97-1 Personality Psychology
Personality Psychology
From Theory Construction to Scientific Research
Defining personality
Gene characteristics of Temperaments the person that Instincts account for unconsciousness consistent patterns Defensive mechanisms of Traits feeling, thinking, a Conditioned reactions nd behaving Self-actualization
心理與 行為 人 情境
role Social norms culture
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alternative Self-efficacy definitions evaluative standards as complement Cognitive-Affective
system
Construct system
The Function of Theory
To summarize, organize, and explain a variety of phenomena that are based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning Major Components of Theory
1. Concept & Variable 2. A set of propositions for elucidating the relations among the concepts 3. Range of convenience & context
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What do we seek to explain with a theory of personality ?
1. the are like? What theycharacteristics of the person
2. organization of these characteristics
determinants of person’s personality How they becameathat way? reasons for the individual’s do? Why they behave as theybehavior
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Four areas in personality theory
stable and enduring aspects unit of analysis, organization dynamic aspects of personality or behavior
Structure
Process
Personality
Growth & Theory Pathology Development & Change
Genetic Determinants ↑↓ Environmental Determinants Practical Problems abnormal behavior how & why people change 5
Structure
Basic Unit Id , Ego, Superego Trait Personal Construct Young
Organization of the Units
Age Old
Person
Wine
Young Person
Old Person
Young Wine
Old Wine 6
Process: Three major motives
Must one choose one among the theories of Self motivation
Actualization
Growth Motives
Hedonic Pleasure Motives
Cognitive Consistency Predictability Motives
One may possess multiple motivational systems that come into play under different conditions 7
Growth and Development
Nature—Nurture Controversy
Genetic Determinants
Temperament evolutionary heritage Intelligence
Personality Development
Environmental Determinants
Values Culture Social Class Beliefs Family Ideas Peers
Importance of the environmental and genetic factors may vary from one personality characteristic to another. 8
Psychopathology & Change
The ability to benefit people experiencing psychological distress is a crucial bottom line that can be used to evaluate any and all personality theories. why some people develop psychopathological responses how and why people change
The theory should also suggest techniques for modifying pathological form of behavior.
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Important Issues in Personality Theory
Philosophical View of the Person Internal & External Determinants Consistency across Situations & Time
The unity of experience & action (Self) Varying States of Awareness Influence of the Past, Present, & Future
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Evaluate Functions of a Personality Theory
the number & significance of issues Comprehensiveness Do they address themselves to the same phenomena?
identify important issues to study Theory A organize existing informationTheory generate new knowledge
B
Are they at the same stage of development?
Parsimony economical internally consistent Research Relevance empirical translation open to negative test
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Theory & Research
Theory gives a framework for the generation of new tests and ideas on the topic Research
Not to prove the theory directly by logical inference To test the hypotheses derived from the theory with the data collected by various empirical methods
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The Data of Personality Psychology
Life history life record
life record Data
Observer-report knowledgeable L O
observers Data
Some forms of data do not easily fit into personality this four-category LOTS scheme.
Test experiment procedures
Standardized Test Data
T
S Subject him/herself Self-report
Questionnaires Data
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Implicit Association Test (IAT)
利用概念間的自動化聯結強度，間接測量出個體內 隱的認知或態度。觀察的變項是「反應時間」。
procedure: five-steps design
A 概念按右鍵，B 概念按左鍵。 C 概念按右鍵，D 概念按左鍵。 A, C 概念按右鍵，B, D 概念按左鍵。 Ｄ概念按右鍵，C 概念按左鍵。 A, D 概念按右鍵，B, C 概念按左鍵。
若A, C按右的反應時間快過A, D按右 若B, C按左的反應時間快過B, D按左
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Fixed vs. Flexible Measures
Fixed Measures
exactly the same measures are administered to all the people in a psychological study, and scores for all the people are computed in exactly the same way.
Flexible Measures
unstructured personality test in which the items allow
people to describe themselves in their words, rather than forcing them to respond to descriptions worded entirely by experimenter
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Personality Theory & Assessment
How does one select among the options available for getting information about person?
L Fixed Measure T
Data Sources
O Flexible Measure S Theory
Choices are shaped by theoretic considerations
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Personality Theory & Assessment
Assessment Model
TEST BEHAVIORS
Environmental Influences
CONSTRUCT
TEST CORRELATES NON-TEST BEHAVIORS
Measurement Context
Situational context
Trait, Ability
Personality Structure
Nomological Network 18
Three Approaches to Research
Case Studies & Clinical Research
Hermans (2001)
Personality Questionnaires & Research
Correlational
Danner, Snowdon, & Friesen (2001)
Laboratory Studies & Experimental Research
Steele (1997)
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Clinical Research: an example
Hubert Hermans’s study
Apply to individual in general?
Draw conclusions about causality?
Self-Concepts 20
Correlational Research: an example
Relationship between personality characteristics (expression of positive emotions) and longevity. Draw conclusions about causality?
measured in 1930 measured during 1990-2000
relative superficial the third information about variable individual persons
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Experimental Research: an example
Steele’s Stereotype threat study
Generality of findings?
Artificial Settings
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The Ethics of research
how to conduct research and report the results
Milgram’s conformity study Zimbardo’s prisoners study
concern for the dignity & welfare of participants
the spreading stain of fraud
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本課程研究生助教
郭姿吟：碩一，tkuo85@gmail.com Office Hour: 每週五 13:00-14:00，南館S219室 楊淑雯：碩二，r96227112@ntu.edu.tw Office Hour: 每週四 12:30-13:30，南館S221室
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