Billy Blue School of Graphic Arts
The History of the Internet: 1957: • USSR launches the Sputnik satellite, the first unmanned Earth orbit space craft. • The US forms ARPA; the Advanced Research Projects Agency, within the DoD (Department of Defense) 1962: • Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation develops a packet switched network technology for the US Government so it could keep control of its missiles in the event that critical US cities are taken out by Nuclear weapons. • The criteria for the network was that it had to be decentralized so that even if many links in the network were damaged, data could still be sent across the remaining undamaged parts. • Packet Switching is the process of breaking down data into smaller packets of data, each containing information on where the data is coming from, where it is going and an algorithm to make sure the packet contains the correct number of data bits, so if any packets are lost, they can easily be resent and checked for errors upon receipt. • The first computer game is develop; 1968 – 69: • ARPA starts work on the ARPANET linking the University of California in Los Angeles, SRI in Stanford, University of California in Santa Barbara and the University of Utah and it has a 50kbps (kilobits per second, see data transfer speed table) backbone. • The first packets were sent by Charley Kline at UCLA as he tried logging into SRI. The first attempt resulted in the system crashing as the letter G of LOGIN was entered. (October 29) 1971 – 72: • The first floppy Disk is developed with the capacity of 1.5MB (Megabytes). • Email was developed by Ray Tomlinson • ARPANET had 23 hosts (A host being a computer linked to the network with a fixed IP Address; see attached wordlist) 1974: • The US Government first used the word “Internet” to describe an “international network” 1976: • Satellites were linked into the ARPANET network to link the US and Europe expanding the network internationally. • Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak developed the Apple II personal computer, revolutionizing the personal computer industry. 1981: • The National Science Foundation created CSNET, a 56kbps network with plans to link it with ARPANET. • The network now had 213 hosts • Microsoft developed and released MSDOS, the single most widely used operating system. 1983: • The TCP/IP protocol(see wordlist) was implemented into ARPANET allowing the network to contain a total of 4 billion hosts and providing a communication standard which allowed further growth of the network. • The University of Wisconsin developed Domain Names which meant that people didn’t have to remember IP addresses as they could be linked to names. • Apple released its first GUI (graphical user interface), Lisa, making computing more friendly and intuitive. 1984: • ARPANET was divided into MILNET, the Military side of the network, and ARPANET, the research agencies side.
Billy Blue School of Graphic Arts
• The upgrade of CSNET to T1 speeds; 1.5Mbps, starts. • There are now 1024 hosts on the network • Microsoft Windows is released. 1990-91: • The T3 speed standard was developed (45Mbps) and quickly implemented as the network sees increased growth. • ARPANET is disbanded and the network moves onto the majoritive 56kbps speeds of CSNET, which is also officially disbanded and turned into NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) • The network is now officially called the Internet. • 313,000 hosts are now connected to the net • Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, The European Institute for Nuclear Research at Geneva, developed a proposal using the hypertext protocol (HTTP), to easily distribute information over the global network. This proposal was developed into the worlds first web browser and editor called WorldWideWeb. Berners-Lee also setup the worlds first web server, a NeXT Cube (Steve Jobs of Apples, project after getting kicked out of Apple!!) and the worlds first website appeared at: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/ WWW/TheProject.html 1992: • The World Wide Web developed at CERN now spreads overseas with a new web browser called the Universal Inline Browser which was capable of running on computers far less powerful than the NeXT servers. By November there were 26 www servers in the world. • Hosts exceed 1,000,000 1993: • The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) in Chicago created Mosaic, the first graphical web browser is released changing the way users view the web • The first search engine emerges, Wandex, now defunct! • Hosts exceed 2,000,000, the internet is growing exponentially 1994: • NSFNET upgrades part of its network to ATM (145Mbps) • Pizza Hut starts selling pizzas online • The bank goes online • Hosts come close to 4,000,000 1995: • Due to the increase in popularity of the internet, a US$50 fee on domain names is announced, starting the domain name industry. • The Vatican goes online • Chris Lamprecht is the first hacker to be banned by the supreme court of using the internet 1996: • Most internet traffic is now traveling along private networks like At&T, Sprint, MCI, the big American telecommunications corporations. • Many Governments start to see the internet as a threat and restrict access, or require computers connected to it, or site holders to register with the government so they can keep tabs on them. • MCI upgrades its backbone to 622Mbps • The internet now has over 15 million hosts 1998:
Billy Blue School of Graphic Arts
• MCI/Worldcom begins upgrading its network to a 2.5Gbps backbone • The first war wages in cyberspace; the Serbia vs Kosovo war. • There are now 2 million domain names registered 2000: • The world wide web is estimated to be in excess of 1 billion pages big! • Most internet end-users are still on 56kbps modem dialup connections, but xDSL is launched allowing greater speeds for the home user • 100 million hosts are now on the internet • The precieved “Y2K” threat comes and goes, no global disasters, no major computer failures!! 2003: • The SQL Slammer worm hits the net, it takes approximately 10 minutes to cover the globe, takes down tens of thousands of servers, ATMs, Air Traffic Controllers and emergency services. We realize how much we rely on the internet, and how vunerable it really is!! • Parts of the American network are upgraded to 10Gbps 2004: • China upgrades its backbone to 10Gbps 2006: • There are currently 439 million hosts, and in excess of 1 billion internet users • Currently most main internet backbones are 1 - 2Tbps and are estimated to run at 2-3Tbps by 2008. • The move from text and images based data transmission to audio and video (which requires much more information to be sent) is pushing the market to develop cheaper and faster internet connection methods for both wired users and wireless users • This move from relatively static content to dynamic “multimedia” content on the web also pushes web designers and engineers to create more media rich
Basic Word List: Network: A group of linked computers that communicate with each other to send email or files. bit: The smallest binary unit, one bit is either on or off, black or white, yes or no. Data travelling across a network (bandwidth) is measured in bits per second, kilobits per second (kbps), megabits per second(Mbps), etc. Not to be confused with the unit used to measure file sizes; bytes, such as kiloBYTES or megaBYTES. byte: 8 bits form a byte. A byte is a letter of the alphabet, or a symbol. It is the unit files size is measured in. Files are usually measured in Kilobytes, Megabytes or Gigabytes. IP Address (Internet Protocol Address): Each computer on a network which uses the TCP/IP protocol system needs to have an IP address allocated to it. There are two types of IP addressing systems; Dynamic and Static. Static IP addresses are given to computers that are always connected to the network and can be looked up by anyone to find out what computer is located at the address. An IP address looks like: 66.102.7.104 which is the static IP address of google.com.au. A dynamic IP address is assigned by a server to any computer that is not connected to the network permanently an is used when home users log into their service provider. The service provider (Telstra for example) assigns you a temporary IP address for either a given period of time, or for the duration of your connection.
Billy Blue School of Graphic Arts
Dynamic addresses often look like: 192.168.0.2, or 10.0.0.2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The protocol (language) used to call webpages from a web server (a server that stores websites) to a web browser (Internet Explorer for example). FTP (File Transfer Protocol): The protocol used to call files from FTP servers which are used to store files (music, video, programs, documents, etc). Hyperlink: A link that uses the HTTP protocol to tell a web server to load a web page to the web browser. HTML (Hypertext markup language): The primary language used to code webpages in. It is a markup language, therefore it is quite basic to pick up and quite an intuitive language that is written in plain english. HTML is a fairly constricted language and does not have much room to move, one mistake and the whole page fails!!! HTML is mainly mixed with other languages like CSS, PHP, and JAVA to create more diverse web sites. JAVA: A language developed by Sun Microsystems and is used to put software onto anything from toasters and fridges, to Mobile phones and supercomputers. It is quite complex, yet very lightweight and powerful. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): A language similar to HTML but offers more flexibility and technical extras with which you can create more creative designs.
HTML tags: All HTML is coded within tags. You start a tag using < and finish a tag using > Most tags are arranged in sets so if you open a tag with for example you close the tag using , notice the slash. A web browser will not display the tags, they are hidden and tell the browser what to create. The content in between the tags is what is shown (or rendered). Any variables that are available for each tag are written inside the tag, for example, to creat an image you write:
“IMG“ is the actual tag and denotes that it is an image tag. src=”logo.gif” tells the browser where the source of the file is, and the file name is in between parenthesis. the width=”100px” and height=”100px” tells the browser that the image is 100 pixels by 100 pixels the border=”0” tells the browser not to put a border around the image Most tags have variables, but you don’t have to use each variable all of the time. The “border” variable, for example, is only used when the image is a link and by default, a link contains a blue border. Some tags don’t require you to close them, like the IMG tag, but most require you to open and close the tag and place the content in between the tags, an anchor tag, which creates a hyperlink is one for example:
Click here to go home The A tag tells the browser that this is a link the HREF=”index.html” tells the browser what file to open when the link is clicked, and once again the filename is in parenthesis.