Virus
Family
Genus
Nucleic Acid
Capsid
Envelope
Serotypes
Polio
Picornaviridae
Enteravirus (PENCH)
Echovirus
Picornaviridae
Enteravirus (PENCH)
New Enteravirus
Picornaviridae
Enteravirus (PENCH)
Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers) Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers) Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers)
no, (Can Picture REO) A, B, C
no, (Can Picture REO)
32
no, (Can Picture REO)
4
Coxsackie
Picornaviridae
Enteravirus (PENCH)
Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro no, (Can Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers) Picture REO) A - 22, B - 6 Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro no, (Can Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers) Picture REO) only 1 Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro no, (Can Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers), 60 Picture REO) ~115
Hepatitis A
Picornaviridae
Enteravirus (PENCH)
Rhinovirus
Picornaviridae
Rhinovirus
Norwalk virus
Caliciviridae
Calcivirus
Hepatitis E
Caliciviridae
Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers), 32 Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers)
no, (Can Picture REO)
no, (Can Picture REO)
Coronavirus
Coronaviridae
Coronavirus
RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Helical, petal Can Covertly Return To Florida) shaped spikes
yes
Rubella
WEE (Western Equine Encephalitis)
EEE (Eastern Equine Encephalitis)
Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls RNA, single strand, + (Pierre To Pink Retro Can Covertly Return To Florida) Flamers) Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls Togaviridae (an To Pink Retro Arbovirus) RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Flamers), 1 ARthropod BOrne Alphavirus (RAT) Can Covertly Return To Florida) Capside protein Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls Togaviridae (an To Pink Retro Arbovirus) RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Flamers), 1 ARthropod BOrne Alphavirus (RAT) Can Covertly Return To Florida) Capside protein Togaviridae (an Arbovirus) ARthropod BOrne Rubivirus (RAT)
yes yes, 3 envelope glycoproteins E1, E2, E3 yes, 3 envelope glycoproteins E1, E2, E3
Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls VEE (Venezualan Togaviridae (an To Pink Retro Equine Arbovirus) RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Flamers), 1 Encephalitis) ARthropod BOrne Alphavirus (RAT) Can Covertly Return To Florida) Capside protein Flavivirae (an Arbovirus) ARthropod BOrne Flavivirus Flavivirae (an Arbovirus) ARthropod BOrne Flavivirus Flavivirae (an Arbovirus) ARthropod BOrne Flavivirus
yes, 3 envelope glycoproteins E1, E2, E3
St. Louis Encephalitis
RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Can Covertly Return To Florida) Icosahedral
yes
Hepatitis C
RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Can Covertly Return To Florida) Icosahedral
yes
9
Yellow Fever
RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Can Covertly Return To Florida) Icosahedral
yes
Dengue (Breakbone fever)
Flavivirae (an Arbovirus) ARthropod BOrne Flavivirus Flavivirae (an Arbovirus) ARthropod BOrne Flavivirus Bunyaviridae (an Bunyavirus Arbovirus) (Bunyons Present ARthropod BOrne as Hard Nodules) Bunyaviridae (an Phlebovirus Arbovirus) (Bunyons Present ARthropod BOrne as Hard Nodules)
RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Can Covertly Return To Florida) Icosahedral
yes
4
Japanese B encephalitis
Bunyavirus
Phlebovirus
RNA, single strand, + (Pierre Can Covertly Return To Florida) Icosahedral RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. 3 segments (BARRO) Helical RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. 3 segments (BARRO) Helical
yes
yes
yes
Hantavirus
Nairovirus
RNA, single strand, -. RNA Bunyaviridae (an Hantavirus bound to N-protein (nonArbovirus) (Bunyons Present covalent). RDRP. 3 segments ARthropod BOrne as Hard Nodules) (BARRO) Helical RNA, single strand, -. RNA Bunyaviridae (an Nairovirus bound to N-protein (nonArbovirus) (Bunyons Present covalent). RDRP. 3 segments ARthropod BOrne as Hard Nodules) (BARRO) Helical
yes
yes
Influenza
Orthomyxoviridae Influenza virus
RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. (8 segments). 2 surface glycoproteins, Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)
Helical - actually spherical or pleomorphic
yes
Type A - major pandemic and epidemic strains Type B - milder disease, some epidemics Type C - little disease. Serotype determined by Nprotein.
Parainfluenza virus
Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirus
RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. 2 surface glycoproteins, Hemagglutininneuraminidase (HN), and fusion protein (F). Helical
yes
4 serotypes: 1-3 cause disease. Type 3 has infected 95% of kids by age 6.
Mumps
Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirus
RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. 2 surface glycoproteins, HemagglutininNeuraminidase (HN) and fusion protein (F). Helical
yes
only 1
Measles
Paramyxoviridae Morbillivirus
RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. 2 surface glycoproteins, Hemagglutinin (HA) and fusion protein (F).
Helical
yes
only 1
RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) Paramyxoviridae Pneumovirus
RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. 1 surface glycoprotein - fusion protein G. Helical
yes
Rabies VSV (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus)
Rhabdoviridae
Lyssavirus
Rhabdoviridae
Vesiculovirus
RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP.
Helical - bullet shaped Helical - bullet shaped
yes
yes
Marburg
Filoviridae
Filoviridae
Ebola
Filoviridae
Filoviridae
RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. RNA, single strand, -. RNA bound to N-protein (noncovalent). RDRP. ssRNA, +, coated with Nucleocapsid protein (NC), 2 identical segments. Reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) and Integrase (IN) contained in capsid. ssRNA, +, coated with Nucleocapsid protein (NC), 2 identical segments. Reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) and Integrase (IN) contained in capsid. ssRNA, +, coated with Nucleocapsid protein (NC), 2 identical segments. Reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) and Integrase (IN) contained in capsid. 3 replication genes: (1) GAG (Group Ag) - makes CA, NC, MA, PR (2) POL (polymerase) - makes RT and IN (3) ENV - makes SU, TM. dsRNA, 11 segments, carries RNA polymerase for dsRNA replication
Helical
yes
HTLV - I, II
Retroviridae
Oncovirus
Foamy viruses
Retroviridae
Spumavirus
Helical Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls To Pink Retro Flamers). Protease contained between capsid and envelope Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls To Pink Retro Flamers). Protease contained between capsid and envelope
yes yes, SU (gp120), TM (gp41), and matrix protein associated with envelope. yes, SU (gp120), TM (gp41), and matrix protein associated with envelope.
HIV
Retroviridae
Lentivirus
Reovirus
Reoviridae
Reovirus
Icosahedral (REO speedwagon Calls To Pink Retro Flamers). Protease contained between capsid and envelope Icosahedral core with 2 capsid shells
yes, SU (gp120), TM (gp41), and matrix protein associated with envelope. no (Can Picture Reo naked)
Rotavirus
Reoviridae
Rotavirus
Orbivirus
Reoviridae
Orbivirus
dsRNA, 11 segments, carries RNA polymerase for dsRNA replication dsRNA, 11 segments, carries RNA polymerase for dsRNA replication
Icosahedral core with 2 capsid shells Icosahedral core with 2 capsid shells
no (Can Picture Reo - 3 subgroups, 9 naked) serotypes no (Can Picture Reo naked)
Adenovirus
Adenoviridae
DNA, double strand, linear, bound to histone-like proteins
Icosahedral, with 12 penton spikes
no
47, divided into 6 groups
HHV-1 (HSV-1)
Herpesviridae alpha
Simplexvirus
DNA, double strand, linear, nuclear replication
Icosahedral
yes
HHV-2 (HSV-2)
Herpesviridae alpha
Simplexvirus
DNA, double strand, linear, nuclear replication
Icosahedral
yes
HHV-3 (VZV)
Herpesviridae alpha
Varicellovirus
DNA, double strand, linear, nuclear replication
Icosahedral
yes
HHV-4 (EBV)
Herpesviridae gamma
Lymphocryptoviru DNA, double strand, linear, s nuclear replication
Icosahedral
yes
HHV-5 (CMV) HHV-6 HHV-7
Herpesviridae beta Herpesviridae beta Herpesviridae beta
DNA, double strand, linear, Cytomegalovirus nuclear replication DNA, double strand, linear, Roseolovirus nuclear replication DNA, double strand, linear, Roseolovirus nuclear replication
Icosahedral Icosahedral Icosahedral
yes yes yes
HHV-8 (KSHV)
Herpesviridae gamma
Rhadinovirus
DNA, double strand, linear, nuclear replication
Icosahedral
yes
Herpes Simiae yes assembled by "Wrapping" yes assembled by "Wrapping"
Smallpox
Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
DNA, double strand, linear, cytoplasmic replication
Complex
Molluscum Contagiosum
Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
DNA, double strand, linear, cytoplasmic replication
Complex
Papillomavirus
Papovaviridae
Papillomavirus
DNA, double strand, closed circular, has histones. Makes 8 early proteins and 2 capsid (late) proteins Icosahedral
no, (Naked woman getting a PAPsmear).
42 strains
JC Polyomavirus Papovaviridae
Polyomavirus
DNA, double strand, closed circular, has histones. Makes 3 T antigens, and 3 capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3) Icosahedral DNA, double strand, closed circular, has histones. Makes 3 T antigens, and 3 capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3) Icosahedral
no, (Naked woman getting a PAPsmear). no, (Naked woman getting a PAPsmear).
BK Polyomavirus Papovaviridae
Polyomavirus
Parvovirus B19
Parvoviridae
Parvovirus
DNA, single strand (PAR 1), linear Defective parvoviruses, require Adenovirus to replicate.
Icosahedral
no, (Naked woman getting a PAPsmear).
AAV - AdenoAssociated Virus Parvoviridae
Hepatitis B Hepatitis D
Hepadnaviridae
Hepadnavirus
DNA, partially double stranded, part single stranded, nuclear replication. (1st complete dsDNA - via DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Then transcribe RNA, and encapsidate RNA in cytoplasm. RNA in new capsid uses reverse transcriptase to make new DNA - partial double strand.) Icosahedral ssRNA
yes
Kuru
Prion
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prion
Scrapie BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Prion
Prion
TORCHES Six Diseases of Childhood Method of self-defense of cells. When PKR activated, it inactivates eIF2-alpha, which halts protein synthesis. see PKR Method of communication for cell defense against viral attack. When cell is infected, it releases IFN, which activates neighbor cell's 2-5(A). 2-5(A) activates RNaseL, which degrades cell's mRNA, and thus shuts down protein synthesis.
PKR eIF2-alpha
2-5(A)
Killed vaccines
"Inactivated"
Live attenuated vaccine Subunit vaccine
Virus vector vaccine
Disease
Host
Adsorption
Route of Infection Resides in?
Incubation Time
polio - 3 courses: (1) mild febrile illness (2) Aseptic meningitis (3) paralytic poliomyelitis - destruction of motor neurons Human (1) Asymptomatic or mild febrile illness (2) Respiratory symptoms "cold" (3) Rashes (4) Aseptic meningitis (1) Asymptomatic or mild febrile illness (2) Respiratory symptoms "cold" (3) Rashes (4) Aseptic meningitis Type A - herpangina. Type B myocarditis, pericarditis. Both: (1) Asymptomatic or mild febrile illness (2) Respiratory symptoms "cold" (3) Rashes (4) Aseptic meningitis. More common in summer. Hepatitis - fever, malaise, jaundice, lasts 10-21 days, more common in summer. May cause asymptomatic infection in kids. Non-infectious after onset of jaundice.
PVR (polio virus receptor)
Fecal/Oral
GI - Oropharyngeal and intestinal mucosa, viremia, spreads to CNS
Humans, mice, etc.
Fecal/Oral
GI tract
Humans, primates
Common Cold - afebrile, 85% of adult common colds.
Humans
ICAM-1
Fecal/Oral Aerosol, fomites, hand to hand spread of mucus membrane secretions
GI tract, liver hepatocytes nasopharynx, upper RT. Can grow at 33C, but not at 37C, thus no viremia!
Epidemic outbreaks of diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, malaise, myalgia. Often follows common meal. Common in young children and infants. Named for outbreak at Norwalk Elementary school in Ohio.
1-2 days, symptoms last 4-7 days
similar to Hep A
Common Cold - afebrile, 15% of adult common colds. (1) German measles (3 day measles) fever, lymphadenopathy, red maculopapular rash like measles (cephalo-distal), but only lasts 3 days. (2) CRS - Congenital Rubella Syndrome - (TORCHES - transplacental) - causes heart defects, blindness, enlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation. Caused by maternal viremia, which may be asymptomatic.
Fecal/Oral Aerosol, fomites, hand to hand spread of mucus membrane secretions
Respiratory Primary growth in nonneural tissue. Viremia. Later spreads to all parts of CNS. Primary growth in nonneural tissue. Viremia. Later spreads to all parts of CNS.
2-3 week incubation, 3 day rash
Encephalopathy - Headache, fever, chills, confusion, drowsiness, coma
Bird-mosquitobird cycle
Mosquito bite
4-21 day incubation
Encephalopathy - Headache, fever, chills, confusion, drowsiness, coma
Bird-mosquitobird cycle
Mosquito bite
4-21 day incubation
Encephalopathy - Headache, fever, chills, confusion, drowsiness, coma
Bird-mosquitobird cycle
Mosquito bite
Primary growth in nonneural tissue. Viremia. Later spreads to all parts of CNS.
4-21 day incubation
Major Flavivirus in USA, epidemics in fall
Mosquito bite Bloodborne, sexual contact, NOT insects!
Liver cirrhosis and HCC 10-20 years after infection. Yellow Fever - acute fever, jaundice, hemorrhage, proteinuria. 15% mortality. Discovered during Panama Canal construction. (1) Breakbone fever - Fever, Joint, muscle, back pain for 5-6 days. (2) DHF - Dengue Hemorrhagic fever prior infection with different serotypes. 10% mortality.
Monkeys
Mosquito bite
Hepatocytes 10-20 years Initial growth in regional lymph nodes, viremia and spread to many organs
Bird-mosquitobird cycle
Mosquito bite
Antibodies potentiate uptake?
Endemic in SE Asia.
Laryngitis, croup, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia. Influenza - IL-1, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta from macrophage causes fever, chills, myalgia, headache, arthralgia. Risk of secondary infections - pneumonia, bacterial infections (staph, etc.). There are 5HA and 2NA transmissible in humans, of total 14HA and 9NA found in animals. Antigenic drift - mutation in HA, NA which allows survival. Antigenic shift - combining of 2 different strains (dual concurrent infection) leads to brand new virus, pandemic! Respiratory disease in people of all ages. Croup in young children. 95% of kids by age 6 have had it, 50% in first year of life. First infection more severe than subsequent. IgE response may contribute to disease. Also laryngitis/croup, tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia.
Type A humans, fowl, swine, horses Type B, C - only humans
NA cleaves neuraminic acid, a major component of mucin (respiratory epithelial protective layer). HA binds to sialic acid residues.
Respiratory (via fomites). Endocytosis and acidification via M2 ion channels. NA used to cut loose HA to prevent reinfection of same cell when progeny Virus grows in Upper released. RT, no viremia.
Incubation period is 1-4 days. Symptoms for 2-3 days.
Airborne, Aerosol droplets
Upper RT, no viremia.
Mumps - salivary glands become inflamed (parotitis), with possible involvement of testes, meninges, pancreas, ovaries. Complications include orchitis, aseptic meningitis
Humans only
Airborne, aerosol droplets
Upper RT and lymph nodes, primary viremia, spread to salivary glands, testes, pancreas, meninges, Incubation period ovaries. 18 days.
Measles - (1) prodrome: High fever, conjunctivitis, eyelid inflammation, photophobia, rhinitis, hacking cough, malaise. (2) Koplik's spots - red based lesions with blue/white centers in oropharynx. (2 days before rash). (3) Rash - Muculopapular (small, red, flat or raised), spreads from head down, drips off in 6 days. Complications: otitis media, croup, bronchiectasis, encephalitis, Guillian-Barre', SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis) Humans only
Airborne
Lower RT infection in infants, young children. Colds in adults. Bronchiolitis, pneumonia. Progression of symptoms is very rapid. Zoonosis reservoir in bats. Maintained in foxes, rats, raccoons. Infects dog, cat. All vertebrates are susceptible
Airborne ACh receptor. Glycoprotein spikes on surface of virion (G-protein trimer) aid in virus attachment and Animal bite, entry. spreads to CNS
Initial growth in Upper RT, then viremia spreads virus to spleen, Incubation 9-11 kidneys, finally to skin. days Incubation 4-5 days, Virus shed for 1-3 weeks which is why it is the #1 cause of RT infections in Lower RT, no viremia. kids!
Rabies - fatal CNS infection.
CNS - nerve cells, produces negri bodies
1-2 months
Hemorrhagic fever - organs liquefy, death Hemorrhagic fever - organs liquefy, death
Monkeys
Monkeys
(1) Adult T-cell leukemia. (2) Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (aka HAM - HTLV1 associated myelopathy). Presents as ascending weakness in legs.
Blood, sexual contact, breast milk
Tropism of virus for T cells.
(1) Acute HIV syndrome - (mono-like) fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, about 1 month after exposure, lasts for 8-12 weeks (2) Latency for 8 years. (3) AIDS - Fever, weight loss, night sweats, adenopathy, bacterial and skin infections - Candida esophagitis, PCP, MAI, Kaposi's sarcoma, encephalopathy Human, Monkey
CD4 receptors + cytokine receptor CCR5 at early stage, CXCR4 at late stage
Blood, sexual contact, transplacenta (TORCHES)
Infects CD4+ lymphocytes, resides in macrophages and lymph nodes
Latent for 1-2 months before ELISA or Western Blot is positive
no human disease
Acute gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea in children - leading cause of diarrheal death. Ubiquitous - 90% of kids by age 3 have antibodies.
Most prevalent in winter months.
Villi of small intestine (epithelial cells)
no human disease Respiratory, conjunctivitis, GI, and urinary infections. Adenovirus can block host PKR and apoptosis defenses. It also causes tumors in hamsters. (1) Gingivostomatitis (Fever blisters) lips. (2) Keratoconjunctivitis (aka herpetic keratitis) - eyes, can lead to blindness. Lesions usually last 8-10 days and heal w/ no scarring. (3) Human Encephalitis - fever, focal neuro deficits. beginning 6-18 Treatable! months of age
Capsid protein spikes involved in Fecal/Oral, binding Respiratory
Heparan Sulfate, HveA
Direct contact w/ infected person
Trigeminal ganglia
Latent w/ lifelong recurrences
Genital herpes, neonatal herpes.
Human
Heparan Sulfate, HveA
Sexual contact
Sacral ganglia
Latent w/ lifelong recurrences
Varicella (chickenpox) - children 2-6 years old. Zoster (shingles) - 10-20% of adults. Unilateral dermatomal distribution - Very painful lesions, usually in patients over 60. Someone with shingles CAN spread VZV to kids and cause chicken pox, but cannot infect themself with chicken pox! After we have chicken pox, VZV lies dormant in dorsal root ganglia and re-activates to cause shingles, but never chicken pox. Human Infectious mononucleosis - polyclonal activation of B cells, abnormal cytotoxic T cells produced to kill infected B cells. Also causes Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Oral hairy leukoplakia, Hodgkin's Lymphoma (1) Cytomegalic inclusion disease (Salivary gland disease) - mostly in infants. (2) Severe disease w/ immunocompromised - CMV retinitis, CMV colitis, lymphoma (3) Mononucleosis-like disease in adolescents and adults - heterophil negative. (4) In neonates, can cause MR or deafness (in 10% of babies w/ CMV), and mortality. (5) May cause restenosis following angioplasty, may promote growth of vascular endothelium. (6) CMV pneumonitis in transplant (BM) patients Rash in infants (roseola, exanthum subitum, "sixth disease").
Phosphatidyl serine receptors
Respiratory mucosa, then spreads to liver, spleen, skin. Pox rash Respiratory route - is due to infection of aerosolized vascular endothelial particles - VERY cells. VZV remains in contagious from dorsal root ganglion to infected child cause shingles.
Human
CR2 receptor
Virus is ubiquitous, salivary transmission called "kissing disease"
Epithelial cells of pharynx. Spreads to lymph nodes, salivary glands.
Latent period of 1021 days, infection lasts 2-3 weeks Infectious mononucleosis 30-50 day incubation period, 2-4 week illness. Pan-B cell activation
Humans - other strains found in mice, monkeys Ubiquitous
Person-person spread, downregulation of Most human cells and MHC molecules organs, slow growth via 2-5A compared to HSV-1 Blood mononuclear Oral secretions cells
Lies dormant in macrophages.
Kaposi's sarcoma Resembles HSV-1, causes encephalomyelitis, 75% fatal. Hazard for monkey handlers.
Sexual contact
Lymphoid cells
Smallpox - rash for 2-4 weeks, 25% mortality rate Small, pink or white, wart like papules with central dimple appear on face, arms, back. Lesions persist for up to 2 years.
Respiratory
URT, regional lymph nodes, viremia, skin
1-12 day latency, then rash for 2-4 weeks
Direct contact spread. Epithelial cells of skin and mucus membranes. Virus transforms stratum basale cells (via p53, Rb) to cause rapid proliferation.
(1) Warts - hands, feet, genitalia, etc. Human strain, (2) Increased cervical cancer risk in deer strain, women bovine strain, etc. PML - Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Shopper at JCPenny's stumbling, saying "Where are the P-P-Pants?" Amnesia, dysarthria, Ataxia. 70-80% of people may have antibodies to JC polyoma, but symptom much more common in immunosuppressed. Ubiquitous like Burger King - mild or asymptomatic respiratory infection in kids. 70-80% of people may have antibodies, but symptoms more common in immunosuppressed.
Direct contact spread.
Latent and may resurface w/ stressors. DNA is episomal in infected cells.
(1) Fifth disease - Slapped cheek syndrome in kids - due to immune complex deposition. (2) Aplastic anemia in prior anemia patients. (3) Polyarthritis - immune complex deposition in joints. (4) Fetal hydropsis - fetal loss in 10% of maternal infections. No congenital abnormalities if fetus survives.
P-antigen on erythoid cells
Respiratory
Erythoid cells (immature RBC) in bone marrow (Adults), and liver 4-14 day latent (children). Viremia period
Three courses: (1) Acute hep B, with complete resolution (90%). (2) Chronic Hep B. (3) Fulminant Hep B with transplant being only recourse. Acute Hepatitis B - malaise, fever, jaundice, lasting for 2-3months. Chronic - lifelong infection with episodes of active Hep B.Increased risk for HCC if chronic infection. Incomplete (defective) virus. Requires HBV capsid for growth. Spongiform encephalopathy - caused by accumulation of prions (infectious proteins) in brain. Neurological symptoms Spongiform encephalopathy - caused by accumulation of prions (infectious proteins) in brain. Neurological symptoms
Bloodborne, sexual contact
Hepatocytes
6weeks - 6months before any serology/symptom s appear
Human
Direct inoculation, ingestion of affected tissue, transplant. Direct inoculation, ingestion of affected tissue, transplant.
Long incubation period - months to years
Human
Long incubation period - months to years
Spongiform encephalopathy - caused by accumulation of prions (infectious proteins) in brain. Neurological symptoms Spongiform encephalopathy - caused by accumulation of prions (infectious proteins) in brain. Neurological symptoms - MAD COW disease. The pathogens that can cross the bloodplacenta barrier: Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, Herpes, HIV, Syphilis Measles, Mumps, Rubella, VZV, parvovirus B19, HHV
Sheep, goats, mice
Cattle
Usually inactivated w/ formaldehyde. Effective on ssRNA viruses, not so effective for dsDNA viruses. Affects free AA groups, thus decreases virus infectivity. Shorter immunity than live attenuated virus, no CMI response (humoral IgG only), higher cost.
Produced by growing virus in animal to create mutations. Live attenuated vaccine virus replicates in human, but does not cause disease. Good CMI response (CMI), IgG and IgA humoral response if oral vaccine, rare reversion to virulence, low cost. Purified protein antigen (HBV) Vaccinia - clone gene for immunogen into vaccinia virus, then vaccinate with recombinant vaccinia virus.
Vaccine? Salk - killed virus. IM injection, produces IgG Ab, humoral response only. Sabin - attenuated live virus, oral administration, produces cellular and humoral immunity, IgG, IgA - natural route of infection. Currently in USA we give Sabin in 1st 15 months of life.
Testing
Treatment?
none
Killed vacine available, given to travelers to endemic areas.
Passive immunization administer Ig
Intranasal vaccine w/ killed virus is effective, but only to specific serotype
Oral Rehydration Therapy
Live attenuated (MMR) - given @ 12-15months
Killed
Killed
Killed
Presence of Hep C Ab indicates chronic infection, NOT immunity. PCR assay. Live attenuated vaccine available, given to travelers to endemic areas.
Ribavirin, interferon
Vaccine available for travelers.
Killed vaccine - grown in eggs. Usually a mix of the most common strains - ex 2 A strains and 1 B strain. "Original Antigenic Sin" vaccinated patient responds only to 1st vaccine strain that triggers response. Vaccine given in autumn, after most popular strain determined. Currently, efforts to develop live-attenuated vaccine.
Prophylactic amantadine or rimantadine
Live, attenuated is being studied. Killed vaccine is ineffective.
Aerosolized ribavirin
Live, attenuated vaccine (MMR). Safe and effective, given at 12-15months
Disease is self-limiting
Live, attenuated vaccine (MMR). Safe and effective, given at 12-15months. 2nd dose recommended after 6 years.
Clinical diagnosis usually, but new recommendations from CDC are to confirm with labs. (1) Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers, usually detectable when rash appears, peaks in 3-4 weeks. Fourfold rise is diagnostic. Virus can be isolated from throat washings in first 1-2 days of rash.
No vaccine, live-inactivated vaccine trial made disease worse.
Clinical diagnosis
Hospitalized babies treated with aerosolized ribavirin.
If exposed: (1) WASH wound. (2) Passive vaccination - administer immune globulin. (3) PostKilled vaccine - HDCV exposure active vaccine (Human Diploid Cell Vaccine) - Post mortem - Negri bodies in nerve HDCV. Once symptoms triggers humoral response. cells appear, NO cure.
CD4 lymphocyte count - tells how far the train is from crashing. Viral load - tells the speed of the train.
Triple therapy (HAART Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy): (1) Anti-metabolite AZT, ZDV (thymidine analog) (2) RT inhibitor - ddI, ddC, 3TC, d4T (3) PR inhibitor saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir
Live attenuated vaccine liscensed in 1998.
Shell vial, HI, or PCR assays Acyclovir - phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase, not by host cell TK, thus incorporated into viral DNA but not host. Effective for herpes encephalitis if given early, shortens fever blister episodes, but not curative. Acyclovir - phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase, not by host cell TK, thus incorporated into viral DNA but not host. Effective for herpes encephalitis if given early, shortens genital herpes episodes, but not curative.
Live attenuated vaccine (Oka strain), since 1995, given by 15 months
Immune globulin can be given for immunocompromised w/ chicken pox. Acyclovir for shingles. Immunity after varicella lasts lifetime for most.
(1) Heterophil Ab to sheep RBC (2) Abnormal lymphocytes (cytotoxic T Infectious mono - Disease is to EBV-infected B cells) self-limiting
Look for virus growth in throat and urine. Also, look for inclusion Live attenuated vaccine in trial bodies in cells found in tissues and (Towne strain) urine.
Ganciclovir for immunosuppressed. Foscarnet for CMV retinitis.
Vaccinia virus (live attenuated), allowed WHO to eradicate smallpox in 1977.
Clinical diagnosis only.
Capsid particle w/ no DNA being tested as vaccine. (VLP - Virus Like Particle)
Liquid Nitrogen to freeze off. Not curative. Immunosuppression is BAD may promote wart growth.
Symptomatic treatment only. Immunoglobulin in immunocompromised.
Subunit vaccine - series of 3 injections. Purified HBs-Ag protein is grown in yeast. Safe and effective. Given in 1st 15 months.
HBsAg rises after infection, disappears at 4.5 mo. HBeAg (indicates highest period of viral replication) rises at 2wks, falls at 34mo. Symptoms and liver enzymes rise gradually starting at 1mo, fall around 5-6mo. HBcAb (IgG) rises at 1mo, stays up for 6mo or more. HBsAb (IgG) rises at 4mo when HBsAg falls, remains high for life, indicates that infection is cleared and host is now immune. HB D Antigen
Passive immunization (immune globulin) administered for postexposure prophylaxis. Interferon and Ribavirin for chronic Hep B.