Understanding Information Warfare

							Table of Contents
1. Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 2 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 3. Information Infrastructures ........................................................................................ 4 4. Risks ............................................................................................................................... 6 4.1 Geographical Distribution ......................................................................................... 7 4.2 Size and Complexity of Networks ............................................................................ 7 4.3 Frequency of Change ................................................................................................ 8 4.4 Mobility and Portability ............................................................................................ 8 5. Information Warfare (IW) ........................................................................................... 8 5.1 Offensive IW ............................................................................................................. 9 5.2 Defensive IW ............................................................................................................ 9 6. Examples of Information Warfare at different points in time ................................. 9 6.1 Industrial wave (post World War II) ....................................................................... 10 6.2 Information wave .................................................................................................... 11 7. Weapons used in IW ................................................................................................... 13 7.1 Information Collection ............................................................................................ 13 7.2 Information Transport ............................................................................................. 13 7.3 Information Protection ............................................................................................ 13 7.4 Information Manipulation ....................................................................................... 14 7.5 Information Disturbance, Degradation, and Denial ................................................ 14 8. Defending against IW weapons ................................................................................. 15 8.1 Information Collection ............................................................................................ 15 8.2 Information Transport ............................................................................................. 16 8.3 Information Protection ............................................................................................ 16 8.4 Information Manipulation ....................................................................................... 16 8.5 Information Disturbance, Degradation, and Denial ................................................ 17 9. Technologies used in combating Information Warfare ........................................... 17 9.1 Real Time Intrusion Detection ................................................................................ 18 9.2 Computer Security .................................................................................................. 18 9.3 Electromagnetic Pulse Resistant Processors ........................................................... 19 10. Information Warfare in Mauritius.......................................................................... 19 11. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 21 12. References .................................................................................................................. 22

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1. Abstract
Importance of Information Security is becoming more and more obvious in this technologically advanced world. This can be supported by the constantly new reports of information theft, breach of security policies by hackers, organized internet crimes, and more importantly information obtained and to be used for terrorist activities. Many companies are victims of information theft that result in them making huge loses. Furthermore, we are at a time where electronic commerce and online transactions are becoming popular and this makes security altogether very important along the communication networks which need to be secure, because money is being dealt with online. Various sectors such as banking and telecommunications are dependent on how secure networks are. Every day, millions of people use the World Wide Web to access information which is stored in huge data repositories and these repositories are located in different countries. Most of them access these data normally while some may use non-ethical ways to have access to sensitive information not meant to be shared. Hackers and crackers are always on the hunt for security loopholes to break into systems. Also, we should not neglect the possibility of an insider creating a loophole for his friends on the outside to have access to the system. Governments are beginning to realize the importance of protecting information infrastructures. Unfortunately, this step does not appear to affect the number or cost of incidents from either internal or external sources. Below are several reasons for this: • Connectivity is increasing at a rate beyond the capacity to implement controls.

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• Market pressures/Competition on hardware and software vendors reduce the introduction of security features which they feel would cost more and also reduce their testing procedures prior to product release. • Addition of new security technology to existing systems and applications is difficult, expensive, and, in some cases, impossible without serious operational impact.

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2. Introduction
Since reliable information is considered the new Holy Grail by organisations, the acquiring of this information is not always done in the most legal way possible. They fight to obtain this precious information and this is called Information Warfare (IW). IW may be taken to mean collection of tactical information, trying to make believe that one's own information is actually the original one, and using that belief to manipulate information and future enemy strategies. IW can be divided into two categories namely, Offensive and Defensive which will be discussed with examples as we progress in this paper. In this research paper, the main questions that will be answered are why is IW so important? Why does everyone seem to be involved in it? What are the risks involved when dealing with information? What are the steps to be taken to combat it? Or is it impossible to fight against? We should bear in my though that IW has always given the edge to the people who have been able to take advantage of its power. The thing that makes IW even more important today is that people believe it will become increasingly influential, even dominant, in the very near future, and looking in the past, there are many reasons to believe that‘s what actually is going to happen.

3. Information Infrastructures
Information infrastructures cross both organizational and national boundaries where no governmental or private entities have control or responsibility for security. One example of an information infrastructure is the Internet itself. Traditional social infrastructures can 4

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and is not restricted to include telecommunications, government and defense and transportation By providing live communication to every aspect of an organisation, technology has boosted efficiency. With such a freedom in doing business online, many risks have been exposed. Intellectual property is often the foundation of a corporation‘s success. The security of these assets is of high importance, but it is dependent on the network infrastructure upon which organizations build their businesses. With the explosion of global connectivity, employee mobility where employee can work from anywhere provided there is internet access and rapid technological change; expose the infrastructure to a string of risks in the form of electronic fraud, information theft and industrial espionage. When face with all these problems, organisation will require additional efforts on the part of government and non-government agencies to combat the IW threat. A nation‘s growing dependency on information and information-based technologies has made IW a legitimate weapon for potential adversaries. The information and its support infrastructures are becoming extremely vulnerable to hostile attacks. Enemy forces can now wage information based warfare from anywhere in the world, and literally remain anonymous because there are countries where hacking is not yet illegal. Thus, the ability to recognize and defend against this new form of warfare is essential to the survival of a national security infrastructure.

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4. Risks
Security is the identification and management of risk. Few organizations invest in proper risk assessment before implementing controls. Even fewer have the capability to understand and qualify specific threats to their information assets in order to assess risks accurately. The consequences can be profound. Not only are some threats overlooked leaving inadequate controls, but also scarce resources and budgets may be misapplied to threats that do not exist or have minimal impact. Furthermore, when considering risks to information infrastructures, the number, type and variation of threats are overwhelming. Intelligence-base threat assessment identifies potential threats to networks and information infrastructures which cross organizational and national boundaries where no single entity, governmental or private, has control or responsibility to protect and secure information and applications. Nearly two decades ago, networks consisted of a small number of systems, usually connected over leased lines with low baud rates. Today, private networks, with well over hundred thousand systems‘ threshold, are common. These networks are interconnected to form larger networks. These networks have created a revolution in communications affecting every aspect of society including business, education, travel, medicine and research. With new innovations in computer and telecommunications technology, networks will continue to grow at a phenomenal rate, as will their influence on society. With this rapid growth has come an increase in misuse. The ability to secure and protect a single computer system is fairly well understood. However, intrusions appear to be increasing in number, the

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techniques have become more technically sophisticated and are having a wider impact. There reasons for this apparent problem are: 4.1 Geographical Distribution Two decades ago, computers were owned and operated by single entities such as a corporation or university. Today, systems are connected and logically accessible throughout the world. These systems are located everywhere; be it on desktops, factory floors, in laboratories, or integrated in motor vehicles. Today's international networks provide a resourceful place. For example, an individual in the United States can access and manipulate data in Europe and all this is taking place in real time. Geographical distribution of systems makes it difficult to routinely control access to each system and authenticate legitimate users. 4.2 Size and Complexity of Networks With a single computer system, a system administrator was able to understand the basic technology of the system, the user community and applications. Today, a single system can support hundreds of users, running many integrated, multi-vendor applications. Likewise, hundreds and thousands of small, PC-based client systems can be connected into a local area network, each of these systems are then interconnected by the thousands to form local and wide area networks. The ability to understand the systems, network topologies, points of access and the myriad of applications and users is beyond a single system administrator. This lack of control allows security weaknesses to develop or go unnoticed.

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4.3 Frequency of Change As size and complexity grows, so does the speed and frequency of changes in terms of basic technology as well as applications and uses of computers and networks. Often, a system administrator finds it impossible to keep up with the functionality of new hardware and software. Within a large network, systems, applications and databases are added and removed daily. Remote connections are constantly changing. Again, in large networks it is beyond a single system administrator to keep up with the continuous change. This allows vulnerable or unprotected entry points into the network. 4.4 Mobility and Portability Nowadays, the current trend is the mobility. Laptop and handheld systems combined with wireless and cellular technologies are the must-haves and this has added a new dimension to the complexity and control of access to systems and networks. Again, authentication of legitimate users becomes difficult, if not impossible. Also, tracing suspicious activity is much more difficult. These issues, combined with other techniques such as social engineering and taking advantage of security flaws within software, create environments where weaknesses in security can develop.

5. Information Warfare (IW)
Like mentioned earlier, IW is about the actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting an enemy‘s information source, and computer-based networks while simultaneously being able to defend one's own information and computer-based networks. According to Libicki (1996) ‗Information Warfare is a feature of military conflict where information systems are attacked or defended, directly or indirectly as a

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means to dominate, degrade or destroy, or protect or preserve data, knowledge, beliefs or combat power potential‘. However Schwartau (1996) reiterates that ‗the capabilities of technological mercenaries and the capabilities of nation-states are all threats we must face. Their intentions are secondary. If a group or an individual chooses to wreak havoc, today they have the weapons to do exactly as they please‘. Here, Schwartau refers to information warfare as a growing menace faced by the United States—the availability of computer technology to nations in the red zone and groups having intent upon doing harm to the United States and its national interests. 5.1 Offensive IW Offensive measures are those measures taken to affect adversary's information and information systems. 5.2 Defensive IW The Defensive Information Warfare, which refers to all steps taken to defend against information attacks.

6. Examples of Information Warfare at different points in time
The way IW evolved with time is important because it help people better and develop new strategies to combat it. Below are a few examples that may help us understand better the concept of information warfare. The first example, Industrial wave, places emphasis mainly on weapons of mass destruction.

Libicki, M. (1996) What Is Information Warfare, NDU Press, Washington, D.C.

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6.1 Industrial wave (post World War II) The Industrial Revolution changed the way wars were fought. The element of mass production introduced weapons of mass destruction (nuclear and chemical). The mass armies were not loyal to the landowners but to modern nation states which were paying the soldiers. The change from one wave to the other did not happen in a short period but, similar to the industry, took its time to change the warfare. During the transition period, a few wars were actually fought with both types of armies. A good example is the American Civil War (1862-63) where the industrialized North defeated the agrarian South. The big change in warfare was indicated by the manufacture of standardized arms like muskets with bayonets and their accessories. The parts became interchangeable and the industry acted quickly to the needs on the battlefield. Standardization was not only used to produce weapons themselves, but was also applied to military training, organization and doctrine. Like in business, armies developed general staffs and also the orders changed from oral commands to written commands like memos, as used in business2. Mechanized warfare was then only a logical step in this evolution to dramatically increase firepower and to change the doctrine. World War II exposed the disastrous way of fighting mass destruction warfare. Not only that millions of men fought in this war but also 15 million soldiers were killed during this period. The Nazis killed 6 million Jews3 in factory style. Therefore, mass destruction was used on the field even before the first nuclear bomb exploded over Hiroshima. The time after World War II was described as the time of the theory of mass destruction.
2 3

Waller, D.(1995) Onward Cyber Soldiers, Time Magazine Toffler, A(1993) War and Anti War, making sense of today’s global chaos, Warner books

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The doctrine in the cold war was not to prioritize targets or precise targeting but to destroy everything in order to win the war. Strategic bombing and ballistic missiles were designed for use on a massive scale and small battlefield nuclear and chemical devices were added to the weapons arsenal. 6.2 Information wave In the late 1970s and early 1980s, third wave technologies and ideas began to change the industrial wave societies. The mass society became slowly a communication society. With this development the military doctrine began to change. The duality between the two waves was expressed in the Gulf War of 1990-91 where a dual war was fought by the allies. On one hand, mass destruction was used like in World War II with large bomb carpets over the enemy troops but on the other hand, high tech weapons were used to aim the targets precisely. The fear that the allies high-tech military would fail in the desert environment of Kuwait and Iraq was widely spread at the beginning of the war. This fear, combined with the battle-tested army of Saddam Hussein, fed the concern about potential huge allied losses. This could have become true if the Gulf had been fought in the typical second wave way. However, the Air-Land Battle doctrine already had been known in the military world but Saddam Hussein seems to have been unaware of it. The allies were preparing the battlefield in the second wave way using carpet bombing and stupid bomb drops. At this time, no high tech weapons were used or needed but bombs dating from 1968, out of the Vietnam War were used to hold down and demoralize the enemy4. During the same time, Nighthawk stealth fighters (F-117 A) attacked their targets in Baghdad.
4

Toffler, A(1993) War and Anti War, making sense of today’s global chaos, Warner books

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They flew attacks on air defense centers and military control facilities to blind the enemy. The allies were deepening the battle in three dimensions. Distance, altitude and time were used in the Air Land Battle doctrine. The front was in the rear and at the sides and not where the enemy had planned. An important point was to destroy the command facilities and the communications to prevent the information flow up and down the command chain. Therefore, Iraq was the first fought Air Land Battle and a first step towards the Information War by using smart weapons and computers (there were more than 3000 computers in the war zone actually linked to computers in the US5). Also if Toffler as first described the history of warfare using a model of three waves was agreeable. At the beginning of his section describing the third wave, he mentions that Desert Storm was fought in a dual way, but he never describes the Information War in its proper meaning. Information Warfare in the proper use was probably not used in the Gulf war. Information Warfare, in this context, would be fought, if the destruction capability would no longer be mass destruction weapons but critical data deletion. The Information War would be present, if the technology would no longer be used to make traditional weapons smarter but to replace them.

5

Toffler, A(1993) War and Anti War, making sense of today’s global chaos, Warner books

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7. Weapons used in IW
7.1 Information Collection Information collection is like the more information one has, the higher one‘s situational awareness, which leads to better battle plans and, hopefully, better outcomes. Knowing your position and that of the enemy was not an easy task but nowadays, Global Positioning System (GPS) has eased those problems to a large extent. Information collection is much less dangerous and much more complete because these technologies can be used to infiltrate situations and gather accurate information with minimal loss of fidelity. 7.2 Information Transport Information transport is about whether information collected in large amount can be delivered into the hands of those who need it at the right time. This is an essential aspect of information warfare. Information transport takes place in communication

infrastructure, composed of networks of computers, routers, telephone lines, fiber optic cable, telephones, televisions and other data transport technologies. Without these technologies, the ability to transport information in the real-time fashion required by today's standards would be impossible. 7.3 Information Protection An important concept in IW is surely the need to minimize the amount of information to which your opponent has access to. A large part of this is protecting the information that one has captured to be used against one‘s opponent. The weapons used to protect the security of our information fall into two categories. Firstly, there are those technologies that physically protect our vital data storage facilities and computers and intrusion
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prevention mechanisms such as fingerprint scanners. Secondly, and perhaps more important, are technologies that prevent bits from being seen and intercepted by the enemy. This certainly includes basic computer security technologies such as passwords, as well as more sophisticated technologies like encryption. Both sides are thinking the same way, but the one who exploits the information one has obtained through IW, will be the one who actually wins the battle. 7.4 Information Manipulation Information manipulation is about the alteration of information with the intention of giving a false image to one‘s opponent. This can be done using a number of technologies, including computer software for editing text, graphics, video, audio, and other information transport forms. Design of the manipulated data is usually done manually so those in command have control over what image is being presented to the enemy, but the above-mentioned technologies are commonly used to make the physical manipulation process faster once content has been decided. 7.5 Information Disturbance, Degradation, and Denial Information disturbance, degradation, and denial are about preventing the enemy from getting complete, correct information. Because of their similarity, many of the same weapons are used to achieve one or more of the goals. Some of the more popular weapons used to wage these types of information warfare are spoofing, noise introduction, and jamming. Here it is worth mentioning that spoofing is a technique used to degrade the quality of the information being sent to the enemy. Another way to disturb the information being received by one's opponent is to introduce noise into the frequency they are using.

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Background noise makes it difficult for the enemy to separate the actual message from the noise. This is a particularly useful technique if the enemy is using forms of wireless communication, since those frequencies can be tapped without having to actually link into a physical network of cables. Jamming is a technique used to achieve denial that involves intercepting signals sent between two communications links or between a sensor and a link. The signal is intercepted, then "jammed" or stopped from further progress toward its intended destination. In most cases, that same signal is stored by the captor as intelligence information and used to determine the enemy's view of its own position in the contest.

8. Defending against IW weapons
8.1 Information Collection Defending against information collection attacks is to prevent our enemies from assembling information about us. To be able to do this involves protecting our own information from interception and preventing information from getting to the enemy's collection facilities. The available countermeasures for defending against information collection, then, are the same weapons defined earlier for use in protection, disturbance, degradation, and denial attacks. Furthermore, the use of encryption, spoofing, noise introduction, jamming, and overloading are particularly useful for keeping the enemy's information collection to a minimum.

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8.2 Information Transport Information transportation is dependent on the network infrastructure and the most effective way to prevent information transportation is simply the destruction of the enemy's infrastructure. 8.3 Information Protection The primary technological weapon for protecting ones own information is encryption. Unfortunately, recent increases in the sophistication of cryptography have made countermeasures very difficult to execute. Nowadays triple-digital encryption standard (DES) with public key infrastructure is being used. Hence, the success rate at cracking the encryption codes is very low. Although it is the most effective, cryptography is not the only tool for information protection. Passwords are a much more widely used technique for protecting information systems from unauthorized access. Unfortunately, password systems are dependent on humans enter codes, and as we already know humans pose a major risk since they are early social engineered and as a consequence, getting access to protected information is not that complicated. 8.4 Information Manipulation Once one‘s information has been leaked, there is little one can do to prevent them from manipulating it. However, there are only two ways available to defend against such kind of attack. Firstly, one can minimize the risk by preventing the enemy from intercepting information in the first place. The second solution is to prevent the manipulated data from be re-added to the flow of real information. One technique of achieving that is by making the modified data is redundancy. By gathering the same information from multiple redundant sources, you

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increase the likelihood that the correct information will get through. Even if the enemy is successful at corrupting that data on one communication line, you will easily detect the bad data because it differs from the picture painted by the rest of your sources. 8.5 Information Disturbance, Degradation, and Denial Defending against information disturbance, degradation, and denial requires the use of many of the countermeasures already mentioned. Any of the weapons for mounting these types of attack require access to enemy communication channels, so information protection mechanisms and redundant channels can be effective in maintaining some lines of communication that are not affected by would-be attackers. There are also several techniques available that are specifically designed to counteract the weapons described for performing disturbance, degradation, and denial attacks. These techniques, and the thousands of others currently under development at research sites all over the world, make it easier every day to recover from attempts to mangle and block information as it travels to its intended destination.

9. Technologies used in combating Information Warfare
Building defenses into systems presumes we have the means to do so. Many of the defensive capabilities we currently have are not adequate for certain known levels or types of attacks, not to mention technically feasible but undocumented attacks. The following are some areas in which we could use some advances in technology.

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9.1 Real Time Intrusion Detection Real-time intrusion detection is clearly a key element in any set of defenses. Our ability to detect, in real time, intrusions into our systems and the identity of the intruder is currently very limited. It does not take very long to carry out an information attack. Damage can occur in an instant. Clearly an automated capability to respond to an intrusion that can prevent or limit the damage would be highly desirable. Given our increasing reliance on surveillance and awareness, we need ways to costeffectively make sure that the software we buy does what we want it to and only what we want it to. Any Information Age organization buys millions of lines of code each year whose exact origins are not known with any degree of confidence. Automated tools to perform quality assurance (QA) and to verify and validate the code would be an immense help. Knowing for sure that data was not altered or compromised and that the source of a piece of data or a message was verified would go a long way in the effort to combat certain types of IW attacks. More work needs to be done to provide cost-effective data and source authentication. 9.2 Computer Security New technologies need to be pursued to address this threat. The number one area for technology research and implementation in the military and civilian sector is the area of computer security. New computer security products that can isolate and disarm the increasing software attacks by cyberpunks and hackers are needed. Also, products that can rapidly track the attacker are needed in order to capture or deter future attacks.

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9.3 Electromagnetic Pulse Resistant Processors These products should also have the ability to actively search for Trojan horse programs that lay dormant and activate at a later time or place causing shutdowns or malfunctions. Other technologies that will address the threat posed by electronic terrorists include smaller, electromagnetic pulse resistant processors, personal recognition products, and jam-resistant communications. These technologies will defend against the loss of computer systems due to the detonation of a nuclear device, electronic intruders, and new products designed to monitor or disrupt communications. These technologies should be pursued as a defense against both the organized, financed hacker threat and the traditional state threat that the organization will be up against in the future.

10. Information Warfare in Mauritius
Some years ago, we got a vision of transforming Mauritius into a cyber island and making Mauritius a regional hub when it comes to information technology. The challenge is still in progress and we can have good hopes. Many investors have been attracted to invest in the IT sector which is still growing. Many institutions, like BPO‘s, Call centers and software outsourcing companies, have been created and are doing well even in the recent financial crisis affecting the world. This can only benefit the country as it offers a lot of job opportunities to Mauritians. Nowadays, even if the price of personal computers has fallen drastically, there are still households who do not own a personal computer. If we consider the statistics for use of information technology in Mauritius, we can see that we are a long way behind countries like UK and France. Only 30% of government

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institutions are computerized, whilst more than 85% of the private institutions are computerized and dependant on computer facilities 6. However, along with technology, come its risks. These risks are discussed in this research paper. To prevent against cyber crimes, various watchdog institutions have been set up. For example, the Information Technology & Communication Act contains the law against computer hacking. There have been cases of money embezzlement in our island (MCB/ NPF scandal), but this was not due to computer hacking. Some illegal transactions using magnetic cards to withdraw money from ATMs. If information warfare was to be done, then most certainly it will be carried through the media at all the times, since Mauritius is a small country.

6

www.gov.mu

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11. Conclusion
Developed countries and high tech societies are the most vulnerable to Information Warfare attacks. This is so because they rely heavily on digital communication and data exchange through the various information infrastructures.Sophisticated equipment is available worldwide and anyone can have access to it. The risk is about the large number of computer systems that are poorly managed and poorly equipped to fight against intruders.Attackers use sophisticated tools to break into systems or get precious information. Attacks can take place from different place all over the world, and here the problem is if the intruder can be traced, how to remove him from his country. One thing that we all agree upon is that it is impossible to make a system absolutely secure due to technological constraints. Information Warfare is used every day in our society. Many incidents are never discovered due to lack of resources and know-how. Also, the new global economy has increased the spread of computer systems to the third world helping those countries to modernize their economies and that lead to third world countries in a position to use the available computer systems in a way which can possibly threaten global security. However, it is of utmost importance that Education and training are offered about IW in order to maintain information superiority over its foes. Finally, education of civilian and military personnel from top to bottom on IW threats and policies, and, finally, provide authorities with intelligence, intelligence, and more intelligence on the new threats to national security because we can only try preventing it from happening.

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12. References
 Lewis, Brian C. ―Information Warfare.‖ Information Warfare. 20 March. 2008. Web. 21 September. 2009.  Cummins, Daniel A. ―INFORMATION WARFARE GOING ON THE

OFFENSIVE‖. Offensive Information Warfare. 1 October. 2000. Web. 22 September. 2009.  ALBERTS, DR. DAVID S. Defensive Information Warfare. CT: NDU Press Book, 1996. National Defense University. Web. August. 1996.  Hawkins, Charles F. ―COMING TO GRIPS WITH INFORMATION WARFARE‖. March. 1997. Web. 24 September. 2009. 2009.  ―What is Information Warfare?‖. IWS – The Information Warfare Site 19 November. 2008. Web. 24 September. 2009.  Hutchinson, William. Warren, Matt. Information warfare: corporate attack and defence in a digital world. CT: Computer Weekly Professional Series, 2001. Web: 23 September. 2009.  Burns, Megan. ―Information Warfare: What and How?‖ Information Warfare: What and How?. 1999. Web. 23 September. 2009.  Toffler, A. (1993) War and Anti War, making sense of today’s global chaos, Warner books.  Swartau, W. (1996). Information Warfare, 2nd ed., New York: Thunder‘s Mouth Press.  Waller, D. (1995) Onward Cyber Soldiers, Time Magazine

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