Feasibility Report Biotech and IT Park

Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Biotech and IT KNOWLEDGE PARK zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 1 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com INDEX Special Industrial Parks and Their Role in Diversifying Economy ....................... 4 - Bio IT Knowledge Center ....................................................................... 4 THE GLOBAL DEBATE ON Industrial Park....................................................... 5 What does Industrial Park Produce? .......................................................... 6 Bio-IT Knowledge Center -Project Description................................................ 7 Focus Area Prospective Tenants ................................................................ 9 Proposed Facilities .................................................................................. 9 Project Rationale .................................................................................... 9 Market Potential and Demand Dynamics ..................................................... 10 Issues and Challenges.............................................................................. 11 WATER CHALLENGES FOR THE REGION ................................................... 12 Contents ............................................................................................. 13 Ideas; ................................................................................................. 15 Agriculture ............................................................................................. 16 Agricultural Biotechnology...................................................................... 16 Insecticidal plant proteins ...................................................................... 18 Bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers ............................................................. 21 Reducing phosphorus in farm animal waste .............................................. 21 Tree Biotechnology ............................................................................... 22 Bioremediation ..................................................................................... 23 Bioremediation using Deinococcus radiodurans ......................................... 24 Environmental Biosensors ...................................................................... 25 Biotechnology and the Environment ........................................................ 26 Increasing a Crop's Ability to Fight Pests and Diseases ............................... 26 Reducing Overall Chemical Stress on the Environment ............................... 27 Saving Valuable Topsoil ......................................................................... 28 The Nitrogen Burden ............................................................................. 28 Plant Biodiversity.................................................................................. 29 Health ................................................................................................... 30 Biotechnology in healthcare ................................................................... 30 Diagnosing and biotechnology ................................................................ 30 zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 2 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Executive Summery Global economic uncertainty make it imperative that GCC countries should develop competitive, diversified economies, concludes a new paper from the Carnegie Middle East Center. In the report explains that the top priority for the Gulf Council Cooperation (GCC) countries should be improving economic governance. Recommendations for GCC countries: • Improve minimum wage standards and working conditions to attract more domestic employment and reduce dependence on immigrant labour • Regionally concentrate on growth in non-oil sectors to avoid duplication in areas like finance and tourism. • Encourage foreign direct investment through better economic and corporate regulation, including greater transparency in public spending and easier access to credit. Estimated at an annual average of US$327 billion over the period 2002– 2006, the revenues more than doubled their average as compared with the preceding five years. Despite the great oil windfall, the GCC countries faced the same challenges as they had in previous periods. Efforts at diversifying their economies and reducing high oil dependency resulted in limited change despite the multitrack approach that these countries were pursuing. GCC countries pursued the same policies they had pursued in the previous period, without adapting to changed dynamics. They increased public spending in order to distribute the new oil windfalls, but this proved unsustainable in the long run given the oil price volatility. The recent global financial crisis and the fall in oil prices demonstrate that the GCC countries cannot count on steadily high oil prices. Therefore developing merit-based competitive economies will remain the key challenge facing them. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 3 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Average GDP per capita across the six countries grew about 32% in the 2002– 2007 period. According to International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates, average per capita income measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) increased from US$12,000 in 2002 to above US$20,000 in 2007. Several common features characterise the GCC economies: high dependency on oil, a dominant public sector with a significant fiscal surplus, a young and rapidly growing national labour force, and high dependency on expatriate labour. The GCC countries face the urgency to address common challenges: diversifying their economies; addressing low productivity and labour market setbacks; developing the non-oil private sector. Special Industrial Parks and Their Role in Diversifying Economy - Bio IT Knowledge Center Objective • • • • To diversify local economy To increase high end employment opportunities for the national To develop Knowledge based economy for the future To develop education to locals in association with different universities and biotech companies present in the park. Components • • • • Biotech IT/ITES Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical Logistic and Warehousing Area: - 200,000 square meter zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 4 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com THE GLOBAL DEBATE ON Industrial Park Traditionally Industrial Park are created as open markets within an economy that is dominated by distortion trade, macro and exchange regulation and other regulatory governmental controls. Universities & Colleges Sharing of Infrastructure Initial Setup Funding Agencies Funding & Commercialisation Germination & transfer of ideas Shared R & D Facilities Regulatory Window Companies Other shared resources Equity & Interest Diagnostic Services Life Sciences Park / Cluster Human Resources Hospitals & Healthcare Centers Clinical Trials & Other Facilities Training Shared Resources Medical Colleges & Institutes A long-held view of development economics is that investment, in particular foreign investment, in enclaves such as INDUSTRIAL PARK, pushes forward the process of industrial development by creating horizontal and vertical spillovers. Horizontal spillovers are technology leakages and management know-how from multinational firms to local industry competitors. Vertical spillovers zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 5 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com are also known as forward and backward linkages. Horizontal spillovers emerge from incentives for a corporation to develop the supply chain through technology transfers to suppliers of the MNC as well as those to whom these MNCs are suppliers. Such transfers include management knowhow, staff training, and improved production efficiency. However, global evidence reveals that horizontal spillovers are insignificant as MNCs are not willing to set up business where technology leakages benefits competitors. On the other hand there is evidence from developing countries like Indonesia and China that shows the significant positive spillovers of vertical linkages. In particular the MNCs try developing local supply chains that in turn help develop local industries in other areas. Worldwide, the first known instance of an INDUSTRIAL PARK seems to have been an industrial park setup in Puerto Rico in 1947 to attract investment from the US mainland. In the 1960s, Ireland and Taiwan followed suit, but in the 1980s China made the Industrial Park gain global currency with its largest being the metropolis of Shenzhen. From 1965 onwards, Thirty years ago, 80 special economic zones (Industrial Park) in 30 countries generated barely US$6 billion in exports and employed about 1 million people. Today, 3,000 Industrial Park operate in 120countries and account for US $600+ billion in exports and 50 million direct jobs. After the success of the first INDUSTRIAL PARK when it appeared in Taiwan’s Kaohsiung harbor 40 years ago. What does Industrial Park Produce? Industrial Park is the markers of government's strategy to create a "diversified" economy. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 6 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Objectives of Industrial Park The objective behind an INDUSTRIAL PARK is to enhance foreign investment, increase exports, create jobs and promote regional development. To put in the government’s own words, the main objectives of the Industrial Park are: (a) Generation of additional economic activity; (b) Promotion of exports of goods and services; (c) Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources; (d) Creation of employment opportunities; (e) Development of infrastructure facilities. Bio-IT Knowledge Center -Project Description The 21st century has been acknowledged as the era of knowledge industries such as Information Technology (IT) and Life Sciences. Application of advance IT and biotechnology functions and techniques have become an imperative part of the complex drug discovery cycle. Their convergence is leading to the emergence of novel technologies and niche industry segments such as Bio-IT, with a potential to revolutionize the global business scenario. Bio-IT represents the marriage of life sciences and Information Technology (IT) and has evolved as a result of convergence of several disciplines of science namely biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, bio statistics and computer science. “Bio-IT Knowledge Center” would be a geographic cluster of industry (IT & Life Sciences), research institutions and sci-tech academia and would address the IT related needs of the rapidly emerging life sciences industry and is expected to attract investments (both domestic and foreign) in the related areas. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 7 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com The Center would be set up on over 200,000 sq m of land and would be design in such a manner so as to accommodate companies of all sizes and stages of development. The center would provide developed plots for large and Integrated Bio-IT companies to set up their campuses and ready-to-use modular offices, wet and dry lab space for intermediate, small and start up companies. The two critical components of the knowledge center would be an “Incubation Center” and a “Technology Development Center”. The Incubation Center (IC) would provide critical enabling infrastructure to startup Bio-IT companies and would assist them in the initial years (incubation period 2-3 years) to acquire a critical mass and become self sustainable. Once profitable the company will move out and venture on its own. Technology Development Center (TDC) would facilitate the Small and medium size IT players, inventors and entrepreneurs in the State, to start, expend or make their business more competitive in the marketplace. TDC would provides direct assistance or locates outside resources to help with business development, operations, sales and marketing, workforce development, technology advancement and integration, and entrepreneurial initiatives. TDC would foster links with key research and academic institutions in the State and would facilitate in the commercialization of pioneering inventions and technologies developed in these institutes. TDC would also provide operating assistance and management consultancy regarding the technology valuation and transfer, Intellectual Property protection, patent and a range of financial, marketing, human resource and other support functions. Following would be the focus area and prospective tenants of the envisaged Knowledge Center. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 8 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Focus Area Prospective Tenants Bioinformatics --Drug discovery Companies Chemoinformatics-- Pure play Bio-IT companies Pharmacogenomics -- Biotechnology companies Clinical informatics-- IT companies with focus on human health Molecular modeling-- Service providers to life science companies Bio engineering Bio simulation Proposed Facilities The Knowledge Center would provide following facilities to its tenants: Dry & Wet Labs --Technology Transfer Cell Computational Biology Labs-- IT Center Digital Imaging Center-- Central Instrumentation Center Virtual Reality Center--Business Center Bio-IT Software and Database Library-- Administrative Center Intellectual Property Cell – D G SET Manufacturing Companies Pharmaceutical Ware-housing and Logistic Facilities Project Rationale A new breed of specialized service providers with domain expertise across different verticals of drug discovery value chain is emerging very fast. Their growth is further assisted by the increasing trend of outsourcing key R&D functions by integrated drug discovery companies in order to minimize risk and cost associated with new drug research. Development of enabling and facilitating zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 9 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com infrastructure such as envisaged Knowledge Center with plug & play kind facilities and incubation center will greatly assist in the rapid flourishing of this new industry segments. The presence of basic R&D infrastructure coupled with the quality talent foster innovation but in the absence of high-end sustainable infrastructure, adequate finance, guidance and facilities, most of these pioneering and revolutionary technologies remain confined to the laboratories and many of the entrepreneurial dreams dies in their fancy. The Knowledge Center would provide requisite infrastructure and other necessary resources enabling the commercialization of these technologies. Market Potential and Demand Dynamics The Global Bio-IT market was estimated to be around USD 2.1 billion in 2000. Growing with an estimated CAGR of around 50% the market is expected to be around USD 26 bn by the end of 2006. The global Bio-IT sector is primarily witnessing such growth rates due to the ‘ever expanding’ computational needs for life sciences industry, especially drug discovery companies. The major drivers of the transcendent growth of this industry are the resurgent advances in science within the Information Technology and Life Sciences domain and the rapid acceptance of sophisticated Bio-IT techniques in R&D; high computational requirements for biological R&D and the constant drive of the BioIT companies to move up in their value chain. The key challenges faced by the global Bio-IT sector includes managing and analyzing the biological research data; developing tools which ameliorate human-computer interface; and increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of database mining; integration of heterogeneous data; and regulatory concerns. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 10 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com The Indian Bio-IT industry is in the evolution phase. However, considering the wide recognition of India’s capabilities in the technology-driven sectors across the globe, it is expected to emerge as a leading player in the Bio-IT space. Issues and Challenges Major Issues and Challenges Arising from Topography, environment and weather conditions • • • • Water Agriculture Environment Health CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF WATER SCARCITY Prevailing Conditions Climate and geographical location Population pressure Management Inefficient use of water Inadequate pollution control Overexploitation Water shortage Results Quality degradation Threatened health and well-being of society zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 11 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com WATER CHALLENGES FOR THE REGION Limited water supplies of variable quality Increasing gap between demand and availability Lack of a comprehensive strategy for water resources Fragmented institutional framework Limited enforcement of legislation to protect water resources The Desalination and Advanced Water Reuse becomes and extremly important tool in the Integrated Water Management. The establishing optimized models and example of effective implementation of desalinated projects trough IWPP will provide in short term the critically needed desalinated water. To meet the challenge, large-scale dual-purpose power/desalination plants are built to reduce the cost of production of electricity and water. Thermal energy extracted or exhausted from power plants is used effectively in the desalination process. In the author’s estimate, over 30,000 MW of power is combined with desalination plants in the largest use of the cogeneration concept. There are unique conditions in the many arid countries and particularly in the Gulf where peak demand for electricity rises significantly during summer mainly because of the use of air-conditioning, and then drops dramatically to 30-40% of summer capacity. This creates situation that over 50% of power generation are idled. In contrast, the demand for desalinated water is almost constant. Water can be stored while electricity storage is not practical. Cost-effective integration of three proven technologies, desalination, power and zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 12 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com aquifer storage recovery (ASR) can secure a reliable, sustainable and high-quality fresh water supply for the Gulf States. The seasonal surplus of unused idle power could be used by electrically driven desalination technologies RO and Hybrid Systems including NF/RO/ MSF process in combination with ASR creating a system of Desalination/ Aquifer Storage and Recovery (D/ASR). The ability to store and recover large volumes of water can contribute to the average downsizing of power and water facilities with substantial operational cost savings. D/ASR provides strategic reserves of potable water, to prevent damage or depletion to existing oasis or aquifers, for controlling salt-water intrusion, or improvement in water quality. D/ASR is of strategic importance to the Middle East Contents Today the Water availability and security is even more of a critical concern and became a more important priority for the Middle East Region. In addition, the critical need for a reliable water supply creates an opportunity for the leadership to demonstrate its management abilities by supporting a program to substantially improve the availability of water and provide security of its supply. Fresh water is no longer the infinitely renewable resource that we once thought it was. Unlike oil, fresh water has no viable substitute. The sea is the unlimited source from which we can create new fresh water through desalination this century demands creative solutions. It requires effective integration of energy resources to generate power and to economically create and store desalinated water. Confronting the water challenge is essential to a country’s sustainable zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 13 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com development and to the security of its communities. Water will be the most important resource of this century. The GCC countries installed over 15.9 million m3/day desalination plants, equal to 42% of global installed capacity and which constitute over 50% of all municipal water supplies. Equally important, most of the countries have only one to threeday of water supply in storage, meaning that if the plants providing the desalinated water or the pipelines transporting the water to the cities were disrupted, major water shortages would immediately be the result. The Middle East countries, particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council States- GCC is the biggest users of desalination technology a 42%, and significantly more over 60% of the world’s seawater desalination capacity. It is in the Abu Dhabi where commitment for new desalination capacity is the greatest. To meet the challenge, large-scale dual - purpose power/desalination plants are built to reduce the cost of production of electricity and water. There are unique conditions in the many arid countries, particularly in the Gulf where peak demand for electricity rises significantly during summer and than drops dramatically to 30-40% of summer capacity. This creates situation that over 50% of power generation are idled. In contrast, the demand for desalinated water is almost constant. Water can be stored while electricity storage is not practical. The concept of an independent power producer (IPP) is rapidly finding acceptance in all the Middle East in the form of Independent Water and Power Projects (IWPP) or IWP. It is particularly exciting to look at the Integration of Desalination zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 14 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com and Power in Abu Dhabi, and the Emirates where pioneering privatized projects and technologies were introduced in the power-desalination industry. All the GCC countries enter IWPP programs and finding the best technical and financial solution is a major challenge for the Region Desalination remains the main source of water in the Gulf and the idea is catching on elsewhere. Gulf demand continues to drive desalination spending GCC states are to double installed capacity over the next decade, while North Africa is emerging as one of the fastest growing markets for the technology. Governments are increasingly turning to the private sector to bring contracting and technical expertise, technological and commercial innovation, and private finance to projects. The build-operate-transfer (BOT) model is gaining acceptance for Greenfield and Brownfield projects across the region. The installation of new desalination capacity will require worldwide expenditure of at least $95,000 million over the next decade, according to a recent report by London-based Global Water Intelligence (GWI). Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of spending will be accounted for by the Middle East. The combination of rapidly growing populations, depleted ground water resources and the retirement of old desalination plants built during the oil boom era of the 1970s and 1980s will require regional capacity increases of more than 150 per cent by 2015, raising concerns about the ability of some governments to finance the shortfall. Ideas; It requires that all of us continue the search for better technical and economical solutions to make desalination and water reuse available to all the people of the zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 15 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com global village. We need to lead research and development to new solutions for membrane, distillation, hybrids and new alternatives. We need to better integrate energy, power, and water. We have to look for new ideas on energy recovery, storage of water, and more effective materials and chemicals. We have to learn how to extend the life of existing plants and upgrade existing desalination facilities. Many Water Forums and Conferences and Workshops will take place in the Gulf Region to come implement many novel and optimized solutions. Costs; The day came when the cost for seawater desalinated dropped to below 50 ¢/m³ but our goal is to make desalinated water available for global community at affordable cost. The challenge demands that all of us recognize the compelling need to adopt new pioneering ideas utilizing advanced technologies to further reduce the cost of desalination plants and to better match the power and water needs. Agriculture Agricultural Biotechnology Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify plants, animals, and microorganisms. Agricultural biotechnology applies genetic engineering methods to agricultural products. These procedures directly change the DNA of the plant, usually by inserting genetic material from another organism. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 16 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Agricultural biotechnology is playing an increasingly important role in. Biotechnology is being used to protect from a virus. Seed growers, a major supporter of biotechnology, have become a significant source of income. Agricultural biotechnology is a revolutionary tool that is transforming the agricultural sector. It has the potential to spur economic growth, increase productivity in the agricultural sector, reduce hunger and malnutrition, and lessens the environmental impact of agricultural production. Public perception and understanding of agricultural biotechnology; Legal considerations related to the use of agricultural biotechnology; Public and private sector relationships in agricultural biotechnology; and Effective collaboration with other APEC fora • • • The HLPDAB works closely with the APEC Agricultural Technical Cooperation Working Group's (ATCWG) Sub-group on Research, Development and Extension of Agricultural Biotechnology (RDEAB). RDEAB is focused on developing transparent, science-based approaches to agricultural biotechnology. It's work includes capacity building activities and research on the effects of gene flow and genetically modified crops; and it encourages dialogue between the private and public sectors to promote research and the development of biotechnology. The first high level policy dialogues on agricultural biotechnology took place in 2002. Effects of Biotechnology on Agricultural zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 17 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Biotechnology has the potential to reduce the application of agricultural chemicals for pest control and fertilization through the utilization of genetically modified microorganisms, plants, and animals. Insecticidal plant proteins Through the use of biotechnology, scientists have developed plants that produce a naturally occurring protein that is toxic to certain crop-damaging insects. The most common examples are the "Bt" plants, which include corn, cotton, and potatoes. These genetically engineered plants produce a protein normally found in the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Commercial sprays that contain Bacillus thuringiensis have been available for decades as an alternative to chemical insecticides. The Bt protein is toxic to certain crop-damaging insects, but is harmless to humans. Researchers are also searching for other insecticidal and antimicrobial proteins that are appropriate for use in crops. Because these plants produce insecticidal proteins, they provide at least partial protection from damage caused by certain insects, which results in reduced chemical insecticide use in the environment. Another possible advantage to the environment is reduced fuel consumption by farm equipment as a result of fewer chemical applications. An important concern associated with the release of a genetically engineered plant into the environment is its potential negative effect on non-target organisms. In 1999, a group of scientists working in a laboratory setting reported that the Bt protein was toxic to monarch caterpillars after some Bt plants had zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 18 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com already been approved for commercial use. In the wake of the report, the United States Department of Agriculture organized a large investigation, funded by both government and industry, to address the effects of Bt corn on the monarch butterfly. The conclusion from that study was that Bt corn posed a "negligible" risk to monarch caterpillars in field situations. However, most scientists agree that continued monitoring of these plants is prudent to determine their long-term environmental effects. Herbicide-tolerant plants in conventional farming, weed growth are controlled through a combination of plowing and chemical herbicide application. Plowing leaves the soil exposed to wind and rain, which results in significant erosion of the land. In "no-till" agriculture, plowing of the soil in preparation for planting a new crop is eliminated. Remainders of the previous crop and a cover crop are left undisturbed on the soil surface while the new crop is planted directly into the crop residue. Herbicides are applied to kill any weeds that may be present. The study found that when no-till planting was used, there were 99, 75, 95 and 92 percent reductions in the loss of sediment, runoff, nitrogen, and phosphorus, respectively. There is currently a nationwide movement to increase the use of notill agriculture. A key ingredient to success will be weed control. Through modern biotechnology, plants have been developed that are tolerant to certain herbicides (herbicide tolerant, HT), which allows farmers to use a broad spectrum spray for weed control without killing the crop they are growing. In the zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 19 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com United States, the HT traits are available in a number of crops including canola, corn, cotton, and soybeans. The biggest environmental advantage from using HT crops is that farmers can more easily implement a no-till system. Furthermore, because a broad-spectrum herbicide is applied, fewer types of herbicides are used. This practice reduces the amount of soil lost to erosion, provides additional protection for the seedlings, and reduces farm equipment usage. In 2001, the American Soybean Association conducted a Conservation Tillage Study and found that 73% of soybean growers were leaving more crop residue on the soil surface than they did in 1996, meaning that there was an increase in no-till agriculture. More than half of the 452 growers surveyed attributed this increase to the use of HT soybeans. The effect of HT crops on herbicide use, including the type, amount, and associated costs, is currently being evaluated. One concern of this technology is the possibility for the HT trait to be naturally transferred to plants in the wild, rendering them tolerant to commonly used herbicides and potentially allowing them to grow unchecked. This occurrence depends on the ability of the HT plant to breed with other plant species and its mechanism of pollination. Transfer of the HT trait to wild plants has not been shown to be a problem to date. However, it has been documented that the HT trait can be transferred between different varieties of the same plant species once the plant is in the field. For example, a Canadian farmer unintentionally developed a canola plant that was resistant to three herbicides by growing zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 20 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com different varieties of canola in close proximity to one another. This allowed the three HT traits to be transferred among the canola varieties as a result of natural pollen movement. This incident underscored the need to use good crop management practices in conjunction with these types of plants. Bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers Biotechnology may also reduce the use of agricultural chemicals through development of genetically engineered biological agents that protect crops from disease and insect destruction, and that promote growth. Scientists are currently investigating viruses, bacteria, and fungi that have beneficial properties for plants, which could be enhanced through genetic modification. These microorganisms would then be applied to plants or the surrounding soil. However, there are issues associated with releasing genetically modified microorganisms into the environment and their potential effects on non-target organisms. Reducing phosphorus in farm animal waste Manure from certain animals including swine and poultry contains high levels of phosphorus because the phosphorus in grain-based diets is in a chemical form that the animals are unable to metabolize. To meet animal nutrient requirements, additional phosphorus is added to animal diets, which results in even higher concentrations of phosphorus in the manure. When the manure is applied to the land to improve soil fertility, excess phosphorus can become an environmental pollutant through storm runoff into streams and rivers. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 21 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com If these animals could utilize phosphorus in grains, additional phosphorus supplementation could be minimized and the amount of phosphorus in animal wastes would be reduced. For this to occur, animals need an enzyme called "phytase." Researchers recently developed several methods to potentially supply animals with phytase: Phytase was purified from a microbial source and used as a feed additive. Currently, its use has not been widely adopted. • • Canola, which was genetically modified to produce phytase, was subsequently used as a feed source, resulting in reduced phosphorus in manure. • Scientists from Canada and Denmark collaborated to develop transgenic swine that produced phytase in their saliva. The swine secreted enough phytase to reduce excreted phosphorus by up to 75 percent. Tree Biotechnology The process of making paper from trees requires the use of highly toxic chemicals that are harmful to the environment. The requirement to degrade the tree's lignin is a major reason for the use of the harsh chemicals. Scientists have recently used biotechnology to reduce the lignin content of aspen trees by 45%, potentially making it easier to prepare the pulp. These trees had the additional benefits of faster growth and an increased cellulose content, which is the component needed to produce paper. It is hoped that trees such as these may one day prove beneficial to the environment, but further studies are needed on zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 22 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com the possible adverse effects that they could have on complex environmental ecosystems. Bioremediation Bioremediation is the use of biological agents such as bacteria, fungi, and plants to remove, degrade, or detoxify pollutants from contaminated environmental sites. This technology is appealing because of the enormous costs and environmental disturbance that are associated with current clean up methods. Scientists are identifying naturally occurring organisms that may be useful for bioremediation. They are also genetically modifying these organisms as a way to expand the list of treatable contaminants and to maximize their efficiency and safety. Environmental contaminants that are targets for bioremediation include: organics (petroleum products and other carbon-based chemicals) metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc) radioactive materials • • • Research is ongoing to determine if bioremediation represents a viable option both environmentally and monetarily. Although some success has been achieved in the laboratory, it is much more difficult to test and monitor the utility of these organisms in field settings. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 23 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Assuming the scientific obstacles are overcome, the safety of releasing these genetically modified organisms into the environment is being discussed. To avoid any unforeseen problems, one strategy under investigation is to make the organism dependent on the contaminant for life; therefore, when the contaminant has been successfully removed from the environment the organism will die. Another option is to take contaminated soil and water to contained facilities for biological decontamination, a much more expensive proposition. Bioremediation using Deinococcus radiodurans The United States Department of Energy estimates that the use of current methods to decontaminate the 3,000 sites in this country that have been used for nuclear weapons production will cost approximately $250 billion. The bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, may one day be used to reduce these costs. Through a mechanism that continues to both intrigue and puzzle scientists, the bacterium is able to grow normally after being exposed to 1.5 million rads of radiation. A dose of 500-1000 rads is lethal to the average person. Although interesting, the ability to withstand deadly doses of radiation is not by itself useful. However, scientists are currently trying to genetically modify Deinococcus radiodurans so that it is able to sequester or detoxify radioactive compounds, toxic metals, or organic chemicals that may be present at contaminated sites. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 24 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Environmental Biosensors The development of new biosensors, systems that use living organisms to detect environmental contaminants, has the potential to change the way in which environmental quality is monitored. Currently, environmental samples must be collected and taken to a laboratory where contaminant concentrations are determined. This is an inefficient, labor-intensive process that can result in contamination going unnoticed for a critical period of time. Plants and microorganisms are being developed that exhibit a quick, detectable response to low levels of contamination. These biosensors can be maintained on-site where they can monitor conditions constantly. For example, biosensors could be used in the soil or water outside of factories to ensure that discharge from the factory was acceptable at all times or at nuclear reactor sites to make certain that radioactive materials were not being released into the environment. Biosensors may one day be used to detect forgotten landmines in war-torn countries by genetically modifying plants to be responsive to the explosive TNT, which is present in the soil near landmines. The United Nations estimates that worldwide there are approximately 110 million unexploded landmines, which kill or maim approximately 26,000 people per year. The theory is that by sowing, maintaining, and monitoring these TNT-detecting plants using planes or helicopters, it will be possible to identify the location of landmines. It is hoped that this method would replace the current procedure used in developing countries to locate landmines, which uses individuals with sticks to search suspected areas. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 25 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Biotechnology and the Environment Even under the best of conditions, food production for hundreds of millions of people can take a toll on the environment. Erosion can claim precious topsoil, farm chemicals sometimes reach streams, rivers and groundwater supplies, and livestock can deplete grazing lands. Wetlands and other sensitive habitats sometimes get ploughed under for use as farmland. And, in the world's tropical forests where an estimated 90 per cent of the world's species exist, farmers clear trees in order to provide food and a living for their families. By improving many aspects of modem agriculture, biotechnology can help alleviate many of these pressures on the land, both by preserving natural resources and reducing environmental stresses. Increasing a Crop's Ability to Fight Pests and Diseases Biotechnology can be used to confer in-built resistance to pest and diseases. To protect against insect damage and minimize the amount of insecticides on crops, biotechnology has modified plants such as tomato, potato, corn and cotton, to protect themselves against insects, rather than relying solely on surface application of pesticides. Resistance to plant diseases is also possible. Plant viruses of varying kinds often claim up to 80 per cent of many crops. In the same way vaccines immunise humans against various diseases, biotechnology allows modern breeders to insert small fragments of plant viruses into crops, which develop natural protection or zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 26 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com immunity against those viral diseases. The immunity is passed on to future generations of plants. This has enormous implications for world food production. Using biotechnology, growers will only need to plant one or perhaps two acres - instead of five acres or more - to ensure one acre's worth of harvest. This obviously means far fewer agricultural inputs such as fuel, labour, water and fertiliser. • • Insecticide sprays required to kill the aphids and other pests that transmit most viruses would be reduced or eliminated. This benefits the environment while increasing yield and food quality. • Viral protection for plants will help growers of watermelons, cucumbers, potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, alfalfa and squash, as it has already increased yields for papaya farmers. Reducing Overall Chemical Stress on the Environment Many of today's fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and other pesticides are better, safer and more environmentally sensitive than older versions. Even so, they sometimes enter the air, soil and groundwater when they blow or wash off plants. Biotechnology can achieve many of the goals for which pesticides were designed, often more efficiently. Farmers recognize more than anyone that healthy growing environments define their future. Thus, they seek better ways to control weeds with the least toxic zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 27 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com herbicides available that do not damage food crops. They also strive to reduce their use of insecticides and fungicides, limiting their own exposure to the chemicals. And growers have strong economic incentives to reduce agricultural inputs thereby reducing their costs. Saving Valuable Topsoil Erosion of topsoil by wind and water can be cut by more than 70 per cent - in some cases up to 98 per cent - when farmers use no-till techniques, meaning they do not plough under weeds and crop residues after harvesting or before planting. Biotechnology can help reduce the need for tilling. The Nitrogen Burden Even though the Earth's atmosphere contains about 78 per cent nitrogen, most crops have no mechanism to use this natural nitrogen. Therefore, farmers depend on added fertilisers to provide the nitrogen necessary to boost crop yields. But crops only use about 50 per cent of the more than 60 million pounds of nitrogen fertilisers added to them each year. The excess nitrogen can cause environmental problems in soil and water. Growers have long recognised and used the innate abilities of legumes like soybeans to "fix" nitrogen, which means to use the natural nitrogen in the soil and air. These natural nitrogen fixers replenish the nitrogen supply in the soil from which they were harvested. The desire among breeders to develop other crops that can "fix" their own nitrogen, has put such plants high on researchers lists. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 28 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com Should breeders succeed in creating the "self-fixers," they would: allow farmers to decrease their use of synthetic fertilisers while maintaining bountiful yields; • • result in less nitrogen from fertilisers remaining in the soil to degrade and leach or run off into the water; • greatly enhance productivity in many regions of the developing world whose farmers cannot afford nitrogen fertilisers. Plant Biodiversity Of the more than 80,000 species of edible plants known to exist, humans cultivate only about 300 of them. Of those, only about 12 have emerged as major staples. Through genetic modification, crop breeders can: Increase the use of plant species by using biotechnology to discover which genes of value reside in which plants and then transferring those genes into crops now in use around the globe. • • Expand the genetic variation in staple crops by breeding into them desirable traits from previously unavailable sources. This will not affect the relatively narrow genetic lineage of many crops in the near term. Longer term, it will significantly expand the gene pool used in modern agriculture and thus reduce the relatively low, but real, risk of crop failures. • Expand many wild relatives of modern crop plants that might be threatened with extinction. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 29 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It • www.hhrdevelopment.com Finally, enable scientists to learn what important genes are actually contained in the millions of plant specimens housed in gene banks around the world. Health Biotechnology in healthcare The tools and techniques of biotechnology have opened up new doors when it comes to researching and learning more about the human body and what goes wrong with it when problems arise. Due to being able to understand the molecular base of health and disease this has lead scientists to improved methods of treating and preventing those diseases. Biotechnology has made a huge difference in human health care and has now enabled scientists to develop products which can give quicker and more accurate tests, therapies that have a lot less side effects and vaccines which are safer than ever before. Diagnosing and biotechnology Medical conditions and diseases are now being detected more accurately and quickly due to the advancement of biotechnology based tools, an example of the benefits biotechnology has brought us, and one which most people will be able to relate to, is the home pregnancy testing kit. The new generation of home testing kits is able to provide results which are more accurate and are able to be used much earlier than the ones a few years ago. Illnesses such as strep throat and other infectious diseases are now diagnosed within minutes enabling treatment to begin at a much earlier time where previous tests could take a few days. zia@ziaahmed.org www.ziaahmed.org Page 30 of 32 Brief Feasibility Report - Knowledge City -Biotech & It www.hhrdevelopment.com In just a few decades, the science of biotechnology has grown into a health care powerhouse. Today, the industry is delivering hundreds of therapeutics and vaccines for deadly ailments, including diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease that affect millions and treatments for rare disorders that affl ict only a few thousand people worldwide. The future looks even brighter with promising compounds in advanced clinical testing and countless early-stage technologies—such as stem cells and RNA interference— creating still more possibilities. It’s no surprise that health is biotech’s largest application area, and the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) represents the world’s largest group of biotechnology companies, academic centers, associations and other organizations working every day to bring groundbreaking advances to the public. These advances extend to enlisting biotech drugs and biotech diagnostics to design tailored treatments for individuals—making health care more predictive, preventive and precise. BIO’s Health Section is where these biomedical innovators find the advocacy and business support they need to continue bringing the world the lifesaving and lifeenhancing therapies that only biotechnology can provide. 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