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In 1990, fisheries production in
INTRODUCTION TO PAYAO Okiiawa recorded a total of
46,0000 t with a value of 26.6
DEVELOPMENT AND billion yen. There has been
considerable development in
MANAGEMENT IN OKINAWA, the following areas in recent
years:
JAPAN
1. Kuruma prawn (Penaeus
japonicus) and seaweed of
After the success of the fish the family Spennatochna-
aggregation device (FAD) ex- ceae (Nemaa/stus decipiens)
periment in Hawaii in 1979, in the coastal waters;
FADSwere rapidly introduced
to Padfic Island countries, and 2. Payao development in off-
their development has been shore waters;
recognised as one of the most Okinawa
important areas in fisheries de- 3. Tuna fisheries (by longline
velopment in the region. Okinawa is located in the fishing vessels under 20
southernmost part of Japan tons) in Micronesian waters.
SPC's Coastal Fisheries Pro- (between 24ON and T N )and
grammehas provided technical the sub-tropical zone (Figure 1). It is generally known that
support to FAD development It consists of about 60 islands Okinawan fishermen werevery
programmes. (Rviikyu Islands) scattered over active in fishing for skipjack,
400 km from north to south and trochus shell and other re-
T i article outlines the devel-
hs 1,000 km from east to west, sourcesin the South Pacific be-
opment and management of which divide the Pacific Ocean fore World War n.
payao FADS (the name payao and the East China Sea.
originally came from the Phil- Okinawa has a population of
ippines) in Okiiawa, Japan, about 1.2 million.
and hopefully will be useful in
their futuredevelopment in the
Pacific Islands.
Due to the limited number of
references available in this
study, fisheries-related institu-
tions and agencies in Okinawa
should be contacted for further
technical details.
The author acknowledges the
kind assistance of Mr Kunji
Maeda, Okinawa Prefectural
Fisheries Experimental Station,
Mr Shiiichiro Kakuma, Fish-
eries Administration Division
of the Okinawa Prefectural
Government, and staff of the
Itoman Fisheries Cooperative
Association, the Motobu Fish-
eries Cooperative Association
and the Yaeyama Fisheries Co-
operative Association.
Figure 1 Map of Japan
:
SPC Fisheries Newsletter Ç6 -April/June '93
O
INTRODUCTIONT PAYAO DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN OKINAWA, JAPAN
Progress of payao develop- However, thepayao wasintro- fishing results at these payaos
ment duced by the Okinawa Prefec- encouraged other fisheries co-
tural Fisheries Experimental operative associations in
In Japan, there is a traditional StationinDecember1980, when Okinawa to develop payao
fishingmethodcalled'Dorado's twelve payaos were deployed fisheries rapidly, and by Janu-
bamboo shelter', which is simi- by two fisheries co-operative ary 1991134payaoswereactive
lar to the payao. associations. The successful in Okinawan waters (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Payao locations (*h Yonakuni Island - Myako Island (above);Kume Island -
;
Okinawa Island (below); maps redrawn from figures died in Oshima, 1987.
SPC Fisheries Newsletter Ç6 -April/June73
INTRODUCTION TO PAYAO DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN OKINAWA, JAPAN
It should be noted that most of Each fisheries co-operative de- The collection of 10 per cent
these payaos are operated and ploys and maintains its own of each fisherman's landing
managed by fisheries co-op- payaos and develops its own charges for maintenance and
eratives (a total of 34 such as- operation and management management of payaos;
sociations exist in Okinawa). regulations with regard to
The Okinawa Prefectural Fih- safety, effectiveuseand smooth Development of fishing gear
eries Experimental Station also management. Activities in- and methods, e.g. trolling
deployed five of its own payaos dude: gear must be used around a
for the purpose of a payao payao in a clockwise direc-
fisheries development study Model develovment, site se- tion; and
between 1982 and 1986. lection and manufacturing
workplan; Technical and information
exchanges between associa-
-
Development and manage- tions.
ment
The main aspects of payao
fishing in Okinawa are:
Boat tonnages aremainly less
than five tons;
Payaos are located within
two hours of fishing ports,
usually 19-20 miles offshore
along the 1,000 m isobath on
the Pacific Ocean side (see
Figure 2);
Aset of payao costs between
1,000,000 and 1,500,000 yen.
Payao models
During the payao introduction
period, ready-made payao
models manufactured by well-
known fishing gear companies
in Japan were used. Since then,
the models have been updated;
aside from those manufactured,
various other models are inuse
such as those modified by users,
and self-made models. Sche-
matic figures of some of these
are shown in Figure 3.
Management
Payao deployment projects are
subsidised by the Okinawan
Government and municipal
offices, and have been imple-
mentedunder theauthorisation
of the Okinawa Marine Zone
Fisheries Regulation Commit-
tee since November 1985. Figure 3: Schematic figures of self-made or modified payaos used
in Okinawa
SPC Fisheries Newsletter #65 -April/June '93
OKINAWA, JAPAN
INTRODUCTION TO PAYAO DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT~IN
In addition, each fisherman is drift tuna handlining) used for tom longlhie fishing which is
required to report his monthly payao fisheries:are shown in hs
more productive. T i is be-
catch record to the association Figure 4.. ' , ,
cause the demand 'forpelagic
to which he belongs. fish in Okinawa aid on 'the
Over 750 tons of fish were mainisland of Japan is limited,
Fishing methods and catch landed from payao fishingin and because it appears that
Okinawain 1986,ind 1,250to& catches from. payaos are af-
Because payao fisheries devd- in 1989 (see Table 1). In one fected b y changes iM oceanic
oped rapidly throughout typical case, fish landingsquad- conditions such as EtNind and
Okinawa after their htroduc- rupled after payaos were de- Kuroshio (the Japanesewarm
tion, the improvement of fish- ployed;The loss of a number of current).
ing techniques became a major payaos was more:than com-
concern among fishermen. pensated for by the profit from Research
Growing interest in preserving the catch.
the freshness of fish led to in- Much research work on uavao
creased co-operation between d
In the past few years, produc- fisheries has beencarried b by
fishing businesses. The main tion from payao fishing did not the Okinawa Prefectural Fish-
fishing methods (jumbo tuna increase because a number of eries Experimental Stationsince
trolling, marlin trolling and fishermen preferred to use bot- 1982 (see Table 2).
, . ,
~
,
. ,
The average life ofa payao is
estimated to be between one
and two years,' while some
payaoslast mohthan two years
because of improved mooring
techniques, ' ahd thorough
maintenanceand management
Jumbo tuna trolling Thereareseveraltheories on the
factors influencing fish aggre-
gation 'kuch,&feeding behav-
iour, protection from predators,
aggregating 'behaviour in
shade, sound attraction, etc.
One report states that payads
function only a s shelters for
slapjack and young yellowfin
N Marlin trolling
tuna.The main baitfkh are not
observed around payaos, and
the stomachs of skipjack and
young tuna caught around
payaos were virtually empty.
Information on fishing and
oceanic conditions is provided
to fisheries-related offices in
Okinawa as 'payao informa-
tion'. All survey reports have
been published in the annual
reports of the Okinawa Prefec-
tural Fisheries Experimental
Station.
Figure 4 Payao fishing methods
SPC Fisheries Newsletter #65 -April/June93
INTRODUCTION TO PAYAO DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN OKINAWA, JAPAN
Table 1: Catches frompayaos References
1 Species 1 1985 I 1% I 1987 I 1988 IAverace I Fisheries Improvement and
Small tuna Extension Office, Depart-
(SlOkg: mainly yellowfin tuna) ment of Agriculture, For-
Yellowfin tuna (£l& estry and Fisheries,
Dolphinlish
Skipjack
Okinawa Prefectural Gov-
Blue marlin
eminent. 1990. Annual re-
Spanish mackerel
port of Fisheries Irnprove-
Others
ment and Extension Office
Total in 1989 fiscal year [in Japa-
nese]. 132pp.
Table 2; Research conducted by the Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries Hagiwara, Katustoshi,
Experimental Station since 1982
Kazimari Kugai & Hirofumi
Purpose Research area Survey Item Kubo. 1989. Payao survey -
-Efficiency of fishing operations -Payaoconditions -Confinnatiooof payao locations the pale, soft, exudative
-Establishment of deployment -Movementof fish school 'Survey on fish school (PSE) defect of yellowfin
technology -Period of slay around pay- -Fishing survey tuna [in Japanese]. 1987
-Dam collection -Fish aggregation conditions -Tagging survey
-Fish landing at each place .Biological survey
Annual Report of Okinawa
.Cornposilion of fish species 'Survey on oceanic conditions Prefectural Fisheries Ex-
.Fishing grounds -Survey on fishing conditions perimental Station: 28-30.
-Experiment on fish preservation
-Experiment on live bait
Itoman Fisheries Cooperative
Association. (undated).
Conclusion The author strongly recom- Regulations of the Payao
mends that personsin charge of Fisheries Management
It is important to note in the extension work and the tedmi- Committee [in Japanesel.
above comments that the man- cal development of payao fish- 5 PP.
agement and technical devel- eries in countries in the region,
opment of payaos are carried visit Okinawa. Kawadd, Kazuo. 1984.Effects
out by the Fisheries Coopera- of payao deployment [in
tive Association, the experi- In recent years, there has been Japanese]. 1982 Annual Re-
ments and research on payaos an increasingnumber of official port of Okinawa Prefectural
by the Okinawa Prefectural visits to Japan and training
. Fisheries Experimental Sta-
Fisheries ExperimentalStation, programmes attended by tion: 1-6.
and the administrative guid- Government officials and fish-
ance for the payao fisheries by eries officers from SouthPacific Kinjyuo, Takemitsu. 1990.
the Okinawa Prefectural Gov- countries, including those on Payao fishing ground sur-
ernment. payao fisheries in Okinawa. It vey [in Japanese]. 1988 An-
is hoped that the knowledge nual Report of Okinawa
The fact that the payao users obtained willbe put to effective Prefectural Fisheries Ex-
themselves actively participate use in the development of perimental Station: 33-37.
in the development of payao payao fisheries in the Pacific
fisheries is also important. Islands region. Kinjyuo, Takemitsu & Akihiio
Uechi. (undated). Payao
It is hoped that this article will fishing ground survey [in
initiate the exchange of te~hm- Japanese]. 10 pp.
cal information on payaos be-
tween regional and intema- Maeda, Kunji & Takemitsu
tional organisations and fish- Kinjyo. 1992. Payao fishing
eries departments throughout groundsurvey [inJapanese].
the South Pacific, and the 1990 Annual Report of
Okinawa Prefectural Govem- Okinawa Prefectural Fish-
ment and fisheries-related of- eries Experimental Station:
fices in Okinawa. 35-56.
SPC Fisheries Newsletter #65 -AprilIJune'93
O
INTRODUCTION T PAVAO DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN OKINAWA. JAPAN
Maeda, Kunji & Tshiaki Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries Oshima, Hiroyuki. 1988. Ex-
Watanabe. 1985.Experiment Development Fund and periment on preservation of
on payao deployment [in Okinawa Prefectural Fish- freshness of tuna [in Japa-
Japanese]. 1983Annual Re- eries Experimental Station nese]. 1986Annual Report of
port of Okinawa I'refectural 1986. Fishing gear and Okinawa Prefectural Fish-
Fisheries Experimental Sta- methods in Okinawa Pre- eries Experimental Station:
tion: 50-51. fecture[inJapanese].241 pp. 50-53.
Motonaga, Fumihiko. 1990. Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries Oshima, Hiroyuki.(1988.Payao
Progress of fishing condi- Experimental Station. 1991. survey [in Japanesel. 1986
tions on major speciesin the Payao information [in Japa- Annual Report of Okinawa
payao fisheries in Okinawa, nese]. 8 pp. Prefectural Fisheries Ex-
1985-1988 [inJapanesel.Re- perimental Station 34-49.
sources and 0c6anographic Okinawa Prefectural Govem-
Research in the Southwest ment. 1988. Articles on Tourna, Takeshi, Hirofumi
Sea (6): 27-39. Fisheries Regulation Com- Kubo, Kazunari Kugai &
mittee in the marinezone [in Katuotoshi Hagiwara. 1989.
Nakatate, K. (ed.)1987. Com- Japanesel. Okinawa Prefec- Tagging survey in payao
prehensivestudy on oceanic tural Government Gazette fisheries [in Japanesel. 1987
people in Japan: I. Fishing (1700): 1; 15-23. Annual Report of Okinawa
people of Itoman origin [in Prefectural Fisheries Ex-
Japanesel. University of Oshima, Hiroyuki. 1987.Payao perimental Station: 25-27.
Kyushu Press. 398 pp. survey [in Japanesel. 1985
Annual Report of Okinawa i0>
Prefectural Fisheries Ex-
perimental Station: 15-38.
SPC FisheriesNewsletter #65 -AprilIJune' 3
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