximity distributions (DPNP) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Energies: classical process Rosenbrock 2D. Swarm size=20, constant coefficients Rosenbrock 2D. Swarm size=20, constant coefficients. 1,00E+04 9,00E+03 8,00E+03 7,00E+03 6,00E+03 5,00E+03 4,00E+03 3,00E+03 2,00E+03 1,00E+03 0,00E+00 0 5 10 15 Potential energy Kinetic energy Swarm size 20 25 ε=0.00001 Number of evaluations after 2240 evaluations 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Energies: adaptive process Rosenbrock 2D. Adaptive swarm size, size, adaptive coefficients Rosenbrock 2D. Adaptive swarm adaptive coefficients. 1,00E+04 9,00E+03 8,00E+03 7,00E+03 6,00E+03 5,00E+03 4,00E+03 3,00E+03 2,00E+03 1,00E+03 0,00E+00 0 5 10 15 Potential energy Kinetic energy Swarm size 20 25 ε=0.00001 Number of evaluations after 1414 evaluations 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The simplest PSO Random informers 1 K=3 8 2 Pivot method 7 3 g x 6 5 2004−12−15 4 ximity g−pro Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Particle Swarm optimisation End of Part 2 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Part 3:Story of Optimisation 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Classical results Optimum=0, dimension=30 Best result after 40 000 evaluations 30D function Griewank [±300] Rastrigin [±5] PSO Type 1" Evolutionary algo.(Angeline 98) 0.003944 82.95618 0.4033 46.4689 1610.359 Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Rosenbrock [±10] 50.193877 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Some small problems 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Fifty−fifty rity=1 ⎧granula ⎪ ⎪ xi ∈ 1...N ⎪ ⎨ i ≠ j ⇒ xi ≠ x j ⎪D / 2 D ⎪ xi ⎪ xi = ⎪ 1 ⎩ D / 2+1 { } ∑ ∑ N=100, D=20. Search space: [1,N]D 105 evaluations: 63+90+16+54+71+20+23+60+38+15 = 12+48+13+51+36+42+86+26+57+79 (=450) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Knapsack ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ x ∈ 1...N ⎪ i ⎪ ⎨ i ≠ j ⇒ xi ≠ x j ⎪ ⎪ xi = S ⎪ ⎪ i∈I , I = D, I ⊂{ N } 1, ⎩ rity=1 ranula g { } ∑ N=100, D=10, S=100, 870 evaluations: run 1 => (9, 14, 18, 1, 16, 5, 6, 2, 12, 17) run 2 => (29, 3, 16, 4, 1, 2, 6, 8, 26, 5) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Apple trees Best position Swarm size=3 Evaluation n1 0 3 1 6 3 2 3 7 n2 n3 0 17 4 10 11 6 n1 n3 n2 7 6 f = (n1 − n2 )2 + (n2 − n3 )2 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Graph Coloring Problem vel plus − pos − 5 3 1 1 5 1 2 2 5 0 + 1 5 5 -1 0 2 4 1 4 2 -1 -1 -3 = 2004−12−15 5 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com The Tireless Traveller Example of position: X=(5,3,4,1,2,6) Example of velocity: v=((5,3),(2,5),(3,1)) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com BR17, the movie rch space ctured sea Stru ? 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Ecological niche Fuzzy data Non linear Multiobjective Dynamical, real time Heterogeneous t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com End of Part 3 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Part 4: Real applications Medical diagnosis Industrial mixer Electrical generator Electrical vehicle 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Applications (1) Salerno, J. Using the particle swarm optimization technique to train a recurrent neural model. IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 1997, p. 4549, 1997. He Z., Wei C., Yang L., Gao X., Yao S., Eberhart R. C., Shi Y., "Extracting Rules from Fuzzy Neural Network by PSO", IEEE IEC, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 1998. Secrest B. R., Traveling Salesman Problem for Surveillance Mission using PSO, AFIT/GCE/ENG/01M-03, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2001. Yoshida H., Kawata K., Fukuyama Y., "A PSO for Reactive Power and Voltage Control considering Voltage Security Assessment", IEEE TPS, vol. 15, 2001, p. 12321239. Krohling, R. A., Knidel, H., and Shi, Y. Solving numerical equations of hydraulic problems using PSO. Proceedings of the IEEE CEC, Honolulu, Hawaii USA. 2002. 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Applications (2) Kadrovach, B.A., and Lamont G., A particle swarm model for swarm-based networked sensor systems, ACM symposium on Applied computing, Madrid, Spain, p. 918-924, 2002 Omran, M., Salman, A., and Engelbrecht, A. P. Image classification using PSO. Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning 2002 (SEAL 2002), Singapore. p. 370-374, 2002. Coello Coello, C. A., Luna, E. H., and Aguirre, A. H. Use of PSO to design combinational logic circuits. LNCS No. 2606, p. 398-409, 2003. Onwubolu, G. C. and Clerc, M., "Optimal path for automated drilling operations by a new heuristic approach using particle swarm optimization," International Journal of Production Research, vol. 4, p. 473-491, 2004. Onwubolu G.C., TRIBES application to the flowshop scheduling problem, New Optimization Techniques in Engineering. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer: p. 517-536, 2004 2004−12−15 Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Particle Swarm optimisation . Neuronal network Test Ei ei,1 ei,2 . . . Wanted output Si Transfer functions Real output S'i(t) si,1 . . . s'i,1(t) .. . τ k ,m ( entry , xk ,m ) si,P s'i,P(t) ei,N ⎧ E = (E1 ...Enb _tests ) ⎪ ⎪ X (t ) = (x k, m (t )) ⎨ S = (S1 ...Snb _ tests ) ⎪ ' ' ⎪S ' (t ) = (S1 (t )...Snb _tests (t )) ⎩ 1 1+ e xk , m entry Function to minimise f (X ) = S − S ' 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com To know more THE site: Particle Swarm Central, http://www.particleswarm.info Kennedy, J., R. Eberhart, et al. (2001). Swarm Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann Academic Press. Self advert TEC award 005 IEEE 2 Clerc M., Kennedy J., "The Particle Swarm-Explosion, Stability, and Convergence in a Multidimensional Complex space", IEEE Transaction on Evolutionary Computation, 2002,vol. 6, p. 58-73 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com More self ad. My PSO site: http://clerc.maurice.free.fr/pso/index.htm If you read French Clerc M., "L'optimisation par essaim particulaire. Principes et pratique", Hermès, Techniques et Science de l'Informatique, 2002. Article de 25 p. Clerc M., L ’optimisation par essaims particulaires. http://www.editions-hermes.fr/fr/. Parution février 2005 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com PSO in the world eXtended Particle Swarms (XPS) project 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Some open questions to ical ideas at ew mathem interactions N cl e odel parti m eighted w aptive hips Ad ns relatio es approach l binatoria m Better co 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation l tamode Me Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Beat the swarm! position current Your perf. ur best Yo 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation perf. of Best the swarm Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com APPENDIX 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Canonical form ⎧v ( t + 1) = v ( t ) + ϕ ( q − x ( t ) ) ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ x ( t + 1) = x ( t ) + v ( t + 1) ⎩ M y ( t ) = q − x ( t ) ⎡ v(t + 1)⎤ ⎡ 1 Eigen values e1 and e2 ⎧v (t +1) = αv (t ) + βϕy(t) β ⎨ − ηϕ ⎩ y(t + 1) = −γ v(t ) + (δδ−ηϕ )y (t ) 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation ϕ ⎤ ⎡ v(t )⎤ ⎢ y (t + 1)⎥ = ⎢− 1 1 − ϕ ⎥ ⎢ y (t )⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Constriction Constriction coefficients ⎧ α + δ − ηϕ + (ηϕ )2 + 2ϕ (αη − δη − 2 βγ ) + (α − δ )2 ⎪ χ1 = ⎪ 2 − ϕ + ϕ 2 − 4ϕ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ α + δ − ηϕ − (ηϕ )2 + 2ϕ (αη − δη − 2 βγ ) + (α − δ )2 ⎪χ 2 = ⎪ 2 − ϕ + ϕ 2 − 4ϕ ⎩ 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Convergence criterion ⎧ χ 1e1 < 1 ⎧ χ1 < 1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⇐⎨ ⎪ χ 2 e 2 < 1 ⎪ χ 2 e2 < 1 ⎩ ⎩ 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 1 2 κ = χ2e 2 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation ϕ 3 4 5 6 Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Robustness Performance map : NeededIterations(κ,ϕ) Iter f ( x1 , x2 ) = 100 x2 − x12 + (1 − x1 ) 2004−12−15 ( ) 2 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Clusters and queens Each particle is weighted by its perf. Dynamic clustering Centroids = queens = temporary new “particles” 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Magic Square (1) ⎡ m1,1 ⎢ ⎢ M ⎢m ⎣ D ,1 K mi , j K ⎤ D ⎥ M ⎥ m D, D ⎥ ⎦ m1, ∑ ∑ (m i =1 D −1 ⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ D i, j − mi +1, j ) j =1 ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ 2 ⎧mi , j = x j + (i −1) D ⎪ ⎪ 1L ⎨mi , j ∈ { N } ⎪ ⎪mi , j ≠ mk ,l ⎩ 2004−12−15 + ∑ ∑( D j =1 D −1 ⎛ ⎜ mi , j − mi , j +1 ⎜ ⎝ i =1 ) ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ 2 =0 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Magic Square (2) 55 30 68 42 49 62 56 74 23 30 61 53 89 32 23 25 51 68 43 51 78 75 33 64 54 88 30 80 3 30 22 72 19 11 38 64 50 43 67 58 55 47 52 62 4 D=3x3, N=100 10 runs 13430 evaluations 27 96 39 73 40 49 62 26 74 22 70 58 40 75 35 88 5 57 10 solutions 18 25 59 32 53 17 52 24 26 65 28 64 63 55 39 29 74 54 50 65 68 69 42 72 64 76 43 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com Non linear system 2 2 ⎧ x1 + x2 − 1 = 0 ⎪ ⎨ ⎪sin (10 x1 ) − x2 = 0 ⎩ Search space [0,1]2 1 run 143 evaluations 10 runs 1430 evaluations 1 solution 3 solutions Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com 2004−12−15 Particle Swarm optimisation Model fitting (ARMA +AIC) Autoregressive Moving Average + Akaike's Information Criterion ∑φ y i =0 i N n t −i = ∑ θ j at − j j =0 t data m σ = 2 ∑ (y i =1 − yt ARMA N ) 2 f = n log σ + 2(n + m ) 2004−12−15 ( ) 2 s terogenuou he Particle Swarm optimisation Maurice.Clerc@WriteMe.com A binary PSO C code Information links are modified at random if there has been no improvement // Pivot method ----------------------------------------// Works pretty well on some problems .. and pretty bad on some others P[s]=P_m[g]; // Initialise the new position of particle s // at the position of the best known around dist=log(D); // We suppose here D>=2 r=alea(1,dist); // Radius for DPNP for (k=0;k
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