User's Guide

User's Guide PipelineNet Version 2.1 Revised February, 2003 -i- Table of Contents About PipelineNet ...........................................................................................................................v Chapter 1: Introduction to PipelineNet......................................................................................... 1 1.1. 1.2 2.1. 3.1. 4.1. New capabilities and features ...................................................................................... 2 Installation Instructions ............................................................................................... 2 EPANET – PipelineNet Conversion Tool ................................................................... 4 Opening PipelineNet ..................................................................................................... 6 PipelineNet Custom Features................................................................................ 8 Analysis Type Selection ................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2 Conversion from EPANET to PipelineNet .................................................................. 4 Chapter 3: Getting Started............................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 4: 4.2. Single and Multiple Source Analysis........................................................................... 8 4.2.1. Initiate EPANET Source Point ............................................................................... 8 4.3. 4.4. Run Stand Alone EPANET Application ................................................................... 12 Display Water Quality Simulation ............................................................................ 13 4.5. Water Tracing ............................................................................................................. 14 4.5.1. Display Water Tracing.......................................................................................... 16 4.6. Water Ageing............................................................................................................... 16 4.6.1. Display Water Ageing........................................................................................... 18 4.7. 4.8. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. Display Head - Pressure ............................................................................................. 18 PipelineNet User's Guide............................................................................................ 18 PipelineNet Spatial Database Display Tool .............................................................. 20 PipelineNet Rollup Tool ............................................................................................. 21 PipelineNet Isolation Tool .......................................................................................... 22 Chapter 5: PipelineNet Post Processing Tools ........................................................................... 20 5.4. Ranking System Display Tool .................................................................................... 24 5.4.1 Population Density................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 6 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. Tutorial ................................................................................................................. 28 Introduction................................................................................................................. 28 Example Dataset.......................................................................................................... 28 Creating a PipelineNet input data file: Input data conversion tool ....................... 29 Water quality graphical user interface ..................................................................... 32 Display interface.......................................................................................................... 33 - ii - 6.6. 6.7. 6.8. 6.9. A.1 A.2 A.3 Consequence assessment ............................................................................................ 35 Isolation of contaminant area .................................................................................... 35 Spatial database display tool...................................................................................... 37 Ranking system display tool....................................................................................... 38 Basic minimum Data................................................................................................... 41 EPANET Above .......................................................................................................... 41 Discretionary Data ...................................................................................................... 42 Appendix A: Metadata ................................................................................................................. 41 Appendix B: EPANET User's Guide........................................................................................... 43 Appendix C: PipelineNet Processing Steps................................................................................. 44 Appendix D: EPANET Overview. ............................................................................................... 45 D.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 45 D.2 Modeling Capability ................................................................................................... 45 D.2.1 Hydraulic Modeling Capability ............................................................................ 45 D.2.2 Water Quality Modeling Capabilities: .................................................................. 46 D.2.3 Steps in Using EPANET....................................................................................... 47 D.3 D.4 Input Formats.............................................................................................................. 48 Output:......................................................................................................................... 56 Introduction................................................................................................................. 58 Appendix E: Ranking/Prioritization Plan for Determining Monitoring Locations.................. 58 E.1 E.2 Hierarchical Selection Concept: Step-wise Approach............................................. 58 E.2.1 Step 1 – Source Prioritization – Hydraulic Model Input Data.............................. 58 E.2.2 Step 2 - Distribution System Response – PipelineNet Output.............................. 58 E.2.3 Step 3 – Critical Infrastructure and Population Density – GIS Layers................. 59 E.3 Hierarchical Selection Methodology: Step-wise Approach..................................... 59 E.3.1 Step 1- Source Prioritization................................................................................ 59 E.3.2 Step 2 – Distribution System Response ................................................................ 59 E.3.3 Step 3 – Critical Infrastructure and Population Density ....................................... 60 E.4 Reporting and Display of Results .............................................................................. 60 PipelineNet Spatial Data Display Tool................................................................ 61 Appendix F G.1 G.2 G.3 G.4 Appendix G: Basic ArcView Features and Tools ....................................................................... 63 Displaying And Selecting Themes ............................................................................. 63 Viewing Underlying Information .............................................................................. 64 Zooming In And Out .................................................................................................. 65 Panning ........................................................................................................................ 65 - iii - G.5 G.6 G.7 G.8 Measuring Distances On The Map............................................................................ 66 Creating Text............................................................................................................... 66 Creating Points, Lines, and Shapes ........................................................................... 66 Printing Maps Or Tables............................................................................................ 67 - iv - About PipelineNet PipelineNet is an ArcView-based system to track and model the flow and concentration of contaminants in our nation's water supply. The Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded the Project. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) working with FEMA developed PipelineNet. (Contract Number N 39998-00-C-0663). For more information on PipelineNet, contact: Kevin B Mccormack 4606M USEPA Headquarters Ariel Rios Building 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. Washington, DC 20460 202-564-3890 mccormack.kevin@epa.gov Rakesh Bahadur SAIC MS SH2-1 1410 Springhill Road McLean, VA 22102 Phone: (703) 288-6858 Fax: (703) 356-8408 rakesh.bahadur@saic.com Bill Samuels SAIC MS SH2-1 1410 Springhill Road McLean, VA 22102 Phone: (703) 288-6860 Fax: (703) 356-8408 william.b.samuels@saic.com Jon Pickus SAIC MS SH2-1 1410 Springhill Road McLean, VA 22102 Phone: (703) 288-6854 Fax: (703) 356-8408 jonathan.m.pickus@saic.com -v- Chapter 1: Introduction to PipelineNet PipelineNet is an ArcView based system, which integrates hydraulic and water quality models with existing databases. PipelineNet integrates EPANET and ArcView to give emergency managers real time information estimating the risks to public water supplies. The integrated system calculates, locates, and maps the population at risk from the introduction of contaminants to the public water supply. The model performs the following functions: • • • • Simulates the flow and concentration of biological or chemical contaminants in a city or municipality's water distribution system from single and multiple sources Simulates water tracing and water ageing Assesses the effects of water treatment on the contaminant. Helps planners with present and future predictions. The PipelineNet consists of the following modules: • • Pipe network hydraulic model (EPANET), ArcView GIS. Based on an ArcView platform, PipelineNet provides user interfaces to assist with a range of real-time responses and planning scenarios. Although no formal GIS training is required to run PipelineNet, some understanding of these systems will help the user. While this User's Guide is not intended as a comprehensive ArcView manual, it does cover basic ArcView features most useful to expanding PipelineNet capabilities. This User's Guide describes how to install and use PipelineNet. Following this Introduction, the Guide is organized into three additional chapters, including Getting Started (Chapter 2), and PipelineNet Custom Features (Chapter 3). The Guide also contains seven appendices. Appendix A, Metadata, contains the metadata information for the GIS coverage used in PipelineNet. Appendix B contains on line EPANET User's Guide. Appendix C describes the process in which PipelineNet and EPANET interact. Appendix D contains a brief EPANET overview. Appendix E contains tables for physical, chemical, and biological properties of the agents. Appendix F contains an analysis of the constituents of concern. Appendix G contains basic ArcView features and tools. This User's Guide can be accessed while running ArcView by clicking on the Help menu item at the top of the screen, then clicking on the Users Manual item in the Help menu. An Internet browser is required to access this manual through PipelineNet. Browsers such as Netscape or Internet Explorer are examples of acceptable applications. These browsers are free and can be downloaded on the Internet at http://home.netscape.com/ (Netscape) or http://www.microsoft.com/ (Internet Explorer). -1- 1.1. New capabilities and features The PipelineNet version 2 has the following new capabilities and features: 1 2 3 4 5 Automated conversion of hydraulic model input data Consequence assessment (population, critical infrastructure, and taps impacted) using PipelineNet Rollup Tool. Distribution system isolation (as a post intrusion scenario) using Isolation Tool. Location of monitoring network using a Ranking System Display Tool Regulatory compliance assistance (e.g. Initial Distribution System Evaluation – IDSE of Stage 2 Disinfectants and disinfections byproducts rule) using PipelineNet Spatial Display Tool. Installation Instructions 1.2 The PipelineNet Water Pipeline Network Model, referred to as PipelineNet, is contained on a single CD-ROM. The following instructions assume the installation hard disk is drive C and that the system is installed at the root (i.e. C:\) level. If you choose to install PipelineNet on a drive other than C, please make the appropriate changes to the following instructions. Minimum Requirements: •PC - 675 mb free disk space - Windows or NT, ME, XP, 2000 Operating Systems - 64+ mb RAM (*suggested for optimal performance) - CD-ROM Drive • ESRI’s ArcView 3.2 (or higher) installed. Installation Procedures: 1. Insert the PipelineNet CD into your CD-ROM drive. From the “explorer window”, navigate to the CD and double click on the executable file “PipelineNet.ZIP” and extract the data to your hard drive. Be sure to Use Folder Names when extracting the application data. Users typically install PipelineNet to the following Destination: “C:\”. Do not include the directory “PIPELINE” in your Destination Folder path (i.e. C:\Pipeline). A “PIPELINE” directory will be created when the installation completes. 2. If you selected “C:\” as your “Destination Folder” during installation, you must then add the following Environmental Variable to your computers: SET PIPELINENET = C:\PIPELINE Verify that the above environmental variables are set correctly for computer. -2- • • NT User’s must navigate to the START/SETTINGS/CONTROL PANEL/SYSTEM/ADVANCED settings to add this environmental variable. Window User’s must add this environmental variable to the “autoexec.bat” file. Then reboot the PC. 3. Start the PipelineNet application by navigating to “C:\Pipeline\Aprs\ and double click on the “pipelinenet.apr” file. 4. The EPANET input source files are located in: \pipeline\epanet\input\. The corresponding input file is: net3ex.txt 5. After installation of PipelineNet in Pipeline directory change Pipeline directory’s permissions. Check-off READ ONLY. -3- Chapter 2 Conversion from EPANET to PipelineNet This chapter discusses how to prepare data for PipelineNet and conventions associated with it. PipelineNet being a GIS based system needs hydraulic model infrastructure data in ArcView shape file format. The hydraulic model infrastructure data contains nodes, tanks, reservoirs, pipes, pumps, and valves. • Projections – All data (GIS and hydraulic data) need to be in the same coordinate system. • Directories – o Pipeline/databases/ - The GIS databases created using EPANET input data file should be included in the following directories o Pipeline/databases/SrcPts/ - Create a blank directory /SrcPts. This directory stores all the sources created using PipelineNet GUIs. 2.1. EPANET – PipelineNet Conversion Tool PipelineNet operates from a GIS platform and needs all the input data in a GIS compatible format. PipelineNet has an import tool that will convert the EPANET input data file into ArcView shape files for PipelineNet. For the import tool to function properly, the input data format is explained below. Junctions, tanks, reservoirs, pipes, pumps, and valves are six water distribution parameters needed for PipelineNet. A quick way to format the input file is to read the file in EPANET and then export it out as a text file. The format of the exported file is compatible with the format explained below. PipelineNet automatically converts an EPANET text input file into ArcView shape file using the Create PipelineNet Spatial Database Network. • Select “Import EPANET Source File into ArcView GIS Files” from the Pipeline drop down menu. • This will open “Create PipelineNet Spatial Database Network”. -4- Clicking on EPANET. • will start an animation describing how to import the hydraulic data file into Navigate to the input file location and output file location in the Create PipelineNet Spatial Database Network interface. • The user can navigate to the location of input file by clicking on INPUT SOURCE. • The output file for each water distribution parameter (nodes, pipes, pumps, and valves) can be saved by clicking on OUTPUT NAME. • • The user can choose a view where display the shape files by clicking on NEW VIEW. Click on CREATE NETWORK to create an ArcView format shape files -5- Chapter 3: Getting Started This chapter provides an overview of the PipelineNet System as well as a brief ArcView tutorial. Section 3.1 discusses opening and closing the PipelineNet project. As described in Chapter 1, PipelineNet is a customized application built on ESRI's ArcView platform, and shares the basic features with ArcView. Although not necessary, it is helpful to know how to use some of the basic features of ArcView within the PipelineNet format; Section 3.2 describes these basic ArcView features. 3.1. Opening PipelineNet To open PipelineNet, either click on the desktop icon that was created during Installation or navigate to your "pipeline/aprs" directory and double click on the PipelineNet.APR file. When PipelineNet finishes loading, the View1 window will be displayed (as illustrated below). The startup screen shows the View1 by default. All map features will be displayed in the large black region of the window. The left side of the window is called the Table of Contents because it shows the type of information available for display on the map, along with its corresponding symbol. Each item in the table of contents is called a theme. A checked box will display the corresponding theme in the map area. -6- See Appendix A of this Users Guide, for a complete description of each theme and its associated metadata (background information such as data source, date of database, etc.). When you have finished your PipelineNet session, click on the "x" button in the top right corner of the screen. A box will appear asking you whether you want to save the changes to "PipelineNet.APR". PipelineNet.APR is PipelineNet's project file, where all mapping information is stored. If you save PipelineNet.APR, the simulation databases and analysis you have created will load the next time you start PipelineNet. Otherwise PipelineNet will load with just the default databases. -7- Chapter 4: PipelineNet Custom Features PipelineNet has been developed with several custom tools and features. This chapter describes these features and how to use them. The PipelineNet custom features are listed below: 4.1. Analysis Type Selection This is a common GUI to choose the analysis to be performed. The input parameters needed for the simulation depends on the selection of the analysis type. Analysis Type: Identifies User Selected Analysis Source Locations: ARCHIVE: Previously created source NEW: Starting a new simulation ADD RECORD: Add to the database Total Records: Total number of sources Initialize System Parameters: Assign required file parameters. Execute: Initiate Water Quality Analysis. Cancel: Quit without running EPANET. 4.2. Single and Multiple Source Analysis 4.2.1. Initiate EPANET Source Point PipelineNet provides an interface into EPA's EPANET modeling application. To initiate the EPANET Source Point: -8- 1. Click on the yellow EPANET Source Point tool in the toolbar. 2. Clicking on this tool will make the Pipeline Theme visible and the EPANET Nodes Theme active. The cursor will also change to . 3. Use the cursor to position and select (mouse-click) the chemical "Source Point" on the map. A single click on the map will anchor the point and initiate the EPANET Source Point Parameters GUI as illustrated below. NODE ID: Identifies User Selected Source Point Node. TAG NAME: Identifies User Selected Source Point Tag Name. NODE TYPE: Either "Pipe" or "Valve" if available. DEMAND: Rate of withdrawal from the network at node location. STREET: Corresponding Street Name if available. AGENT: Text field for name of Agent. AMOUNT: Quantity of agent used in the analysis.. UNITS : Measure of quantity. REACTION RATE: Decay rate (day-1). EnviroBrowser: Quick-reference database supporting Half Life query values (see below for example) HALF LIFE: Time in days for contaminant to decay to 1/2 its initial level. Simulation Start Time: Time when the simulation can start RELEASE DURATION: Duration of agent release. Instantaneous = 1 hr., Continuous = (1-24 hrs.). START RELEASE: Start of agent release END RELEASE: End of agent release SIMULATION HOURS: Total number of hours to simulate (1-24). DISPLAY INTERVAL: Time step to display output (hours). INITIALIZE SYSTEM PARAMETERS: Assign required file parameters. CANCEL: Quit without running EPANET. -9- Half life (rate of decay) can either be found under Constituents of Concern or through EnviroBrowser. The EnviroBrowser quick-reference application is a public domain database of thousands of referenced environmental parameters, including chemical half-life. The EnviroBrowser may be initiated from this GUI or by running the \Pipeline\EnviroBrowser\EnviroBrowser.exe file. The following figure illustrates the EnviroBrowser interface. The tabs on the top of the EnviroBrowser interface categorize the types of information available The scrollable/searchable list of available materials is located on the left side of the window . 4. Users should set the system parameters by clicking on INITIALIZE SYSTEM PARAMETERS. The new system parameter values MUST be "Saved As Default". This process need only be performed the first time the EPANET interface is run, unless any of the system parameters change. The Input Parameters GUI is illustrated below. - 10 - EPANET SOURCE FILE: Name of input file PATH: Directory structure to the input file. OUTPUT DIRECTORY: Directory where EPANET results will go ArcView legend for EPANET resulting shapefiles. Permanently save above parameters. Load previously saved default parameters Save current parameters PIPELINE LEGEND: SAVE AS DEFAULT: LOAD DEFAULT: SAVE: CANCEL: 5. After all input parameters are entered, select "ADD RECORD". The user may now verify that all the input parameters are correct by reviewing the following message box. Select YES to run EPANET or NO to return and reenter a parameter. 6. If the user elects to continue click "EXECUTE". The EPANET application will initiate using the user supplied parameters. When EPANET is finished processing, the resulting hourly simulation concentrations will automatically become loaded in the View and the Pipeline View Parameters GUI will appear (as illustrated below). - 11 - Set Beginning Hour: Initial simulation hour. Current Hour: Display indicating current concentration as the simulation runs. Set Ending Hour: Final simulation hour. DISMISS: Quit and close GUI. PLAY: PHOTOS: Pop: CLEAR: Run the simulation. Toggles the aerial photo images on/off. Toggles the population theme on/off. Turns off all simulation themes from the view. 7. Add Record (for multiple Sources) If the user wants to run a multiple source simulation, repeat all the steps (1-6) in section 4.2 4.3. Run Stand Alone EPANET Application PipelineNet provides a method to access EPANET directly from the ArcView project. This option enables the user to run EPANET from a single application. The stand alone EPANET Application is slightly more robust than EPANET utilized from the ArcView interface because it - 12 - allows the user to modify additional input parameters. Consequently, users may fine-tune their analysis using the stand alone EPANET application. This option is available by selecting the Start EPANET Application menu option from the Pipeline pull-down menu as illustrated below. The EPANET Application may be manually navigated to by holding down the "Shift" key while selecting the Start EPANET Application menu option. Otherwise, PipelineNet assumes that the EPANET Application will be found within the standard PipelineNet installation directory structure (, >=) can be selected from the pull down menu User can either type in the value or use the Helping Hand to get a list of all the values. The second layer consists of variables (initial water demand and quality, sources of water and contamination) that donot change with time. “Sources of Water” can be selected by using the Select Feature Tool • • . Sources of contamination can be selected by the following ways: appears. The By selecting “Add a Source”. When “Add a Source” is selected a button user can select any location in the view by clicking on it. By selecting “Use Source Locations in View” The third layer consists of infrastructure (critical and hydraulic model). The PipelineNet Spatial Database Display Tool can be minimized by clicking on the button To maximize the PipelineNet Spatial Database Display Tool click on the button . The selected layers (all layers of any combination) can be displayed by clicking on the DISPLAY button. Clicking on the RESET button can reset all layers. 5.2. PipelineNet Rollup Tool . By clicking on the The PipelineNet Rollup Tool can be initiated by clicking on the button button a cursor appears. The user can select the area of interest by drawing a rectangle with the help of the cursor on the map in the view. This tool helps in calculating the following in the selected area: • • • • • Total population Number of taps Miles of pipe Total # of hospital beds for each hospital Total # of schools and enrolment of students In the SCHOOLS file the Rollup tool looks for the following two fields: SCHOOL ENROLLMENT contains the name of the school contains the total number of students in the school The following fields are required at a minimum in the SCHOOLS table. - 21 - School Street_Add City State Zip_code Telephone Lowest_gra Highest_gr The following fields are required at a minimum in the HOSPITALS table. Hospital Address City Stateabbrv Zipcode Telephone Title Adminstr Total Beds The PipelineNet Rollup tool has the following buttons: Toggle Population on/off Toggle Taps on/off Toggle Pipelines on/off Toggle Schools on/off Toggle Hospitals on/off Zoom out Zoom in Zoom to previous extent Pan PipelineNet Rollup 5.3. PipelineNet Isolation Tool The PipelineNet Isolation Tool is a post-processing tool that changes the status of a pipe in the EPANET input file. This tool determines what will happen to the flow regime by changing the status of the pipe. The tool gets initiated by clicking on the button window opens. and the following - 22 - The tool has the following buttons: Click on a pipeline to select Toggle Pipelines on/off Zoom out Zoom in Zoom to previous extent Pan By clicking on SYMBOLIZE PIPES, pipes are displayed with different colors according to their status. By clicking on the “Click on the Pipeline” button, a cursor appears. User can select any pipe with the cursor. Pipe ID and Status appears in the window. By clicking on APPLY the user can update the EPANET Pipeline database. More than one pipe can be selected by repeating the process. Once all of the pipes for which a change of status is needed, are selected, click on DEFINE INPUT FILE. The user will be queried for his name and path (location) of the input file, as shown below. This will update all the pipe records in the EPANET INPUT file. - 23 - The user can confirm the name and path of the input file by clicking YES on the window as shown below. 5.4. Ranking System Display Tool The Ranking System Display Tool helps in selection of monitoring locations. A detailed discussion of the theory is given in Appendix F. The Ranking System Display Tool is initiated by clicking on the button System Display Tool. . The following additional buttons are associated with the Ranking Maximize the Ranking System Display Tool Minimize the Ranking System Display Tool Toggle PipelineNet nodes on/off Open pipeline ranking table Toggle hospitals on/off Add a sensor icon List all pipe diameter values List all pipe scores Toggle schools on/off Toggle pressure zones on/off Toggle Population on/off Toggle Pipeline on/off Zoom out Zoom in Zoom to previous extent Pan Identify The Ranking System Display Tool works in three steps. The first step is source prioritization. The user has option either to use the complete water distribution system or prioritize the water distribution elements based on elimination process. The user has option to use all elimination options or a combination of these options. - 24 - • Clicking on PRIORITIZE NEW MATRIX will create a matrix based on the options selected by the user for source prioritization. STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 • The user can save the matrix by clicking on SAVE MATRIX TO ARCHIVE. • The user can load an archived matrix by using LOAD ARCHIVED MATRIX. - 25 - The second step calculates the scores for various distribution system response parameters. • Select an hour of interest from the drop down list. • Select “Initialize and View Distribution Matrix”. This will pop up a window “DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM MATRIX”. There are seven parameters, as shown below in the figure that a user can choose. For each parameter there are three options: • Natural Breaks: This is the default classification method in ArcView. This method identifies breakpoints between classes using a statistical formula (Jenk’s optimization). This method is rather complex, but basically the Jenk’s method minimizes the sum of the variance within each of the classes. Natural Breaks finds groupings and patterns inherent in your data. Equal Interval: The equal interval method divides the range of attribute values into equal sized sub-ranges. Then the features are classified based on those sub-ranges. Quantile: In the quantile classification method, each class contains the same number of features. Quantile classes are perhaps the easiest to understand, but they can be misleading. Population counts (as opposed to density or percentage), for example, are usually not suitable for quantile classification because only a few places are highly populated. You can overcome this distortion by increasing the number of classes. Imagine the difference, for example, if five classes are used in the chart instead of three. Quantiles are best suited for data that is linearly distributed; in other words, data that does not have disproportionate numbers of features with similar values. • • - 26 - Click on SAVE after each parameter is ranked. When all the parameters are completed, clock on CREATE MATRIX to create a system-wide SCORE matrix for all the water distribution system elements and the parameters selected. The third step involves query the ranked system. The user has the option to select a score for which all the pipelines with the selected scores are displayed. 5.4.1 Population Density Population density is scored based on landuse and the following classification is used: Land Use Very High Density Housing High Density Housing High Density Office Medium density Housing General Commercial/Industrial Office Industrial Low Density Housing Very Low Density Housing Open Space Vacant Score 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - 27 - Chapter 6 6.1. Tutorial Introduction This chapter provides a tutorial on how to use PipelineNet. If you are not familiar with the components that comprise a water distribution system and how these are represented in pipe network models you might want to review Appendix G. 6.2. Example Dataset This tutorial will analyze the simple distribution network shown in Figure 6.1 below. The example dataset is modified from example data 3 of the EPANET. - 28 - PipelineNet opens with a view as shown below: 6.3. Creating a PipelineNet input data file: Input data conversion tool The first step is to convert the hydraulic model input file (text format) of figure 6.1 into PipelineNet (ArcView shape file formats). This is achieved by clicking on the Create PipelineNet Spatial Database Network. • Select “Import EPANET Source File into ArcView GIS Files” from the PipelineNet drop down menu. This will open “Create PipelineNet Spatial Database Network”. An ArcView compatible input file (NET3EX.TXT) has already been created for the tutorial. If the user wants to create the input file using own data, then clicking on describing how to import the hydraulic data file into EPANET. will start an animation The input file after exporting from EPANET must be saved with an extension as .TXT. - 29 - Navigate to the input file location and output file location in the Create PipelineNet Spatial Database Network interface. • The user can navigate to the location of input file by clicking on INPUT SOURCE. The tutorial file is located at c:\\Pipeline\epanet\examples\net3ex.txt. • The output file for each water distribution parameter (nodes, pipes, pumps, and valves) can be saved by clicking on OUTPUT NAME. The output file name is a user defined name. - 30 - • • The user MUST select a view to display the resulting PipelineNet shape files. If a view does not exist then the user may create a view by clicking on NEW VIEW. The name of the new view can be user defined. After the INPUT SOURCE, OUTPUT NAME, and View have been selected, click on CREATE NETWORK to create an ArcView format shape files The output of the input data conversion tool using an example water distribution network will be displayed in PipelineNet as shown below: The sample input file contains no valves. Consequently PipelineNet will display messages to inform the user of absence of valves in the input file. Additional GIS datasets may be added to the VIEW by clicking on + button. Add GIS layers from the location shown below: - 31 - Rename the GIS themes as follows: Hospitals.shp to Hospitals Poptutorial.shp to Population Preszone.shp to Pressure Zones Schooltutorial.shp to Schools Tap1.shp to Taps 6.4. • • • • • Water quality graphical user interface in the toolbar. This will open Source Type Click on Select Source Point Tool Selection GUI. Select analysis type Concentration for this example Create a “NEW” concentration source location by clicking on the NEW button. Click on Source Point Tool from the Source Type Selection GUI. Pipeline and node themes will become visible by clicking. Next identify a node where the source of the concentration analysis should begin. To do this, use the cursor to position and select any source point location on the map. A red diamond will appear identifying the source location. A single click on the node will also initiate the Initialize PipelineNet Source interface. Complete the Initialize PipelineNet Source interface by entering the following parameters: o AGENT Agent X o AMOUNT 9999 o HALF LIFE 100 days (conservative agent) o SIMULATION START TIME 1 o DURATION OF RELEASE Instantaneous o SIMULATION HOURS 24 Click on INITIALIZE SYSTEM PARAMETERS interface located near the bottom of the interface. By clicking PipelineNet System Parameters interface will open. The user can make any change in the name or path of the input or output files or directory. Click on the SAVE button to save the options. Once SAVE button is clicked, PipelineNet Source Type Selection interface will appear. • • - 32 - • • • 6.5. After the PipelineNet Source Point parameters have been initialized and the system parameters saved, the Source Point record is added to the system by clicking on ADD RECORD button located back on the PipelineNet Source Type Selection GUI. Verify the record to be added to the input file is correct and click YES to continue. Click EXECUTE to run the simulation. Display interface In this example, 24 shape files have been added to the view. Each dataset represents the concentration and location of the agent as it is distributed through the pipeline network over the 24-hour simulation. The resulting concentration pipelines are color coded, where each color represents a different range of concentration values. These values may be examined by highlighting (clicking) one of the 24 pipeline datasets in the legend (e.g. CONC024.shp). When highlighted, the dataset will appear raised. Then select the “Hide/Show Legend” from the View’s pull-down menu option, located under the “Theme” menu. This will expand the selected theme’s legend. After a successful completion of the simulation, Pipeline View Parameters interface will open. An animation of the analysis may be initiated as foloows: • • • • • • Set Beginning Hour equal to 1. Set Ending Hour equal to 24. Click on PLAY to play the output animation. Clicking on the CLEAR will remove the concentration pipelines from the view. The interface can be closed by clicking on DISMISS. The pipelines and nodes buttons toggle their respective datasets on/off. The animation may be viewed for any user defined time parameters. For example, an animation for the first two hours may be run: • • • • Set Beginning Hour equal to 1. Set Ending Hour equal to 2. Click on PLAY to play the output animation. The interface can be closed by clicking on DISMISS. - 33 - - 34 - 6.6. Consequence assessment Consequence assessment (on population, taps, length of pipeline, number of schools and hospitals) of the contaminant can be performed by the PipelineNet Rollup Tool. • • • • Initiate the PipelineNet Rollup tool by clicking on the tool. Use the cursor to select the area of interest. Click and hold the mouse as you define a box. Release the mouse click when the area of interest is defined. The PipelineNet Rollup Calculator window will appear and shows Population, # of taps, miles of pipe, school, and hospital. The names of the schools and hospitals are also displayed if they were included within the user defined area o finterest. Clicking on the school or the hospital will display the PipelineNet Rollup Report. 6.7. Isolation of contaminant area Isolation of contaminant area is accomplished in post-intrusion. A contaminated area may be easily isolated by changing the status (open/closed) of the pipes. This function allows the user to modify the input source file within the PipelineNet application and a new simulation can be run with new changes. - 35 - • • • • • • • • Initiate the PipelineNet Isolation Tool by clicking on open the PipelineNet Isolation Tool window. in the views toolbar. This will Click on in the PipelineNet Isolation Tool window and a cursor will appear. Use the cursor to select a pipe (Pipe ID 121 for this example) in the view. The Pipe ID and Status will appear in the PipelineNet Isolation Tool Window. Change the Status of PipeID from OPEN to CLOSE from the pull-down menu. Click the APPLY button to update the ArcView GIS file with a new status. Click on the UPDATE INPUT FILE button to change the status of the selected pipe in the hydraulic model input file. Click on the Symbolize Pipes Button to view the status of the pipelines in the network (Open = Green, Closed = Red, CV = Yellow) The Tutorial View will look as shown below. Pipe ID 121 • • • Rerun the water quality concentration analysis to view the results of the changes applied in this function as discussed in section 6.4 When the new water quality simulation is done set the animation parameters to (section 6.5) the Beginning Hour for section 6.5 equal to 1 and the ending hour equal to 2. The output will look as shown below. - 36 - 6.8. Spatial database display tool Spatial Database Display Tool is user-friendly display Tool that allows the user to manipulate many of the frequently used datasets in the view. In addition it can also be used for regulatory compliance for example Initial Distribution System Evaluation (see Appendix F). • Click on the button located at the top of the view to initiate Spatial Database Display Tool. The list of the available datasets is located on the left side of th etool. The user may select any of these datasets by checking the box in front of the dataset. For example, check the box in front of the Actual Demand (Nodes) dataset. Additional parameters become visible as the user steps through the tool. Consequently, the “Select A Hour” pull-down list is now visible when the “Actual Demand” dataset was selected. This list contains the temporal range for a previously run PipelineNet analysis (see Section 6.4). The actual demand query examines the analysis on an hour by hour basis. In this example we will locate all the nodes that have actual demand greater than 100 gpm during the sixth hour of the analysis. To do this; select the “6” from the “Select an Hour” list, select “>” from the “Select Demand Value” pull-down menu and enter 100 in the next field. • - 37 - Select the following options: o Parameter Select a Hour Select a Operator Demand 6 > o Oversized Pipes Diameter >= 25 • • • Select a Value 100.0 Multiple queries may be performed in this tool. For example, to identify oversized pipes > 25 inches diameter, check the box in front of the over sized pipes. Select a pipe diameter > 25 The final result by clicking on DISPLAY. To run the query and view the results, click on the Display button located on the bottom of the tool. The Tool GUI may be minimized by clicking on the GUI Title at the top of the GUI thus allowing the entire view visible to the user. The GUI may then be maximized by clicking on the button 6.9. Ranking system display tool The Ranking System Display Tool supports the process of selecting monitoring locations. A detailed discussion of the utility of this process is provided in Appendix F. - 38 - • • • • • Initiate the Ranking System Display Tool by clicking on the button in the toolbar located in the view. This opens PipelineNet Ranking System Display Tool. Select “Keep Existing Pipeline Network” option from SOURCE PRIORITIZATION ANALYSIS. This will retain the entire water distribution network available for selection of the monitoring locations. Click on PRIORITIZE NEW MATRIX to create the resulting “Ranked Pipes” shape file. Select hour 12 for analysis and check the “Initiate and View Distribution Matrix” to open this GUI. Check the box labeled with “Initialize and View Distribution Matrix”. This will temporarily minimize the “PipelineNet Ranking System Display Tool” interface and open the “Distribution System Matrix” interface. All ranking calculations are performed within the “Distribution System matrix” interface. The list of parameters available are contained in the dropdown list labeled “Select a parameter”. In this exercise we will perform ranking calculations upon: flow, velocity and pressure applying the natural break type of classification on each. First, select “Flow” from the “Select a Parameter” list. Second, click on the “Natural Breaks” classification scheme located at the bottom of the interface. This will automatically clkassify the flow into ten classes. The left column displays the actual number of records in each class. The middle column displays the value range of the class. And the right column assigns a score to the class. Third, select the “Save” button located on the bottom of the GUI. This will assign each flow record with the corresponding scoring value displayed in the matrix. When completed a check will appear in front of the “Save Status” label. Repeat these steps for velocity and pressure. Select a Parameter o Velocity o Pressure o Flow Select a Process Natural Breaks Natural Breaks Natural Breaks • • When all three parameters have been classified and saved, the Distribution Matrix may now be further examined. Click CREATE MATRIX. This will close the “Distribution System Matrix” interface and reopen the “PipelineNet Ranking System Display Tool”. A theme Ranked Pipelines will appear showing low, medium, and high - 39 - • • Select All Pipelines whose Distribution Score > 20 in the QUERY DISTIBUTION SYSTEM. Click on RUN QUERY. The Ranked Pipeline Theme will show only the pipelines whose total score is greater than 20. • Use to place a sensor at selected location (s). - 40 - Appendix A: Metadata PipelineNet requires three types of data. • • • A.1 Basic minimum data EPANET Above Discretionary Data Basic minimum Data This is the necessary data required to create shape files and run the PipelineNet model. Section 4.1 explains the procedure used to convert the EPANET input data into shape files. The data required is: • EPANET Pipelines • Tanks • Valves • Pumps • Reservoirs • Pump Stations • EPANET Nodes • Wells A.2 EPANET Above This is an empty polygon shape file created by SAIC for use as a "placeholder" in the ArcView legend. All resulting PipelineNet simulation shape files are added to the View directly above the "EPANET Above" placeholder. ***DO NOT DELETE THIS SHAPEFILE**** If the EPANET Above shape file is deleted, all resulting PipelineNet simulation shape files will be added to the top of the View's legend. As a result, some point shape files located below these simulation themes may become obscured from view. The EPANET Above shapefile may be added by navigating to the "/pipeline/databases/" directory and adding the "blank.shp" shapefile. Then move the "blank.shp" directly above the EPANET Pipelines shapefile. Finally, be sure to change the name of the blank.shp theme to "EPANET Above", otherwise PipelineNet will NOT find the placeholder. - 41 - A.3 Discretionary Data This data is used to enhance PipelineNet output. It is not used to run the model. A few example of the dataset include: • • • • • • • • • • • Airport Freeways Contours Universities and schools Land Parcels City Population Pressure Zones City Parks Building Footprints School Boundaries Aerial Photo - 42 - Appendix B: EPANET User's Guide. The EPANET User's Guide can be viewed either directly from Local EPANET2 Guide (updated June 2000) or the latest copy can be downloaded and viewed from the internet at http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html. Both versions require Acrobat Reader to view the document. Acrobat Reader is available without charge at http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/ - 43 - Appendix C: PipelineNet Processing Steps PipelineNet's design integrates the ArcView GIS application and EPA's hydraulic model EPANET into a single application. This design enhances the EPANET results by incorporating them with supplementary spatial information; building the foundation for further environmental analysis. The following flow diagram illustrates the PipelineNet processing steps. - 44 - Appendix D: EPANET Overview. D.1 Introduction EPANET performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A network can consist of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank, and the concentration of a chemical species throughout the network during a simulation period comprised of multiple time steps. In addition to chemical species, water age and source tracing can also be simulated. The Windows version of EPANET provides an integrated environment for editing network input data, running hydraulic and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. These include color-coded network maps, data tables, time series graphs, and contour plots. EPANET was developed by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division (formerly the Drinking Water Research Division) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Figure 1 shows components of a typical network. Figure 1: Typical Network for EPANET D.2 Modeling Capability D.2.1 Hydraulic Modeling Capability Full-featured and accurate hydraulic modeling is a prerequisite for doing effective water quality modeling. EPANET includes the following hydraulic modeling capabilities: • Places no limit on the size of network that can be modeled • Computes friction head loss using either Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach, or ChezyManning equations • Includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc. • Models constant or variable speed pumps • Computes pumping energy and cost • Models various types of valves including shutoff, check, pressure regulating, and flow control valves • Allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with height) • Considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern of time variation • Models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads) • Can base system operation on both simple tank level or timer controls and on complex rulebased controls 45 D.2.2 Water Quality Modeling Capabilities: EPANET includes the following water quality modeling capabilities; • Models the movement of a non-reactive tracer material through the network over time • Models the movement and fate of a reactive material as it grows (e.g., a disinfection byproduct) or decays (chlorine residual) with time • Models the age of water throughout a network • Tracks the percent of flow from a given node reaching all other nodes over time • Models reactions both in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall • Uses n-th order kinetics to model reactions in the bulk flow • Uses zero or first order kinetics to model reactions at the pipe wall • Accounts for mass transfer limitations when modeling pipe wall reactions • Allows growth or decay reactions to proceed up to a limiting concentration • Employs global reaction rate coefficients that can be modified on a pipe-by-pipe basis • Allows wall reaction rate coefficients to be correlated to pipe roughness • Allows for time-varying concentration or mass inputs at any location in the network • Models storage tanks as being either complete mix, plug flow, or two-compartment reactors . By employing these features, EPANET can be used to study such water quality phenomena as: • Blending water from different sources • Age of water throughout a system • Loss of chlorine residuals • Growth of disinfection by-products • Contaminant propagation events . Water Quality Reactions: The water quality module of EPANET can track the growth or decay of a substance by reaction as it travels through a distribution system. In order to do this it needs to know the rate at which the substance reacts and how this rate might depend on substance concentration. Reactions can occur both within the bulk flow and with material along the pipe wall. Bulk fluid reactions can also occur within tanks. EPANET allows a modeler to use different reaction rates for the two zones of reaction. Bulk Flow Reaction Rates: EPANET models reactions occurring in the bulk flow with n-th order kinetics, where the rate of reaction (R in mass/volume/time) is assumed to be concentration-dependent according to R = Kb Cn where Kb = a bulk reaction rate coefficient, C = chemical concentration (mass/volume), and n = a reaction order. Kb has units of concentration raised to the (1-n) power divided by time. It is positive for growth reactions and negative for decay reactions. Many bulk reactions can be modeled adequately as first-order reactions where n has a value of 1.0. Estimates of Kb and n can be made by placing a sample of water in a series of non-reacting glass bottles and analyzing the contents of each bottle at different points in time. If the reaction is first-order, then plotting the natural log (Ct/Co) against time should result in a straight line, where Ct is concentration at time t and Co is concentration at time zero. Kb would then be estimated as the slope of this line. 46 EPANET can also consider reactions where a limiting concentration exists on the ultimate growth or loss of the substance. For growth reactions this can be expressed as R = Kb (Clim – C ) C(n-1) where Clim = the limiting concentration. A similar expression holds for decay reactions except that (Clim - C) is replaced by (C - Clim). This type of expression is particularly applicable to modeling the growth of disinfection by-products such as Trihalomethanes, where the ultimate formation of by-product is limited by the amount of reactable precursor present. Bottle tests can also be used to estimate Kb in this type of rate expression if the test is carried out long enough to measure Clim directly. (For 1-st order growth, Kb is the slope of the plot of log [(Clim - Ct)/Co] versus time.) EPANET will use this type of rate expression whenever a non-zero value is supplied for the limiting concentration. Bulk reaction coefficients increase with increasing temperature. A rule of thumb is that reaction rates will double with every 10 deg. C rise in temperature. Running multiple bottle tests at different temperatures will provide more accurate assessment of how the rate coefficient varies with temperature. Pipe Wall Reaction Rates: Water quality reactions occurring at or near the pipe wall can be considered to be dependent on the concentration in the bulk flow by using an expression of the form R = (A/V) KwCn where Kw = a wall reaction rate coefficient and (A / V) = the surface area per unit volume within a pipe (equal to 4 divided by the diameter). The latter term converts the mass reacting per unit of wall area to a per unit volume basis. EPANET limits the wall reaction order to either 0 or 1, so that the units of Kw are either mass/area/time or length/time, respectively. The parameter Kw appearing in the above rate expression should be adjusted to account for any mass transfer limitations in moving reactants and products between the bulk flow and the wall. EPANET does this automatically, basing the adjustment on the molecular diffusivity of the substance being modeled and on the flow's Reynolds number. The wall rate coefficient can depend on temperature and can also be correlated to pipe age and material. Note: EPANET requires that water be flowing in a pipe for a wall reaction to occur. Pipes with no flow have no computed wall reaction. D.2.3 Steps in Using EPANET The following are typical steps when using EPANET to model a water distribution system: • Draw a network representation of the distribution system or import a basic description of the network placed in a text file. • Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system. • Describe how the system is operated. • Select a set of analysis options. • Run a hydraulic/water quality analysis. • View the results of the analysis. 47 D.3 Input Formats Network Component: EPANET models a water distribution system as a collection of links connected to nodes. The links represent pipes, pumps, and control valves. The nodes represent junctions, tanks, and reservoirs. The figure below illustrates how these objects can be connected to one another to form a network. Input File: An EPANET input data file contains the information needed to simulate the behavior of a pipe network. Its contents are divided into several different sections. Each section begins with a specific keyword in brackets. Figure 2 shows a network and different variables in the input. Figure 2: EPANET main screen In addition to these physical components, an EPANET project can contain the following objects that describe the performance and operation of a distribution system: Junctions are points in the network where links join together and where water enters or leaves the network. Figure 3 shows input parameters for Junctions. The basic input data required for junctions are: • elevation • water demand • initial water quality. The output results computed for junctions are • hydraulic head 48 • • pressure water quality. Junctions can also: • have multiple categories of demands assigned to them • have negative demands indicating that water is entering the network • be water quality sources where constituents enter the network • contain emitters (or sprinklers) which make the outflow rate depend on the pressure Reservoirs are nodes that represent an infinite external source or sink of water to the network. They are used to model such things as lakes, rivers, groundwater aquifers, and tie-ins to other systems. Reservoirs can also serve as water quality source points. The primary input property for a reservoir is its piezometric head (equal to the water surface elevation if the reservoir is not under pressure) and initial quality for water quality analysis. Because a reservoir is a boundary point to a network, its head and water quality cannot be affected by what happens within the network. Therefore it has no computed output properties. A reservoir cannot be directly connected by a link to another reservoir or tank. If such a connection is required then an intermediate junction must be used. Figure 4: Input data format for Reserviors 49 Tanks are nodes with storage capacity, where the volume of stored water can vary with time during a simulation. Figure 4 shows input parameters for Reserviors. The primary input properties for tanks are: • • • • bottom elevation diameter (or shape if non-cylindrical) minimum and maximum levels initial water quality. The principal computed outputs are: • head (water level) • water quality. Tanks are required to operate within their minimum and maximum levels. EPANET will close off a tank's connecting pipes if it wants to drain when already at its minimum level or fill when at its maximum level. Tanks can also serve as water quality source points. A tank cannot be directly connected by a link to another tank or reservoir. If such a connection is required then an intermediate junction must be used. Figure 5 shows input parameters for Tanks. . Figure 5: Input data format for Tanks Pipes convey water from one point in the network to another. Flow direction is from the end at higher head (internal energy per weight of water) to that at lower head. The principal hydraulic input parameters for pipes are: diameter; length; roughness coefficient; initial status (open, closed, or contains a check valve). The latter parameter allows pipes to implicitly contain shutoff valves and check valves (which allow flow in only one direction). The water quality inputs for pipes consist of • bulk reaction coefficient • wall reaction coefficient. Computed outputs for pipes include • • flow rate velocity 50 • • • • head loss friction factor reaction rate water quality. The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe due to friction with the pipe walls can be computed using three different formulas: • • • Hazen-Williams Formula Darcy-Weisbach Formula Chezy-Manning Formula Minor losses caused by bends and fittings can also be accounted for by assigning the pipe a minor loss coefficient. Pipes can also be set open or closed at preset times, when tank levels fall below or above certain set-points, or when nodal pressures fall below or above certain set-points by the use of Controls. Figure 6 shows input parameters for Pipes. Figure 6: Input data format for Pipes Pumps are devices that impart energy to a fluid thereby raising its hydraulic head. The principal input parameter for a pump is its pump curve (the combination of heads and flows that the pump can produce). In lieu of a pump curve, the pump could be represented as a constant energy device. The principal output parameters are flow and head gain. Flow through a pump is unidirectional and EPANET will not allow a pump to operate outside the range of its pump curve. Pumps can be turned on and off at preset times, when tank levels fall below or above certain setpoints, or when nodal pressures fall below or above certain set-points through the use of controls and time patterns Variable speed pumps can also be considered by specifying that their speed setting be changed under these same types of conditions. By definition, the original pump curve supplied to the program has a relative speed setting of 1. If the pump speed doubles, then the relative setting would be 2; if run at half speed, the relative setting is 0.5 and so on. 51 EPANET can also compute the energy consumption and cost of a pump. Either pump-specific efficiency curves or energy pricing parameters can be supplied or global energy options will be used. Figure 7 shows input parameters for Pumps. Figure 7: Input data format for Pumps Valves are used to control the pressure or flow at a specific point in the network. Shutoff and check valves, which completely open or close pipes, are not considered as separate valve components but are instead included as a property of the pipe in which they are placed. Figure 8 shows input parameters for Valves. The different types of valves include: • • • • • • PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve) PSV (Pressure Sustaining Valve) PBV (Pressure Breaker Valve) FCV (Flow Control Valve) TCV (Throttle Control Valve) GPV (General Purpose Valve) The General Purpose Valve (GPV) can be used to represent a link where the flow - head loss relationship is supplied by the user instead of following one of the standard hydraulic formulas. Each type of valve has a different type of setting parameter that describes its operating point (pressure for PRVs, PSVs, and PBVs; flow for FCVs; loss coefficient for TCVs, and head loss curve for GPVs). Valves can have their control status overridden by specifying they be either completely open or completely closed. A valve's status and its setting can be changed during the simulation by using Controls. (To restore a valve's control status after its status has been 52 overridden to open or closed, use a control that specifies a value for the valve setting). Because of the ways in which valves are modeled the following rules apply when adding valves to a network: • • • • PRV, PSV or FCV cannot be directly connected to a reservoir or tank PRVs cannot share the same downstream node or be linked in series two PSVs cannot share the same upstream node or be linked in series a PSV cannot be connected to the downstream node of a PRV. Figure 8: Input data format for Valves Pattern Editor edits the properties of a time pattern object. Figure 9 shows a typical Pattern Editor. Figure 9: Input data format for Pattern Editor 53 Controls are statements that determine how the network is operated over time. They specify the status of selected links as a function of time, tank water levels, and pressures at select points within the network. Simple controls depend on only a single condition in the network (e.g., a water level in a certain tank) while rule-based controls depend on a number of conditions occurring simultaneously. There are two categories of controls that can be used: • • Simple Controls Rule-Based Controls Curves are objects that contain data pairs representing a relationship between two variables. Two or more objects can share the same curve. Figure 10 shows a typical curve and parameters associated with it. An EPANET model can utilize the following types of curves: • • • • Pump Curve Efficiency Curve Volume Curve Head Loss Curve Figure 10: Input data format for Curve Editor Analysis Options control the way in which a network is analyzed. After a network has been suitably described, its hydraulic and water quality behavior can be analyzed. There are five different categories of options: • • • • • Hydraulics Options Quality Options Reactions Options Time Options Energy Options 54 Energy Analysis Options: provide default values used to compute pumping energy and cost when no specific energy parameters are assigned to a given pump. Figure 11 shows Energy Option parameters. Figure 11: Input data format for Energy Option Hydraulics Options: provide default values for various hydraulic options. Figure 12 shows Hydraulic Option parameters. Figure 12. Input data format for Hydraulic Option Quality Option: provide default values for various water quality options. Figure 13 shows Water Quality Option parameters. Figure 13: Input data format for Quality Option 55 Reactions Option: provide default values for various chemical reaction in pipe network flow. Figure 14 shows Chemical Reaction Option parameters. Figure 14: Input data format for Reaction Options Time Option: provide default values for time of operation. Figure 15 shows Time Option parameters. Figure 15: Input data format for Time Options D.4 Output: EPANET output is in tabular and graphic form. Table: The type page of the Table Options Dialog Box is used to select the type of table to create. Figure 16 shows selection parameters for tabular output and figure 17 shows an example of a tabular output at a specified time step. Data fields are available for selecting the time period or node/link to which the table applies. The choices are: • • • • All network nodes at a specific time period All network links at a specific time period All time periods for a specific node All time periods for a specific link Figure 16: Table output options box 56 Figure 17: Example tabular output Graphs: EPANET outputs results in graphical form. There are five types of graphical output as shown in figure 18. These graphical outputs can be available at different time steps for various variables. Figure 18: Graph output options box 57 Appendix E: Ranking/Prioritization Plan for Determining Monitoring Locations E.1 Introduction The purpose of this document is to describe the development of a ranking/prioritization function for determining monitoring locations in a distribution system. The data used for this function consists of hydraulic model inputs, PipelineNet model outputs and GIS data. The ranking/prioritization function is based on a hierarchical selection process and employs a stepwise approach to determine monitoring locations. This function will be part of PipelineNet. E.2 Hierarchical Selection Concept: Step-wise Approach The hierarchical selection of nodes is based on a three-step process. Step 1 is called source prioritization. It identifies point features (nodes) from the hydraulic model input data that are not available for monitoring. This is a node elimination step. Step 2 is called distribution system response. It uses output from the extended period simulation model to identify line features (pipes) that are ranked according to a numerical score. Step 3 is called critical infrastructure and population density. It uses a buffer (polygon) around the location of critical infrastructure (i.e., hospitals, schools) and polygons describing low, medium and high population density areas for assigning numerical scores to nearby pipes. E.2.1 Step 1 – Source Prioritization – Hydraulic Model Input Data In a water distribution system every node (junction) is not available for monitoring. The first step in the ranking methodology is source prioritization. The source prioritization is performed by the delineation of unavailable or inaccessible areas for monitoring. This delineation is performed at the individual node (junction) level. The nodes that are generally not available for monitoring are: • Nodes at the junction of two pipes with different diameter • Nodes at the junction of pipes with different material • Nodes associated with dead end pipes • Nodes associated with crosses, tees, and other distribution facilities • Nodes on ‘backbone” pipes • Nodes associated with a backflow-preventer • Nodes which are physically inaccessible E.2.2 Step 2 - Distribution System Response – PipelineNet Output Hydraulic and water quality results determine the distribution system response. The distribution system response is determined at the pipe (link) level from an extended period simulation. The PipelineNet model output provides three sets of parameters (hydraulic, water ageing, concentration) upon which numerical scores are assigned. The parameters are calculated for each pipe in the system. For hydraulic output, higher scores will be assigned to pipes as follows: • Low flow areas 58 • • Low velocity areas Low pressure areas (average of the nodal pressures on either end of the pipe) For water quality output related to ageing, higher scores will be assigned to: • Areas of high residence times For water quality output related to concentration, higher scores will be assigned to: • Areas of high concentration E.2.3 Step 3 – Critical Infrastructure and Population Density – GIS Layers For this step, user defined buffer zones (polygons) are created around critical infrastructure locations. In addition, areas of low, medium and high population density are delineated by the creation of polygons. Higher scores will be assigned to pipes as follows: • pipes located within the critical infrastructure buffer zones • pipes located within high population density areas E.3 Hierarchical Selection Methodology: Step-wise Approach This section discusses the methodology of assigning scores to nodes and pipes based on the three-step approach described in section 2. E.3.1 Step 1- Source Prioritization Source prioritization is performed at the node (junction) level. The following procedure is established to eliminate non-available and in-accessible nodes. • Initially, all nodes are considered available and are assigned a score of 1 • All the nodes, which are either not available or not accessible are assigned a score of 0 • Only nodes with score equal to 1 are considered for Step 2 E.3.2 Step 2 – Distribution System Response Distribution system response is performed at the pipe (link) level. The following procedure is established to assign scores to pipes: • The starting score for every pipe is 1. • The scoring range is between 1 and 10 as shown in table 1. • All distribution system response parameters (hydraulic, ageing, water quality) have equal weight regarding the assignment of scores. • For any given parameter, the distribution of scores over the parameter range can be determined by the user. For example, a score range of 10 to 1 could be distributed over a flow range of 0.001 to 100 gpm. The breakpoints for assigning scores is controlled by the user. 59 Table 1. Distribution System Score Matrix Parameter Flow Velocity Pressure Ageing Concentration 1 2 High High High Low Low 3 4 Scores 5 6 7 8 9 10 Low Low Low High High E.3.3 Step 3 – Critical Infrastructure and Population Density To define the critical infrastructure polygon, a buffer zone is created. This zone is centered on the infrastructure location and the radius of the buffer is user defined. Population polygons are created based on density. The following procedure is established to assign scores to pipes: • Pipes closest to the critical infrastructure will assigned a score of 10 • Pipes within high population density areas will be assigned a score of 10 Table 2. Critical Infrastructure and Population Density Score Matrix Parameter Hospitals Schools Population Density E.4 1 2 Far Far Low 3 4 Scores 5 6 7 8 9 10 Near Near High Reporting and Display of Results The total score for each pipe is tabulated based on the values assigned to the matrices shown in tables 1 and 2. These final scores are linked to the GIS pipeline layer. The user can identify areas where monitoring stations should be placed based on the display of pipes with high scores. 60 Appendix F PipelineNet Spatial Data Display Tool A common and important question in the design of monitoring network is how many samples should be collected and where? The answer is often based upon the best professional judgment and financial considerations. The best answer will be based on an objective approach, dependent on a number of factors, including the desired statistical power and level of confidence in the final decision and the variability of the environmental attribute of interest. There are two main issues related to monitoring - location and frequency. Typical sampling and monitoring locations in distribution systems may include points close to water treatment systems, core business locations, secondary water storage reservoirs, re-pumping or re-treatment facilities and change in water quality. Sampling location (Kirmeyer et al, 2002) is also dependent on investment in labor, transportation requirements, and supplies to carry out sampling commitments. This adds to a water utilities financial commitment. Appropriate monitoring location selection should reflect a mix of utility concerns and priorities including: • • • Protecting critical customers (e.g., hospitals); Tracking water quality at or near locations vulnerable to contamination; Facilitating suitable responses to contamination incidents (e.g., ability to isolate the system, or boost chlorine residuals). PipelineNet can be used for determining optimal placement of extraction and monitoring instruments, to help develop monitoring regimes for routine screening of distribution system water quality, and/or to predict/track the fate and transport of contaminants in a system in order to effectively respond to a purposeful contamination incident. Geographic Information System (GIS) software is capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information or data identified according to their locations. For the drinking water industry, GIS allows large amounts of distribution system data to be compiled and users to query that data to identify areas in a distribution system meeting specified criteria. It is equivalent to plotting various data on individual see-through maps and laying those maps on top of each other so all data can be viewed together (EPA 2001). A methodology that operates within the PipelineNet system has been developed for determining the location of monitoring points. The system contains a hierarchy of many layers. Each layer represents hydraulic or other feature related to the water distribution system. The bottom layer in the hierarchy contains the complete water distribution model. Each subsequent layer eliminates some nodes, which are not available for monitoring, based on pre-defined criteria. The top most layer contains the nodes, which are available for monitoring. These nodes can also be selected by any combination of layers, depending on the monitoring requirements. The following figure conceptualizes the PipelineNet application for determining the location of monitoring sites. 61 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Figure 1. Concept and interface for determining the location of monitoring points. Figure 1 shows the conceptualization of a method for location of monitoring points. The left hand side of figure 1 shows the hierarchy of criteria used to select monitoring locations and the right hand side of the figure shows the PipelineNet interface (Spatial Database Display Tool) developed to interpret this concept. The layers in the hierarchy are divided into three categories. • • • Category 1 shows layers from the output of an extended period simulation (EPS), e.g. pressure, flow, demand, and water quality. These can further be selected based on a particular period of time or a range of value. Category 2 shows layers from the input parameters of the model, e.g. point of intrusion (sources of contamination), demand, and water quality. Category 3 has layers from ancillary data, e.g. GIS and water distribution infrastructure data. EPA 2001. Stage 2 disinfectants and disinfections byproducts rule: Initial distribution system evaluation (IDSE) guidance manual, 2001. 62 Appendix G: Basic ArcView Features and Tools Since PipelineNet is built on the ArcView platform, there are certain basic features and functions of ArcView that are helpful to know in order to use PipelineNet most effectively. This section provides an overview of these features and gives examples of their use. The basic ArcView features described in this section are: • Displaying and Selecting Themes • Viewing Underlying Information • Zooming In and Out • Panning • Measuring Distances on the Map • Creating Text • Creating Points, Lines, and Shapes • Printing PipelineNet Maps G.1 Displaying And Selecting Themes In ArcView, information is organized into themes. Each theme contains spatial and descriptive data for a particular set of related features. PipelineNet themes are visible in the Table of Contents in the left-hand window that appears next to the PipelineNet map window. If you look at the View1, you'll see a screen similar to this: The available themes for the View are shown in the Table of Contents in the left-hand window. - 63 - Displaying a Theme: • The available themes can be displayed in any combination. Click on the checkbox next to a theme to display it. The icons representing this theme will appear on the map. If the checkbox is already checked (i.e., the theme is already active), clicking on the checkbox will remove the theme from the map. Selecting or Activating a Theme: • When using ArcView and PipelineNet, it is often necessary to select a theme in order to use a tool or view the information for that theme. Selecting the theme is also referred to as activating the theme. Themes can be selected either individually or in any combination. • To select an individual theme, click on the theme's title in the Table of Contents. The theme title should be highlighted by a 3D box around the title. • To select multiple themes, follow the same procedure, but hold down the SHIFT key while clicking on each theme. G.2 Viewing Underlying Information There is a great deal of data behind the maps that are displayed in PipelineNet. Each point is identified at least by a name and location. Many themes contain additional descriptive information, such as demand values, population, or street name. It is easy to view this descriptive information. For example, to view the descriptive information for any theme on the map: • In the Table of Contents, select the theme of interest by clicking on the theme title. You'll notice that a 3D button frame now surrounds the theme. • Click its "check-box" to make for example the wells visible in the map display. • • tool located in the toolbar area. Click on the Click once on any single well in the view. You will see a window appear with a table of descriptive information about that particular well (e.g. the well name and street it is located on). By selecting a point's corresponding theme, you can view information about any point on the map. Viewing information for an entire theme is just as easy in PipelineNet. For example, to view the information for every field for that theme in the View: • Select the theme in the Table of Contents. • • • button located in the toolbar area. Click on the A table of all fields in this theme will appear. If you want to highlight the location of a particular field or set of fields, click on the button and then click on the row in the table. You'll notice that the line turns bright yellow. If you look at the View map, you'll also notice that the well you selected is highlighted in the same color of yellow. To highlight more than one well, hold down the Shift key while clicking on each item in the table. To remove the selections or un-highlight points, click on the button in the toolbar. • - 64 - G.3 Zooming In And Out There are several options for zooming in or out. At any point when viewing a PipelineNet map, you can zoom in or out on the map. You can also zoom to the extent of all themes or to the extent of any selected themes. Zooming In: • You can zoom in either on a point specified by the user or on the center of the display. To zoom in on a point specified by the user, click on the button in the toolbar. Then move the mouse onto the map display and click anywhere to zoom in on that point. To zoom in on the center of the display, simply click on the button. Zooming Out: • You can also zoom out either from a point specified by the user or on the center of the display. To zoom out from a point specified by the user, click on the button in the toolbar. Then move the mouse onto the map display and click anywhere to zoom out from that point. To zoom out from the center of the display, simply click on the button. • Zooming to Extent: • You can zoom in or out to the extent of any selected themes or all themes. To zoom to the extent of any selected themes, first make sure that the themes you are interested in zooming in or out on are selected (for more information on selecting themes). Then click on the button in the toolbar. PipelineNet will zoom in or out based on the selected themes. • To zoom to the extent of all themes, click on the display the map accordingly. Panning button in the toolbar. PipelineNet will G.4 When looking at a map that is zoomed in to a particular area, it is often useful to view areas outside the viewing area without zooming out. This is accomplished in PipelineNet with the Panning tool: • • • tool in the toolbar area. In any map view, click on the Move the mouse to a point on the map. Click the mouse to lock the point to pan from, and while holding down the mouse button, drag the mouse in any direction to "pull" the map in the direction opposite of the area you wish to view. For example, if you want to view the area below the area you are currently viewing, click on the tool and drag the icon upward. Release the mouse button to display the new map. • - 65 - G.5 Measuring Distances On The Map It is easy to measure distances between two or more points in PipelineNet. To measure the distance between two or more points: • • • Click on the tool. Move the mouse to the first point you want to measure from. Click on the first point and move the mouse to the second point. A line should appear as you move the mouse cursor. At the bottom of the screen, PipelineNet will display the segment length and the total distance, in kilometers (for example). When measuring between only two points, these two values are equal. If measuring only between two points, double click on the second point to lock in the distance. If measuring the distance between more than two points (for example, the length of a curve), click once on the second point and move the mouse cursor to the third point. Click on the third point and repeat for any number of points you want to measure. When finished, double click on the last point to lock in the total distance. The Segment Length will display the distance between the last two points selected, and the total distance will display the total length between the first and last points. Creating Text • • • G.6 It is sometimes useful to add text to a map that you have created. To create text on a map: • • • • • button in the toolbar. Click on the Move the mouse cursor to the point where you want to insert the text, and click. Enter the text you want to insert, the horizontal alignment, vertical spacing, and rotation. Click the OK button. The text will be inserted at the point where the mouse cursor was clicked. To edit the text, click on the text, and the editing screen will appear. button. When you click on the text, four To resize, move, or delete the text, click on the squares will appear at the corners of the text box. Click and drag the corners to the size you want. To move the text, put the cursor in the center of the box, then click and drag the box to the desired location. To delete the text, click once on the text box, and then type the DELETE button on the keyboard. Creating Points, Lines, and Shapes G.7 You can draw points, lines, and shapes on PipelineNet maps. To draw these figures: • • button on the toolbar. A column showing Click and hold down the mouse button on the buttons for each of the available shapes will appear. Click on the shape you want to add to the map. To draw a point, click on the point icon, then move the mouse cursor to the map location where you want to add the point. Click at that location. - 66 - • • • • • • To draw a line, click on the line icon, then move the mouse cursor to the map location where you want to start the line. Click and hold down the mouse button, and drag the line to the location and distance you want. To draw a line with multiple segments, click on the jagged line icon, then move the mouse cursor to the point where you want to start the line. Click the mouse once and release. Move the mouse to the end of the first segment, then click once again. Move the mouse to the end of the second segment, then click the mouse again. Continue until you have finished drawing. Double-click the mouse to stop the line. To draw a rectangle, click on the rectangle icon. Move the mouse cursor to the location of one of the corners. Click and hold the mouse button to anchor the corner, then drag the rectangle to the desired size. To draw a circle, click on the circle icon and follow the same procedures used with the rectangle. To draw a polygon, use the same procedures used for the line with multiple segments. To move, resize, or delete points, lines, or shapes, use the same procedures used for moving, button. Click on the shape of interest, then click resizing, or deleting text. Click on the and drag the corners to resize, click and drag the center of the image to move, or type the DELETE button on the keyboard to delete the shape. G.8 Printing Maps Or Tables It is easy to print maps and tables. To print a map or table, make sure the map or table you want to print is visible on the screen, then: • Click on the "File" menu item. • Click on "Print Setup" and make sure that the printer, paper size, and orientation are set up properly. Click OK. • Click on "Print" in the "File" menu. Select the window you want to print from the "Print:" pulldown list. If you are printing a map, select "View1 Display". If you are printing a map's table of contents, select the "Table of Contents Display". If you are printing a table, select the name of the table. • Click on the OK button to print the map or table - 67 -