James Parise Chapter One Study Guide Vocab Suffice: To be enough or adequate for satisfaction. Pundit: A scholar, expert, or authority. Gurus: A teacher and guide in spiritual and philosophical matters. Collegians: A college student or recent college graduate. Lackluster: Lacking brightness, luster, or vitality; dull. Cynical: Bitterly or sneeringly distrustful, contemptuous, or pessimistic. Gullible: Easily deceived or cheated. Skepticism: A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind Humility: The quality or condition of being humble; modest opinion Anecdote: A short account of an interesting or humorous incident. Degenerate: To fall below a normal or desirable level in physical, mental, or moral qualities Laypeople: Normal people. Or standard people. Paranormal: Of or pertaining to the claimed occurrence of an event or perception without scientific explanation Rigorous: Severe; intense; inclement Subliminal: Existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness Inferred: To derive by reasoning; conclude or judge from premises or evidence Inert: Unable to move or act. Potent: Strong or powerful. Or for men: able to perform sexually. Entrepreneurs: A person who organizes and manages any enterprise. Arbitrary: Subject to individual will or judgment without restriction. Fanaticism: Fanatic outlook or behavior especially as exhibited by excessive enthusiasm.
Terms Critical Thinking: Smart thinking that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asses conclusions. Hypothesis: Testable predictions and educated guesses. Operational Definitions: Complete directions and guidelines to replicate a psychologists research or experiment. Replicate: To repeat or imitate exactly the same. Population: The whole group you want to study and describe. Random Sampling: When every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating. Correlation Coefficient: Statistical measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. Illusory Correlations: A perceived nonexistent correlation. Placebo Effect: Experimental results caused by expectations alone. Any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. Standard Deviation: A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. Statistical Significance: Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. Hindsight Bias: Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Scientific Method 1. Theory: explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events. A theory is meant to simplify things. It links facts together and bridges them into deeper principles. A theory offers a useful summary. 2. Hypothesis: Testable predictions that allow us to test and reject or revise the theory. Specifies what results would support the theory and what would disconfirm it. 3. Research and Observations: Describes/predicts behavior, detects correlations, and doing experiments that help to explain the behavior. Theories---->Hypothesis---->Research and Observations 1. Stating the problem 2. Developing a hypothesis 3. Designing a study 4. Collecting and analyzing the data 5. Replicating results 6. Drawing conclusions and reporting results Case Study
Psychologists study one individual in depth to reveal things true of us all. – Can easily lead to false conclusions or assumptions. – Freak cases tend to stand out Correlation Research – Reveals how closely two vary together and how one predicts another. – +1.00 positive, 0.00 no relationship, -1.00 negative – Uses scatter plot graphs to visualize – Tells us nothing about cause and effect but it can help us to see the world more clearly by revealing the actual extent to which two things relate.
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Illusory Correlations refer to when we believe there is a relationship between two things and we notice and recall instances that confirm those beliefs Ex. Weather and arthritis pain We are likely to notice and recognize dramatic or unusual events. Random Events - Given a large enough sample, any outrageous thing is likely to happen
Survey – Used in both descriptive and correlational studies. – Asks people to report their behavior or opinions. – Changes in wording of the question can have huge effects – Population is the whole group you want to study or describe. – Random Sample is where every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating. Naturalistic Observation – Watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment. – Does not explain behavior, it describes it. – Done with humans and animals.
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Experimentation – experiments enable a researcher to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors by manipulating the factors of interest and holding constant other factors. – Independent and dependent variables Parts of an experiment Blind Procedure: When the participant of the procedure is uninformed about what treatment they are receiving. Double Blind Procedure: Neither the participant nor the research assistant collecting the data knows whether the participant's group is receiving the treatment. Experimental Group: The group receiving the treatment. Control Group: The group that receives no treatment. Independent Variable: The experimental factor that is manipulated. (viagra)
Dependent Variable: the behavior or mental process that is being measured. That variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. (performance) --age and hair loss--
--number of letters in your name and your GPA--
--metamucil consumption and age--
--average driving speed and age--
--number of alcoholic drinks consumed and reaction time--
--hours of computer use after 10 p.m. and hours spent asleep--
--shoe size and GPA--
Measures of Central Tendency Mean: the most commonly reported or arithmetic average. The total sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores. Median: The middle score. The 50th percentile if you arrange all the scores in order from the highest to the lowest. Mode: The most frequently occurring score. Jane Goodall: Chimpanzee observer. Paved the way for later studies of animal thinking, language, and emotion. Did naturalistic observations.