Poster

Poster From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia jump to: navigation, search Placard redirects here: this should not be confused with Plaque or Plack Poster from the Spanish Revolution A poster is any large piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly textual. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and convey information. Posters may be used for many purposes, and they are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works.. Another type of poster is educational posters, which may be about a particular subject for educational purposes. Related to these are academic or conference are generally low-cost compared to original artwork. Many people also collect posters, and some famous posters have themselves become quite valuable, collectors and vintage posters are usually framed and matted. The most conventional size for graphical posters tends to be around 24 by 36 inches (910 mm), though posters may be nearly any size. Much smaller printed advertisements are typically known as handbills or flyers. Contents [hide]        1 Poster history 2 Poster printing 3 Types of posters o 3.1 Propaganda and political posters o 3.2 Advertising posters  3.2.1 Film posters  3.2.2 Comic book posters o 3.3 Event posters  3.3.1 Boxing posters  3.3.2 Concert posters o 3.4 Educational posters  3.4.1 Research posters and "poster sessions"  3.4.2 Classroom posters o 3.5 Other  3.5.1 Cheesecake posters  3.5.2 Fanposter  3.5.3 Affirmation posters  3.5.4 Band/Music posters 4 Notable poster artists 5 Contemporary poster artists 6 See also 7 Further reading  8 External links Types of posters Lord Kitchener recruiting poster, for the British army during world war I A famous advertising poster for Guinness from the 1940s. Advertising with posters can be a "poor mans advertising media" and sometimes, it seems any surface is suitable. [edit] Propaganda and political posters During the First and Second World Wars, recruiting posters became extremely common, and many of them have persisted in the national consciousness, such as the "Lord Kitchener Wants You" posters from the United Kingdom, the "Uncle Sam wants you" posters from the United States, or the "Loose Lips Sink Ships" posters[1] that warned of foreign spies. Posters during wartime were also used for propaganda purposes, persuasion, and motivation, such as the famous Rosie the Riveter posters which exhorted women workers during World War II that "We can do it!". The Soviet Union also produced a plethora of propaganda posters, some of which became iconic representations of the Great Patriotic War. During the democratic revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe the poster was very important weapon in the hand of the opposition. Brave printed and hand-made political posters appeared on the Berlin Wall, on the statue of St. Wenseslas in Prague and around the unmarked grave of Imre Nagy in Budapest and the role of them was indispensable for the democratic change. [edit] Advertising posters Many posters, particularly early posters, were used for advertising products. Posters continue to be used for this purpose, with posters advertising films, music (both concerts and recorded albums) and comic books being particularly notable examples. [edit] Film posters Main article: Movie poster The film industry quickly discovered that vibrantly coloured posters were an easy way to sell their pictures. Today, posters are produced for most major films, and the collection of movie posters has become a major hobby. The most valuable poster in the world, of which there is only 1 known copy, is the 1931 stone litho Frankenstein 6-sheet. [edit] Comic book posters The resurgence of comic book popularity in the 1960s led to the mass production of comic book posters in the 1970s and onward. These posters typically feature popular characters in a variety of action poses. The fact that comic books are a niche market means that a given poster usually has a smaller printing run than other genres of poster. Therefore, older posters may be quite sought after by collectors. Promotional posters are usually distributed folded, whereas retail posters intended for home decoration are rolled. The Pre-fight poster for the Thrilla in Manila [edit] Event posters Posters advertising events have become common. Any sort of public event, from a rally to a play, may be advertised with posters; a few types of events have become notable for their poster advertisements. [edit] Boxing posters Boxing Posters were used in and around the actual venue to advertise the forthcoming fight, date, ticket prices, and usually consisted of pictures of each boxer. Boxing Posters vary in size and vibrancy, but are not usually smaller than 18x22 inches. In the early days few boxing posters survived the actual event and thus they are indeed very collectible and scarce. [edit] Concert posters Many concerts, particularly rock concerts, have custom-designed posters that are used for advertisement of the event. These often become collectors items as well. [edit] Educational posters [edit] Research posters and "poster sessions" A poster session at the EPFL. Official poster for the Exposition Universelle of 1905 in Liège Posters are used in academia to promote and explain research work. They are typically shown during conferences, either as a complement to a talk or scientific paper, or as a publication. They are of lesser importance than actual articles, but they can be a good introduction to a new piece of research before the paper is published. Poster presentations are often not peer-reviewed, but can instead be submitted, meaning that as many as can fit will be accepted. [edit] Classroom posters Most classrooms in North American schools have posters on the walls. There are several types of these posters:       Books on poster, in which entire works of literature are legibly printed onto single posters. Motivational posters, similar to those found in offices or specific to the class subject matter. Quick reference posters: In elementary schools, these usually include first-language vocabulary charts (numbers, colours, weather, etc.) and multiplication tables. In secondary and post-secondary schools, they are more likely to include second-language vocabulary charts, the standard periodic table and related graphs, and laboratory safety protocols. A world map and one or more regional maps are common at all levels. Advertising posters for products used or discussed in the class (e.g. movie posters in a film class). Pseudo-advertising posters for sports, works of classic literature, etc. Posters giving more detailed information on a subject, usually containing paragraph-form text, in relatively small print. The latter two types are sometimes prepared by students as part of an assignment, but most posters are usually store-bought. [edit] Other A digital poster illustrating twelve different species of flowers Vintage Poster Restoration/Conservation The backing of posters with fabric dates back to 19th century France, where posters were occasionally glued to linen for reinforcement. This provided some protection, but with the passage of time the paper continued to become brittle and was frequently torn by stress. Modern backing techniques have eliminated this problem by using an acid free paper between the poster and the fabric. The adhesive used is wheat paste treated to inhibit mold growth. Why fabric-back a poster? The principal reason is to provide support for the paper. It also enables the conservator to flatten the folds and to more easily make repairs. Fabric backing also eliminates the waviness that can occur when the poster is framed. Reversibility is a concept that is important in all conservation work, because today's curators and collectors are only temporary custodians of a cultural object (the poster) that will have continuing and timeless interest for future collectors. We strive to make certain that materials and techniques that are applied to the poster are not harmful over time and are reversible to bring it back to the state in which we found it. Restoration can dramatically improve the appearance of a poster. Damage caused by clear adhesive tape, residual stains, water marks and dirt can be easily repaired; combining this with the replacement of lost paper can bring the poster back to virtually its original state. The Tennis Girl poster was an iconic image from the late 1970s' [edit] Cheesecake posters Cheesecake posters, or "pinups," are pictures of attractive women designed to be displayed, first coming to popularity in the 1920s. The popularity of sexy Pin-up girl posters has been erratic in recent decades. Pin-ups such as Betty Grable and Jane Russell were highly popular with soldiers during World War II but much less so during the Vietnam War. The late 1970s and into the beginning of the 1980s were boom years for large posters of television actresses, especially Farrah Fawcett and Cheryl Tiegs. [edit] Fanposter The goal of creating a Fanposter is to show all or a large portion of devoted fans on one poster which will be presented and can be seen in a place where many other fans or members have access (hallway of a club house, fanzine, fan webpage, public place). [edit] Affirmation posters This refers to decorative posters that are meant to be motivational and inspirational. One popular series has a black background, a scene from nature, and a word like "Leadership" or "Opportunity." One version (usually framed and matted) uses a two-image hologram which changes as the viewer walks past. [edit] Band/Music posters Posters that showcase a person's favorite artist or music group are popular in teenager's bedrooms, as well as in college dorm rooms and apartments. Many posters have pictures of popular rock bands and artists. [edit] Notable poster artists Banner From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article or section deals primarily with the United Kingdom and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. For other uses, see Banner (disambiguation). A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. Bannermaking is an ancient craft. The word derives from late Latin bandum, a cloth out of which a flag is made (Latin banderia, Italian bandiera). German developed the word to mean an official edict or proclamation and since such written orders often prohibited some form of human activity, bandum assumed the meaning of a ban, control, interdict or excommunication. Banns has the same origin meaning an official proclamation, and abandon means to change loyalty or disobey orders, semantically "to leave the cloth or flag". Contents [hide]         1 History 2 Heraldic banners 3 Church banners 4 Prophetic banners 5 Trade union banners 6 Advertising banners 7 Protest banners 8 See also [edit] History [edit] Heraldic banners Heraldic banner of Cardinal Wolsey A heraldic banner, also called banner of arms, displays the basic coat of arms only: i.e. it contains the design usually displayed on the shield and omits the crest, helmet or coronet, mantling, supporters, motto or any other elements associated with the coat of arms (for further details of these elements, see heraldry). A heraldic banner is usually square or rectangular. A distinction exists between the heraldic banner and the heraldic standard. The distinction, however, is often misunderstood or ignored. For example the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is in fact a banner of the royal arms. [edit] Church banners Banners in churches have, in the past, been used mainly for processions, inside or outside of the church building. However, the emphasis has, in recent years, shifted markedly towards the permanent or transient display of banners on walls or pillars of churches and other places of worship. A famous example of large banners on display is Liverpool R.C. Cathedral, where the banners are designed by a resident artist. For more on the design and making of church banners, see the article on Banner-making. For banners used in the Eastern Orthodox Church, see Khorugv. [edit] Prophetic banners The prophet Isaiah was commanded to raise a banner and exalt his voice (Isaiah 13:2). Habakkuk received a similar order to write a vision upon tables that could be read by one who runs past it (Habakkuk 2:2). Today, banners are used to communicate the testimony of Jesus Christ by evangelists and public ministers engaged in Open Air Preaching. [edit] Trade union banners Banners of AUT, NATFHE, Cambridge TUC and Cambridge University Students' Union In Britain, trade union banners have been made since the 1840s, and at May Day parades, they could be counted in the hundreds. The iconography of these banners included mines, mills, factories, but also visions of the future, showing a land where children and adults were well-fed and living in tidy brick-built houses, where the old and sick were cared for, where the burden of work was lessened by new technology, and where leisure time was increasing. The same kind of banners are also used in many other countries. Many, but not all of them, have red as a dominant colour. For more on the design and making of these banners, see Banner-making. [edit] Advertising banners Two large-format solvent banners These are often made commercially on a plastic background. The banner industry has been evolving from the traditional cut-vinyl banners to banners printed with large format & wide format inkjet printers on various vinyl and fabric materials using solvent inks and uv-curable inks. A number of British towns and cities have whole series of banners decorating their city centres, effectively advertising the town or its special features and attractions. Advertisements on the Internet which carry the shape of a banner are also commonly called "banners". See web banner for more information. [edit] Protest banners An anti-American protest banner, Vienna, 2005. The text translates as "Tie Goliath's hands—he's gone crazy". (Details) Protest banners are either carried by demonstrators during a protest march, typically at the head of the procession, or fixed to walls, trees or other stationary objects to be read by anyone who happens to pass by. As an art form, the protest banner can have an elaborate design or just consist of a slogan hastily scribbled or sprayed on a piece of canvas, cloth, or cardboard. In the August 2003 issue of The Journal of Aesthetics & Protest, Yates Mckee notes that "the protest banner explicitly announces its instrumentality; it is designed for application in the service of an end outside of itself, which is why it is barely afforded the status of a 'medium' in the discourse of art-criticism. Indeed, this relation of means and ends traditionally governs the distinction between 'art' and 'propaganda'." [edit] See also        Heraldic standard Sashimono The Star-Spangled Banner Stainless Banner Vinyl banners Web banner Banners in Northern Ireland BANNER POSTER Leaflet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the publishing use of the term "leaflet", see pamphlet. Look up Leaflet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A leaflet in botany is a part of a compound leaf. A leaflet may resemble an entire leaf, but it is not borne on a stem as a leaf is, but rather on a vein of the whole leaf . Compound leaves are common in many plant families. Leaflets borne on the central vein of a leaf are referred to as pinnae; the compound leaves themselves are described as pinnate. A plant may be further subdivided in that the pinnae are themselves split into leaflets, or pinnules; these leaves are now twice pinnate, or bipinnate. A few plant species even have tripinnate leaves. This article does not cite any references or sources. (March 2008) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. 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