An Alphabet Book for Esme and Eula. To teach

							  An Alphabet Book for Esme and Eula. To
teach them their letters and the beauty of na-
                     ture.




         Published by Casita Press, Charlottesville, Va.
                         April, 2008
A
    Ants are are a diverse group of more than 12,000 spe-
    cies. They are known for their highly organized colo-
    nies and nests, which sometimes consist of millions of
    individuals. Ant colonies are sometimes described as
    superorganisms because the colony appears to operate as
    a unified entity. Ants have colonized almost every land-
    mass on Earth. When all their individual contributions
    are added up, they may constitute up to 15 to 25% of the
    total terrestrial animal biomass.
B
    Beetles—There are more than 800,000 species of insects
    on earth, more than all the other plants and animals com-
    bined. Nearly half are beetles. Beetles range in size from
    less than a millimeter to tropical giants over six inches
    long. They often feed on plants and fungi, break down
    animal and plant debris, and eat other insects. Certain spe-
    cies are agricultural pests, such as the Mexican Bean Beetle
    shown here, many others help control agricultural pests.
C
    Caterpillars are the larval form of butterflies and
    moths. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of
    them are considered pests in agriculture.
    Caterpillars have good vision. They have a series of
    six tiny eyelets on each side of their head. They move
    their heads from side to side probably as a means of
    judging distance of objects, particularly plants. They
    rely on their short antennae to help them locate food.
D
    Dragonflies are insects characterized by large multifac-
    eted eyes, two pairs of strong, transparent wings, and
    an elongated body. Dragonflies eat mosquitoes, midges,
    and other small insects. They are therefore valued as
    predators, since they help control populations of harm-
    ful insects. Dragonflies are usually found around lakes,
    ponds, streams and wetlands because their larvae,
    known as “nymphs”, are aquatic. Dragonflies do not
    normally bite or sting humans.
E
Earthworms are decomposers feeding on undecayed leaf and
other plant matter.There are over 2,700 different kinds of
earthworms. Earthworms have five hearts. They are important
animals that aerate and enrich the soil with their waste prod-
ucts and burrowing action. Good soil can have as many as as
1,000,000 (a million) worms per acre. Earthworms range in
size from a few inches long to over 22 feet long.
                                                     F
Fire fly—There are about 2,000 firefly species. These insects are a familiar
sight on summer evenings. Fireflies have dedicated light organs that are lo-
cated under their abdomens. The insect’s special cells, combine oxygen with
a substance called luciferin to produce light with almost no heat. Firefly
light is usually intermittent, and flashes in patterns that are unique to each
species. Each blinking pattern is an optical signal that helps fireflies find
potential mates.
G
    Grasshopper—There are 18,000 kinds of grasshop-
    pers in the world. Some grasshoppers rub their
    wings together to create music. A Grasshopper can
    leap 20 times the length of its own body. Grasshop-
    pers can be found almost everywhere in the world.
    Grasshoppers can mass in huge numbers (locust). A
    swarm can destroy entire fields of crops.
                                                    H
 Honey bee—One of the most familiar insects in the world. This beneficial
insect plays a key role in the human and natural world. Bees polinate al-
most all of the fruit and nut trees. While many species of insects consume
nectar, honeybees refine and concentrate nectar to make honey. Honeybees
are social insects. In the wild, they create elaborate nests called hives con-
taining up to 20,000 individuals. There is only one queen in a hive and her
main purpose in life is to make more bees.
                                                    I
Io moth— The Io moth has black eyespots on its wings. The
eyespots are thought to protect the moth by frightening pred-
ators. Adult moths are strictly nocturnal, flying generally only
during the first few hours of the night.
                                                       J
Japanese Beetle—This imported pest was first detected in New Jer-
sey in 1916, having been introduced from Japan.The adults are skel-
etonizers, that is, they eat the leaf tissue between the leaf veins but
leave the veins behind. Attacked leaves look like lace and soon wither
and die.
K
Katydids get their name from the way their songs sound. Some katydids
have been called long-horned grasshoppers, however, katydids are relat-
ed to crickets not grasshoppers. One thing that makes them different is
their antennae which may be two or three times the length of their body.
These antennae are covered with sensory receptors that allow katydids
to find their way around in the dark.
                                                     L
Ladybird Beetle or Ladybug, is the common name for any of about
6,000 species of brightly colored beetles found throughout the world.
The ladybird beetle is less than a half inch in length. It has a round
body, a small head, and short legs. All the ladybird beetles feed on in-
sects harmful to plants, such as aphids and scale insects. Adults of the
two-spotted ladybug beetle often hibernate in houses during winter.
                              M
Mosquitoes are insects that have been around for more
than 30 million years. “Mosquito” is a Spanish word
meaning “little fly”. There are over 2500 different spe-
cies of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes can be a serious prob-
lem, they interfere with work and spoil hours of leisure
time. Some mosquitoes are capable of transmitting
diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, filaria-
sis and encephalitis.
            N
Nematodes are the most numerous multicellular animals on
earth. A handful of soil will contain thousands of the microscopic
worms, many of them parasites of insects, plants or animals.
Free-living species are abundant, including nematodes that feed
on bacteria, fungi, and other nematodes, yet the vast majority of
species encountered are poorly understood biologically. There are
nearly 20,000 described species classified in the phylum Nemata .
O   The Oriental cockroach is also known as the “water
    bug”. These insects feed on garbage and decaying
    organic matter . They are found in damp basements,
    cellars, crawl spaces, near drains, leaky water pipes
    and beneath refrigerators, sinks and washing machines.
    They forage mostly on first floors of buildings. Out-
    doors, they are found beneath decomposing leaves or
    stones in mulching materials.
                                                 P
Praying mantis—The name “mantis” comes from the Greek word
for ‘prophet’ or ‘soothsayer.’ These beneficial insects devour many
insect pests and are considered a gardener’s friend. Their colors
vary, ranging from light greens to pinks and their size varies from
one to eight inches.
                                            Q
Queen butterfly—The Queen is a large chocolate brown but-
terfly. The wings are edged with black with a few white spots. It
is a close relative of the Monarch Butterfly which it closely re-
sembles, The adult butterfly visits a wide variety of flowers to sip
nectar. Queens frequent Milkweed family flowers and the abun-
dant flowers on shrubby members of the sunflower family,
R
Recluse spider— These spiders are also commonly referred to as “fiddle-
back” spiders or “violin” spiders because of the violin-shaped marking on
the top surface of its body. Adult brown recluse spiders have a leg span
about the size of a quarter. This is a shy animal which is how it earned its
name. Both sexes are venomous.The brown recluse spider is not aggres-
sive, and it normally bites only when crushed, handled or disturbed.
S
Stink bugs have glands between the first and second pair of
legs which produce a foul smelling liquid. They typically have a
shield shape and are almost as wide as they are long. Stink bugs
feeds on a wide variety of host plants including apples, peaches,
figs, and mulberries. These insects do not harm humans and do
not reproduce inside houses.
T   Tarantula is the common name for a group of “hairy” and
    often very large spiders of which approximately 900 spe-
    cies have been identified. Tarantulas hunt prey in both
    trees and on the ground. The biggest tarantulas can kill
    animals as large as lizards, mice, or birds. Most tarantulas
    are harmless to humans, and some species are popular in
    the exotic pet trade while others are eaten as food. These
    spiders are found in tropical and desert regions around the
    world.
               U
The Umber Skipper inhabits shady washes and moist
canyons in California. Most skippers are small to medi-
um, usually orange, brown, black, white, or gray. A few
have iridescent colors. Skippers have large eyes, short
antennae, stout bodies, and three pairs of walking legs.
Adult skippers feed on floral nectar.
                                                      V
Velvet ants are actually wasps. They get their name from
the hairs that cover their body. Velvet ants look like min-
iature walking cotton balls.They are active during the
day but burrow under debris when it gets too hot. Nectar
is their preferred food. If you see a walking velvet ant,
you can be assured that it is a female.
W
The wooly bear caterpillar, which turns into the tiger moth, is the
source of a common superstition. Some people believe that the coat
of a wooly bear caterpillar can be used to predict how bad the com-
ing winter will be. They believe that if a wooly bear caterpillar’s
brown stripe is thick, the winter weather will be mild and if the
brown stripes are narrow, the winter will be severe.
X
The Xerces Blue butterfly is extinct, it was last seen in
1941. The little blue butterfly lived in coastal sand dunes of
around San Francisco. The Xerces butterfly is believed to
be the first American butterfly species to become extinct as
a result of urban development. Its name is derived from a
fifth century B.C. Persian king.
                       Y
Yellow jacket is the common name for a number of predatory
wasps. Most of these are black-and-yellow; they can be identi-
fied by their distinctive markings and small size. They live in col-
onies and prey mainly on other insects. All yellow jacket wasps
are capable of stinging.
Z
    The Zebra Butterfly is
    mostly black with yellow
    stripes and spots. Adults
    sip nectar and pollen from
    lantana and shepherd’s
    needle flowers. The Zebra
    butterfly makes a creaking
    sound when it is alarmed.
    It can be found in the
    southern United States
    from Texas to Florida.