What is RFID?
• RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track...
• RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item
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What is RFID
Tag enters RF field
Radio Frequency Identification
RF signal powers tag Tag transmits ID, plus data Reader captures data Reader sends data to computer
Computer determines action
Computer instructs reader Reader transmits data to tag
Label
Reader/Antenna (Interrogator)
(Transponder)
Computer
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RFID Primer
• RFID Diagram:
Antenna
RF Module Reader
Host Computer
Note: The host is the software database...
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RFID Primer
Antenna
RF Module Reader Host Computer
Note: The RF module creates radio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna…
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RFID Primer
Antenna
RF Module Reader Host Computer
Note: The RF module creates radio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna…
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RFID Primer
Antenna
RF Module
Tag
Reader Host Computer
Note: Tag (transponder) is interrogated by the antenna....
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RFID Primer
(Tag ID Communication) Antenna
RF Module Tag Reader Host Computer
Note: The antenna captures the tag ID number…first as analog RF waves, then it is converted to digital information.
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An RFID Tag Is A Portable Database
Interrogation Unit
Micro Computer Tx/Rx Antenna
Tag
CPU I/O RAM ROM Radio Tx/Rx Pwr Supply
Computer Network CPU RAM I/O ROM
Radio Tx/Rx Pwr Supply
…A sophisticated computing and communications device
…A wireless extension of Information Systems
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Inlays for RFID Tags for 13.56 Mhz
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Why use RFID ?
• To determine authentication of a package • To provide automated traceability of an item
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Motivation of using RFID
• Generate Revenue
• Reduce operating costs
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The RFID Reader Anticollision protocol
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Tags
• Tags can be read-only or read-write • Tag memory can be factory or field programmed, partitionable, and optionally permanently locked • Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more than 100,000 times
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• Tags can be attached to almost anything:
– – – –
What is RFID? -- The Tags
pallets or cases of product vehicles company assets or personnel items such as apparel, luggage, laundry – people, livestock, or pets – high value electronics such as computers, TVs, camcorders
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Basic Types: Active • Tag transmits radio signal • Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry • High Read Range (300 feet) Passive • Tag reflects radio signal from reader • Reader powered • Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)
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Are All Tags The Same?
•
Variations:
Are All Tags The Same?
– Memory • Size (16 bits - 512KBytes +) • Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM • Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam – Arbitration (Anti-collision) • Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time – Frequency • 125KHz - 5.8 GHz – Physical Dimensions • Thumbnail to Brick sizes – Price ($0.50 to $250)
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Types of Tags - Memory
Segmentation
Read Only (Factory Programmed) WORM - Write Once, Read Many times Reprogrammable (Field Programmable) Read/Write (In-Use Programmable) Muhammad Wasim Raad
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What are chipless tags?
• No IC • Use RF fibers or materials reflect reader’s signal producing unique serial no • Cost: 10-25 cents each • Tolerates wide range temperature • Less sensitive RF
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Chipless tags
• 2.5% of RFID market • Expected to become 30% in 2010 • Chipless RFID smart labels have a range of 10 meters
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What is RFID? -- The Readers
– Entrance/exit – Point of sale – Warehouse
• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as
• Readers can also be mobile -- tethered, hand-held, or wireless
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<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
Advantages • Uses normal CMOS processing — basic and ubiquitous • Relative freedom from regulatory limitations • Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data at slow speeds and minimal distances • Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood, aluminum)
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<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
Disadvantages: • Does not penetrate or transmit around metals (iron, steel) • Handles only small amounts of data • Slow read speeds • Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies • Minimal Range
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<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
Disadvantages: • Tag construction:
is thicker (than 13.56 MHz) is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz) more complex (requires more turns of the induction coil)
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13.56 MHz
Advantages • Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous • Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data and minimal distances • Penetrates water/tissue well • Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil); lower costs to build • Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than higher MHz systems) Muhammad Wasim Raad 24 • Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)
13.56 MHz
Disadvantages • Government regulated frequency (U.S. versus Europe) • Does not penetrate or transmit around metals (unless very thick) • Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies) • Larger tag size than higher frequencies • Tag construction: requires more than one surface to complete a circuit Muhammad Wasim Raad • Minimal Range
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RFID Applications
• Petrol Service Stations
– In Singapore, the Mobil petrol service stations has already introduced RFID technology to implement their Speed Pass system to enable drivers to fill up the petrol and drive away. All information will be gathered automatically through RFID smart tags and customers’ bills can be settled through the net.
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RFID Application in Petrol Service Station
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RFID Application in a Factory Canteen
• it is very interesting to notice that in the factory canteen’s environment, RFID tags are attached at the bottom of the plates to identify the cooked food and its price.
• The staff of the factory need only to pick up the food on the tray and place the tray on top of a RFID reader. • The RFID reader will identify the products and its price. The staff need only to place the cash card to pay for the food.
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Paperless Maintenance Senario at Frankfort Airport
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Configuration of RFID Antennas on doors in Metro ware house
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What is EPC (Electronic Product Coding)?
• EPC is a globally unique serial number identifying individual item attached to it • Enables enquiries to be made about individual item wherever it is in the global supply chain
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The EPC Network
• EPCglobal network enable immediate retrieval accurate trusted information • EPC network uses RFID+EPC + internet to allow trading partners to share this information securely
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Benefits EPCglobal RFID network
• • • • • Faster and more precise reads Accurate and trusted data Lower inventory levels Fewer out of stock Better asset utilization
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Example and Structure of An EPC Number
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EPC Information Service
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EPC meets pharmaceutical supply chain
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Case Study:Logistics processes at HP
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Automotive production at BMW
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Event information in automotive process chain
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What is EAS(Electronic Article Surveillance)?
• Books, hairdryers.. Bear small tags for theft prevention • Initially at book shelf tag has a bit of 0 • At point of sale sales clerk deactivate tags by setting bit to 1
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Smart Shelves
• Antennas have to be optimally placed on shelves • Still expensive, requires numerous readers • Smart shopper carts scan items and objects on shelves
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Privacy
• Privacy bit on tag • Tags belong to consumers • If privacy bit=1 it will be invisible to readers • Readers watch on each other: private tag command • What is blocker tag?
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The privacy bit
• Blocker tag command can prevent privacy violations before they occur • A blocker effectively jams readers that emit private-read commands • When it detects it, it simulates all possible RFID tags in the world rendering reader incapable
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Market Trend
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Cost
RFID readers: 1000$ Tags: > 20 cents. Active tags: 1$-5$ Tags will become cost effective when production inlay very high • Only handful of quality suppliers • • • •
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Cost continue
• Production methods and materials used to build RFID inlays being defined • Tag antennas metallic, very expensive and large size • Chip less Tags much cheaper: .1-10 cents
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Future of RFID Tags
• Low cost active tags for locating & tracking objects with limited no of readers • Higher frequencies: Tags developed at Siemens lab: 2.5-24 Ghz, have batteries and range extend to several kilometers
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Future continue
• Recently, Ultra WIDE BAND (ubw) can locate objects in 2 & 3 dimensions within few inches • Marketed for asset tracking in hospitals • The size of wristwatch, 40 grams • Indoor range: 300 feet
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Future: Science Fiction
• Transparent packages will light up in moving color advertisement • Disposable smart labels will detect viruses and specific chemicals
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References
• www.rfidjournal.com • RFID book by Steven Shepard, McGrawHill 2005-ISBN-0-07-144299-5 • www.gs1uk.org • RFID Field Guide Deploying Radio Frequency Identification systems By Manish Bhuptani-ISBN-0-13-185355-4
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