Get documents about "Motivation - Australian Maritime College AMC
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Motivation Topics: •Hierarchy of needs •Two factor theory •ERG theory •Acquired needs theory •Expectancy theory •Equity theory •Goal setting theory http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/PYR/PP30580~Motivation-Posters.jpg •Reinforcement theory •Social learning theory Readings 8.1 – 8.9 Text Chapter 9 Prashant Bhaskar Motivation What is motivation? ‘The force energising, or giving direction to, behaviour’ (Bartol et al. 2008) ability motivation environment Performance Prashant Bhaskar Motivation Needs Behaviours Rewards / Reinforcements Cognitive activities Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – Need theories Maslow’s hierarchy-ofneeds: Self-actualisation Esteem Belongingness Safety Management Challenge • Recognise and satisfy emerging needs Physiological Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – Need theories Herzberg’s two-factor theory: Management Challenge • Use hygiene factors to reduce dissatisfaction • Use motivators to create job satisfaction Hygiene factors High dissatisfaction Motivators High satisfaction Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – Need theories Alderfer’s ERG theory: Management Challenge •Multiple needs may have to be satisfied •Allow employees to satisfy growth needs Growth needs Relatedness needs How ERG theory differs from Maslow • More than one need may motivate at one time • Order of needs can be different to Existence needs different people • Frustration-regression principle Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – Need theories McClelland’s acquired needs theory: Which needs make the best manager? Need for achievement Personal power Institutional power Need for power Need for affiliation Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – Cognitive theories Vroom’s Expectancy theory: Effort – Performance Expectancy Performance -Outcome Expectancy Valence Effort Performance Valence Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – Cognitive theories Other Cognitive theories Equity Theory – people prefer balance between inputs and outputs Goal Setting Theory – specifies a purpose for employee action Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – Reinforcement theory Increases behaviour Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Encourages maturity Encourages immaturity Extinction Punishment Decreases behaviour Prashant Bhaskar Motivation – social learning theory Behaviour: Symbolic processes Managerial Implications • Use of positive models • Employees are affected by own and other’s experiences Self control Vicarious learning Prashant Bhaskar Motivation •Hierarchy of needs •ERG theory •Two factor theory •Acquired needs theory Needs •Reinforcement theory •Social learning theory Behaviours •Expectancy theory •Equity theory •Goal setting theory Rewards / Reinforcements Cognitive activities Prashant Bhaskar Motivation Key productivity factors (AIM survey) •More recognition of good work •More info on what’s going on •More opportunities to develop skills, abilities and creativity •Money •More interesting work Prashant Bhaskar Motivation General guidelines: • • • • • • • Match people to jobs Recognise individual needs and wants Ensure goals are perceived as attainable Provide ample opportunity for growth and creativity Link rewards to performance Check the system for equity Remember that needs change Prashant Bhaskar Motivation Topics: Readings 8.1 – 8.9 Text Chapter 9 Text pp. 292 – 293, Qn 1-8, 11 •Hierarchy of needs •Two factor theory •ERG theory •Acquired needs theory •Expectancy theory •Equity theory •Goal setting theory •Reinforcement theory •Social learning theory Prashant Bhaskar
