Appendix Some of the Major Uses of Radioisotopes in the United States

f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Element Aluminium Aluminium Alternate name Symbol Isotope Half life Al Al 26 710000 years 26 710000 years Use Medical Research Americium Argon Cadmium Caesium Am Ar Cd Cs 241 432.2 years 41 1.82 hours 109 462 days 137 30.2 years Industrial Industrial Industrial Medical Caesium Calcium Cs Ca 137 30.2 years 47 4.536 days Industrial Research Californium Cf 252 2.64 years Industrial Carbon Carbon C C 11 20.3 minutes 14 5715 years Medical Research Carbon Chlorine C Cl 14 5715 years 36 301000 years Industrial Research UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Chromium Cobalt Cobalt Cr Co Co 51 27.70 days 57 271.8 days 60 1925 days Research Medical Medical Cobalt Co 60 1925 days Medical Cobalt Cobalt Copper Copper Curium Co Co Cu Cu Cm 60 1925 days 60 1925 days 64 12.701 hours 67 2.580 days 244 18.11 years Industry Industry Medical Medical Industrial Fluorine F 18 1.83 hours Medical Gallium Ga 67 3.260 days Medical Gold Au 198 2.694 days Industrial UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Hydrogen Hydrogen Deuterium, D Tritium H H 2 stable 3 Chemistry Medical Hydrogen Indium Tritium, T H In 3 12.32 years 111 2.8049 days Industrial Medical Iodine Iodine I I 131 8.040 days 123 13.2 hours Medical Medical Iodine Iodine Iridium Iridium Iron Iron Iron Krypton Krypton Lanthanum I I Ir Ir Fe Fe Fe Kr Kr La 125 59.4 d 129 1.7 x 107 years 192 73.83 days 192 55 55 59 81 73.83 days 2.73 years 2.73 years 44.51 days 210000 years Medical Medical Medical Industrial Medical Industrial Medical Medical Industrial Industrial 85 10.73 years 140 1.678 days UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Manganese Mn 54 312.2 days Industrial Nickel Nickel Nitrogen Ni Ni N 63 100 years 63 100 years 13 9.97 minutes Industrial Research Medical Nitrogen N 13 9.97 minutes Industrial Nitrogen Oxygen N O 15 122.2 seconds 15 122.2 seconds Industrial Medical Oxygen Phosphorus Phosphorus O P P 18 32 14.28 days 32 14.28 days Medical Medical Industrial Phosphorus P 32 14.28 days Research Phosphorus P 33 25.3 days Research UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Plutonium Pu 238 87.74 years Industrial Plutonium Pu 238 87.74 years Medical Polonium Radium F Po 210 138.38 days Industrial Potassium K 42 12.36 hours Industrial Potassium K 42 12.36 hours Medical Promethium Pm 147 2.6234 years Industrial Radium Ra 226 1599 years Industrial Rubidium Rb 81 4.57 hours Medical Rubidium Samarium Rb Sm 82 76 seconds 152 Medical Medical UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Samarium Sm 153 1.929 days Medical Scandium Sc 46 83.81 days Industrial Scandium Selenium Selenium Silver Sc Se Se Ag 110m 46 83.81 days 75 119.78 days 75 119.78 days 24.6 seconds Industrial Research Industrial Industrial Sodium Na 24 14.96 hours Industrial Sodium Na 24 14.96 hours Medical Strontium Sr 85 64.85 days Research Strontium Sr 87 Research Strontium Sr 89 50.52 days Medical Strontium Sr 92 2.71 hours Medical Sulfur S 35 87.2 days Medical UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Technetium Tc 99m 6 hours Medical Thallium Tl 201 3.040 days Medical Thallium Thorium Thorium Ionium Tl Th Th 204 3.78 years 229 7880 years 230 75380 years Industrial Industrial Industrial Thorium Uranium Uranium Xenon Ytterbium Ionium Uranium II Uranium II Th U U Xe Yb 230 75380 years 234 245500 years 234 245500 years 133 5.243 days 169 32.026 days Research Medical Industrial Medical Medical Yttrium Zinc Y Zn 90 64.10 hours 65 244.26 days Medical Industrial UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Specific Use Alzheimer's disease Acid rain Smoke Detectors, fluid-density gauges, oil well logging (neutron source), to measure levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples, to ensure uniform thickness in rolling processes like steel and paper production, to help determine where oil wells should be drilled, useful for a level gauge, a X-ray fluorescence analysis. Am241-Be9 is useful for a moisture gauge ventilation tests in building research to analyse metal alloys for checking stock, scrap sorting, X-ray fluorescene analysis. treatment of cancerous tumous, measurement of correct dosages of radioactive pharmaceuticals measurement and control the liquid flow in oil pipelines, determine whether oil wells are plugged by sand, ensure the right fill level for food and drug packaging, tradiotracer for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition to study the cellular functions and bone formation in mammals to inspect luggage for hidden explosives, to gauge moistute content of soil in the road construction and building industries, to measure moisture of materials srored in soils Chemical Properties Radiation produced gamma gamma Americium 241 emits alpha particles which ionise the air and allow a current between two electrodes, if smoke is present, it absorbs the alpha particlas and the current is interrupted and the alarm goes off alpha beta gamma beta beta beta alpha glucose tagged with C11 is used with Positron Emission Tomography, produces positrons in the brain or other organs and monitored by PET positron-emitting radionuclides have short half-lives and high radiation energies gamma Dating organic samples up to 35000 yrs old Carbon is present in form of carbonhydrates beta isotopic tracer, investigations of photosynthesis, also glucose through the body, to ensure that potential new drugs are metabolised without forming harmful byproducts, useful for thickness gauge of thin plastics beta measurement of sources of chloride and age of water (up to 2 million years), used for thickness gauge for paper, plastics beta UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls to study red blood cell survival rates Isotopic tracer - for pernicious anemia, X-ray fluorescence analysis Treating cancer, sterilisation of medical products and equipment isotopic tracer - vitamin B12 with tagged with Co60 can be used to study the absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract Isotopic tracer - for finding flaws in metal castings, together with Ag110m, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace, level gauge, density gauge Isotope dilution - used to calculate amount of compounds Isotopic tracer - brain tumours absorb Copper, genetic diseases affecting copper metabolism such as Wilson's and Menke's disease when injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the antibodies bind to and destroy the tumour used in mining to analyse material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling operations gamma gamma beta and gamma beta and gamma beta and gamma beta and gamma gamma beta alpha PET, detection of cancers and monitoring progress in their treatment, fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) is useful for Energy metabolism diagnosis isotopic tracer - as gallium citrate to detect inflammation and disorders associated with AIDS trace factory waste causing ocean pollution, trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floor, together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace, togther with Ir192 and Cr57 to label sand to study coastal erosion positron-emitting radionuclides have short half-lives and high radiation energies gamma gamma beta UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls isotopic tracer, investigations of chemical and biochemical reactions involving hydrogen life science and drug metabolism to ensure safety of potential new drugs self luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs, luminous dials, gauges and wrist watches, production of luminous paint, geological and hydrological prospecting,measure "young" groundwater, tracer to study sewage and liquid waste Isotopic tracer absorbed by brain tumours imaging of the thyroid gland, treatment of thyroid cancer and Graves' disease, Iodine accumulates in the thyroid, also brain tumors, abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction Diagnosis of thyroid disease and other metabolic disorders including brain function Diagnosis of thyroid disorders, biomedical research, glomerular filtration rate of kidneys, deep vein thrombosis, radioimmuno assays, show the presence of hormones in tiny quantities used to check radioactivity counters Implants for tumour irradiation (brachytherapy) Test welds in boilers, pipelines and aircraft parts, radiography of steel to discover flaws Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron Analyse electroplating solutions and detect the presence of sulfur in the air Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron imaging of pulmonary ventilation indicator lights in appliances such as clothes dryers, washing machines, gauge the thickness of thin plastics and sheet metal, rubber, textiles and paper, together with Ag110m, Co60, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace Deuterium enters into all chemical reactions characteristic of ordinary hydrogen, forming equivalent compounds. Deuterium, however, reacts more slowly than ordinary hydrogen, a criterion that distinguishes the two forms of hydrogen. Because of this property, among others, deuterium is extensively used as an isotopic tracer in investigations of chemical and biochemical reactions involving hydrogen stable beta beta gamma brain tumours absorb large quantities of Iodine beta and gamma gamma used in radioimmunoassay because 125I attaches easily to most antibodies or antigens Internal radiotherapy gamma beta beta beta gamma gamma beta gamma beta beta UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water to detect explosives, voltage and current surge protection devices, useful for thickness gauge of thin plastic electron capture detectors for gas chromatographs Positron emission tomography positron-emitting radionuclides have short half-lives and high radiation energies gamma beta beta gamma isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and passage of elements through the environment isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and passage of elements through the environment Positron Emission Tomography, incorporated into metabolically important molecules preparation of F18-deoxyglucose for Positron emission Tomography, as Oxygen-18 water, heart blockage detection, deficiencies in heart valves, brain scanning for tumour detection, energy expenditure in humans and total body water composition in humans treating ovarian and bone cancer isotopic tracer - to investigate the uptake of fertilisers in plants molecular biology and genetics research, treatment of polycythermia vera (excess red blood cells) positron-emitting radionuclides have short half-lives and high radiation energies gamma stable gamma stable beta beta beta molecular biology and genetics research beta UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls energy generation in nuclear power stations, source of fuel for spacecraft alpha power heart pacemakers alpha reduce the static charge in production of photographic film and other materials alpha isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and passage of elements through the environment beta exchangeable potassium in ccoronary blood flow beta electric blanket thermostats, useful for thickness gauge of film and leather beta makes lighting rods more effecctive, with Be-9 is useful for moisture gauge alpha imaging of pulmonary ventilation Positron Emission Tomography, short-term effects of physiologic alterations or of drugs, used to identify blood-brain-barrier deficits treating ovarian and bone cancer gamma gamma stable UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic phosphates beta isotopic tracer - to investigate the silt movement in rivers together with Ag110m, La140, Co60 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace protein studies in life science research, study the production of enzymes, useful for density gauge weld inspection of pipelines, useful for density gauge together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace beta and gamma beta and gamma gamma gamma beta and gamma detecting leaks in underground pipes, oil well studies beta isotopic tracer - monitor blood flow, to detect constrictions or obstructions beta bone formation and metabolism gamma isotopic tracer - study bone growth relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic phosphates gamma gamma treating ovarian and bone cancer beta medical treatment beta UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls produce images of the brain, lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, gall bladder, skeleton chemically binds with many biologically and cardiovascular system, about 70% of nuclear medicine procedures, useful active molecules, injected with tin compound for thickness gauge of film and leather which soon binds with red blood cells, beta injected into blood stream, concentrates in normal heart muscle but will not remain in damaged tissue, area is then photographed with a nuclear scintillation camera to show damaged areas gamma measurement of dust and pollutant levels on filter paper, gauge thickness of plastic, sheet metal and rubber, used for thickness gauge for paper, plastics helps fluorescent lights last longer, with Tungsten - to improve stability and efficiency of electric arc welding rods provide colouring and fluorescence in coloured glazes and glassware Because uranium compounds are soluble in seawater, while thorium compounds are quite insoluble and are readily precipitated and incorporated in sediments alpha alpha beta gamma pure beta emitter, gamma alpha alpha dating sediments, as old as 400,000 years provide natural colouring and brightness to dental fixtures\ fuel, production of fluorescent glassware, coloured glazes and wall tiles determination of functional lung capacity and blood flow studies cerebrospinal fluid studies in the brain targetted cancer treatments, silicate colloid for treatment of arthritis in larger joints predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water beta gamma UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls Advantage Disadvantage Production Handling readily available Radioactive smoke detectors should be disposed of by returning to supplier or the Department of Health, small amount of gamma radiation releases, alpha particals are produced but are absorbed within a few centimetres of the device short half-lives of these tracers that allow large doses to be administered to the patient with low radiation exposure and half-life is so short, they have to be enable studies to be repeatedly generated on site administered by means of injection or inhalation, the purpose being C-11 is created from N-14 (p,alpha), simply to enter the compound into or B-11 (p,n) using cyclotron. the bloodstream UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls created from V51 (p,n) using a cyclotron. Co60 is made by irradiation of Co59 in a nuclear reactor Co60 is made by irradiation of Co59 in a nuclear reactor Co60 is made by irradiation of Co59 in a nuclear reactor produced from a nuclear reactor with Zn64(n,p) reaction. short half life, do no emit alpha particles short half-lives of these tracers that allow large doses to be administered to the patient with low radiation exposure and half-life is so short, they have to be enable studies to be repeatedly generated on site created from O18 (p,n) using a cyclotron. administered by means of injection or inhalation, the purpose being simply to enter the compound into the bloodstream UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls short half life, do no emit alpha particles short half life, most is absorbed by attending staff must wear protection, thyroid, any other is excreted, dosage too excreted I-131 can be a significant source of small to harm the thyroid or the rest iof both contamination and radiation exposure administered as NaI in water localised and cost effective UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls short half-lives of these tracers that allow large doses to be administered to the half-life is so short, they have to be patient with low radiation exposure and generated on site administered by means of injection created from O16 (p,alpha), or C12 or inhalation, the purpose being (d,n) using cyclotron. simply to enter the compound into created from O16 (p,alpha), or C12 (d,n) using cyclotron. short half-lives of these tracers that allow large doses to be administered to the half-life is so short, they have to be patient with low radiation exposure and generated on site created from N15 (p,n) using cyclotron administered by means of injection or inhalation, the purpose being simply to enter the compound into majority of injected radiactive material stays within the body, body acts as effective shield administered by injection UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls toxic radioisotope is sealed inside a case that prevents alpha particles from escaping and damaging surrounding tissue advantage of serial measurements in the same patient majority of injected radiactive material stays within the body, body acts as effective shield can be produced without a cyclotron from a column generator administered by injection UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls majority of injected radiactive material stays within the body, body acts as effective shield produced from a nuclear reactor with Cl35(n,p) reaction administered by injection UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls half life is only 6 hours, ideal for medical imaging as it keep radiation dose to minimum, do not emit alpha particals 99Tc is produced as a fission short half life presents problems for delivery product from the fission of uranium of isotope in nuclear reactors As Tc-99m has short half life, it is transported as Mo-99 which has a half life of 67 hours UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls hazard Web resource http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/NUREGS/BR0217/par t12.html http://www.uic.com.au/nip35.htm http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope s/tracers.html http://www.c14dating.com/ UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope s/tracers.html UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls http://www.c-fc.com/specgas_products/deuterium.htm protective foot wear and disposable clothing http://www.uiowa.edu/~hpo/training/CCCnurses /sld014.htm http://www.eanmrtc.org/Monogrph/iodide.htm UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope s/tracers.html http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope s/tracers.html UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope s/tracers.html UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/ f2273b56-140e-42f6-b53a-0958bbddb85f.xls 99Tc is a contamination hazard http://www.ansto.gov.au/ansto/gentech/overvie and should be handled in a w.htm glove box. http://www.ainse.edu.au/info/press/2000_02.ht http://www.britannica.com/seo/i/ionium-thoriumdating/ http://www.uic.com.au/uicchem.htm http://www.uic.com.au/uicphys.htm http://www.uic.com.au/uicchem.htm http://encarta.msn.com/find/search.asp?search =yttrium http://www.nidlink.com/~jfromm/elements/yttriu m.htm UniServe Science The Identification and Production of Materials http://science.uniserve.edu.au/