The Rise of Newspaper and Popular Journalism

The Rise of Newspaper and Popular Journalism 2 Major Events in 15th C. Gutenberg’s Press 1493-Newsbook Man-power Movable letter 125 pages per hour 1851-The Sun (NY) Steam-power 18,000 copies per hour China invented Printing 1048 • Movable characters • Clay/wood • Man-power Venice Gazette, 1566 • Handwritten newssheets • Gazette—the name of a Venetian coin, the price charged for a copy of the weekly handwritten newssheets • News Pamphlets • 1588 • London Newsbook 1624 Michael Aitzing’s six-montly summaries of ―the most noteworthy events and happenings‖ of the year 1596 Print Media in England • --1589 John Wolfe tried to establish periodical press, such as • ― A brief discourse of the cruell dealings of the spanyards in the Dukedomes of Gulick and Clene‖ • ― A proclamation made by the states of the united Netherlands‖ • ― Strange Newes out of Kent‖ • ― The great frost: cold doings in London‖ Selling ―Relation‖ 1631 Relation/ Story Coranto/ periodical Diurnall/ weekly account of occurrencies Mercury/ messenger Intelligencer/ collect information officially Selling News Letters 1630 Cradle of modern Journalism --distributor --collector --writer Coffee House in London 1780 Print Media in England • --1475 Printing skills imported into England • --1504 Established Royal Printer System • --1520 Censoring both spoken and written • --1557 Stationer’s Company self censorship Print Media in England • --1586-1635 Star Chamber Order • * registration system • * two printers in London City • *punishment • *apprenticeship Print Media in England • --1620 First single broad sheet ― Corantos‖ imported into England from Amsterdam and banned in 1621 • --1621 England printed ―Corantos‖ and distributed in the city and to the towns Print Media in England • --1641 Abolition of Star Chamber • --1640-1661 Printing materials booming, new titles up to 22,000 • Independent writers and journalists emerged • --1712 Govt suppressed print media with three measurements: • * Newspaper Stamp • * Subsidize (bribe) the writers • * Treason/sedition law Print media in England • --1816 William Cobbett’s ― Political Register‖ defied the Newspaper Stamp • --1820 ―Coffee houses and newspapers‖ business. • --1855 Newspaper Stamp cancelled • --1855 Daily Telegraph sold at 2 pence Industrial Revolution Rise of City • • • • Trade/business Concentration of Population Literacy Law and order Rise of Popular Newspaper • -Mass Productivity • -Mass Readers • -Liberalism Rise of Popular Newspaper • Twopenny Dispatch 1834: • ―….be a repository of all the gems and treasures, and fun and frolic and neus and occurences of the week. It shall abound in police intelligence, in murders, rapes, suicides, burnings….and all manner of moving accidents by floor and field. In short, it will be stuffed with every sort of devilment that will make it sell.‖ What do we learn from the above scenarios ? • a. Government is one of the most powerful institute to dominate the press development. • b. Technology changes the development tracks of media • c. Press industry boom during war time, unstable era, lack of government control. What do we learn from the above scenarios ? • d. Public’s demand of information and the improvement of productivity empower the press to fight against the ruling party. • e. People love gossip, story and the price is the key to sell • f. ……more, you tell me….. . Four Types of Print Media • A. Official Press • Acta Diurna 羅馬公報 ( 59 BC till 476 AD ) in Rome • Content: Referendum/ Official appointment/ Govt decrees/ Treaty/ Judicial/ Birth and death and marriage/ Four Types of Print Media • B. Political Parties’ Press: to serve as a tool for party propaganda/ • C. Commercial Press: to serve merchant’s interests and needs in 16 Century, such as • Gazetta 消息公報( Manuscript news sheet ) ( 1563 ) in Venice • Content: Shipping/ Loading capacity/ Heading destination/ Price of commodities/ Safety of sea routes/ Pirates/ Army movement/ Church gossip/ Story telling Four Types of Print Media • During 19 Century, commercial press further developed into two streams: • --Elite Press • --Popular Press Four Types of Print Media • D. Popular Press: to serve as a tool for profit making, combined of qualities of commercial press and political parties’ press, and plus story telling China Ti Pao 邸報 (734AD) Ching Pao 京報 Kung-men-chao宮門鈔 Yuan-man-chao轅門鈔 Chao Pao 鈔報 Tang Pao 塘報 I Pao 驛報 Peking Gazette 官報 Content of Ching Pao • Central Govt’s Edicts • Senior official’s appointment • Official’s promotion or demotion • Ministers proposals to Emperor (censored) Taboos in Peking Gazette • Military movement • Natural disasters • Sensitive decrees • Censored by Inner Cabinet • Provincial situation reports not approved by Royal Courts Distribution System of Official Press in Ch’ing Dynasty • Collecting information • Tong-zhend-shi-si 通政使司 • Editing information • Inner Cabinet 內閣 Distribution System of Official Press in Ch’ing Dynasty • Releasing information • Military Secretariat 軍機處 • Inner Cabinet 內閣 • Six Bureaus 六科 (Civil Services吏、Home Affairs戶、Protocol 禮、Military兵、Judicially刑、Public Works工) Time-line of development of Chinese print media in China • Nature of Newspaper • • • • • Official Press Missionary Press Merchant Press Intellectual Press Party Press 8th 18th 19th 20th 21st »Hong Kong HK vs Shanghai • • 1841-1860 1861-1895 Foreign Chinese Foreign Chinese Press Press Press Press 12 3 20 6 • HK • Shanghai 4 1 35 32 __________________________________ (Source: Fan 1992) Key elements to be a Centre of Press • • • • • • • -Law and order -Population -Free flow of information -Commercial activities Plus: -a Buffer Zone from political turmoil -Ch’ing’s Press Policy Print History in Hong Kong Pandora’s Box ? The beginning of HK Press An Opium Box & Opium Pipe First Publication in HK First GazetteMay 1, 1841 Published in Macau Why in Macau ? First Publication in Macau 1588 SCMP first Composing Room Supervised by Portuguese 1903 Content of Gazette A Gazette will be published, Under the authority of the Government of this Island, at half-monthly periods from this date, with a view to afford greater publicity to the general orders that may from time to time be issued by the officers of the British government. Content of Gazette -Appointed William Caine as Chief Magistrate -Land auction -Population Statistics -Govt decrees Population What are the aims of this statistics ? Friend of China and Hong Kong Gazette Frequent change of printers • • • • Friend of China 1842 Hong Kong Registrar 1843 China Mail 1845 Hong Kong Registrar 1853 • Why ? Effectives of Gazette • -Dissemination of Information • -Establishing Authority/Sovereignty • -Manipulating the media English newspapers • • • • • • • -HK Gazette -Friend of China -HK Registrar -China Mail -Daily Press -HK Telegraph -SCMP 1841 1842 1843 1845 1857 1881 1903 Hong Kong Times 1875 Publisher Editorial Printing Literary side Accounts Shipping Reporter Workers 2 Friend of China (overland edition) The China Mail Friend of China (1842-1869) 17 March 1842 Features of English Newspapers 1840s –1870s • • • • • • • Simple structure Limited sales (100-500 copies) Emphasis on business information Operate overland edition Target market in Guangzhou Immature in professional standard Operate Chinese language newspaper English newspaper operates Chinese newspaper Daily Press: • 香港船頭貨價紙 (185764) Hsiang-kang chu’an-t’ou huo-chia chih • 香港中外新報 (1864-1870) • 中外新報 (18701919) Chung-wai Hsinpao (Zhongwai Xinbao) English newspaper operates Chinese newspaper • -China Mail: • • • • • • 近事編錄 (1864) ? Chin-shih Pien-lu ? 中外新聞七日報 (1871-72) Chung-wai Hsin-wen Ch’i-jih Pao 華字日報 (1872-1941) Hua-tze Jih-pao Chung-wai Hsin-wen ch’I-jih Pao 中外新聞七日報 (1871-1872 Hong Kong Zhongwai Xinbao 香港中外新報 (1864-1919) Wah Tze Yat Pao (1872-1941) Tsun Wan Yat Po (1874-1941) Why English Newspapers operate Chinese language newspaper ? • -to maximize profit • -to influence Chinese officials • -to explore Chinese markets Characters of Chinese Newspapers in 1850s-1880s 1. Western style • e.g. 香港船頭貨價紙 2. Foreign ownership, editorial control by Chinese e.g. 中外新報/ 華字日報 3. Owned by Chinese, editorial control by Chinese e.g. 循環日報 Social Connections of Chinese Journalists 1810s Mr. Ho Block cutter 1840s Wong Shing China Mail Wu Ting-fong’s father Wu Rongzhang Ho Fuk-tong 1860-80s Wang Tao 華字日報 / 循環日報 Chan Ai-ting China Mail / 華字日報 Wu Ting-fong 中外新報 Wife Ho Mui-ling Ho Kai 中外新報 Social Connections of Chinese Journalists (Tung Wah Groups Hospital) 1810s Mr. Ho Block cutter 1840s Wong Shing China Mail Wu Ting-fong’s father Wu Rongzhang Ho Fuk-tong 1860-80s Wang Tao 華字日報 / 循環日報 Chan Ai-ting China Mail / 華字日報 Wu Ting-fong 中外新報 Wife Ho Mui-ling Ho Kai 中外新報/ 循環日報 ? Wu Ting Fang (1842-1922) Wang Tao (1828-1897)