Renewable Energy Applications in Malta: Policies, Current Status and Future Trends Charles Yousif
M.E.E.R.E.A. P.O. Box: 54 Malta International Airport, Luqa, LQA 5000 Tel: 79538123, fax: 21255676 E-mail: info@meerea.org http://www.meerea.org
2nd December 2009 Brussels, Belgium ESTIF Workshop, RES Directive: National Implementation
Malta’s State of the Environment Report and Updates
• First Version in 1998 Malta’s Challenges: air quality, use of natural resources including water, biodiversity, waste management, marine and coastal hazards, land use and transport • Updates in 2002 and 2005 • SOER Indicator Updates in 2006 and 2007 • Today’s Pressures: electricity generation, transport and waste management • www.mepa.org.mt
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Electricity Generation
• 2 power stations with 571 MW • EU Directive 2001/80/EC will force Marsa Power Station to close down by 2015 (possibly 2012) • New 140 MW combined-cycle at Delimara by 2011 • 200 MW link to European Network by 2012 • Use of Natural Gas instead of oil by 2015
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Electricity Generation
300 250 GWh 200 150 100 2009 2008 2007 2002 1997 1992
M ay
M ar
Ja n
Ju l
Se p
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N
ov
Summer Versus Winter
250 Electricity Production (GWh)
200
150
Jul Aug Sep Jan Feb Dec
100
19 96 19 92 19 94 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 06 20 08 20 04
Year
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The Crux problem is Summer!
250 Summer Autumn 150 Winter Spring
GWh/month
200
100
19 92
19 94
19 96
19 98
20 00
20 02
20 04
20 06
Year
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20 08
Transport
• End of 2008, 7 cars for every 10 citizens • Almost 50% of newly registered cars are secondhand • Newly registered electric cars dropped from 11 to only 4 in 2008, in spite of Govt. incentive. • Measures taken: Eliminated leaded petrol in 2003, Supply bio-diesel since 2006 (reached 1% by 2007), using low sulphur diesel EN590, new car taxation based on size, CO emissions etc.. • Subsidy on electric cars (2006) and bicycles 2009)
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Waste Management 1/3
• 1. Setting up of the Company, Wasteserv Malta Ltd. in 2002, to oversee all activities in the field of waste management. • 2. The closure of the Maghtab (Malta) landfill in 2004 and the initialization of a rehabilitation project for the site as well as for the older Wied Fulija landfill. Simultaneously the Qortin (Gozo) landfill has also been closed down and is currently used as a transfer station for domestic waste, before it is sent to Malta for treatment. It is also in the process of being rehabilitated. • 3. Building of temporary engineered landfills known as ta’ Zwejra and Ghallis, with the scope of collecting domestic waste and using it to generate biogas and electricity. • 4. Upgrading of San Antnin waste treatment facility to become not only a waste separation centre but also to treat organic waste, generate biogas and use it to generate electricity. When completed, the fully enclosed facility will treat one-third of Malta’s waste. 2 December 2009 ESTIF Workshop, RES Directive:
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Waste Management 2/3
• 5. Proposals to build two new municipal and agricultural waste treatment plants, one in Malta and another in Gozo, as well as an incinerator at Delimara (to treat the remaining 20% of waste that cannot be recycled). The scope is to fully treat waste to generate electricity (33,000 MWH per annum) and avoid any further need for new landfills. • 6. Earmarking old quarries to receive construction and inert waste. • 7. Establishing a number of bring-in sites for waste separation and civic amenities centre for the deposit of bulky refuse. Most of the separated waste is currently being exported to China [26]. Also, house to house service known as ‘Recycle Tuesday’ has been established to collect mixed recyclable waste (paper, plastic and metal) from homes.
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Waste Management 3/3
• 8. Introduction of a scheme to collect used cooking oil from establishments to be converted into bio-diesel. • 9. Introduction of eco-contribution tax on many products and establishment of a packaging waste management scheme, following on the ‘polluter pays’ principle. • 10. Building of a state-of-the-art abattoir facility to incinerate clinical and slaughterhouse waste, as well as refuse from the airport, sea ports and other hazardous waste.
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Other Initiatives 1
• “Draft” National Strategy for Policy and Abatement Measures Relating to the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2009) – to see how to curb CO2 emissions. Malta’s limit is 2.1million tonnes but today we are already at 3.2 million tonnes and we could reach 3.5 million tonnes by 2010.
2nd December 2009 Brussels, Belgium ESTIF Workshop, RES Directive: National Implementation
The Carbon Dioxide Contribution 2008
2.4% 2.5% 12.3% Electricity Generation Transport
20.4% 62.4%
Waste
Industry
Agriculture
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Other Initiatives 2
• A “Draft” Solid Waste Management for the Maltese Islands (2009) dealing with waste recycling, waste minimisation and energy recovery. • 2008/98/EC aims at making Europe a recycling society • mandates that at least 50% of domestic paper, metal, plastic and glass waste is recycled by 2020 • incineration with heat and electricity recovery is now considered as contributing towards the EU Packaging Directive 2004/12/EC • 2004/12/EC requests that at least 55% of packaging should be recycled and at least 60% recovered. • 199/31/EC aims at reducing the dumping of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) in landfills to 35% of the 1995 base year volume, by 2020.
2nd December 2009 Brussels, Belgium ESTIF Workshop, RES Directive: National Implementation
Malta’s Actions
• Green Leaders of the OPM in 2005 for greening public buildings • Energy efficiency awareness campaign ‘Switch’, featuring a number of local television celebrities. • Offering electronic services to the public through e-Government portal. • During 2009 a National Green ICT Action Plan shall be produced to complement the other existing initiatives and plans, which together will fulfil the exigencies of the EU Directive 2006/32/EC. • The waste management strategy emphasizes that the current recycling measures have only succeeded in attracting 28% of the full potential of recyclable material. A number of proposals for all sectors have been made to achieve the required targets as stipulated by the different EU Directives.
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The National Energy Efficiency Plan 2008 – Domestic Incentives
Application Energy Efficient Appliances - Class A Solar Water Heaters Time Frame Implemented 2006-2008 Ongoing, since 2005, upgraded in 2006 and 2009. Downgraded in 2010-2012 Ongoing, since 2006, upgraded in 2009, valid till 2012 2006-2009. Stopped in 2010 2006, upgraded in Stopped in 2010 Once only offer in 2009 2009.
Photovoltaic Electricity Generation Micro-wind Electricity Generation Insulation for roofs Double-glazing Compact fluorescent lights
Started 2009. Stopped in 2010
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Incentives to Industry
European Regional Development Fund- Calls started Operational Programme 1 (ERDF-OP1), aimed 2009, at supporting energy audits, environmental continue consultations and acquisition of environmental 2013 certification, licences and new more efficient machinery. in to till
EU-ERDF grant to acquire Renewable Energy Calls started Installations and carry out energy audits 2008 continue 2013
in to till
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Transport
Capital grants for the purchase of electric cars 2005-2009. Stopped 2010 in
Excise tax on fuel to fund Alternative Energy Proposed in Schemes (6.3 million Euros/annum) Budget 2009. Not implemented Rebates on purchase of bicycles Started 2009. Stopped 2010
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Energy Use in Buildings
Implementation of the Legislation of the Minimum 2nd Jan. 2009 Requirements for the Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations, 2006 in line with EU Directive 2006/32/EC.
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Voluntary Actions
The Housing Authority decision to follow a policy Ongoing of building more environmentally-friendly social 2003 housing projects since
Public Procurement Green Initiatives to reduce Ongoing energy consumption in public buildings and 2006 install photovoltaic grid-connected systems
since
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Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations (2008)
• 1/ Devising a common procedure to calculate the energy performance of buildings; • 2/ Setting minimum standards for new and renovated buildings; • 3/ Energy certification of buildings; • 4/ Inspection and evaluation of large heating and cooling equipment.
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The Draft Malta Energy Policy 2009
• Energy Efficiency; • Reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels; • Stability in energy supply; • Delivering energy efficiently; • Safeguarding future stability of this Energy Policy
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The RE Potential
Sector Photovoltaic systems on domestic rooftops Photovoltaic systems in industrial zones Photovoltaic systems in public and other buildings Onshore wind farms Offshore wind farms Energy from waste Domestic solar heating (savings) Energy GWhe/year 165 35 3.5 110 75 120 100
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Solar Heating
• Total Domestic Households 130,000 • The 2005 Census reported 5,000 SWH • Schemes boosted installations through 2006, 2007 2008 and 2009 (grant+technical) • Today there are 15,000 systems • Savings 1% of 2008 electricity generation or 0.7% of final energy used base year 1990.
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Solar Photovoltaics
• First System tested at Institute for Sustainable Energy in 1993 and 1996 • Today a total of 250 kWp are installed, 115 kWp in public buildings • Over 70 suppliers are registered • Savings 0.01% of total electricity production in 2008
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Wind Energy Systems
• No planning policy for medium and large-wind projects • A single 2 kW turbine tested at University • Few Micro-wind turbines installed • Issues with planning authority with regards to permits • Draft Micro-turbine policy published for public consultation. Decision taken to banish microwind from built-up environment.
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Energy from Waste
• A 300 kW gas generator will be installed at Maghtab, followed by 1 MW in 2010. • Generation of biogas for power production at recycling centre in Marsaskala (Dec. 2009) • Cooking oil is being converted to biodiesel. 1% of sales achieved in 2007. • By 2013, 2.1% of electricity demand could be generated from waste.
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RE Scenarios: Wind Energy
• Low Penetartion: Onshore Wind Farms (41 GWh/year) • Medium Penetration: Onshore + Large Offshore (260 GWh/year • High Penetration: Onshore + Large Offshore + Micro-wind (265 GWh/year)
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RE Scenarios: Solar Heating
• Low: 25% of Domestic (60 GWhe/year) • Medium: 50% of Domestic (120 GWhe/year) • High: 80% of Domestic + some Hotels (210 GWhe/year)
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RE Scenarios: Photovoltaics
• Low: 5% of Domestic (19.5 GWh/year) • Medium: 10% of Domestic + 10 MWp Public (54 GWh/year) • High: 20% of Domestic + 20 MWp Public (108 GWh/year)
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RE Scenarios: Energy from Waste
• Low: 1% of total electricity production (32.5 GWhe/year) • Medium: 2% of total electricity production (65 GWhe/year) • High: 3% of total electricity production (97.5 GWhe/year)
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RE Scenarios: Bio-fuels for Transport
• Low: 1% biodiesel (3,780 toe/year) • Medium: 5% biodiesel (9,450 toe/year) • High: 10% of total fuel sales (18,900 toe/year)
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Scenarios of RE Penetration in 2020
20% 15% RE Share
2020 RE Target
10% 5% 0% Low Medium Scenarios High
Bio-fuel Waste PV SWH Wind
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Comments on RE Targets
• Low Scenario reflects current situation • Medium Scenario Wind + High Scenario Solar Heating is sufficient to reach 10% RE target • If Offshore wind does not materialise, other RE sources have the potential of securing 10% cumulative • Potential beyond 2010 target could reach 15% • Heat pumps do not play any significant role so far
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Conclusions
• Major Policies have been drafted and are taking long to be implemented. Energy Policy is still in draft form. • There is a need for stricter control over quality of air conditioning units on sale to curb summer electricity consumption • Energy performance in buildings Directive still in its infancy • Upgrading of public transport could be a major contributor towards less fuel consumption • Waste management seems to be the most successful endeavour to date • The cheapest technologies of wind farms and solar water heating collectively could amount to 9.5% RE contribution. These technologies should be fostered now. • The collective contribution of all feasible RE sources could yield 15%, in the long term. • The present RE contribution is less than 1% and Malta needs to strive and reach 10% by 2020
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Malta Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energies Association
• • • • • • M.E.E.R.E.A. – Malta Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies Association Non-profit Non-governmental Organisation Established in June 2001 Originated from a Euro-med project that aimed at training of energy decision makers and creating Energy Agencies Executive council of 8 members (Membership is open to all persons / companies / organisations) M.E.E.R.E.A. is a member • INFORSE-Europe (International Network FOR Sustainable Energy) • WCRE (World Council of Renewable Energy) • National Contact Point - European Commission Motor Challenge Programme • Associate Member - European Commission Sustainable Energy Europe 2005-2008 • World Wind Energy Association
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Malta Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energies Association
AIMS: • Promote discussion on energy related issues among energy actors including consumers and energy decision makers in Malta • • • • Support the organisation of training courses for energy actors and energy decision makers in Malta Promote the implementation of dissemination (marketing, promotion) activities Promote sustainable energy policies that emphasize energy efficiency and use of renewable energies in Malta Facilitate information exchange among energy related actors
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Renewable Energy Association Malta
• • • • • • • • • REA-Malta, established Nov. 2009 Non-profit, non-governmental association Members must be retailers/installers of RE systems Aims to lobby with Government regarding market issues Aims to participate in discussions and policies to promote renewables in Malta To defend the interests of RE dealers / manufacturers / installers In the process of applying to be officially recognised as NGO in Malta 22 members (30 Nov. 2009 figures) Contact Person: Vice President Mark Bajada m.bajada@bajadagroup.com
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The Malta Resources Authority
• MRA was set up in 2001 • Falls under the Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs • Has the role of regulating, implementing and monitoring the energy, water and mineral resources policies • Within the MRA, the Directorate for Energy Resources takes up the responsibility for regulating all activities related to generation, transmission, distribution, supply and use of all energy sources including renewables, as well as issuing of relevant licenses to operators and electrical tradesmen
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The Malta Resources Authority
• Responsible for preparing a “forecast document” to estimate future renewable energy production in excess of the trajectory, potential for “joint projects”, expected domestic/import production split, by December 2009. • Responsible for setting up sector-specific targets for renewable sources for heat, electricity and transport by June 2010. • Responsible for preparing for the transposition of the 2009/28/EC Directive into national law by December 2010
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Other Measures
• • • • • • • • • Setting of Administrative Procedures to facilitate installation of large RE systems. These must be transparent and non-discriminatory (MRA) Setting/fine-tuning of favourable building regulations and codes to support the implementation of RES heating and cooling in the building sector (MEPA-Malta Environment & Planning Authority/MRA) Invest in strengthening the electricity grid, storage facilities and other infrastructure to facilitate the transfer of RE energy (EMC-Enemalta Corporation/MRA). Facilitate and put measures to ensure the use and sustainability of biofuels and bioliquids (MRA) Certification/Accreditation of RE Installers/Energy Assessors (MRA) Certification of RE Systems (MRA) Assessment of Promotion Measures (MRA) Create an Independent, National Competent Body to issue, transfer and cancel Gurantees of Origin (GO) certificates and ensure accuracy, reliability and fraud resistance (MRA) Ensure that electricity suppliers provide consumers with reliable information about the energy mix used in generation (MRA/EMC)
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Further Reading
• Energy, Transport and Waste Management: A Review of Maltese Policies to Combat Climate Change, Charles Yousif •
• Proceedings of the 10th International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE) European Conference, 7-10 September 2009, Vienna, Austria http://www.aaee.at/2009IAEE/uploads/fullpaper_iaee09/P_171_Yousif_Charles_ 22-Aug-2009,%2016:55.pdf
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THE END
Charles Yousif
E-mail: info@meerea.org Website: http://www.meerea.org
2nd December 2009 Brussels, Belgium
ESTIF Workshop, RES Directive: National Implementation