Get documents about "Textile Multi-layer Systems for Protection against Electromagnetic
Document Sample
Stefan Brzeziński,
*Tomasz Rybicki,
Textile Multi-layer Systems for Protection
Iwona Karbownik,
Grażyna Malinowska,
against Electromagnetic Radiation
**Edward Rybicki, Abstract
***Lech Szugajew, This paper presents the results of studies carried out at the Textile Research Institute in
Marek Lao, Łódź, aimed at developing multi-layer, flat or spatial textile-polymeric materials, designed
Katarzyna Śledzińska for shielding electromagnetic radiation (EMR), showing a possible high absorption
coefficient, a so-called insertion loss of ≥ 40%. These materials were designed by the
method presented in our previous paper, which consists in bonding/laminating component
Textile Research Institute, coating materials with diversified permittivity and magnetic permeability into multi-layer
Department of Non-conventional systems. Multi-layer shielding materials designed and made according to such assumptions
Techniques and Textiles, are characterised by a predominant EMR absorption capability, considerably higher than
ul. Gdańska 118, 90-520 Łódź, Poland their EMR reflection capability; they also show a low surface density, elasticity and ease of
storage and transport. The positive test results of shielding effectiveness obtained, within a
*Technical University of Łódź, wide range of frequency (0.8 – 18 GHz), for the newly developed shielding materials offers
Department of Electrotechnics, Elecrtonics, real prospects for their practical use in various fields of the economy.
Information Science and Automation,
Institute of Automation
ul. Stefanowskiego 18/22, 90-924 Łódź, Poland Key words: shielding, electromagnetic radiation, coat-forming polymers, conductive par-
ticles, ferromagnetic substances, thin-layer coating, coating paste, paste rheology, coating
**Technical University of Łódź, materials, multi-layer shielding systems.
Faculty of Material Technologies
and Textile Design,
Institute for Architecture of Textile conductive grids in the structures of such
ul. Żeromskiego116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland n Aim of study
carriers [29 - 34, 40].
***Military Institute of Technical Armament, The aim of the studies was to develop
Research Laboratory of Commanding Systems, new types of multi-layer textiles or tex-
Radio-Electronic Fighting The basic assumption of the studies un-
and Microwave Technique tile-polymeric materials designed for dertaken was to design such coating
ul. Prymasa S. Wyszyńskiego, protection against electromagnetic radia- materials for the component layers and
05-220 Zielonka, near Warsaw, Poland.
tion (EMR), which are relatively light, the textile carrier structures, including
with low thickness and surface density, electro-conductive or EMR reflecting ad-
elastic, formable, and modified with ditives, which would make it possible to
electro-conductive as well as ferromag- attenuate EMR by simultaneous absorp-
netic substances, showing simultaneous tion and reflection of this radiation. The
EMR reflecting and absorbing effects. final laminar products would have layers
In the development of component layer of different character, e.g. a top layer that
materials as well as the final multi-layer absorbs EMR and an internal (bottom)
shielding systems, the authors used the layer that reflects residual incident radia-
designing procedure described in their tion. Such a complementary way of using
previous paper [1], which also describes both types of shielding effects makes it
test methods for the determination of possible to optimise the protective effect
EMR shielding effectiveness, including required, with a reduction in material
reflection, absorption and transmission consumption at the same time [1].
coefficients. An important advantage of
the multi-layer shielding systems is the It should be noted that the protective ma-
possibility of imparting other perform- terials obtained by means of the textile
ance properties to them, such as water- coating methods should be characterised
tightness, for example. by a low surface density, soft handle,
elasticity and a very stable shielding ef-
Considering the original concept of the fect under conditions of use, care and
present studies, it was of great impor- maintenance [2, 27]. This creates the pos-
tance to make the individual component sibility of using such materials not only
layers of the shielding systems using the for shields of various types, including
techniques of direct or reversible thin- radiolocation shields, but also for special
layer coating [1 - 3] with pastes of non- types of protective clothing [37 - 38].
conductive polymers [2, 4 - 6] and also
interstitialy conductive polymers (ICP) The main practical effect expected
[8 - 24], including those filled with nano- should include the development of a
and micro-metric particles of conductive fundamental basis for the technological
and ferromagnetic substances [4 - 8], process of making effective multi-layer
deposited on textile carriers with flat or EMR shields for various textile carriers
specially developed spatial structures by means of the thin-layer coating tech-
[25 - 30]. Textile carries were made from niques. Such materials should be suitable
various textile fibres including blends for making both protective shields and
with metal or metallised fibres, creating special types of protective clothing for
66 Brzeziński S., Rybicki T., Karbownik I., Malinowska G., Rybicki E., Szugajew L., Lao M., Śledzińska K.; Textile Multi-layer Systems for Protection against
Electromagnetic Radiation. FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2 (73), pp. 66-71.
workers exposed to the effects of EMR reversible methods of Mathis (Swit- of the pastes deposited and, consequently,
in various fields of the national economy, zerland). the coats themselves. Blades with a pro-
including the defence sector. n A 6206 of ELTEX GmbH Teraometer file edge were also used to produce coats
(Germany) for measuring surface re- with characteristic grooving and thereby
sistance. a spatial effect of the coats. However, the
n Experimental n Apparatus for measuring EMR at- latter were characterised by considerably
Materials tenuation of shielding materials by higher surface densities than those with
the tunnel method with the possibil- a smooth surface [2, 30, 40]. The poly-
n polyester - poly(ethylene terephtha-
ity of determining the reflection and acrylate or polyurethane coats were filled
late) - woven fabric, made from multi-
transmission in dB and coefficients of with various electro-conductive or ferro-
filament yarns, with a surface density reflection and transmission as well as magnetic substances in the form of both
of 110 g/m2; the interposed attenuation in % within nano- and micro-sized particles as well as
n non-crosslinked acrylic (PAC) or ure- the frequency range of 0.8 GHz to 18 with conductive fibres [40]. The fillers in-
thane (PUR) polymer in the form of GHz. – Military Institute of Technical cluded carbon black, metal powders and/
aqueous dispersion from CIBA Spe- Armament, Zielonka, near Warsaw, or ferromagnetic substances and materi-
ciality Chemicals Ltd., Switzerland Poland. als showing very high relative permittiv-
n coating paste based on polyaniline
ity ε and magnetic permeability μ, as e.g.
(PANI) – ATH, Bielsko-Biała; Poland Preparation of the model EMR barium titanate. The conductive fibres in-
n nano- and micro-carbon black (vari- shielding systems cluded mainly steel fibres and silver-plat-
ous manufacturers); ed fibres [40]. As a rule, the multi-layer
The objective of the study was to assess
n submicro- and micro-powders of Al, coating technique was used, including
the possibilities of using, light multi-
Cu, Ni (various manufacturers); at least two and a maximum of four lay-
layer textile-polymeric systems for EMR
n submicro- and micro-powders of fer- ers filled with various fine-particle anti-
shielding, in which individual layers
romagnetic substances and semi-con- electromagnetic powders [40]. A nano- or
would be capable of reflecting and/or
ductors (various manufacturers); micro-powder with electro-conductive or
absorbing EMR within a wide range of
n stainless steel fibres (various manu- ferromagnetic properties was added to the
frequency. Considering the character of
facturers); polymeric coating pastes in experimental-
these materials, they should be of a low
n silver-coated polyamide fibres (vari- ly established quantities, being as high as
thickness, relatively light and elastic,
ous manufacturers); possible, but allowing the preparation of
thus easy to transport and store, as well
n plastic foils metallised with Al and as resistant to atmospheric conditions. homogeneous dispersions in an aqueous
Cu/Al (various manufacturers); Such materials could be used, depending medium or organic solvent, depending
n textiles metallised by plasma treat- on their structure, as shields as well as for on the paste characteristics and coating
ment using Flectron Cu and Cu/Ni making protective clothing. technique. The condition was to obtain
from Laird Technologies, USA (com- and maintain homogeneous dispersion of
mercially available products with In accordance with the adapted assump- such materials in the coating paste, and
shielding properties, purchased for tions of the studies, their main subject is then in the polymeric matrix, as well as
comparison purposes). textile coating materials, prepared by the to maintain the rheological properties of
direct thin-layer techniques, repeated with pastes required by the coating techniques
Apparatus the use of blades with a smooth edge: so- used to ensure their suitability of use and
n Multi-function equipment for the called air blades and blades supported by the mechanical properties of the coats
preparation of coating pastes and a roller. This procedure made it possible to produced [20, 39]. In practice, this stood
coating woven fabrics by the direct or control the thickness and surface density for the addition of powder in quantities
Table 1. ...............................
Surface density Shielding Components of shielding effectiveness,
Sample Frequency, %
Multi-layer system of the system/ effectiveness,
No. GHz
number of layers dB transmission reflection insertion loss
0.8 - 2.4 -22 0.65 - -
PET knitted fabric (3D) with steel fibres + PUR 2.4 - 4.8 -17 1.94 80.56 17.50
1. 314/ 3
coat with Graphite 390 8 - 13 -15 3.40 45.42 51.17
13 - 18 -11 7.71 31.95 60.33
0.8 - 2.4 -40 0.00 - -
PUR coat with Al + Knitted fabric with steel
2.4 - 4.8 -40 0.01 70.29 29.70
2. fibres and silver plated fibres + PET woven 220/ 6
8 - 13 -40 0.01 35.43 64.56
fabric with PANI coat (2x)
13 - 18 -40 0.01 8.57 91.43
0.8 - 2.4 -21 0.74 - -
PAC coat + Layer of steel fibres + PAC coat + 2.4 - 4.8 -25 0.32 81.38 18.30
3. 194/ 7
PET woven fabric with PANI coat (2x) 8 - 13 -22 0.71 41.58 57.71
13 - 18 -20 1.06 27.16 71.77
0.8 - 2,4 -40 0.01 - -
Knitted fabric with steel fibres and silver plated 2.4 - 4.8 -37 0.02 93.41 6.57
4. 282/ 5
fibres + PET woven fabric with PANI coat (2×) 8 - 13 -35 0.03 70.60 29.37
13 - 18 -32 0.06 54.49 45.46
0.8 - 2.4 -50 0.00 - -
PET woven fabric (3D) with steel fibres and
2.4 - 4.8 -55 0.00 64.74 35.28
5. PUR coat with Al (2x) + Knitted fabric with steel 277/ 4
8 - 13 -50 0.00 61.75 38.25
fibres and silver plated fibres
13 - 18 -50 0.00 50.83 49.17
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2 (73) 67
of 10 to 30% by wt. (depending on the
[%] 100
type and filler particle size) in relation to 90
the dry weight of the coat, which, in most 80
cases, was a value considerably below 70
60
the percolation threshold and did not al-
sample 1
50
low one to obtain the electro-conductivity 40
30
of coats expected. It was attempted to 20
lower the threshold and to obtain a coat 10
with better conductivity by the addition 0
[%] 100
of various amounts of selected auxiliary 90
agents with antistatic properties, based on 80
70
non-crosslinked, coat-forming acrylate or 60
urethane polymers in the form of aque-
sample 2
50
40
ous dispersion, to the prepared pastes. 30
Coats were also prepared with the use 20
of electro-conductive polymers such as 10
0
polyaniline [18, 40], either without anti- [%] 100
electromagnetic fillers or with such an 90
additive (submicro-powder of Al) [40]. 80
70
Woven and knitted fabrics were used as 60
textile carriers, which were made from
sample 3
50
40
various fibres, mainly poly(ethylene 30
terephthalate), with various structures, 20
10
both flat and spatial e.g. spacer knitted 0
fabric, type 3D [40]. [%] 100
90
Several special textile fabrics with both 80
70
flat and spatial structures containing 60
specified additions of conductive fi-
sample 4
50
40
bres or steel filaments were also devel- 30
oped [40]. The interest in stainless steel 20
filaments resulted from their capabilities
10
0
to both reflect and absorb electromag- [%] 100
netic waves [30, 31, 40]. Conductive 90
fibres or metallised yarns, mainly silver 80
70
plated, were also used [30, 33, 34, 40]. 60
There was also the development of flat
sample 5
50
40
and spatial (spacer knitted fabrics, type 30
3D) fabrics, chemically metallised in two 20
layers with copper and silver [40]. These 10
0
fabrics were used both individually and 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,9 3,1 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,1 4,3 4,6 4,8 [GHz]
insertion loss reflection coefficient transmission coefficient
as carriers of polymeric coats filled with
metal powders, ferromagnetic substances
or carbon black as well as coats of con- Figure 1.a. Test results of the shielding effectiveness of selected model multi-layer systems
ductive polymers such as polyaniline. within a frequency range of 0.8 – 4.8 GHz.
In total over 100 various component this effectiveness: transmission, absorp- The structures of five exemplifying tex-
coating materials and textile carriers tion and reflection coefficients being at tile-polymeric shielding systems, meet-
were designed and made. Based on the levels of ≤ 40%, ≥ 40% and about 20%, ing the above assumptions, are given in
analysis of test results concerning the at- Table 1.
respectively.
tenuation of the component materials de-
veloped, both the textile coating fabrics Test results for the shielding
and textiles with flat and spatial struc- For practical applications requiring
properties of the model systems,
tures, modified with additives of metal or complete EMR ”impermeability” with
and discussion
metallised fibres, over 20 various multi- simultaneous EMR absorption, systems
layers systems were designed and made All five samples listed in Table 1 were
containing a fully reflecting material
(2 - 7 layers) using various compositions check in the Military Institute of Techni-
in the lower (bottom) layer were used,
of the component EMR shielding materi- cal Armament, Research Laboratory of
e.g. foils or metallised woven or knit- Commanding Systems, Radio-Electronic
als with substantial coefficients of EMR
reflection and absorption. The main as- ted fabrics (41 - 43) prepared by vacuum Fighting and Microwave Technique,
sumption was to obtain shielding materi- evaporation or plasma treatment, as well Zielonka, Poland within the frequency
als showing a shielding effectiveness at a as chemically metallised textiles with a ranges of 0.8 - 4.8 GHz and 8 - 18 GHz.
level of ≥10 dB, with the components of spatial structure [40]. The results are presented in Figure 1 as
68 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2 (73)
obtained, one can also establish several
[%] 100
90
relationships, formulate comments and
80 draw some more general conclusions:
70
60
n The idea of inventing ’textile” shield-
ing materials is very impressive and
sample 1
50
40
has initiated numerous research stud-
30
20
ies over the years. This results from
10 the potential advantages of using
0
[%] 100
textile fabrics in to shield EMR as
90 compared with the metal or compos-
80
70
ite shields commonly used. On the
60 other hand, the finishing of textiles by
coating techniques to deposit suitable
sample 2
50
40
30
polymers on their surface is currently
20 one of the most intensively developed
10
0
areas of fabric modification, which
[%] 100 extends the possibilities and areas of
90 their use considerably. It should be
80
70
also mentioned that the use of direct
60 or reversible thin-layer coating makes
it possible not only to deposit suit-
sample 3
50
40
30 able anti-electromagnetic substances
20 dispersed in a coat, but also to form
10
0
multi-layer coats, at the same time
[%] 100 allowing each layer to contain an ad-
90 ditive with a specific capability to re-
80
70
flect or absorb EMR. Due to the low
60 thickness and high elasticity of such
polymeric coats, they do not stiffen
sample 4
50
40
30 textile fabrics to an extent that would
20 adversely affect the comfort of use,
e.g. when used in protective or cam-
10
0
[%] 100
ouflage clothing. Moreover, the struc-
90 ture of the coats makes them resistant
80
70
to atmospheric conditions, includ-
60 ing rain. Their shielding effective-
ness is stable in repeated laundering.
sample 5
50
40
30
n The use of the technique of direct or
20 reversible coating makes it possible to
10
0
deposit substances on the textile car-
rier that reflect or absorb EMR, which
8,0 8,5 9,0 9,5 10,0 10,5 11,0 11,5 12,0 12,5 13,0 13,5 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,0 17,5 18,0 [GHz]
insertion loss reflection coefficient transmission coefficient
on the one hand allows one to obtain
an effective and uniform shielding ef-
Figure 1.b. Test results of the shielding effectiveness of selected model multi-layer systems fect across the whole fabric surface,
within a frequency range of 8 – 18 GHz. but on the other hand it does not dete-
riorate the ”textile” features of these
the dependences of insertion loss, reflec- Considering the high number of com- carriers, e.g. their low weight, elas-
tion coefficient, transmission coefficient ponent coating materials developed, de- ticity, mechanical strength nor their
on the frequency. The average valious of signed for the formation of multi-layer high and stable EMR shielding effect
systems, the presentation of detailed test in use.
the components of shielding effective-
results of their EMR shielding properties n The technique of thin-layer coating
ness (transmission, reflection, insertion used makes it also possible to incor-
loss) for frequency subranges are pre- would exceed the article volume limit
porate other types of functional addi-
considerably.
sented in Table 1. The results presented tives into the polymeric coats formed
above showed acceptable attenuation of on textile carriers, and consequently
The coating textile materials developed to impart other properties, e.g. bac-
EMR. The EMR shielding effectiveness
and their shielding characteristics were teriostatic properties, to the coats
of these materials obtained, including used for the creation of an appropriate obtained. It is also possible to apply
their simultaneous capabilities to reflect database as a basis for rationally design- so-called camouflage dyeing or prints
and absorb EMR, creates wide range ing multi-layer textile-polymeric systems to the textile carriers. These carriers
of possibilities for developing specific with expected EMR shielding capabili- can have different technical charac-
system structures for specified practical ties for various practical applications. teristics obtained by the appropri-
uses. Based on the analysis of the test results ate designing of their structures and
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2 (73) 69
selection of fibres as well as special n Conclusions References
finishing or modification of the fab-
n The use of doping coating pastes 1. Brzeziński S., Rybicki T., Malinowska G.,
ric surface. All these operations and Karbownik I., Rybicki E., Szugajew L.,
treatments can considerably increase based on non-cross-linked acrylate
Lao M., Śledzińska K.: Fibres & Textiles
the multi-functionality of the coated or urethane polymers (in the form in Eastern Europe Vol. 17, No. 1 (72) pp.
composite materials and extend the of aqueous dispersion) with nano- or 60-65, 2009
areas of their possible use. micro-particles of fillers such as met- 2. Brzeziński S.: „Wybrane zagadnienia z
n The basic mechanism of EMR shield- als, carbon black, graphite or ferro- chemicznej technologii włókna”. vol. III,
magnetic substances, in amounts of chapter. III Ed. Technical University of
ing consists in reflecting. Therefore, Łódź - Branch in Bielsko Biała. 1999.
a shield should have movable charge 10-30% in relation to the dry weight,
3. Brzeziński S., Malinowska G., Nowak
carriers (electrons or holes) that react turned out to be ineffective in terms
T.: Fibres&Textiles in Eastern Europe.
with an electromagnetic field, and of EMR shielding. Such coats (coated Vol.13, No. 4 (52), 90-93, 2005.
as a result the shield shows electric woven fabrics) also showed very low 4. Słupkowski T.: POLIMERY. Vol. 30, 10,
conduction. This way of shielding is capabilities to conduct electricity. pp. 381-387, 1985.
This seems to be due to the lack of 5. Kirkpatrick S.: Rev. of Modern Physics.
characteristic of metals possessing
a percolation threshold under these Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 574-588, 1973.
free electrons. Another mechanism 6. Koprowska J., Pietranik M., Stawski W.:
responsible for shielding is absorp- conditions.
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol.
tion. In this case, shields should con- n As follows from the data given in 12, No. 3 (47). pp.39-38, 2004
tain electric and/or magnetic dipoles Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 1, 7. Chung D.D.L.: Carbon Vol. 39, No. 2, pp.
to react with the electromagnetic the model multi-layer shielding ma- 279-285, 2001
field. Electric dipoles can be formed terials developed fulfils the basic as- 8. Avloni J., Florio L., Henn A.R., Lau R.,
sumptions for shielding effectiveness Ouyang M., Sparavigna A.: Electroma-
in substances showing a high di- gnetic Shielding with Polypyrrole. Coated
electric constant. In turn, magnetic and its components within frequency
Fabrics. PACS Numbers: 72. 80.Le,
dipoles are formed in ferromagnetic ranges of 0.8 - 4.8 GHz (Figure 1.a) 73.25.+i
substances with a high magnetic per- and 8 - 18 GHz (Figure 1.b). Hence, 9. Novak, I., Krupa, I., European Polymer
meability [2]. It has been found that these model systems can constitute Journal, Vol. 40, pp. 1417-1423, 2004.
silver or aluminium particles of sub- the basis for the development of 10. Włochowicz A., Fryczkowski R.: Fibres &
shielding materials fulfilling specified Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 11, No. 4
micron size, e.g. about 600 nm, due to (43), p.36-38, 2003
their high conductance, are a very ef- requirements of protection against
11. Kuhn H.K., Child A.D., Kimbrell W.C.:
fective anti-electromagnetic filler and EMR, resulting from their specific Synthetic Metals Vol. 71, No. 1-3, p.2139-
provide good properties of EMR re- practical applications. 2142, 1995.
flection when incorporated into coats. n The studies performed resulted in 12. Kyung Wha Oh, Kzung Hwa Hong, Seong
n Another shielding mechanism is mul- a new range of model textile multi- Hun Kim: J.of Appl. Pol. Sc.. Vol. 74, No.
layer shielding materials developed 8, 2094-2101, 1999.
tiple reflection, which refers to the 13. Xinli Jing, Yangyong Wang, Baiyu Zhang:.
EMR reflection on various surfaces or with the use of component textile and
J.of Appl. Pol. Sc.. Vol. 98, No. 5, pp.
phases inside the shield. This mecha- textile-polymeric materials, showing 2149-2156, 2005.
nism requires a large specific surface acceptable attenuation of EMR. The 14. Lokshin N.A., Sergeyev V.G., Zezin A.B.,
or interfacial surface. An example of a EMR shielding effectiveness of these Golubev V.B., Levon K., Kabanov V.A.:
large specific surface may be a porous materials obtained, including their si- LangmuirNo. 19, pp. 7564-7568, 2003.
multaneous capabilities to reflect and 15. Blinova N.V., Stejskal J., Trchova M.,
or foamed material or a composite Prokes J.: Polymer Vol. 47, No. 1, pp.
containing a filler with a large specific absorb EMR, creates wide range of
42-48, 2006.
surface. As shown by test results for possibilities for developing specific 16. Siwei Liu, Kaizheng Zhu, Yi Zhang, Jiarui
the attenuation of the systems under system structures for specified practi- Xu: Polymer. Vol. 47,No. 22, pp. 7680-
discussion, such a shield can be com- cal uses. 7683, 2006.
17. Łapkowski M., Genies E.M.:. POLIMERY,
posed of a multi-layer system of tex-
Vol. 35, No. 2 pp.45-52, 1989.
tile and coating materials containing Acknowledgment 18. Fryczkowski R., Rom M., Fryczkowska
active anti-electromagnetic particles. B.: Fibres&Textiles in Eastern Europe Vol.
n In cases where a complete „opacity” n The authors would like express their
13, No. 5 (53) pp. 141-143, 2005
thanks to the research workers of the
of the shield and a high capability to 19. Joo J, Lee C.Y.: J. of Appl.Physics. – Vol.
Military Institute of Technical Armament:
absorb EMR are required, good re- 88, No. 1, pp.513-518, 2000.
Józef Jarzemski, M.Sc. – for his assi-
sults can be obtained with the use of 20. Xue P., Tao X.M.: J. of Applied Pol.Sc.
stance in performing the research work;
Vol. 98, No. 4, pp.1844-1854, 2005.
light laminar systems, in which the Marek Bekasiak – for testing the shielding 21. Kyung Hwa Hong, Kyung Wha Oh, Tae
top layer consists of a multi-layer coat properties of the protective materials Jin Kang: J. of Appl. Pol. Sc. Vol. 97, No.
of a conductive polymer (e.g. PANI) developed, as well as to Ryszard Frycz- 3, pp. 1326-1332, 2005.
on a textile carrier or a woven or knit- kowski, PhD (ATH, Bielsko-Biała) for the 22. Ferrero F., Napoli L., Tonin C., Varesano
preparation of the coating paste based A.: Pyrrole chemical polymerization on
ted fabric – preferably with a spatial
on polyaniline. textiles: Kinetics and operating condi-
structure – containing a suitable con-
n This research work was financed from tions. J.of Appl.Pol.Sc. Vol. 102, No. 5.
tent of steel fibres, while the internal funds provided the Ministry of Science pp.4121-4126, 2006.
layer is a metallised flat textile fabric and Higher Education in the years 2006- 23. Information Materials of firmyH.C.Starck
or a polymer foil laminated with the 2008 as Research Project number 3 T08E Empowering High-Tech Materials GmbH,
other side of the carrier [41 - 43]. 051 30. Leverkusen, Niemcy - ICP – politiofeny.
70 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2 (73)
24. Materiały informacyjne firmy PANIPOL,
Finlandia. www.panipol.com
,
Instytut Biopolimerów i Włókien Chemicznych
25. Michalak, M., Bilska, J., Brazis, R.,
Vitkauskas, A., Multi-layer nonwoven
structures or electromagnetic wave at-
tenuation. Proc. of EL-TEX Conference,
Łódź 2004.
Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres
26. Michalak M., Brazis R., Kazakevicius V.,
Multifilament Chitosan Yarn
Bilska J., Krucińska I., Fibres & Textiles
in Eastern Europe vol. 14, No. 5 (59), pp.
64-68, 2006
27. Joo J., Lee C. Y.: J. of Appl. Physics. –
Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 513-518, 2000. The Institute of Bioploymers and Chemical Fibres is in
28. Meyvis T.: High performance technical
textiles using coatings with innovaive possession of the know- how and equipment to start the
additives. Proc. of Symposium Techtextil, production of continuous chitosan fibres on an extended
2003, Frankfurt a/M.
29. Marchini F.: Chemiefasern/Textilindustrie lab scale. The Institute is highly experienced in the wet
1990,12,pp. E137-E139. – spinning of polysaccharides, especially chitosan.
30. Su, Ching-Iuan, Jin-Tsair Chern:.Textile
Res.J. Vol. 74, No. 1, pp.51-54, 2004. The Fibres from Natural Polymers department, run
31. K. B. Cheng, M. L. Lee, S. Ramakrishna, by Dr Dariusz Wawro, has elaborated a proprietary
T. H. Ueng: Textile Res.J. Vol. 71, No. 1,
pp. 42-49, 2001. environmently-friendly method of producing continuous
32. W. Zimmermann GmbH&Co.KG, Niemcy: chitosan fibres with bobbins wound on in a form suitable
NONVONIC ™. Proc. Of AVANTEX 2007.
Neuheiten-Kompendium. Frankfurt/Main. for textile processing and medical application.
33. Beurteilt K.: Technische Textilien 2/2005,
p.110.
34. Cole M. D.: Fibre Journal August 2006,
pp. 16-17.
35. Research Procedure LR.PB.18 „Pomiar
częstotliwościowej charakterystyki współ-
czynnika odbicia i transmisji” – Military In-
stitute of Technical Armament, Research
Laboratory of Commanding Systems,
Radio-Electronic Fighting and Microwave
Technique, Zielonka near Warsaw
36. Mühl T., Kraus E., Peifer H. J., Obolen-
ski B.: Technische Textilien 2/2005. pp.
160-163.
37. Erth H., Vogel Ch., Beier H.: Research
and development in the field of special
protective clothing - requirements nn Multifilament chitosan yarn
methods and products. Referat na Pro-
ceedings of 7th International Conference We are ready, in cooperation with our customers, to
EL-TEX, Łódź 2006.
38. Brzeziński S., Jasiorski M., Maruszewski conduct investigations aimed at the preparation of staple
K., Ornat M., Malinowska G., Karbownik and continuous chitosan fibres tailored to specific needs
I., Borak B.: Bacteriostatic textile-po-
lymeric coat materials modified with in preparing non-woven and knit fabrics.
nanoparticles. Polimery,.Vol. 52, No. 5,
pp. 362-366, 2007.
39. Brzeziński S., Jasiorski M., Maruszewski We presently offer a number of chitosan yarns with
K., Ornat M., Malinowska G., Karbownik a variety of mechanical properties, and with single
I., Borak B.: Inżynieria materiałowa PL
ISSN 0208-6247 No. 6/2006,pp. 1342- filaments in the range of 3.0 to 6.0 dtex.
1348.
40. Unpublished research works realized by
IIMW in the period 2002-2008. The fibres offer new potential uses in medical products
41. Information Materials of Laird Technolo- like dressing, implants and cell growth media.
gies GmbH, Rosenheim, Germany
42. Information Materials of L.Gore&Asso-
ciates,Inc., (EMI Shielding&Grounding
Solutions), USA. Instytut Biopolimerów i Włókien Chemicznych
43. Information Materials of Schlenk Metall- ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27; 90-570 Łódź, Poland;
folien GmbH & Co. KG,Germany. Phone: (48-42) 638-03-02, Fax: (48-42) 637-65-01
E-mail: ibwch@ibwch.lodz.pl http://www.ibwch.lodz.pl
Received 27.05.2008 Reviewed 11.03.2009
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2 (73) 71
Related docs
