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FLOOD MITIGATION
IN INDONESIA
International Training Program for Typhoon and Flood Disaster Reduction
May 8 ~ 12, 2006
PRESENTED BY
B. W. Widjaja
NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION DIVISION
NATIONAL COORDINATING BOARD FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT INDONESIA
BAKORNAS PBP
1
CONTENT
A. Disaster Profile
B. Type of Flood in Indonesia
C. Main factors inducing flood
D. Flood Mitigation Efforts
E. Impediments
F. Conclusion
2
DISASTER PROFILE
TECTONIC CONFIGURATION
Indonesian earth segment, the
coastal and marine waters and
the atmospheric conditions are
quite dynamic and potentially
Philippines Plate prone to practically all sorts of
known natural hazards in the
Eurasian Plate forms of:
Pasific Ocean Plate • Geological Hazards:
INDONESIA earthquakes, Tsunami and
volcanic eruption,
• Hydrometeorological Hazards:
floods and landslides, Storm
Indian-Australian Plate surges droughts and forest fires
3
DISASTER IN INDONESIA
• Disaster due to Hydrometeorological hazards
was the most often event in Indonesia. It
also effected the most number of people
• For single event of disaster, geological hazard
induce most devastating disaster impact such
as Tsunami in Aceh and Nias, December 2004,
Earthquake in Nias, March 2005
4
VOLCANOES DISTRIBUTION MAP IN INDONESIA
DEPARTEMEN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 500 Volcanoes
DIREKTORAT JENDERAL GEOLOGI DAN SUMBERDAYA MINERAL
128 Active Volcanoes 5
TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP
6
Landslide susceptibility Map
7
Flood Susceptibility Map
Sorce : Dept of Public Work
8
VOLCANO HAZARDS MAP (Mt.GUNTUR, WEST JAVA
DEPARTEMEN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL
DIREKTORAT JENDERAL GEOLOGI DAN SUMBERDAYA MINERAL
9
Summary of Natural Disasters in Indonesia
(2002 - 2005)
No Type of Disaster Event Death IDP's Houses
1 Landslide 228 553 30,275 3,733
2 Flood 488 773 1,339,664 83,541
3 Fire 285 79 40,285 11,139
4 Epidemic 103 923 31,997 -
5 Storm 159 22 7,722 10,932
6 Earthquake 66 1,058 116,681 75,784
7 Tidal/surge 15 0 1,030 92
8 Volcanic Eruption 24 2 79,359 6
9 Terror 6 38 149 -
10 Accident 7 327 - -
11 Flood and Landslides 47 139 74,123 10,841
12 Earthquake and Tsunami 1 128,858 522,462 179,321
TOTAL 1,429 132,772 2,243,747 375,389
10
DISASTER OCCURANCE IN INDONESIA
2002-2005
Terror Flood and Landslides
Volcanic Eruption 0.4% 3.3% Earthquake and
1.7% Accident Tsunami
Tidal w ave/surge 0.5% 0.1%
1.0%
Landslide
Earthquake
16.0%
4.6%
Storm
11.1%
Epidemic
7.2% Flood
34.1%
Fire
19.9%
11
TYPE OF FLOOD IN INDONESIA
1. Inundation
• Water overflow from river or drainage and soak a
lower ground on the river flood plain. It takes some
time to drain.
2. Flash Flood
• a sudden, violent burst of water that surges down
narrow mountain valleys. It will be dry immediately
3. Mudflow/Debrisflow/Lahar
• High viscousity of water consist of debris of soils or
rocks material flow downstream. In volcanic active
area It is called lahar flow.
12
Inundation
Water overflow from river or
drainage and soak a lower
ground of the river flood plain. It
takes some time to drain
Ciliwung river was overflowing into
the dense settlement along the
riverbank, Jakarta Flood, 2002.
13
Flash Flood
a sudden, violent burst of water
that surges down narrow
mountain valleys.
The impact of Bohorok flash flood 2003, North Sumatera 14
Mudflow/Debrisflow/Lahar
High viscousity of water consist of debris of
soils or rocks material flow downstream.
In volcanic active area, It is called lahar flow.
The impact of mudflow in west Java, 2003
15
FLOOD IN INDONESIA
• Recent Major Floods and Landslide
– Jakarta 1996 & 2002, Inundation/seasonal
Flood
– Pacet, Malang (East Java Province) 2003,
Flash flood
– Bukit Lawang (North Sumatera) 2003, flash
flood
– Bojonegoro (East Java) 2003, flash flood
– Jember 2006 (East Java), flash flood
– Menado 2006(North Sulawesi), Flash flood
– Trenggalek 2006 (East Java), Flash Flood 16
MAIN FACTORS INDUCING FLOOD
• Natural :
– Climate change/Anomaly/Extreme Weather =>
Tropical Cyclone can cause high rainfall intensity,in
short duration of time (see the next slide).
– Topography : River basin, flood plain, many
places/cities in costal area lower than the mean sea
level (eg. Jakarta, 40% area under MSL, due to
geological processes and excessive ground water
discharging)
– Sea level rise : water flow barrier at river’s estuary.
Combination between low level coastal plain and
sea level rise can generate flood. In Semarang,
Capital city of Central Java faces flood problem due
to high tide even there is no rain.
17
MAIN FACTORS INDUCING FLOOD
INDONESIA
Philippines
INDONESIA TROPICAL
CYCLONE
TROPICAL
CYCLONE
Australia
GMS DATA 4 FEBRUARY 2002 GMS DATA 25 AUGUST 2002
Extreme Weather due to tropical cyclones can cause floods and Landslides.
Fortunately, the center of the cyclone never pass through Indonesia Region but the
impact is still devastating due to heavy rain fall they bring.
18
MAIN FACTORS INDUCING FLOOD
• Human
– Urbanization : complicated problem for big city ( eg. Population of Jakarta
expanded explosively from 0.8 mill just before world war II to 1.2 mill in
1948, 5 mill in 1973, 6.4 mill in 1980 and 10 mill in 2000, 12 mill Now)
– Improper Land or spatial management : Land use plan change due to
economical reason with less consideration about environmental conservation.
It has generated uncontrolled urban development.
– River bank occupation, reducing flood carrying capacity of the river.
– Solid waste disposal into river channel. ( in Jakarta more than 1400 m3
solid waste throws into river and drainage every day, 350 m3 enable to be
cleaned up, 650 m3 flow to the sea, 400 m3 remain left in the channels.
– Inadequate early warning system: It changes the flood hazard to
disaster, only big river Ciliwung (Jakarta) and Brantas (Surabaya) have
Flood Early Warning
– Inadequate drainage system : low flood carrying capacity, urban flood
– Deforestation/Environmental degradation : increasing the run off
water, rivers are over capasity => flooding
19
JABODETABEK+
Legend:
Source : Landsat image 30-07-1992 Source: Landsat image 17-09-2001
Land Use changed of JABODETABEK+ (1992-2001)
20
Uncontrolled urban development in Bogor area located
just upstream of Jakarta
BOGOR BOGOR
30-07-1992 U 17-09-2001
21
Environmental Degradation in the upstream Brantas River
22
at Southern slope of Mt Arjuno, East Java
Sedimentation in Wlingi Reservoir, 25 September 2002 23
FLOOD MITIGATION EFFORTS
1. Structural mitigation
• Dam, Sabo, Floodway (interception, diversion), Pumping
station, water retention, Canal, tidal barrier, National
movement for environmental improvement by land
rehabilitation and reforestation.
24
FLOOD MITIGATION EFFORTS
2. Non Structural Mitigation
• Hazard mapping done by Department of Public
Work, Local Government, University
• stipulating Water resources Management Bill
• spatial management regulation
• Community preparedness training program
25
FLOOD MITIGATION EFFORTS
3. Preparedness
– Establishment of coordination or command post
– Weather and climate monitoring by Meteorological and
Geophysical Agency => Early warning
– conducting simulation excersice for emergency response
– Maintaining and checking the performance of flood control
fasilities and equipment
Rainfall Intensity Forecasting
26
Lampiran - 5
LOKASI STASIUN
LAUT JA WA U TELEMETRI
Cisa da n e
d -1 Ge n te ng
i an
dur
Ci
K. Tah ang
d -2 Ba tu B ela h
c ri
Ciman eu
d -3 Ser po n g
ab
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-Hatta
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Pro ye k Pen g en da lia n Ba n jir
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 km Da n Pe ng am an an Pan ta i 27
G n Pa n gr an g o
.
Ciliwu n g - C is ad an e
0
Pr og ra m 205 . 3.200 2
Landslide and Flood -160000 0
104° 105°
-140000 0
106° 107°
-120000 0
108° 109°
-100000 0
110° 111°
-800000
112°
-600000
113° 114°
-400000
115° 116°
-200000
4°
4°
Potential Map
5°
5°
- 600000
- 600000
BMG Dir. Of Vulcanology & Geological Disaster Mitigation
6°
6°
Dep. Of Energy & Mineral Resources,
- 800000
7°
- 800000
7°
Dep. Of Public Works
8°
8°
-1 000000
- 100000 0
9°
9°
10°
10°
-1 200000
- 120000 0
11°
-160000 0 -140000 0 -120000 0 -100000 0 -800000 -600000 -400000 -200000
104° 105° 106° 107° 108° 109° 110° 11° 111° 112° 113° 114° 115° 116°
LEGENDA
BATAS KABUPATEN PETA ANTISIPASI BENCANA LONGSOR
Daerah Perhatian 3b
Daerah Perhatian 3a PADA MUSIM HUJAN 2002-2003 DI PULAU JAWA
Daerah Perhatian 2
Daerah Perhatian1
Non DPM Sumber: Peta Rawan Longsor DGTL, Prediksi Curah Hujan BMG
dan Prediksi Probabilitas Hujan LAPAN
Gridding GIS Landslide susceptibility map
&
Susceptibility
Classification -160000 0
104° 105°
-140000 0
106° 107°
-120000 0
108° 109°
-100000 0
110°
-800000
111° 112°
-600000
113° 114°
-400000
115° 116°
-200000
4°
4°
Rainfall
5°
5°
- 600000
- 600000
6°
Prediction
6°
- 800000
7°
- 800000
7°
8°
8°
-1 000000
- 100000 0
9°
9°
10°
10°
-1 200000
- 120000 0
11°
-160000 0 -140000 0 -120000 0 -100000 0 -800000 -600000 -400000 -200000
104° 105° 106° 107° 108° 109° 110° 11° 111° 112° 113° 114° 115° 116°
LEG ENDA
PETA ANTISIPASI BENCANA BANJIR
Climate Observed Data BATAS KAB UPATEN
Daerah Perhatian 3b
Daerah Perhatian 3a
Daerah Perhatian 2
Daerah Perhatian1
PADA MUSIM HUJAN 2002-2003 DI PULAU JAWA
BMG, NCEP/ NCAR
Non DPM Sumber: Peta Rawan Banjir Dept.Kimpraswil, Curah Hujan BMG
Dpmbmg
dan Prediksi Probabilitas Hujan LAPAN
Flood susceptibility 28
map
IMPEDIMENTS
• Land acquisition for constructing flood control is costly,
structural mitigation efforts delayed due to lack of budget.
• Bad Habit : Throwing solid waste into rivers, It is hard to
change the habit.
• Limited budget : Flood control master plan can not be
executed timely. During the delay period, parameters have
been changed, then master plan should be reviewed or
revised.
• Uncontrolled housing and industrial estate development
• River bank occupation :
– Regulation related to River Right of Way have been stipulated in
national law, but detailed in local government have not yet
issued
– Removing occupant of river banks will cause high financial and
social consequences. Government do not want to take the risk.
– Weak coordination among government agencies
– Resettlement is costly
29
CONCLUSION
• Flood is a seasonal disaster in Indonesia which
cause significantly impact on national development
process.
• The disaster consecutively occur due environmental
degradation and lack of comprehensive disaster
management plan or flood control management
plan
• The existing plan can not be excecuted completely
due to limited budget.
• Eventhough consiousness the need of mitigation to
deal with disaster has been arose, but in fact disaster
management still remain focus on emergency
response and recovery.
30
Thank You
Very Much
For Your Attention
31
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