James Parise Chapter 14 Section 3 Alred the Great: Managed to turn back the Viking invaders from the British. He and his successors united the kingdom under one rule, calling it England. Canute: Danish King. Conquered England and molded the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings into one people. William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy. His rival was Harold Godsinson. Claimed the English crown and invaded England with a Norman army. After he won the Battle of Hastings, he declared all England his personal property. Harold Godwinson: Rival of William the Conqueror. Henry II: English king who married Eleanor of Aquitaine from France. The marriage brought Henry a large territory in France called Aquitaine. Added Aquitaine to the land of Normandy. Strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, and punish crimes. Henry introduced the use of a jury. Richard the Lion-Hearted: First son of Henry II. Hero of the Third Crusade. John Softsword: Took the throne after Richard died. He lost Normandy and all his lands in the northern France to the French under Philip Augustus. He was cruel to his subjects. He alienated the Church and threatened to take away town charters guaranteeing self government. Raised taxes to an all time high. Edward I: English king who needed to raise taxes for a war against the French, the Welsh, and the Scots. Summoned burgesses from every borough and 2 knights from every county to serve as a parliament. Hugh Capet: Duke from the middle of France. Began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled France. Philip II: Known as “Augustus”. Powerful Capetian. Became king at age 15. Set out to weaken the power of the English Kings in France. He was willing to do whatever was required to achieve his goals. Seized Normandy from King John. He increased the territory of France. By the end of his ruling, he tripled the lands under his control. Wanted a stronger central government. So he established royal officials called bailiffs. Disputed the right of the pope to control Church affairs. To win wider support, he invited commoners into the meeting. Louis IX: Philip's grandson. Ruled France. He was pious and saintly. He was also known as the ideal king. When he died, he was made a saint by the Catholic Church. Created a French appeals court. That strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties. Land of the Angles: England. Normans: Descended from the Vikings. French in language and culture. Common Law: unified body of law formed by England's royal judges.
Magna Carta: most celebrated document in English history. Drawn up by English nobles and approved by King John. It guaranteed certain basic political rights. The nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the king's powers. Guaranteed rights were no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law. Parliament: A legislative group made up of knights and burgesses (citizens of wealth). They eventually formed their own House of Commons. Became strong over time. It provided a check on royal power, similar to the Magna Carta. Bailiffs: Royal officials. Sent from Paris to every district in the kingdom to preside over the king's courts and to collect the king's taxes. Model Parliament: Parliament made up of nobles and non-nobles). Estates General: The whole meeting of the estates. Helped to increase royal power against the nobility. Unlike the Parliament it never became an independent force that limited the king's power. First Estate: Church leaders in France. Second Estate: The great lords in France. Third Estate: The commoners, wealthy landholders, or merchants in France. Would later play a key role in overthrowing the French Monarchy during the French Revolution. Battle of Hastings: Anglo-Saxons and Normans fought this battle. Changed the course of English history. The Normans won. Normandy is a region in the north of France that had been conquered by the Vikings. England's kings tried to achieve two goals – Hold and add to their French lands. – Strengthen their own power over the nobles and the Church. Chapter 14 Section 4 Pope Boniface VIII: Attempted to enforce papal authority on kings as previous popes had. Responded to King Philip IV by presenting an official document stating that kings must always obey popes. Philip IV of France: Asserted his authority over French bishops. Instead of obeying the pope, he held him prisoner. Persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new pope. Pope Gregory XI: Died while visiting Rome. Pope Urban VI: Chosen to be Gregory's successor. He had a passion for reform and his personality caused the cardinals to elect a second pope a few months later. Pope Clement VII: Robert of Geneva. Became pope at the same time as Pope Urban VI. Now there were 2 popes. This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism.
Pope Martin V: Chosen to be pope by the council. The other 3 popes resigned and Martin took their place. John Wycliffe: Challenged the papacy. He preached that Jesus Christ was the true head of the Church, not the pope. Believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth. He also believed the Bible was the final authority for Christian life, not the pope.Inspired an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible. Jan Hus: Influenced by John Wycliffe's writings. He was a professor in Bohemia. He taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. He was excommunicated. He was seized by the Church and burned at the stake. Edward III: From England. Claimed the right to French throne. H ewas the grandson of Philip IV. He launched the Hundred Year's war. Henry V: Charles VII: Went to Reims with Joan and he was crowned king. Did nothing to help Joan when she was captured. Joan of Arc: Teenage French peasant girl. She felt moved by god to rescue France from its English conquerors. She heard voices that told her to drive the English from France and give the crown to Charles VII. Led the French army into battle at a fort city near Orleans. The French retreated in despair. They then charged back and won. The Burgundians captured Joan in battle. She was burned at the stake. Avignon: City in France. Clement V moved Rome to Avignon. The move to Avignon weakened the Church. The Great Schism: Division of the Church as the result of Pope Urban and Clement being popes at the same time. Bubonic Plague: Epidemic that struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Wiped out approximately 1/3 of the population. It ripped apart society. The plague began in Asia. It spread because of trade routes/ships. Effects of the plague: – Town populations fell. – Trade declined and prices rose. – The serfs left the manor in search of better wages. – Nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for higher wages, causing peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium. – Jew were blamed for bringing on the plague. All over Europe, Jews were driven from their homes or killed. – The Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers failed to stop the onslaught of the bubonic plague and priests abandoned their duties. Hundred Years War: Launched by Edward III. Between England and France. Both countries had victory
passed back and forth. Finally, the French drove the English completely out of France except for the port city of Calais. It brought a change in style of warfare to Europe. Impact of the Hundred Years War – A feeling of nationalism emerged in England and France. Now people thought of the king as a national leader, fighting for the glory of the country, not simply a feudal lord. – The power and prestige of the French monarch increased. – The English suffered a period of internal turmoil known as the War of the Roses, in which two noble houses fought for the throne. Longbow: Introduced by the English. It demonstrated power in 3 significant battles: Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt. Crecy: English army were outnumbered by the French army by 3 times. The French army included knights and archers. English longbowmen let thousands of arrows fly at the oncoming French. The French retreated, causing panic within. The English kept letting arrows fly. Defeating the French. Poitiers: Same concept as Crecy. Just 10 years later. Angincourt: Same concept as the last 2. Took place in 1415. The success of the longbow in these battles spelled doom for chivalric warfare. The French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V would inherit the French crown upon death of the French king Charles VI. The death of the Age of Faith was caused by the Great Schism, the scandalous display of wealth by the Church, and the discrediting of the Church during the bubonic plague. The Age of Chivalry died on the battlefields of Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt.