James Parise
Chapter 17 Section 3 Pope Alexander VI: Admitted that he had fathered several children. John Wycliffe: He, along with Jan Hus, advocated Church reform. They denied that the pope had the right to worldly power. Taught that the bible had more authority than the Church leaders. Jan Hus: Advocated Church Reform with John Wycliffe. Taught that the bible had more authority than the Church leaders. Martin Luther: Parents wanted him to become a lawyer. He became a monk and a teacher instead. Taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg. He decided to take a stand against the actions against Johann Tetzel. His teachings rested on three main ideas: – People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation. – All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. – All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them. People saw Luther's protests as a way to challenge the Church's control. Translated the new testament into German. Johann Tetzel: Raised money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. He sold indulgences to get the money for this. Made a mistake by giving people the impression that they could buy their way into heaven through indulgences. Pope Leo X: Felt that Luther was a threat to the Church and had him excommunicated. Charles V: Catholic. Opposed Luther's teachings. Controlled a vast empire, including the German states. Had Luther come to the town of Worms to stand trial. Told Luther to recant his statements, but Luther refused. Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony: Disobeyed the emperor and the Edict of Worms. He sheltered Luther in his castle for almost a year after the trial. Henry VIII: King of England. Catholic. Wanted to find a new wife so he could have a son. Secretly married Anne Boleyn. 95 Theses: Posted by Luther. Indulgences: A pardon. It released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for his sins. Reformation: A movement for religious reform. Began because of the actions of Luther.
Diet of Worms: Edict of Worms: Imperial order that was issued by Charles V. It declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic. Nobody in the empire was to give Luther food or shelter. All of his books were burned. Lutherans: The religious group of Luther and his followers. Protestant: Christians who belonged to non Catholic churches. Peace of Augsburg: Famous religious settlement where the Princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. Annul: To set aside. Used in setting aside a marriage if it was not legal. Anglican: Church of England. Act of Supremacy: Called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England's Church. Thomas More opposed it. So he was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Angry peasants applied Luther's ideas to society and went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, etc. This horrified Luther. So he wrote a note telling Princes to crush the peasants. The revolt ended. Many German Princes saw Luther's teachings as a good excuse to seize Church property and to assert their independence from Charles V. Elizabeth wanted to make a church for both the catholics and the church of england. She had many difficulties with this. She had troubles with money.
Chapter 17 Section 4 Huldrych Zwingli: began religious reform in Switzerland. He was a Catholic priest in Zurich. Influenced by Christian humanism of Erasmus and by the reforms of Luther. Openly attacked abuses in the Catholic Church. Wanted Believers to have more control over the Church. A war broke out between Swiss Protestants and Catholics. Zwingli died. John Calvin: Published Institutes of the Christian Religion. It expressed the ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. He wrote that men and women are sinful by nature. John Knox: Put Calvin's ideas to work. Each community ws governed by a group of laymen called elders. Katherina Von Bora:
Ignatius: Reformer in the Catholic Reformation. Founded new religious orders. And 2 popes. Turning point in his life was when he was injured in war. Wrote the book Spiritual Exercises. It laid out a day by day plan of meditation, prayer, and study. Pope Paul III: Took 4 important steps. First he directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. Second he approved the Jesuit order. Third he used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Fourth he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent. Predestination: The belief that God has known who to save since the beginning of time. Calvinism: The teachings of John Calvin. Theocracy: A government controlled by religious leaders. Calvin believed in this. Presbyterians: Followers of John Knox. Huguenots: Calvin's followers in France. They hated the Catholics and often resorted to violence. Anabaptists: Baptized only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian. Believers of this. Taught that church and state should be separate and refused to fight in wars. They shared their possessions. Catholic Reformation: Helping Catholics to remain loyal within the Catholic Church. Once referred to as the Counter Reformation by historians. Jesuits: Members of the Society of Jesus. Focused on 3 activities. First they founded schools throughout Europe. Second they converted non Christians to Catholicism. Third was the goal to stop Protestantism. Geneva was a self-governing city. Strict rules, attended religion class, no bright clothing, no card games, people who broke rules would be banished. It was a model city though. Ruled by Calvin. Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived in France. Katherina von Bora played a more typical behind the scenes role as Luther's wife. Sent to a convent at about age 10. Council of Trent: Council of church leaders to meet in Trent, in Northern Italy. Agreed on: – The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substitued his or her own interpretation was a heretic. – Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued. – The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. – Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences as banned. Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation:
Protestant churches flourished and new denominations developed. Roman Catholic Church became more unified. Bigger role of education. Political Effects of the Reformation: Individual monarchs and states gained power. Development of modern nation states. Laid groundwork for the Enlightenment.