Bacalah dengan (menyebut) nama Tuhanmu Yang menciptakan…Yang mengajar (manusia) dengan perantaraan kalam... Dia mengajarkan kepada manusia apa yang tidak diketahuinya. (QS. 96: 1,4-5)
Kalau sekiranya lautan menjadi tinta untuk (menulis) kalimat-kalimat Tuhanku, sungguh habislah lautan itu sebelum habis (ditulis) kalimat-kalimat Tuhanku, meskipun Kami datangkan tambahan sebanyak itu (pula) (QS. 18: 168)
1. Need to Sharing, Communicate, and Exchange of Ideas
Research is meaningless if the results are not shared with and communicated to the scientific community Scientific journal is one of the media through which scientists exchange scientific and professional knowledge
Information published in the journals forms an archival record showing the scientific advancement of the society in general
2. Writing Preparation
The content and the organization of a scientific paper reflect the logical thinking in scientific investigation, and the preparation of a scientific paper for journal is an integral part of the individual research effort Before preparing a scientific paper, an author should evaluate his/her research outcomes and judge that they give an important contribution to the field The writing process initially requires a thorough review and evaluation of previous related work in the literature, which helps the author in acquainting whether his/her idea is truly new and significant
3. Type of Publication (other than research papers)
Technical Notes present (1) original, practical information;
(2) preliminary or partial results of research; (3) concisely presented research results; and (4) innovative techniques to accomplish design objectives.
Discussions present significant comments or questions
about the technical content of a technical paper or note published in an journal (limited to 2,000 words). Discussions do not have abstracts, introductions, or conclusions.
Closures are responses written by the author(s) of the
original paper or note. The author(s) addresses and clarifies issues raised in discussions and provides conclusions to the issues. Closures and discussions are published together.
Book Reviews (1,200 words) assess new books whose
content is judged important. They summarize the work, illuminate its strengths and weaknesses, and place it in context with existing literature.
Editorials is a brief opinion piece (1,000-2,000 words),
normally written by the editor, concerning the scope, content, direction, or philosophy of the journal or a policy issue. Editorials rarely contain tables, figures, or references.
Forums is a thought-provoking opinion piece or essay
founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. Its purpose is to stimulate discussion rather than document an advance in research or its application. Forums are usually two to five printed pages or 2,000-5,000 words. Tables, figures, and references are often included but an abstract is unnecessary.
Errata are corrections of errors that appear in print.
The aim of this communication
Maximizing the probability of a paper to be accepted in international publication (journal) without neglecting the ethics of writing.
Ethics of writing scientific paper as a part of all issues of ethics, should be developed base on the basic moral principles.
Basic Moral Principles
Respect for others (person) autonomy, dignity, integrity, privacy, selfdetermination. Beneficence Maximizing - benefits, minimizing-risk, and Non-malfeasance/ do no harm Justice treat others (person) properly and is accordance with what is morally right .
1. Keeping Honesty and Integrity in Writing
In writing a paper, scientist has to write the real facts, no fantasy or fictitious data. Words, sentences, and phrases should be written significantly, contribution something new, accurate, brief, clear, and no ambiguous.
The principles of ethics (respect for person, beneficence, non malfeasance, and justice) might well be formulated for the guidance of those who write a paper. The basic principles of honesty and integrity should be always in mind.
2. Logical Consequence
A paper must
not contain purely speculative matter be original (contains something new)
have no duplication and redundancy (not readily available elsewhere, not have been published previously in any journal including a proceeding, other professionals, technical societies, federal agencies, and commercial publishers )
have no fragmentation (paper must contain a complete account of a particular aspect )
keep the integrity of authorship, only persons who have significantly contributed to the research or project and manuscript preparation shall be listed as co-authors be free of fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and conflict of interest
Duplication and Redundancy
Duplicate publication is defined as the publication of a paper that is identical or overlaps substantially with a paper already published, with or without acknowledgment and it can be classified as self plagiarism. Redundant (repetitive) publication is defined as the publication the publishing a part or parts of an already published paper, not the entire paper.
FABRICATION, FALCIFICATION, AND PLAGIARISM
Fabrication is defined as recording or presenting, in any format, fiction data.
Falsification is manipulating data or experimental procedures to produce a desired outcome or to avoid a complicating or inexplicable result.
Plagiarism is using other people’s words, ideas, data or results of study without attribution
Conflict of interest: - money - religion - political - personal relationship - supervisory position
I. Title II. Authors’ Names and Affiliations III. Abstract or Synopsis IV. Keywords V. Body of Main Text Introduction Experimental or procedure (this may involve laboratory investigations and/or field investigations) Analytical investigation (this may involve development of models and or verification of existing procedures) Results Discussion Summary or Conclusions VI. Acknowledgments VII. List of Notations, Definitions, and Symbols VIII. References
1. Violence the integrity of authorship Authorship should be restricted to those who designed the study, supervised the process of data collecting and analyzing, responsible for the content of the manuscripts. Students or research assistants who work, credits should be rewarded. Students could be the first author.
2. Writing an abstract with no data Abstract – shows overall in brief. Abstract shows and describes the overall but say nothing about result, is clearly unethical. 3. Not reporting contradiction observations Different result from the original, it is in ethical not to report it (kind of discrepancy). 4. Not reporting other’s related or contradicting work
Honest scholar would be ashamed to omit the reference (s).
5. Changing hypothesis for the paper
Scientist is a good guesser. Only data collected to test a hypothesis may be used to support it. Authors, commonly, dislike reporting a “negative result”, editor dislike publishing them. 6. Publishing the same data/result many time Publish exactly the same paper in the two/more different journals.
Data are published in series of articles/ piecemeal – not all together.
Parcel it into small units.
7. Subjective discussion
Ego of authors should be eliminated. In comparing with the other similar studies should be carried out ethically 8. Using the property of someone else without permission Illustrations, photos, and/or data are used under permission of the owner.
9. Using data of someone else to draw conclusion Use your own findings (data) to develop conclusion 10. Inappropriate acknowledgement Acknowledgement should be delivered to all parties who have right for that credits, e.g. to funding agency and technicians, and also to research participants.
1. Sastrowijoto, S., 2006, The Ethics of Writing, A Scientific Manuscripts, Workshop Penulisan Paper Internasional, LPPM UGM, Nov. 26-28, 2008.
2. Suhendro, B., 2008, How to Write Scientific/Technical Papers for International Journal Publication, Workshop Penulisan Paper Internasional, LPPM UGM, Nov. 26-28, 2008. 3. Benos D.J., Fabies J, Farmer J. et al., 2005 Ethics and Scientific Publication. http://ajpadvan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/ 29/2/59