JEOPARDY
VIROLOGY
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This nucleic acid amplification test for HIV RNA monitors a patient's progress during triple drug therapy and determines the chances of progression to AIDS.
What is HIV RT PCR?
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This virus causes an acute febrile rash and produces disease in immunocompetent children. Additionally, in persons with hereditary hemolytic anemia, this virus has been associated with transient aplastic crisis.
What is Parvovirus? OR What is Parvovirus B19?
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The initial infection by this virus is often in apparent and occurs through a break in the skin or mucous membranes. Despite high antibody titers, latent infection often persists at the initial site. Temperature change, emotional distress, and hormonal factors often trigger recurrent disease.
What is Herpes simplex virus? OR What is HSV? WEILL CORNELL
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An HIV positive patient has a CD4 lymphocyte count and an HIV RNA viral load test done. The following are the results: CD4: 50 CD4 lymphocytes per ul HIV RNA: 750,000 copies per ml These three drugs are prescribed for the patient. What are azidothymidine (OR
AZT), dideoxyinosine (OR DDI) and protease inhibitors?
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Use of the above three drugs inhibits these two viral processes.
What are reverse transcriptase (OR RT) and protease?
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The low CD4 count indicates an increased risk for this opportunistic infection, which has been linked to Herpes 8 virus.
What is Kaposi's sarcoma?
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Most common in teenagers, this virus, which has symptoms of fever and pharyngitis, is linked to the Epstein-Barr virus.
What is infectious mononucleosis (OR mononucleosis OR mono)?
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Rubella infected cells challenged with this family of virus are resistant to subsequent infection and do not exhibit cytopathic effects.
What is a picornavirus?
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This protein is produced by cells in response to a viral infection or certain other agents. Its action relates to the synthesis of a protein that inhibits translation or transcription and consequently produces resistance to viral infection.
What is interferon?
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These viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors.
What is an arbovirus?
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Patients with either acute or chronic HBV are the only ones who can be infected with this virus.
What is HDV (OR Hepatitis D Virus OR Delta Hepatitis)?
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At the ER, an infant presented with a fever and a persistent cough. Physical examination and a chest X-ray suggested pneumonia. This virus is the most likely cause of this infection.
What is respiratory syncytial virus (OR RSV)?
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A purine nucleoside analog, this antiviral agent has shown promise with this infant's disease.
What is ribavirin (OR What is aerosolized ribavirin)?
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Ranging in size from 24 to 30 nm in diameter, this family of RNA viruses infect the human intestinal tract. Additionally, this family can cause aseptic meningitis, febrile illnesses, and the common cold.
What are echoviruses?
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This is the treatment for HSV meningitis or encephalitis.
What is acyclovir?
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These two viruses cause a contagious ocular infection characterized by pain, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and swelling of the eyelids, known as acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
What are enterovirus and coxsackievirus A (OR coxasckie A virus)?
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A 3-year-old child presents with symptoms of coryza, conjunctivitis, low-grade fever, and Koplik's spots. The causative agent of this disease belongs to this group of viruses.
What is paramyxovirus?
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This virus is the cause of one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, and some serotypes of the virus are linked to cervical carcinoma.
What is Human papilloma virus (OR HPV)?
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These RNA viruses are important causes of respiratory diseases in infants and young children, and the diseases caused ranges from a mild febrile cold to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, it is the leading cause of the croup syndrome in young children.
What is parainfluenza?
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Eastern equine encephalitis could be controlled be eradicating this carrier.
What are mosquitoes?
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Children who have had varicella occasionally suffer shingles, a recurrent form of the disease, as adults. The agent causing this disease is a member of this viral family.
What is Herpesvirus?
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This is the major cause of the common cold.
What is Rhinovirus?
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This acute, febrile illness is characterized by a rash and suboccipital lymphadenopathy.
What is German measles? OR What is rubella?
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Finding Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions in the nerve cells of the spinal cord and brain, especially in the hippocampus) in humans is the definitive diagnosis of this disease.
What is rabies?
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These cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
What are prions?
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These are unconventional, selfreplicating proteins.
What are prions?
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This disease caused by variola virus was eradicated by an intensive vaccination program.
What is smallpox?
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This is a defective virus with an RNA genome and a Hepatitis B surface antigen envelope.
What is Hepatitis D virus (OR HDV OR Hepatitis Delta Virus)?
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If an individual with Hepatitis B surface antigen is infective and has active hepatitis, he/she would have this antigen as well.
What is e antigen?
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Western equine encephalitis is caused by this virus.
What is alphavirus?
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Yellow fever and dengue are caused by this virus.
What is flavivirus?
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This compound, a synthetic nucleoside structure related to guanosine, has been used successfully against Lassa fever.
What is ribavirin?
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An immunocompromised person with a history of seizures had an MRI that revealed a temporal lobe lesion. Multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear inclusions were visible on a brain biopsy. This virus is the most probable cause of the lesion.
What is Herpes simplex virus (OR WEILL CORNELL HSV)?
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Foreign service employees who are hospitalized for bleeding ulcers in Zaire are at increased risk for this infection.
What is HIV (OR Human Immunodifficiency virus)? WEILL CORNELL
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After a pregnant woman was exposed to rubella, a rubella antibody titer is performed to determine her immune status. This titer ratio is considered protective.
What is 1:10?
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This entity is protein material without nucleic acid. While related to a virus, it is a proteinaceous infectious particle that replicates within cells.
What is a prion?
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Although a patient has all the gastrointestinal symptoms of HAV, all the tests for HAV-IgG and HAV-IgM are nonreactive. This hepatitis virus is the possible cause of the infection.
What is Hepatitis E (OR E)?
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This is the most common cause of postinfluenzal secondary bacterial pneumonia.
What is staphylococcus aureus?
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These entities spread St. Louis encephalitis virus and dengue.
What are mosquitoes?
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Fever and jaundice characterize this life-threatening disease. Following fever, headache, myalgias, and photophobia, the symptoms progress to the liver, kidney and heart.
What is yellow fever?
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Infection by this emerging pathogen, which is endemic in deer mice, can result in influenzalike symptoms followed rapidly by acute respiratory failure.
What is hantavirus?
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This virus causes erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease).
What is Parvovirus B19?
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This human virus has been implicated in several malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and some B-cell lymphomas. It is a member of this virus family.
What Herpesviruses?
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Epidemic acute respiratory disease, gastroenteritis, whooping cough-like disease, and keratoconjunctivitis are caused by these viruses.
What are adenoviruses?
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This is licensed for the treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients.
What is ganciclovir?
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These non-lipid containing RNA viruses with a double-shelled capsid are the cause of 30 to 40 percent of acute diarrhea in infants.
What are rotaviruses?
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive encephalitis involving both white and gray matter. It is a late and rare manifestation occurring in 1 of 300,000 cases of this other disease.
What is measles?
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Mumps, measles, croup, and bronchiolitis are viral infections associated with this family.
What are paramyxoviruses?
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This virus infects the skin or mucosa, causing benign tumors that may undergo malignant conversion and become squamous cell carcinomas.
What is papillomavirus?
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The replication of a retroviral genome depends on this enzyme, which builds a complementary strand of DNA for the viral RNA template, builds a second DNA strand complementary to the previous DNA, degrades the original RNA, and is responsible for integrating the new viral DNA hybrid into the host genome.
What is reverse transcriptase (OR RT)?
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This flavivirus is the major arborviral cause of central nervous system infection in the U.S. Patients who have contracted this disease usually present with one of three clinical manifestations: febrile headache, aseptic meningitis, or clinical encephalitis.
What is St. Louis encephalitis?
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This is the most common cause of congenital and perinatal viral infections.
What is CMV (OR Cytomegalovirus)?
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Interferon is produced by cells in tissue culture when the cells are stimulated with the following EXCEPT for one: (a)endotoxin, (b)synthetic doublestranded polynucleotides, (c)viruses, (d)chlamydiae, or (e)rickettsiae.
What is d? OR What is chlamydiae?
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These two virus families can both support replication of the satellite virus adenoassociated virus (AAV).
What are herpesviruses and adenoviruses?
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In 50-80 percent of surgically removed tonsils or adenoids, this virus can be cultured. It can also be cultured from mesenteric lymph nodes, and, in rare cases, viral DNA has been detected in peripheral lymphocytes.
What is adenovirus?
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Appropriately administered, this therapy is effective in the treatment of HAV, HBV, rabies, and poliomyelitis.
What is gamma globulin?
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In an atypical state, these are seen in a variety of diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, CMV infection, viral hepatitis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, mumps, and roseola.
What are lymphocytes (OR abnormal lymphocytes OR atypical lymphocytes)?
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The clinical syndrome consists of a mild systemic disease characterized by severe joint and muscle pain, headache, fever, lymphadenopathy, and a maculopapular rash.
What is dengue (OR breakbone fever)?
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This is usually the first viral marker detected in blood after HBV infection.
What is HBsAg (OR Hepatitis B surface antigen)?
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Present at the beginning of clinical illness, there are high titers as long as there is ongoing HBV replication. This may be the only detectable serologic marker during the early convalescent phase of an HBV infection ("window phase").
What is Anti-HBc?
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This antigen is closely associated with higher titers of HBV and consequently HBV infectivity. Additionally, it highly correlates to DNA polymerase activity.
What is HBeAg (OR Hepatitis B 37 antigen)?
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One of the leading causes of mental retardation in the U.S., this disease causes congenital abnormalities in neonates. Seizures, deafness, jaundice, and purpura also occur.
What is cytomegalic inclusion disease (OR CID)?
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This is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants.
What is RSV (OR Respiratory syncytial virus)?
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This complication of mumps in postpubertal males can cause sterility if bilateral.
What is orchitis?
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The first generation vaccine for this disease was prepared by purifying a surface antigen from healthy carriers and treating it with viral inactivating agents. The second generation vaccine was produced by recombinant DNA in yeast cells containing a plasmid into which the gene for the surface antigen had been incorporated.
What is HBV (OR Hepatitis B)? WEILL CORNELL
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The influenza virus changes in two ways. If only mutational alterations to the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins occurred the virus has undergone this process.
What is antigenic drift?
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A new epidemic influenza virus appears due to the reassortment of genome segments with a second influenza virus. The new virus is the consequence of this process.
What is antigenic shift?
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This herpesvirus causes chickenpox.
What is varicella-zoster virus?
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This virus is the causative agent of human warts that are limited to the skin and mucous membranes.
What is papillomarvirus (OR papovaviridae)?
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This virus has been associated with adult respiratory disease among newly enlisted military troops, probably due to crowded conditions and strenuous exercise.
What is adenovirus?
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This sporozoan may cause encephalitis in AIDS patients.
What is toxoplasma gondii (OR T. gondii)?
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These antibodies occur in one species (human) and react with antigens of a different species. They are used in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
What are heterophil antibodies (OR What is heterophil)?
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These are the prominent cause of aseptic viral meningitis.
What are enteroviruses (OR echoviruses OR coxsackieviruses)?
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Transmitted by the fecal-oral route, this virus often causes acute jaundice, diarrhea, and liver function abnormalities. It can be acquired from shellfish.
What is Hepatitis A virus (OR HAV)?
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The most common cause of pediatric gastroenteritis, more prominent outside of North America is easily detected in ELISA tests.
What is rotavirus?
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This common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis is often found aboard cruise ships and in summer camps. ELISA methods or electron microscopy are used in its detection.
What is Norwalk virus?
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This RNA virus, which causes mild gastroenteritis, is transmitted by the fecal-oral route but not by food consumption.
What is astrovirus?
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This can prevent clinical HAV even when administered up to 10 days after exposure.
What is ISG (OR immune serum globulin)?
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This virus was first isolated from the diseased brain of a person with Hodgkin's lymphoma who was dying of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. This demyelinating disease occurs usually in immunosuppressed patients, resulting from oligodendrocyte infection by the virus.
What is JC virus (OR polyomavirus)? WEILL CORNELL
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These two virus families consist of negative strand RNA viruses which cause respiratory infections and possess an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is a structural component of the virion to produce the initial RNA.
What are paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses?
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This viral surface structure is the major antigenic determinant of the influenza virus.
What is the hemagglutinin (OR HA)?
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This virus comes as two "types" and is usually but not exclusively associated with oral and genital lesions.
What is Herpes Simplex virus (OR HSV, OR HSV-1 and HSV2)?
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This virus, discovered in 1965, produces about 35% of the common colds especially in, children and young adults.
What is Coronavirus?
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This antiviral compound is effective against Lassa fever in the first week of the onset of the disease.
What is ribaviron?
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This antiviral compound is a tricyclic amine and is effective only against influenza A virus.
What is amantidine (OR rimantidine)?
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If diagnosed rapidly, HSV encephalitis or meningitis can be treated with acyclovir but this infection is difficult to diagnose by laboratory tests as there is a low virus titer in the CSF. This test is based upon viral nucleic acid detection must be used.
What is PCR (OR the polymerase chain reaction)?
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Parainfluenza viruses contain an RNA genome in a nucleocapsid encased in an enveloped derived from the host cell membrane. Infected mammalian cell culture will hemabsorb red blood cells due to this structure on the surface of the cell.
What is hemagglutinin (OR HA)?
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Adults who possess circulating antibody against varicella-zoster virus may suffer recurrent disease caused by inflammatory reaction in the sensory ganglia of spinal or cranial nerves i.e. shingles. This virus existed, prior to its reactivation, in this quiescent state.
What is latency (OR latent state, OR WEILL CORNELL latent)?
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Respiratory syncytial virus is a member of this virus family.
What is Paramyxoviridae (OR paramyxoviruses)?
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This illness spread by the wood tick, causes fever, headache, retro-orbital pain, and severe myalgia.
What is Colorado tick fever?
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A 17-year-old girl presents with cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, and pharyngitis. Infectious mononucleosis is suspected. Clinical useful tests in this diagnosis would include detection of IgG and IgM to this virus structure.
What is VCA (OR viral capsid antigen)?
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The rabies virus is transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. It almost always causes a fatal encephalitis if left untreated. Post exposure treatment includes these two components.
What are killed virus vaccine and human rabies globulin (OR HIG)?
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HCV is a positive-stranded RNA virus. About half of HCV patients develop chronic hepatitis. The virus currently cannot be propagated in tissue culture hence it is not easily isolated. Molecular analysis techniques have tentatively classified it within this virus family.
What is Flaviviridae (OR flavivirus)?
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This is one of the five childhood rash diseases along with measles, rubella, roseola, and Fifth disease.
What is scarlet fever?
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Respiratory syncytial virus can be detected by immunofluoresence on smears of respiratory epithelium. This treatment is recommended for severely ill hospitalized infants.
What is aerosolized ribavirin?
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This virus is a newly recognized hepatitis virus . It contains a single stranded RNA genome and has been classified to the calicivirus family. Like HAV its is enterically transmitted but there is no vaccine available nor routine detection test.
What is Hepatitis E (OR HEV)?
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In the treatment of HIV infections protease inhibitors prevent this proteolytic step in the viral replication cycle.
What is maturation (OR GAG processing)?
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In the United States infection with the mumps virus accounts for 1015% of this complication.
What is aseptic meningitis?
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These viruses are recognized by club shaped projections that are 20nm long and resemble solar coronas.
What are coronaviruses?
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This fatal disease of certain New Guinea natives is characterized by tremors and ataxia. It is thought that it was transmitted by ritualistic brain cannibalism.
What is Kuru?
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THE END