Judging at Speech & Debate Tournaments
First of all, THANK YOU very much, on behalf of the debate team and coach, for spending your day with forensics students! Most likely you will enjoy the experience and finish the day exhausted, but inspired by the performances you will see. Parents are asked to judge in order to provide a large enough judging pool so that the students do not have to be assessed by the same people over and over again.. Naturally, a certain amount of subjectivity is unavoidable. However, with some guidance you can judge with confidence and provide an informed and useful ballot to the participants. Judge each round as best you can, following the guidelines in this booklet and on the ballots, and using your own common sense and taste. We trust your judgment, and your decisions will not be questioned! You will be assigned to judge Individual Events, Public Forum, or Congress, all of which are described in this booklet.
Judging at Debate Tournaments .................................................................... 1 ARRIVING AT THE TOURNAMENT ....................................................... 2 JUDGING ASSIGNMENTS & BALLOTS ................................................. 2 GETTING THE ROUND STARTED .......................................................... 3 TIME SIGNALS ........................................................................................... 4 JUDGING THE ROUND ............................................................................. 4 RULES FOR THE EVENTS ........................................................................ 5 Congress.................................................................................................... 5 Lincoln-Douglas Debate ........................................................................... 6 Public Forum Debate ................................................................................ 6 Individual Events (IEs) ............................................................................. 7 Duo Interpretation (Duo) ...................................................................... 7 Extemporaneous Speaking: Foreign (FX) and Domestic (DX or US) .. 7 Impromptu ............................................................................................ 8 Dramatic Interpretation (DI) ................................................................ 9 Humorous Interpretation (HI) ............................................................... 9 Original Oratory .................................................................................. 10 Storytelling: ........................................................................................ 10 Prose/Poetry Interpretation ................................................................. 10 Impromptu Duet Acting ...................................................................... 10 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS .................................................................... 11 Do’s and Don’t’s ......................................................................................... 11
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ARRIVING AT THE TOURNAMENT
Most speech tournaments take place on Saturdays or Friday evening and Saturday. Students from 10-20 and more schools compete for individual ribbons in many different events. In addition, teams compete for sweepstakes or team trophies based on cumulative performance. Preliminary rounds are usually held in the first three or more rounds, with the best students being scheduled into one or more final rounds. Competition generally begins at 3pm on Friday, ending at 10pm, and at 8 a.m. on Saturday, ending and around 6 p.m. Competitors are identified either by number or by name. JUDGES SHOULD NEVER ASK A COMPETITOR TO REVEAL SCHOOL AFFILIATION! When coding is by number, it is best not to ask for the competitor’s name, either. Double check the competitor’s number to eliminate mistakes in the tab room. Materials needed to judge include paper and a pen or pencil. I will supply you with a count-down timer since most events have time limits. You may bring along a stop watch if you have one, as a backup. Please return the timer to the coach at the end of the tournament. When we arrive at the tournament site, the coach will check into the office while the team members head for the cafeteria. Judges should go to the coach/judge lounge and stay there awaiting judging assignments. Some tournaments also require each judge to sign in individually rather than allow the coach to do so. If so, each judge should proceed to the tournament entry desk and sign in for the day. Please be aware that your judging
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commitment is for the full tournament unless otherwise specified. Often tournaments will assess a penalty charge or require a ―judge bond‖ that may be forfeited if a school’s judge ―disappears‖ during the tournament.
JUDGING ASSIGNMENTS & BALLOTS
Before the tournament begins, the coach checks in the team and picks up a packet of the competitors’ assigned codes or numbers as well as a summary of judging assignments. Some tournaments require that each judge also signs in individually, indicating their presence. Once the tournament begins, postings of judging assignments will be made in the judge’s lounge. Sometimes a student volunteer will call out judge’s names or announce postings, but you must also check the postings for yourself. If you see that you are assigned to judge, pick up your ballots from the ballot desk, and proceed to your assigned room. Be sure to check the postings often and do not stray far from this room, even between rounds, in case you are called in to substitute for a missing or late judge. Judges should not leave the building or observe other rounds without first obtaining permission from the tournament host coach. You will never be asked to judge a student from your school. If this happens, check with the tournament officials before judging the student. A mistake may have been made in the office. Judges should make every effort to arrive at their rounds on time. Many times, ballots are fastened together for a judge, but they aren't always in correct order. Often you must transfer the participants’ codes onto the ballots. When you receive your ballots, look at all of them to see what time you're supposed to be in the assigned room. After you have judged a round, turn your ballot into the office before going on to your next round.
This should be done even if it makes you late for your next round. Never switch judging assignments with another judge. The tab room keeps track of which judges have judged each contestant, in order to prevent judges from seeing the same participants more than once. This is especially critical for final rounds, where the tournament directors must find ―clean‖ judges (judges who have not judged these competitors at this tournament) for every final round. If you change your ballots with someone else, problems may occur when they are assigning judges for final rounds.
GETTING THE ROUND STARTED
Before entering a room, check to make sure that the previous round is over. If a door is shut, listen for speakers. If a door is locked, send one of the competitors to the office to report the situation. Upon entering the room, choose a seat toward the back of the room away from where the students are sitting. Make sure that you have a good view of the area that will be used for competition. Try to seat yourself so that the competitors and observers cannot see what you write down. If you judge Individual Events, you will judge a variety of different events. Usually there will be 5-6 competitors, whom you will rank after seeing each of them perform. Check the numbers of the competitors present. Some students may request permission to go first because they are double entered. These requests should be granted.
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Judges should never smoke, eat, or drink in the competition room. Most schools do not allow smoking in their buildings, even for judges. We must honor their rules. During the round, pay animated attention to the competitors. Do not act impassive or neutral, as this is very disconcerting! Also, do not slouch, doodle, or stare off into space, for the same reason. Your facial expressions and nonverbal cues have a huge affect on the competitors. Good eye contact and a relaxed expression and a smile indicate that things are going well, while a furrowed brow or frown indicates problems. You may indicate non-verbally that you cannot hear a competitor, but otherwise do not interrupt the performance. Likewise, make sure that the other competitors in the room respect the speaker by not talking, whispering, or making noise. No one should leave or enter the room during a speech. Keep the door closed and allow students to leave or enter between contestants only if absolutely necessary (such as double-entered contestants). Try to begin on time, but allow a grace period for late competitors. Tournament officials usually post the grace period time, which depends on the size of the campus and the number of double-entered participants. 5 minutes is minimal. 15 minutes may be too long to wait, since your delay will cause delays in later rounds in that room or for these competitors. Call the number of the first competitor (either the first number listed on the ballot or the number of someone double entered who has requested permission to speak out of order). The contestant may have written his or her title and competitor number on the board. Otherwise, the contestant should announce the title of the selection before beginning. Write the title down next to the competitor's number on the ballot. In
extemporaneous speaking, the speaker will hand you a small piece of paper with the question he is supposed to speak on written on it. For impromptu, contestants select a topic under your guidance. Have your paper handy so you can write down items that you notice. Sit back and prepare to carefully listen to and observe the performance. Following the first selection, call a second number and repeat the process. Continue to do so until all those listed on your ballot have spoken. Those double entered may be excused from the room once they have spoken.
competitor as 1, then put a + next to the second competitor if she is better, and a – if she is not as good. For the 3rd competitor, write ++ if she falls into 3rd place, or amend the other competitors if she ranks above or between them, by adding + and – to their rankings. Continue until the last participant, double check your ranking against your notes, and transfer your rankings to the ballot sheets only after the end of the round. If you call a number and no one responds, go on to the next number. That competitor may be double entered or withdrawn from competition. In most events, a student should not be penalized for being late to a round or having to leave early to compete in another event. If, after you have heard all the competitors present in the room, you still have a missing contestant, send someone to the office to see if the person has dropped from competition. If he still doesn't appear, write ―no show‖ on his ballot and assign your ranking on the reduced number of competitors. On your ballot, a "1" should be placed in the ranking spot for the competitor you feel was best, a "2‖ for second best and so on. No two scores should be alike. Now fill in the most important part of the ballot to the competitors: the comments. Please write positive comments on each ballot as well as advice on areas to improve, stated as constructively as possible. The students anticipate reading your assessments; this is how they decide what to improve for the next tournament. Assign points according to the ballot sheet, which will usually offer a range of numbers for ―excellent,‖ ―good,‖ and so on. Assess the performance according to the type of event it is. Often the ballot gives some
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TIME SIGNALS
Most competitors will ask for time signals of varying forms. Usually, they want a hand signal at 3-2-1 and ½ minutes remaining—the ―count down‖ method; or they may ask for time used—the ―count up‖ method. Hold your hand signal up for about 15 seconds, and try to determine that the competitor has seen the signal, without expecting him to acknowledge it, since to do so will break his train of thought and possibly mar his speech. If the contestant does not see the signal after 15 seconds or so, lower your hand and simply try again at the next signal. Some contestants are too nervous to acknowledge or even see your signals. Do not use voice time prompts unless the contestant specifically requests it. Try to accommodate the competitor’s request, but feel free to tailor the time signals to those that will not interfere with your judging process. However, by all means do provide time signals consistently for each competitor! The students depend on your doing so.
JUDGING THE ROUND
Take notes on a separate piece of paper with the title and other notes that will help you remember each performance. You can keep a running ranking by the + - system. Begin the first
guidelines for judging the event, although these specifics vary from tournament to tournament. Most ballots contain a list of detailed criteria to judge, sometimes in a rather long list. However, these lists can be boiled down to the three primary categories to be judged: choice of material, delivery, and interpretation. Choice of material: Choice of material has to do with the appropriateness and absolute value of the piece. Is the piece age-appropriate? Has the student exhibited good taste in his choice and cutting of the piece? Are its themes universal and important? Delivery: Delivery refers to the student’s presentation, including voice, inflection, posture, gestures, and so on. Is the performance dramatically compelling and persuasive? Interpretation: Interpretation refers to the student’s understanding and conveyance of the meaning of the piece. Although high school students may not have a sophisticated understanding of the piece, they should express it in a way that demonstrates their preparation and close study of its meaning. Detailed judging criteria for each event follow this section. Double check that you have marked the rankings on the correct ballots. Then, sign your ballot and return it to the office before going on to your next round. Completed ballots are distributed to the team coaches after the awards assembly, which means that students will not get any written feedback until after the tournament ends. Therefore, students may ask you for a critique at the end of the round.
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Unless the tournament forbids oral critiques (since excessive critiques can delay the tournament), you may refer to your notes to briefly tell a competitor how he did. Do not reveal their ranking. If you do not wish to give a critique, that's okay too, although it is most helpful for the student when we can give a good critique. If you do critique a student, make sure that you comment on the positive and negative aspects of his performance.
RULES FOR THE EVENTS Congress
1-2 weeks before the tournament, the host school sends participating schools all of the bills and resolutions to be debated at its tournament. At least two judges are assigned by the host school to listen to the debate on each of those bills and resolutions. Sessions usually last 2 ½ hours each, during which time the participants in congress and senate (advanced Student Congress) will make speeches for and against the bills and resolutions they have received. It is expected that students will have prepared some notes on several topics before the tournament. Congress and Senate speakers are allowed to take notes with them to the podium to speak, but you should penalize those who simply read a pre-written speech. The judges receive a seating chart of the students speaking in the Congress. A student acting as presiding officer (PO) will recognize each speaker and run the debate. As in the other events, all you have to do is sit back and listen. Sometimes, the judge is asked to time speeches. They should be a maximum of three minutes in length. When that maximum is reached, it should be indicated to the speaker by saying "time." However,
this task usually goes to the presiding officer, who will strike a gavel as a warning that time is nearly up and will ―gavel down‖ a speaker who continues to speak after time is up. The judge scores each speech on a point system, of 1-6, with 6 being best. If a student addresses a question to a speaker during his/her speech, that question is NOT given any points, but the speaker's ability to answer the question may be taken into consideration when assigning points. Write the time used on the ballot and make comments about the speaker’s use of evidence, logic, persuasiveness, and speaking style. You may compare your rankings and speech scores with the other judge, if that person has more experience than you have, just to make sure you are scoring correctly. Do not, however, let that judge persuade you to change your scorings. Once the session ends, rank all the speakers who have spoken. This can sometimes be difficult if you have heard a number of speakers. Therefore, make sure that you take good notes on each speaker, noting the strengths and weaknesses of what has been said. The total points earned to the speeches need not effect your ballot. For instance, if one student speaks three times on a bill and gives three bad speeches which are assigned two points each, but another student gives one good speech which gets five points, the student giving the good speech would probably get a higher ranking. Keep a running tally of your rankings to make the final ranking easier. Make sure that you sign your ballots and turn them in to the office as soon as possible and definitely before judging any other round.
Lincoln-Douglas Debate
Lincoln-Douglas involves two people debating with each other over basic values such as justice, morality or equality to affirm or negate a bi-monthly assigned resolution. Debaters prepare opening speeches of six-to-seven minutes, question their opponents during cross examination and then quickly prepare and present a rebuttal. The round takes 45 minutes. Your coach will prepare you to judge this event if you are needed to do so. At minimum, you should have judged a practice round with supervision before judging a competitive round.
Public Forum Debate
Public Forum debate is a team debate designed to be judged by laypersons who have a working familiarity with the format. It begins with a coin toss to determine which sides of the resolution the parties will defend. The winner of the coin toss either declares the side they prefer, Affirmative or Negative, or whether they prefer to speak first or second. The teams face each other, and may opt to stand or sit to deliver their speeches. All crossfires should be done while sitting. It helps to have the Pro side sit on your left, and the Con sit on your right. This helps you keep track of which side is speaking. The ballot should indicate the order of speaking and the times for each speech. Essentially, each 4-minute ―constructive‖ speech is followed by a crossfire period of cross examination where speakers ask and answer alternately. Next, each side presents a 2-minute rebuttal. Then during the grand crossfire period, all speakers may cross-examine and answer with no protocol for question/answer sequence. It’s a kind of free-forall, but the teams should not try to dominate the questioning. Partners may whisper to each other during the opponent’s speeches, but not interrupt their teammate while speaking. At
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the end, each side gives a 1-minute ―final focus‖ speech summarizing the main issue of the round from that side’s point of view. On the ballot, you mark who won and assign speaker points for each team. The winning team should have higher speaker points.
presenting roughly one half of the introduction. Preference is usually given to those who present multiple characters effectively.
Individual Events (IEs)
IEs comprise the remaining categories. Some tournaments offer other categories as well. These are described on the tournament entry, along with specific rules about movement, time requirements and so on. Always follow the requirements of the particular tournament you are judging. Duo Interpretation (Duo) In this event two students present a memorized piece (no scripts, unless the tournament rules allow it). The selection must be a play, story, or novel published in a book or magazine. It may be either humorous or dramatic, with each contestant carrying about half of the lines. Participants must not look at each other but at a focal point diagonally in front of them. No physical or eye contact is to be made. This is interpretation, not acting. No eye or physical contact should occur. No props or costumes are allowed. Selection must be from 5-10 minutes. Performances under 8 minutes usually warrant lower rankings and scores than those that run full length. Going over time by more than 30 seconds usually disqualifies. Indicate this by ranking the contestants last. A memorized introduction including the author’s name and the title of the piece should be presented with each partner
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Extemporaneous Speaking: Foreign (FX) and Domestic (DX or US) This is basically an event to see how much a student knows about current events. The contestants meet in an "Extemp draw room" thirty minutes prior to the starting of a round to select topics that they will speak on. Each student draws three topics which are in question form. From these, they select one and immediately begin to prepare a speech using a file box containing articles and essays from three major news magazines (the ―big three‖: Time, Newsweek, US News & World Report), as well as more advanced title such as The Economist and Foreign Policy or books. During that time, he outlines and practices a speech. When the speaker arrives at the assigned room, he will give you the slip of paper with his question. Record it on the ballot along with the contestant’s number. Then sit back and listen to his speech. It is an absolute that he must answer the question and present cogent analysis in either 2 or 3 main points. Speakers should quote authorities on the subject, give statistics, and provide examples. The speech should begin with a catchy introduction, usually a saying, joke, or political cartoon. A good extemper will conclude by tying his comments back to the introduction. The
best extempers have a flair for analysis and speaking that takes them beyond simply reciting information. There is no minimum time limit. Brevity (under 5 minutes) should be penalized because it indicates a lack of information on the subject. The maximum time limit is 7 minutes. Going over time should also be penalized, if it is more than a couple of seconds. You MUST give time signals to Extempers! They have just prepared this speech in the last half hour, and they need your signals to keep them on track. Contestants in extemporaneous speaking should be held accountable for: 1. Adherence to the question drawn. He should be discounted for shifting to some other topic on which he might prefer to speak. In other words, make sure the contestant talks on the topic he has drawn. 2. Well chosen information relative to the subject as presented in current periodicals. Usually, the competitors who use more advanced journals make better speeches than those who limit their sources to the ―big three.‖ 3. Source use. Watch out for ―made up‖ sources. Write down the citations and dates. You are allowed to ask that a source be shown to you, although this is seldom done at small tournaments. If you believe strongly that a contestant has made up his sources, penalize him in the rankings and points. 4. Analysis of the material that shows a real understanding of the topic. The contestant should not simply ramble on and on about current events, but should have a message to convey for which his sources serve as evidence of thinking carefully about the topic. The speech should be logically organized, but keep in mind that it was prepared in a 30-minute time period.
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5. Delivery, including all the mechanics of good speech, poise, quality and use of voice, gestures, directness, and the ability to enlist and hold the interest of the audience. The extemporaneous speech is not to be a memory test of material contained in any one particular magazine article, but rather an original synthesis of current fact and opinion. Notes may not be used. Impromptu In this event, the speaker is given 2-3 minutes to prepare a speech about a topic that is given to him by the judge. The times and rules may vary at certain tournaments, so be sure to check the instructions on your judge packet. The time limit is five minutes. There is no minimum time limit. Brevity should be penalized only if it discloses a lack of knowledge of the subject or makes the speech incomplete. Going overtime will be a detriment. When running a round of impromptu, all students come into the room at the same time. Call up the first speaker and allow him to choose from the prompts printed and arranged face down on your desk. Prompts include famous quotes, famous individuals, slang expressions, abstract concepts, song, TV show, and film titles. (You will have been handed an envelope of prompts when you pick up your ballots.) The participant picks three prompts at random and replaces the two he does not want back into the pool. Then he has two minutes to think about the topic. When the preparation time is up, say "time." He will hand you his prompt, and then begin his speech. Sit back and listen to what the speaker has to say. Following his
presentation, call the second contestant into the room and repeat the procedure. Continue to do so until all the contestants have spoken. The speaker should be judged for his or her ability to speak under pressure, with no notes and little preparation. He should be judged for the continuity of the speech and the material that he is able to recall on the spur of the moment and mold into an effective speech. Often impromptu speakers have a set of ―canned‖ speeches that they tie to any prompt. Speeches that do not relate to the prompt should be penalized. The speaker should also be judged on the mechanics of speech--poise, quality and use of voice, body action, and the ability to hold the attention of the audience. The student should be penalized if he exceeds the time limits. Dramatic Interpretation (DI) The selections used in both events must be memorized sections from a play, short story, essay or novel of "recognized literary quality" which has been published in a book or magazine. It may be either prose or poetry. Time limits: 5- 10 minutes. Generally reward longer pieces (8 ½ to 10 minutes) and penalize shorter pieces. The piece must be memorized. The presentation should be serious in nature although humor may be present. Emphasis is on vocal interpretation. Limited movement is permitted. No costumes, props or make-up are allowed. A pertinent introduction containing the author’s name and the title should be presented. Dramatic interpretation involves presenting multiple characters in the story presented in a compelling way. Selections should
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be judged for the appropriateness as contest material and its suitability to the particular contestant using it. Characters should be easily distinguishable through unique gestures or verbal clues. Confusion between characters is one of the most common problems in DI. Sophisticated transitions between characters and scenes are the mark of a very competent dramatic interp competitor. This is a contest in interpretation, not acting. Gestures, movement, and pantomime should be limited. The contestant should be graded on poise, quality and use of voice, facial expression, gesture, inflection, emphasis, pronunciation, enunciation. When ranking DIs, ask yourself which contestant presented the most compelling story, with the most believable and interesting characters. Often the competitor who presents multiple convincing characters takes precedence over those who present one character; however, a compelling monologue can beat a confusing or disjointed multi-character piece. Humorous Interpretation (HI) The judging for HI is essentially the same as for DI, except that the winner should be the funniest performance, with good taste and presentation skill taken into consideration. Ask yourself whether the competitor’s range of voices and postures added to the quality of the performance and allow for a wide range of humor.
Original Oratory In this event, the student writes a speech and delivers it himself. The choice of the subject is wide open, but it should be persuasive and appropriate to the speaker and to the audience. It should be between five and ten minutes in length. Not more than 150 words of the oration may be direct quotation from any other speech or writing. When judging this event, you must consider both the composition (thought and content) and the delivery, with the emphasis on the speech as a speech. Often orators will pepper their speeches with acting, singing and other diversions. Ask yourself whether these serve the speech or act as mere ornamentation. The orator should address of topic of general interest and present it in an interesting and informed manner. The student should have taken pains to use rhetoric and diction effectively. The use of repetition, similes, metaphors, and parallel structure add to the power of the speech. In addition, judge the speaker’s voice, poise, and expressiveness as well as the sincerity with which he presents his views. The most compelling, important, and persuasive oratory should win the round. Storytelling: Performers must perform a retelling of a published story from memory. Like interpretation, there is limited acting involved, but plenty of voice dramatization and inflection. Characters may be portrayed by voice and posture changes. The narrator’s voice should be lively and interesting. The presentation must be no longer than 5 minutes. Judge storytelling purely on
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dramatic telling and the interest of the story itself. Often the readers will present different character voices, or sing, which adds to their demonstrated range of storytelling skills. Note: at some tournaments storytelling allows reading from a script, which is usually a children’s story. Prose/Poetry Interpretation The student should prepare a program of poetry or prose or both that is at least five minutes in length and no longer than ten minutes. At least two selections shall be used. The poetry or prose (which may be a short story, journal, essay, or other published article) selected should have some common theme that is established by the student in his introductions and transitions. The poetry selections must be of recognized literary quality taken from a published book or magazine. An introduction that provides background on the author(s) and themes should be presented. The pieces must be read from a script and should be held inconspicuously in front of the participant, preferably in a tidy binder or folder. Introductions and transitions should be memorized. Judge this event primarily on the actual reading of the poetry and/or prose. Time: 5-10 minutes. Impromptu Duet Acting Duo teams present a 5-10 minute impromptu scene or scenes after 1 minute prep time for a given prompt. Usually, the speakers do NOT know their partner’s initial starting point (character, situation, etc.). The presentation may be humorous or serious in nature. Performers are allowed full range of
movement and may interact freely with each other during the performance. Props must be limited to those found in the room. No costumes or makeup are allowed. Emphasis is on a balanced performance (that is, one performer should not be doing all of the talking) and highest marks should go to the teams that resolve the conflict specified in the scene.
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
There are as many different techniques for judging as there are judges. Each judge looks for some items that are different from what another judge would look for. It is very subjective. Whatever you decide should be based upon the rules of the tournament and the general guidelines given here. The more judging you do, the more confident you will be as a judge. Feel free to ask questions whenever something happens that you don't understand or are unsure of. Take this responsibility of judging seriously. What you say and what you do, how you act and react affects the students who have entered this tournament and gives direction to their attitudes and philosophies by which they will be living in the future. Be sure to make a positive contribution. Any judge who must indicate to his contestants that he does not know how to judge a certain event is a poor judge, but the coach of that school is held responsible. If we expect high caliber speaking performances and general conduct from these young people, then, as adults, we must provide a similar standard in judging, in punctuality, sportsmanship, and general conduct.
Do’s and Don’t’s
1. DO look interested: DO NOT look bored, doodle, look out the window, etc.! 2. DO be available and meet all assignments given you by a host coach. DO NOT switch assignments. 3. DO start a round on time (allowing for the tournamentrequired grace period for late contestants). 4. DO permit visitors to enter your room during a round. DO NOT permit them, however, to enter during a performance or to disrupt performances by whispering or speaking. 5. DO avoid asking a student to reveal his name or school. 6. DO know how many judges are assigned to a round and then wait to begin until all arrive. 7. DO call on speakers in order of the appearance of their names on the ballot unless they are double-entered. 8. DO know the rules. DO NOT plead "inexperience." 9. DO remember that a rank of 1 means "best" or A quality. 10. DO record your own private judgment as a score. DO NOT confer with other persons or judges. 11. DO avoid revealing your scoring to anyone. 12. DO avoid stopping a speaker even though he may be overtime or your judgment is made. 13. DO avoid preparing ballot and ranking until the final speaker is finished. 14. DO sign your ballots. 15. DO be objective in your comments and avoid personal opinions and prejudices. Comment on logic and reasoning and/or interpretation of character, not on whether it agrees with your views. 16. DO, if you wish, offer critiques after a round and after your ballot is marked. DO NOT reveal your ranking to a speaker. DO NOT attempt to coach a speaker. 17. DO turn properly marked ballots in immediately after a round.
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NOTES:
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