Glossary of Urban Probate Records - Keele University _UK_

Centre for Local History, University of Keele GLOSSARY OF WILLS AND INVENTORIES FROM THREE TUDOR/JACOBEAN TOWNS Edited by C.J. HARRISON Centre for Local History University of Keele Newcastle-under-Lyme Staffordshire ST5 5BG August 2008 This glossary may be copied for private and/or educational purposes, with due acknowledgement to the compiler. This glossary may not be printed for commercial purposes. INTRODUCTION Probate inventories were first introduced to a wider public in 1950 when F.W. Steer published his Farm and cottage inventories of Mid-Essex, 1653-1749. Since then they have become a much used source by local historians and a number of editions have been published. Of course, before they can be used, one must understand the terms used, and a number of glossaries of words found in early modern probate inventories have been published, most as appendices to editions of such documents. The only independently published glossary I know of is Rosemary Milward’s A Glossary of household, farming and trade terms from probate inventories (Derbyshire Record Society, latest edn., 1986). This consists of just under 1,300 words found in the probate inventories of the Chesterfield area for the period 1521-1700. The publishing success of this volume suggests that there is a demand for such glossaries. That glossary deals mainly with village inventories, this is intended to fill a gap by providing a glossary of urban inventories. The basis of this Glossary is the unpublished ‘Glossary of Nantwich Wills and Inventories’ by R.F. Pritchard. To this glossary of an early modern Cheshire salt town, I have added words not found in Nantwich from glossaries derived from inventories of Ipswich in Michael Reed (ed.), The Ipswich Probate Inventories, 1583-1631 (‘Suffolk Rec. Soc.’, xxii(1981), 113-122) and Worcester inventories published in A.D. Dyer (ed.), ‘Probate inventories of Worcester Tradesmen, 1545-1614’, Worcester Rec. Soc., new ser. v(1967), 60-4. I am indebted to these scholars for permission to use their work which remains of course in copyright. Where a word appears in more than one glossary this is noted as also variant spellings. The definition which follows is taken from the first named place. On occasion I have given alternative definitions where I felt this might be helpful to the researcher. Variant meanings of the same word are also noted. When I started this project I assumed that I would be merely adding one or two words to an otherwise common vocabulary derived from Nantwich. This assumption proved to be seriously incorrect as the following statistical summary of the 877 entries/definitions demonstrates. Analysis of the 877 entries/definitions 9 12 36 10 Sub total 104 305 401 Sub total Grand Total 810 877 67 Worcester only Ipswich only Nantwich only in all three glossaries in Nantwich & Worcester in Nantwich & Ipswich in Ipswich & Worc. 1 Why was there so little congruence between the glossaries? Firstly, each of these towns had their own distinctive economies: Nantwich – salt; Worcester – blacksmiths; Ipswich – cloth-making. Each of these industries generated distinctive vocabularies. Thus, for example, the Ipswich appraisers were much more careful in their description of types of cloth found in the household than their Nantwich compatriots. However, this technical vocabulary represents a relatively small part of the glossaries. For example, there are less than half-a-dozen salt industry items in the Nantwich glossary. So what other reasons are there for the differences? There is the problem of local dialect and accent which is reflected in the way words were spelt. To give just a couple of examples, here are the variant forms of ewer and cushions: Ewer – iewer, ure, uyre, yewer, yoare, yowe, yower. Cushion(s) – chushine, chushion, chushinges, cuchin, cushin, kosshens, quishes, quishines, quishions, quishons, quyshions, quysshens, queshions, quisins, quyshyns. There is an element of random difference as brought out by the terms used for armour and weapons. It would be a rash scholar who attempted to draw any conclusion from this (? random) selection save, perhaps, that Nantwich seems to have had a surprising variety of armour and weapons in its houses. Almon rivett – (armoury) a light armour from Germany, made flexible by overlapping plates sliding on rivets. (Ips.) Armyn bow, armige or arminge sword – (armoury) a completely furnished bow or sword. (Ips.) Bandeleer, bandelerous – (armoury) bandolier: a broad belt worn over the shoulder and across the chest to support a musket with loops to hold charges (Nant. & Ips.) Bill, byll – (armoury) a weapon with concave blade and long handle, sometimes painted and called a brown or black bill (Nant. & Ips.) Brigandyne – (armoury) brigandine: body armour composed of iron rings or small iron plates, sewed upon and covered with cloth or leather (Nant.) Buckler – (armoury) a small round shield. (Ips.) Calyver – (armoury) caliver: a light musket or harquebus, fired without a rest (Nant. & Ips.) Corslett – (armoury) corslet: a piece of defensive armour covering the body (Nant. & Ips.) Halberd, holbeard, holberd – (armoury) a combination spear and battle-axe (Nant. & Ips.) Hanger (Ips. & Nant.) Hagere (Ips.) – (armoury) a short sword, hung from the belt (Nant. & Ips.) Harnes – (armoury) harness: 1. set of body armour (Worc.) 2. soldier’s equipment (Worc.) Hede pece – (armoury) head piece: a helmet. (Ips.) Jacke, yackes – (armoury) a soldier’s sleeveless jacket, usually of leather (Nant.) Meale – (armoury) mail-armour (Nant.) Moure – (armoury) morion: a kind of helmet without beaver or visor (Nant.) Neildworke armes – (armoury) armour studded as with nails (Nant.) Petronell – (armoury) petronel: a large pistol or carbine used especially by horse-soldiers (Nant.) Picke – pike: (armoury) a piked staff (weapon) (Nant.) Polax, pollax, powlax – a pole-axe: (armoury) a battle-axe or halbert (Nant.) Prouffe – (armoury) proof: armour of proof: armour of a high degree of strength (Nant.) Sallett – (armoury) sallet: light headarmour (Nant.) 2 Skull – (armoury) a steel cap (Nant.) Splents – (armoury) a pair of splints: two pieces of armour, made of strips of overlapping metal, used to protect the elbows (Nant.) Stafe – (armoury) stave: rest for a musket. (Ips.) Whilst a random element is clearly present, the fact remains that in many, perhaps most cases, the differences of vocabulary reflect the fact that different towns had different items in their houses. Why was alam (alum) to be found only in Worcester, ale stales only in Ipswich, and arks only in Nantwich; quarrels only in Nantwich, quarters only in Ipswich and quill gold only in Worcester? These apparently fundamental differences may be artificial in a small number of cases, simply reflecting the glossarists’s choice as to what to include and exclude in their glossaries. Sometimes the differences represent the use of different words to apply to the same item. To give just one example, in Worcester and Ipswich andirons were called andirons whilst in Nantwich they were also called landirons. But, more often than not, I think it highly probable that the recorded differences represent real differences between various early modern towns. If the material culture varied from town to town and/or region to region as this study suggests then early modern England was not just divided into two economies, London and the rest, but many economies. Different objects were made and bought in different parts of the country and, hence, what was to be found in the households of one part of the country would be distinctively different from what was found in another. Agrarian historians have long been aware of regional differences, but have urban historians? This study suggests at the very least that further investigation of the evidenced hypothesis here presented would be fruitful. What is not in doubt is that probate inventories reflect both linguistic and economic and random and material differences between various early modern towns. This explains why the researcher so often finds published glossaries less than helpful when working on a particular town. The publication of this combined glossary will help a little, but it is probable that any researcher will need to add words to this text. For that reason I have included a blank sheet to each page so that this glossary may be a working tool for the working historian. I hope it will prove useful to the local historian studying his or her local town. 3 COMBINED GLOSSARIES ADES – adze: a tool used for chipping away the surface of wood (Ips.) agyned stole – a joined stool (Ips.) ALAM – alum: a whitish transparent mineral salt used in dyeing and tawing skins (Worc.) ALCHIMIE SPONES – spoons made of a metallic composition imitating gold (Ips.) ALE STALE – the stool or stand on which casks of beer and wine are placed in cellars (Ips.) aleven – eleven (Nant.) ALLES BLADES – beating blades? (Ips.) ALMON RIVETT – (armoury) a light armour from Germany, made flexible by overlapping plates sliding on rivets (Ips.) ANDIRON (Ips. & Nant.), AWNDYRON (Ips.), AUNDYRONS, AWNDEYRON (Worc.), – fire irons used to support the spit or logs, almost always in pairs (Ips. & Worc.) See Lande Iron ANGEL, AUNGEL – gold coin, valued then about ten shillings (Nant.) apperne – apron (Nant.) APPLE GRATES – ? apple graters or apple corers (Nant.) apry – napery (Worc.) see Napperye AQUAVITIE BOTELL – a bottle for aquavitae, or any ardent spirits (Ips.) aqwally – equally (Nant.) ARCKE, ARKE – ark: a chest, basket or hutch, used for storing meal, bread etc (Nant.) ARMYN BOW, ARMIGE or ARMINGE SWORD – (armoury) a completely furnished bow or sword (Ips.) ARRIS(E) – arras: a tapestry fabric, with figures and scenes woven in colours (Nant.) – tapestry originating from Arras in Flanders (Worc.) AUMRY, AMRY, ALMORIE CUPBOARD – a cupboard with doors pierced for ventilation, used for storing food (Ips.) BACK LINED WITH LEAD – the ornamental plate placed against the masonry of the chimney (Ips.) backyn – bacon (Nant.) BAILE – cross-bar as in chain and baile viz. ‘chain and cross-bar’ (Ips.) ballies, ballowes – bellows (Nant.) BANDS – the neck-band or collar of a shirt, or a pair of strips of linen hanging down in front (Ips.) BANDELEER, BANDELEROUS – (armoury) bandolier: a broad belt worn over the shoulder and across the chest to support a musket with loops to hold charges (Nant. & Ips.) BARNACULS – tool inserted in a horse’s mouth by a blacksmith to keep it quiet (Worc.) barosse – barrows (Nant.) barrill – barrel (Nant.) BARROW, BARRO – 1. a measure of salt (Nant.) 2. an inverted conical wicker basket in which salt was placed to dry out (Nant.) bason, basson – basin (Nant.) BASSELL SKINS – sheepskins tanned in bark (Worc.) BATTLEDOR, BADLEDOR, BATTLER, BATTELDER, BATTEL DOR – a flat wooden instrument, resembling a cricket bat, used for smoothing linen after washing (Ips.) BAY OF HAY – a bale of hay; hay for a horse-bay, or a stall, in a barn (Nant.) 4 BAYES – a coarse woollen cloth, loosely woven, napped on one side (Ips.) BEAK-IRON, BEAKHERN, BEAKE HORN, BECOREN, BICHORNE – the pointed part, or pike, of a blacksmith’s anvil (Ips.) See below Bykhorne BEAM – 1. a crescent shaped piece of iron over which a hide was placed and then scraped with a beam knife to cleanse it (Ips.) 2. the transverse bar of a pair of scales (Ips. & Nant.) 3. the wooden cylinder in a loom on which the warp is wound before weaving, or the roller on which the cloth is wound as it is woven (Ips.) BEARING CLOTH – a child’s christening robe (Ips.) bead, beed – bed (Nant.) BED (types of) – (On its own the word meant bedding not bed.) boarded – with panels or wainscot at head and/or foot (Ips.) field – a bed which could be packed for travelling (Ips. & Nant.) half-headed – a bed with headboard but no tester (Ips.) livery – a bed for servants (Ips.) posted – a bed with a canopy or tester supported on four posts (Ips.) sea – a bed used on board ship (Ips.) sealed – ceiled, one with a top or canopy to it (Ips.) standing – free-standing, solidly constructed (Ips.) truckle, trundle – a low bed that could be wheeled under one of ordinary size, used for children and servants (Ips. & Nant.) See Trindle BEDCASE – like a pillow-case i.e. the case in which the bed-making material was placed (Nant.) BEDCURTENS – presumably curtains which one pulled round the bed (Nant.) BED STAVES – the planks upon which bedding is placed (Ips.) bedstid – bedstead (Nant.) BEDSTOCKE, BOSTOCKE – bedstead, bedframe (Nant.) BEER TILT – a cover, probably of coarse cloth, placed over a beer barrel (Ips.) bere, buer – see Pillow beqweth, beqwthe – bequeath (Nant.) beqwethez – bequests (Nant.) BILL, BYLL – 1. (armoury) a weapon with concave blade and long handle, sometimes painted and called a brown or black bill (Nant. & Ips.) 2. an agricultural implement of similar shape used mainly as a hedging tool (Nant.) BILLIMENT – an ornamental article of female attire; laced or jewelled fronts to ladies’ dresses or collars (Nant.) BINGE – bin for storing meal and flour (Ips.) biquethe – bequeath (Nant.) BIRLING IRON – tool used in preparing the surface of cloth (Worc.) BLADES – the cutting part of an edged tool, extended to the tool itself (Ips.) blanked – blanket (Nant.) blanckquettes – blankets (Nant.) BOARD – 1. flat piece of wood, a plank (often used for stacking cheeses) (Nant.) 2. a table (Nant.) 5 3. a tray (Nant.) BOARD CLOTH – table cloth (Ips.) bole, bolle – bowl (Nant.) BOLL – Bolster as in fethar boll viz. feather bolster (Ips.) BOLSTAR – bolster: long pillow or cushion (Nant.) BOOK OF TYNDALE – see Tyndale (Nant.) BONTING HOUSE – a place for sifting meal, corn etc. (Nant.) BOOKE – 1. a book (Nant.) 2. a bucket; see Bowke (Nant.) boolstrees – bolsters (Nant.) BOORE BEANCH – bench on which gun barrels are bored (Ips.) BORYES – borax: used in dyeing (Worc.) BOSSE – a seat consisting of, or resembling, a bundle of straws; a hassock (Nant.) BOTING TUBBE – see Bott BOTT – 1. a large cask for storing wine, fish, etc. (Nant.) 2. a crude two-wheeled cart (Nant.) BOTTOM – bottom piece of a flask (Worc.) BOULTING – bolting: sifting, of meal, bran, etc. (Nant.) thus: boulting house – room where flour and meal are prepared and sifted (Ips.) boulting hutch, trough, tun – tub or box into which meal is sifted (Ips.) bulting tubbe – bolting tub: a bin for sifting flour, meal etc. (Nant.) boulting wiche – bin for sifting flour or meal (Worc.) BOWCKE, BOWKE – a pail, bucket, or pot (Nant.) BOWTE HAMER – a blacksmith’s heavy two-handed hammer (Ips.) BOX – made of boxwood (Nant.) BRAKE – 1. a framework for holding anything (Nant.) 2. a toothed instrument for braking flax (Nant.) 3. a mill used in brewing (Nant.) 4. a baker’s kneading instrument (Nant.) BRANCH of BRASS – a chandelier or candlestick, made of brass (Ips.) BRANDARTE, BRANDERETT, BRANDERD, BRANDERT, BRANDRETH – brandreth: an iron framework placed over or before a fire, on which to rest utensils in cooking (Nant. & Worc.) BRASELL – brazil wood: a source of red dye (Worc.) brasen, brason, brassen, brasson – made of brass (Nant.) BRASTE – perhaps a variant of bast, the fibre of hemp or flax (Ips.) brawche – see Broache BREDE GRATE – a wooden slatted crate, suspended from the ceiling and used for storing bread (Ips.) brendred – ? Brandreth (Nant.) See Brandarte BRIDE SPETE – bird spit: spit for roasting small birds such as larks (Ips.) BRIDGES SATTEN – Bruges satin (Worc.) See Burges BRIGANDYNE – (armoury) brigandine: body armour composed of iron rings or small iron plates, 6 sewed upon and covered with cloth or leather (Nant.) BROACHE, BROCHE, BRAWCHE – a roasting spit (Nant. & Worc.) BRODWHITT CLOTHE – a broad white cloth, a close-woven heavy woollen cloth with a smooth face finish (Ips.) BROKE – broach, a spit (Ips.) BROKEN GRASS – grass mown after a field has been grazed by cattle all summer (Nant.) BROME – the plant broom, used as fuel (Ips.) Bron – a branding iron? (Ips.) BRUEHOUSE – brewhouse: building in which beer was brewed (Nant.) BRYCK – 1. broken victuals (Ips.) 2. sheep dung or turf dried for fuel (Ips.) BRYLINGE PAN – broiling pan for grilling or boiling (Nant.) BUCKLER – (armoury) a small round shield (Ips.) BUCKROM(E), BUKRAM – buckram: fine linen or cotton fabric, at this period not stiffened with gum or paste (Ips. & Nant.) BUFFEN ASH COLOUR – a dull light yellow colour (Ips.) BUFFET(T), BUFFED, BUFFYN, BUFFYTT CHAIR or STOOL – a high chair or stool for use at the table (Nant.); – stool for use at a long table, or a low or foot stool, and probably of joined construction (Ips.) BULTER – fine cloth used for seives (Worc.) BULTING TUBBE – see Boulting (Nant.) BUNCHING BLOCK – a block upon which hemp is beaten (Ips.) BURDING PECE, (Nant.) BURDINE PESE (Ips.) – birding piece: a gun for shooting birds (Nant. & Ips.) BURGAGE – (legal term) a freehold property in a borough; a house or other property held by burgage tenure (Nant.) BURGES – satin or thread from or of the type of Bruges (Nant.) See Bridges BUSTEN WASKOT – bustine waistcoat, a cotton fabric used in waistcoats (Ips.) BUTTERY – a room where beer or provisions were stored (Nant.) BUTTRES (Ips.), BUTRASSES (Worc.) – butteris: a tool used for paring horse’s hooves (Ips. & Worc.) BYCKORNE, BYK HORN – anvil (Worc.) See Beak-iron bydnot – bedknot? (Ips.) cabbard – cupboard (Nant.) cadron – cauldron (Ips.) CADES – caddis: shreds of material (Worc.) CADOWE, CADDOWE, CADDUS – 1. caddow: a coarse cheap serge or wollen material (Nant.) 2. cadace: cotton wool, floss silk used in padding (Nant.) CAFING DISH – see Chafeing Dish (Nant.) CAGET – a small cask (Ips.) CALLES – cauls: a woman’s close-fitting cap (Ips.) See Colte CALTHORNE – cauldron 7 CALYVER – (armoury) caliver: a light musket or harquebus, fired without a rest (Nant. & Ips.) CAMOMILE – an aromatic creeping herb, its flowers used in medicine for their tonic properties (Ips.) CANIESKINS TEWED – tawed coney skins: rabbit skins prepared by soaking them in a solution of alum and salt (Ips.) CANN – can: a vessel (not necessarily of metal) for holding liquids (Nant.) CAPCASE – a travelling case, bag or wallet (Ips.) CAP PANNE – probably a dish with two handles, used as a drinking vessel (Ips.) carcher, charcher – see Kercher (Ips.) CARD – a map, plan or chart (Nant.) CARDES – wire combs used to prepare wool for spinning (Worc.) CARELL – carrel: a coarse cloth (Nant.) CARPET – 1. a thick cloth used to cover tables, beds, etc. (Nant.) 2. a floor-covering (Nant.) (BRANCHED) CARPET – a carpet with a figured pattern (Ips.) CARTAYNE FALL – curtain falls: either the curtains, or the cords etc. used to control them on a four-poster bed (Nant.) CAUTHER, SAWDREN, CAWTHERN – cauldron cealyver, colliver – calliver (Ips.) ceverine, ceuerinn – covering (Ips.) CHAFEING, CHAFFING, CHAFING, CAFING DISH – a dish on a chafer (heater containing charcoal or other fuel) to keep food warm (Nant. & Ips.) CHAF(F)ER – a vessel for heating something (Nant., Ips. & Worc.) CHAFERNE, CHAFFURN – chaffer (Worc.) CHAFFE BED – a bed or mattress stuffed with chaff (Nant.) CHAIRS – back chair – probably one with no arms (Ips.) Flanders – one imported from the Low Countries, often lavishly carved and decorated (Ips.) matted – one with a seat of matted straw or rushes (Ips.) table – one with a circular or rectangular back, hinged to swing over and rest on the arms to form a small table (Ips.) turned – one with frames consisting of turned posts and spindles (Ips.) CHALDER – chaldron: a measure for coal, varying from 32 to 40 bushels (Ips.) CHAMLETT – rich cloth (Worc.) CHARGER – a large plate or flat dish (Nant. & Ips.) CHAUNGEABLE SILK – shot silk (Worc.) cheare(s), cheere – chair(s) (Nant.) CHEEKS – upright stones in a fireplace (Worc.) [The more usual meaning is ‘the adjustable metal side plates of a bar grate’.] CHEESE BREDS – cheese braids: a cheese press (Ips.) CHEESEFATTS, CHEESEFITTS, CHIESEFATES – cheese vats: vessels in which the curd is placed to be turned into cheese (Nant.); – cheese vats: moulds in which the curds are pressed and the cheese shaped (Ips.) CHEESEFOLD – 1. covering for cheeses (Nant.) 8 2. cupboard or container for cheeses (Nant.) CHEESE RACK – rack upon which cheeses are stood to cure (Ips.) cheire – chair (Nant.) cheny dishes – china dishes (Nant.) CHESPETTES, CHESPOTTES – cheese vats (Nant.) CHEST of BOARDS – chest made of split or sawn planks (Ips.) CHEVERELL – kid leather (Worc.) chichen – kitchen (Worc.) chirne – churn (Nant.) chist – chest (Nant.) chorne – churn (Nant.) CHRACHE – see Crache (Nant.) chushine, chushion – cushion (Nant.) chushinges – cushions (Worc.) CLAMES – clamp, vice or pincers (Worc.) CLERKE, CLARK – a priest in Holy Orders (Nant.) CLOSE STOOL – a chamber pot with lid (Nant.) CLOSSE BOWCKE – 1. a bucket with a lid (used in dairying) (Nant.) 2. a chamber pot with a lid (Nant.) CLOSSE CHAIRE – close chair: one containing a pewter or earthenware pot (Ips.) CLOUT, CLUT – a piece of cloth, a napkin for children, a dishcloth (Ips.) CLOWTING LEATHER – used for repairing shoes or for thick soles (Worc.) CLYFTES – blacksmith’s tool used to separate or split (Worc.) COBARTE, COBBARDE, COBUGE – cupboard or firedog according to context (Worc.) See Golbart COBIRONS, COBRENS, KOBBRONS – the irons on which the spit is supported over the fire (Ips.) COBIRONS, COBWART, COLBARTH – see Golbart (Nant.) COCKELOFT – a small upper loft in the roof, to which the access is usually by a ladder (Nant.) COLE, COUELL, COULE, COWLE FATT or TROWGH – cowl-vat or trough: a cask in which malt liquor, milk, etc., is placed to cool, or meat is salted (Ips.) COLE RAKE – 1. a rake for raking out ashes (Ips.) 2. a rake to rake together mud or manure (Ips.) COLTE – a child’s caul (Ips.) COMBE, COMP, COUMPE, COWMPE (Nant.); COMB (Ips.) – 1. a dry measure, usually equivalent to four bushells (Ips.) 2. brewing vessels (Nant.) COMMUNION BOOK – Book of Common Prayer (Nant.) COMMYN – cumin: seed used in cooking (Worc.) CONNIPERS – cannipers, calipers: measuring compasses (Nant.) COOFER – coffer: a trunk or wooden box, often covered with leather, used for storing clothes and valuables (Ips.) COOLLE – cooler: large tub or cask (Worc.) 9 copp – perhaps a misspelling of cope in the sense of covering (Ips.) COPPRES – copperas: a salt used in dyeing and tanning (Worc.) CORSE of HANDELLS – a row or set of handles for shears (Ips.) CORSLETT – (armoury) corslet: a piece of defensive armour covering the body (Nant. & Ips.) coruse – a misspelling for coarse (Ips.) COSTRELLS – large bottles (Worc.) [These were containers of wood or leather usually for carryin beer or cider into the fields. Normally barrel shaped.] COUMPEHOWSE – a brewing house (Nant.) COUNTERFETT, COUNTERSETT – counterfeit: 1. made to a pattern, fashioned, wrought (Nant.) 2. made of inferior or base metals (Nant.) 3. a pottinger or dish made of inferior or base metals (Nant.) 4. plate, usually silver (Worc.) COURT CUPBOARD, CWORT CABBARD – a moveable sideboard or cabinet used to display plate etc. (Nant.) COVERLET, KEVERLITE – covering placed on top of the bedclothes (Ips.) COYFE (Worc.) COYVE (Ips.) – coif: a close cap for the head. (Ips. & Worc.) COWCHED – couched: embroidered with gold thread or the like laid flat on the surface (Nant.) COWPERY WARE – coopery ware: materials for making and repairing casks and barrels (Nant.) cowrse – coarse (Nant.) CRACHE, CRATCH, CHRACHE, CRATE – a rack or frame for general storage or for drying new-made cheeses (Nant.) – wooden grating or hurdle for storing foodstuffs (Ips.) CRAG, KRAGE – a small beer vessel (Ips.) CREEPERS – supports, or firedogs, for burning logs (Ips.) CRESSETT – cresset: an iron basket to hold wood, coal, pitched rope, etc., burned for light (Nant.) CREWELL (Nant.) CRUEL, CHRUELL (Ips.) – crewel: a thin worsted yarn, used for tapestry and embroidery (Nant. & Ips.) CROME, GROME – a two-tined fork, with the tines bent hookwise (Ips.) CROSSECLOTHE(S) – crosscloth: a linen cloth worn, usually by women, across the forehead (Nant.) crowe – crowbar (Nant.) CRUESE (Ips..) CRUSE (Worc.) – cruse: 1. a type of drinking cup (Ips.) 2. earthenware jar (Worc.) CRUSADO – see Portegewe (Nant.) CUBBE – bin, pen CUBBEARD, CUBBERD, CUBBERT – 1. variant spellings of cupboard (Nant.) 2. variant spellings of Golbart (Nant.) cuchin, cushin – cushion (Nant.) CULLENSHON – 1. made of cologne metal or containing cologne water (Nant.) 2. cullender, colander: sprinkler or sieve (Nant.) CULTER – coulter: 10 1. a blade fixed in front of a plough (Nant.) 2. a knife (Nant.) CWORT – see Court (Nant.) cyne – kine: cattle (Nant.) CYPRESS, SIPRESSE – a light transparent fabric, resembling cobweb lawn (Ips.) CYPRUS CHEST – a chest made from cypress wood (Ips.) DABNETT, DOBNET – cooking vessel (Worc.) DAMASK CLOTH – a twilled linen fabric with patterns which show up from reflected light (Ips.) DAMASK WATER – rose water distilled from damask roses (Ips.) DARNACLE, DARNIX, DORNICK, DORNIKELLS (Ips.), DORNIX (Ips. & Nant.) – dornick: a coarse linen originally made in Dornick, the Flemish name for Tournai (Ips.) – dornick: a coarse linen damask used for curtains, carpets and hangings (Nant.) dawhter – daughter (Nant.) DAYES – dais: a long board, seat or bench (Nant.) DEMISE, DYMISE – (legal term) a conveyance or transfer of an estate by will or lease (Nant.) DESK – originally a portable lockable box, later furniture with legs (Nant.) DIAPER, DIAPOR, DYAPER (Nant.) DIAPOURE (Worc.) – diaper: a twilled linen cloth woven with geometric patterns, used mainly for tableware and hand-towels (Nant. & Worc.) DIGHT – dressed, prepared (Worc.) DOUBLET (Ips.) DUBLETT (Nant.) – doublet: close-fitting body-garment, with or without sleeves, worn by men, prototype of the modern jacket and waistcoat (Nant. & Ips.) DOWED CALF – perhaps a calf with white markings round its neck (Ips.) DRAG – iron hook (Worc.) DRAUGHTS – horse-harness for a cart (Nant.) DREEPING, DREPING, DRIPING PAN – a pan put under roasting meat to catch the fat (Nant.) DUCATE – ducat: gold coin valued at about 9s. 4d. (Nant.) dusson – dozen (Nant.) DYALL – dial: 1. a surveyor’s compass (Nant.) 2. a watch (Nant.) dymyse – see demise (Nant.) ELLNE – ell: linear measure, usually 45 inches (Ips.) enioye – enjoy (Nant.) ESHIN, ESSHIEN – a (wooden) pail or tub, usually for milk (Nant.) euerseers – overseers (Nant.) eyerne – iron (Worc.) FAGES – remnants (Worc.) FALLING BAND – a band or collar worn falling flat round the neck (Ips.) FAN, VAN – a fan-shaped flat basket used in winnowing corn (Ips.) FANCE RUFF – vance roof: space in a garret used as a room (Ips.) 11 fate – vat (Worc.) FARME, FERME – farm (legal term): fixed annual rent (Nant.) FEOFFEMENT – (legal term): an endowment; technically, a conveyance by which a person is invested with a freehold estate in lands by livery of seisin (Nant.) fettars, fetters – feathers (Nant.) FIELD BED – see Bed FIRESHOE – fireshovel (Nant.) FIRKIN – a small cask for liquids, fish, butter, etc (Ips.) FLASKETT – 1. a shallow basket or washing tub (Nant. & Ips.) 2. a small bottle (Nant.) flex – flax (Ips.) FLOCK – wool refuse used for stuffing mattresses and pillows (Ips.) FLOCKEBEDDE – mattress made from woolen or cotton scraps (Nant.) FORM, FORME, FOURME – bench (Nant.) FOULTE TABLE – a folding or gate-legged table (Ips.) FOURNYS PAN – see Furnisse (Nant.) FOWLEING PEECE – fowling piece: a gun used for shooting birds (Nant.) FRIECE, FRISE, FRYCE, FRYSE – frieze: a kind of coarse woollen cloth (Nant., Worc. & Ips.) FRIESADO, FRISADOE, FRYSEADO – frizado: a fine kind of frieze (Nant.) – a heavy worsted cloth similar to bays (Ips.) FURNISSE – furnace: a brewing or boiling cauldron with its own heater (Nant.) FUSCHENE, FUSTIAN, FUSTYAN – fustian: a coarse cloth made of cotton (Nant.) – fustian: a term given to a group of heavy, strong cotton cloths, including corduroy, originally made at Fustat, Egypt (Ips.) fyer shuelefs – fire shovels (Ips.) fyne pannes – frying pans ? (Nant.) GALLES – oak apples: a source of chemicals for ink and dyes (Worc.) GALLYPOT – a small glazed earthenware pot (Ips.) GAN(N)E – gallon measure (Worc.) GARRATT – garret: a room on the topmost floor of the house, wholly or partially within the roof (Nant.) GAUNDE – gawn: a vessel with a long handle to reach to the bottom of deep brewing vessels (Ips.) GERE – part of the mechanism of a hand loom (Worc.) geyned – joined (Worc.) GLADEN, GLADDEN – a kind of cloth (Nant.) GLASS CASEMENT – probably a cupboard for storing glass or with a glass front rather than a window frame (Ips.) GLEBE LANDS – lands assigned to a clergyman as part of his benefice (Nant.) GOLBART, GOLBERT, GAWBERT, GOBERT, GOBIRONS, 12 GOLBORNE, GOLBURNE, COBIRON, COBWART, CUBART, CUBWART – the iron rack in a chimney that supported pot hooks (Nant.) GORSE – gauze: a fine fabric (silk, cotton or linen) (Nant.) GORSTIE – gorse, furze (Nant.) GOVESTEAD – goaf-stead: the bay or division of a barn in which hay is stored (Ips.) GREOGER – grogram: a coarse fabric of silk mixed with wool (Ips.) GRIDIRON, GRIDYRON (Nant. & Ips.) GRIGIRON (Ips.) – metal frame usually supported on short legs on which one broiled meat or fish over a fire (Nant.) – an iron grid with short legs and a long handle, used for broiling food over an open fire (Ips.) grome – see Crome (Ips.) gugge – jug (Nant.) GURT – a hoop for stretching out cloth (Ips.) GUYLT – gilt, gilding: vessels gilt with gold or silver (Nant.) gyned, gyne – joined (Worc.) HABLE MILCHE NEATE or EWES – good milk cows or ewes (Ips.) hadgsawe, hagge saw – hack saw (Ips.) HAIR – a stiff, wiry cloth woven with horse-hair weft and linen or cotton warp (Ips.) HAKE – a hook upon which a pot or kettle is hung over the fire (Ips.) HALBERD, HOLBEARD, HOLBERD – (armoury) a combination spear and battle-axe (Nant. & Ips.) HALLES – a pot-hook (Ips.) HAMPERNE, HAMPRON – hamper (Worc.) HANCHER – handkerchief (Ips.) HANGER (Ips. & Nant.) HAGERE (Ips.) – (armoury) a short sword, hung from the belt (Nant. & Ips.) HANGING TABLE – 1. a board or other flat surface on which a picture is painted (Nant.) 2. a board on which a painted hanging is placed ("Item paynted hanginges ws-2uthds0 a hanging table") (Nant.) HANGINGES – hangings: a comprehensive term to include every kind of material hung on walls, including stained cloths, (q.v.) and tapestry, (q.v.) (Ips.) HANLEY WARE – earthware from the potters’ village of Hanley Castle (Worc.) See Tickney HARNES – (armoury) harness: 1. set of body armour (Worc.) 2. soldier’s equipment (Worc.) HARTH of YRON – hearth of iron: the flat plate upon which the fire is made (Ips.) HEARDS – see Hurdes (Nant.) HEDE PECE – (armoury) head piece: a helmet (Ips.) HEFFER – heifer: young cow that has not had a calf (Nant.) HERRIOTT, HERRYOTT – heriot (legal term): payment of most valuable animal or possession (sometimes commuted to a money payment) by the heir of a deceased tenant to the deceased’s lord (Nant.) HETCHELL, HOTCHELL – hatchel: an instrument for combing flax or hemp (Nant. & Ips.) 13 hitt – it (Nant.) HODGESHEAD – hogshead: a large cask of 52.5 galls (see Pipe) (Nant.) HOLBERD – see Halberd HOL(L)AND – a linen cloth, originally from the Netherlands (Nant., Worc. & Ips.) HOOPE, HOWPE – a cask or container, for storing grain etc., or in which the curds are pressed in cheese-making (Nant.) – hopper, or container for grain, a kind of cheese-vat, or a measure ranging from a quart to four pecks (Ips.) HORSEMYLLE – horsemill: mill where the grinding power was provided by a horse walking a circle (Nant. & Ips.) HOPPITT – hoppet: a basket (Nant.) HORSTLOCKE – horse-lock: a hanging lock, a padlock (Nant.) HORYNGE, HEARYN BRUSH – a brush made of hair (Ips.) HUCHE, HUTCH – a small chest or cupboard often used for storing food (Ips.) HURDES, HEARDES – hurds, hards: the coarse part of flax or hemp (Nant.) HUSSIES CLOTH – a middle quality linen cloth for domestic use (Ips.) iewer – ewer (Nant.) INBOWED – bowed or bent inwards or concavely (Nant.) INCLE, (Worc.), INKLE, YNKLE (Ips.) – a narrow linen tape used as a trimming to clothes (Ips. & Worc.) JACKE, YACKES – 1. a kitchen instrument for lifting weights or to turn a spit (Nant. & Ips.) 2. (armoury) a soldier’s sleeveless jacket, usually of leather (Nant.) 3. a small leather jug or bottle (Ips.) JACK CLOTH – a coarse linen towelling (Ips.) jarne ware – iron ware (Nant.) jest – chest (Nant.) JOYNT FORME, STOOLE, TABLE – furniture with the frames morticed and tenoned, the joints secured with wooden pegs (Nant.) KANDERNES – [meaning not known] (Nant.) KEELER, KELLAR, KELER – a shallow tub (Ips.) KEEP, CEPE – either a large basket or a cupboard (Ips.) KERCHER, KERGER, CARCHER, CHARCHER (Ips.) KARCHAFE (Nant.) – kerchief: a cloth used to cover the head (Ips. & Nant.) KERSYE – a coarse narrow cloth, woven from long wool, originally made at Kersey, about ten miles to the west of Ipswich (Ips.) KETTELL (Nant. & Ips.) CETLS (Ips.) – kettle: an open cooking pot with a semi-circular handle, not to be confused with the modern tea-kettle (Nant. & Ips.) KEYVEING TABLE – caving table: a table for separating chaff from the corn (Nant.) KID, KIDES – faggots or bundles of twigs, brushwood, etc. (Nant.) KIE, KYE – kine: cattle (Nant.) KIMNELL – a household tub, of varying sizes and purposes (Ips.) KINDERKIN – barrel holding about 17 gallons 14 KINDINES, KINDINGES, KINGDINGS – bundles of kindling wood (Nant.) KIRTLE, KIRTELL, KYRTLE – a skirt or outer petticoat (Ips.) knief – knife (Nant.) koltes – colts (Nant.) kosshens – cushions (Worc.) koshines – cushions (Nant.) krage – see Crage kyne – kine: cattle (Nant.) KYPE – wickerwork basket (Worc.) LACH PAN – latch pan: pan placed under the joint whilst roasting to catch the dripping (Ips.) lactuce – lattice ladell – ladle (Nant.) lagaces – legacies (Nant.) LANDE IRON, LANDYRON, LONDYARN – andiron: a large type of Golbart with hooks at various levels supporting a spit (Nant.) See Andiron for alternative definition. LANGWEL – a woollen rug or blanket (Ips.) LARDERHOUSE – (Nant.) LAST – a wooden model of a foot on which the shoe is shaped (Ips.) LATHER – a ladder; used in cheese-making, laid over tubs to support the sieves (Nant.) LATT(S) – 1. lath (Nant.) 2. wooden frame for cheeses (Nant.) 3. cheese ladder "A lath is also called a lat in the northern dialects." (O.E.D. & Nant.) LATYN (Nant.) LAT(T)EN (Ips. & Worc.) – latten: a yellow alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass (Nant., Ips. & Worc.) LAVER (Nant.) LAVOR (Worc.) LEAVER (Ips.) – a vessel or basin used for personal washing (Nant., Worc. & Ips.) LEACH – a perforated tub used for making lye from wood ashes (Ips.) LEAD – a large lead cauldron or vat for heating water, used in salt-making and brewing (Nant.) LEASOW – pasture or meadow (Nant.) LECTORNE – a reading desk (Ips.) letice, lettise – lattice (Worc.) LEY – lay: an alloy, often a variety of pewter (Worc.) LIMBECK – alembic: formerly used in distilling (Ips.) LIN(C)KES, LYNKES – part of cooking apparatus in the firegrate (Worc.) LISTER, LYST, CUSHIONS, etc., – cushions made from strips of cloth (Ips.) livery bed – see Bed LIVERY CUPBOARD – a cupboard from which ‘liveries’ (servants’ portions) of food were served; in later times an ornamental buffet or sideboard (Nant.) – a free-standing cupboard in which food and drink were kept, particularly in a bedroom (Ips.) LIVERY TABLE – a table upon which a livery cupboard would stand (Ips.) LOOT – a ladle used to remove scum from a brine pan, made with a long handle with a square of wainscot-board (Nant.) LY TROUGH – a trough for making lye, water made alkaline by lixiviation of vegetable ashes (Ips.) LYNCETT FRAME – perhaps a frame for making linseys (Ips.) 15 LYNCYE WOLSYE – linsey-woolsey: a coarse inferior woollen fabric woven on a cotton or flaxen warp (Ips.) LYELL – lisle: a fine smooth cotton fabric, originally made from flax at Lille (Ips.) LYNK TORCHES – torches made from tow and pitch (Ips.) LYNNES for the sea – perhaps fishing lines (Ips.) MADER – a red dye-stuff (Worc.) MADHOOKE – mattock: an agricultural implement, like a pickaxe, but with adze and chisel heads (Ips.) MARKE – mark: money of account worth 13s. 4d. sterling (Nant.) MARTILLMAS – ? Martinmas (Nant.) MASHING, MISHING, MEASHING, MINSIN, MEASING HUTCH, TUB or STAFF – mashing: the mixing of malt with hot water to form wort for brewing, and hence the tub in which and the staff with which this was done (Ips.) MASHYN BASON – a mashing basin: used in first stage of stage of brewing, when the malt and water are infused (Nant.) MASLIN, MASSLEN, MASSLYNE, MASTYNE (Nant.) MISLENE (Ips.) MASKELIN, MASKLYN, MASTLIN, MUSYN (Worc.) – 1. maslin, mastlyne: a kind of brass, or a vessel made of this used for boiling fruit (Nant. & Worc.) 2. maslin: mixed grain, usually rye and wheat (Nant. & Ips.) MASOR, MASSER CUPPE – a mazer cup: a cup or bowl made of hard wood, often richly decorated; the term is often applied to bowls made of other materials (Nant.) – a drinking cup made from wood, often silver mounted (Ips.) MATT – a mat laid on cords stretched across a bedframe (later superseded by the mattress) (Nant.) MAT and LINE; MAT and CORD – strong cords were laced across the frame of a bed and a rush mat placed on top, followed by the mattress (Ips.) materas, matres – a mattress (Nant.) MAUL – a heavy wooden hammer (Nant.) MAUND – a hand basket, of rush or wicker, often used to carry eggs (Ips.) MAWNDRELL – a kind of pickaxe (Worc.) MEALE – (armoury) mail-armour (Nant.) MEASURIE – a vessel used for measuring (Nant.) MEATH, METHE – mead: a fermented drink using honey (Nant.) MEDDLE, MEDLEY – medlet-cloth: cloth woven with wools of different colours or shades (Nant. & Worc.) MELILOT – a plant of the leguminous genus Melilotus, the dried flowers of which were used in making plasters and poultices (Ips.) MENGING, MINGING HUTCH – a mixing tub, especially for bread (Ips.) mentell – mantle (Ips.) MESUAGE – (legal term) messuage: a farm-house and its adjacent land (Nant.) METCLOTHE(S) – meat-cloth: 1. a table-cloth (Nant.) 2. close fitting, fitted covering (Worc.) MILK BOLT – a milk sieve (Ips.) MIXON – mixen: a dung-heap (Nant.) MOCKADOWE – mockado: a tufted cloth used for clothing (Nant.) 16 MONCKCORNE (Worc.) – See Muncorne MONTAN, MOUNTAN – the upright part of the frame between two wood panels; montan & pannel: pannelling with frames (Nant.) MOULDING BOARD – board on which the bread was shaped before being baked (Ips.) moult – malt (Nant.) MOURE, MURREN – (armoury) morion: a kind of helmet without beaver or visor (Nant.) MOYTIE – (legal term) moiety: a half portion (Nant.) MUCK CROME – a long-handled implement with long hooked teeth, used for raking muck from carts (Ips.) MUD SCUPPIT – a curved wooden shovel used for excavating mud from ditches (Ips.) MUNCORNE, MONCKCORNE – mongcorn: a mixture of two kinds of grain, usually wheat and rye, sown together. See Maslin (Nant. & Worc.) MURRENS – see Moure (Nant.) MURRY – murrey: mulberry colour, purple-red (Ips.) MUSCOLLER WOOL – musk-colour ("English cloth of musk-colour." O.E.D.) (Nant.) MUSTERVILLE – musterdevillers: grey woollen cloth (Worc.) musyn – See Maslin MYLKEHOUSE – milkhouse: dairy or place where milk was stored or sold MYLNE – mill: a hand-mill or grinder (Nant.) NACENS – napkins (Ips.) NAPPERYE, NAPRIE – napery: linen used for household purposes (Nant.) NARVALL – perhaps the spirally-twisted horn of the narwhal (Ips.) NAUGER – auger: a carpenter’s boring tool (Nant.) NEATE – neat: ox, cow or heifer (Ips.) NECKARCHAFE – neckerchief: kerchief worn about the neck (Nant.) NECKENGER – cravat (Ips.) neentene – nineteen (Nant.) NEILDWORKE ARMES – (armoury) armour studded as with nails (Nant.) NETHER STOCKS – cloth stockings worn below the breeches or trunk hose (Ips.) NIFLE, NIVIL – a trifle (Ips.) NOG – small block of wood (Worc.) NOGGEN – coarse linen (Worc.) NOGIN – noggin: a small drinking vessel (Nant.) NUTT – cup made from, or shaped like, a mounted coconut (Worc.) nyldes – needles (Worc.) OIL of ROSES – made by boiling rose leaves in olive oil (Ips.) otes – oats (Nant.) ouerseeors – overseers (Nant.) oyghng – owing (Nant.) oynians – onions (Nant.) pale – a pail (Nant.) 17 pane – a pan (Nant.) PANNEAR(S) – pannier: a large basket, usually carried in pairs (Nant.) PAPER of PINS – a sheet of paper in which pins are stuck (Ips.) PARCEL GILT – partly gilded, especially the inner surfaces of silver ware (Ips.) parlare – parlour (Nant.) PARTLET, PARTELETTE – a linen neckerchief covering the neck and shoulders, worn by women (Ips.) – piece of linen to fill in low neckline of dress (Worc.) PASHELL – pestle (Ips.) PATTYNS – pattens: shoes with soles made thick or set on an iron ring to raise the foot out of the mud (Ips.) PAYLE, PEELE – peel: a baker’s shovel for thrusting loaves into the oven (Ips. & Worc.) PEALIES – see above 1. a peele, a long-handled shovel (Nant.) 2. pails (Nant.) PEARKE, POCKE – perk: a wooden frame over which cloth is passed in order to examine it thoroughly (Ips.) PEASMEAKES – pay make: a long-handled implement with a hook at the end used when harvesting peas (Ips.) PECKE – peck: a dry measure of two gallons; a vessel used for such a measure (Nant. & Ips.) PED – a wicker pannier or hamper (Ips.) PEELE – see Payle above 1. a long-handled shovel (Nant.) 2. a pillow (Nant.) PENNARD – pen case (Worc.) PENTES CLOTHES – decorative cloth wall-hanging (Nant.) PERCELL – 1. a ‘parcel’ or quantity (Nant.) 2. partial, partly (Nant.) PERFUMING PAN – a pan for burning spices, etc., for fumigating, disinfecting or scenting (Ips.) pestell, pestill – a pestle (Nant.) PETICOTE, PETYCOTE – petticoat: 1. an under-skirt (Nant.) 2. a skirt as distinguished from a bodice (Nant.) PETRONELL – (armoury) petronel: a large pistol or carbine used especially by horse-soldiers (Nant.) PEWK COLOUR – puke: bluish black or inky colour (Ips.) PEWTER – an alloy of tin and lead (Nant. & Ips.) philbed – field bed (q.v.) (Ips.) PICK – perhaps a tooth pick (Ips.) PICKE – pike: 1. (armoury) a piked staff (weapon) (Nant.) 2. a pitchfork (Nant.) 3. a one-pronged instrument used for lifting and handling lumps of salt (Nant.) PICKELVES – a kind of pickaxe or mattock, or an iron-tipped rake (Nant.) PIKLE, PICKEL, PIKELL, PYKEHILL – a hayfork, pitchfork etc. (Nant.) 18 PIGGIN, PYGGON – piggin: a small wooden pail with one stave longer than the rest to serve as a handle; a milking-pail; a drinking-vessel (Nant.) PILLIN – 1. from polaine, pulleyne, a kind of coarse hemp (Nant.) 2. a variant of ‘pillion’, a saddle (Nant.) 3. a variant of ‘pullen’, poultry (Nant.) PILLOWE BEARES, -BEERES, -BIERS, -BYERS – pillow cases (Nant., Worc. & Ips.) PINSONE – pincers, forceps (Nant.) PIPE, PYPE – a large cask for beer or wine, normally containing two hogsheads i.e. 105 galls (Nant. & Ips.) PIRLE PINNES – pearl pins (Ips.) PITHE – probably pitch (Ips.) POAKE MANTUA – see Portmantua (Nant.) PODDINGER, POTINGER, POTTENGER, POTTINGER – a small (metal) basin or dish, for soups etc. (Nant.) POINTS – tagged laces or cords for attaching hose to doublet, lacing a bodice, etc (Ips.) POKLEAD – cannot be traced (Ips.) POLAX, POLLAX, POWLAX – a pole-axe: 1. (armoury) a battle-axe or halbert (Nant.) 2. a butcher’s axe used to fell or stun animals (Nant.) POLDAVIS – a coarse canvas used for sail cloth, formerly made at Poldavide, Douarnenez Bay, Brittany (Ips.) POOL – 1. a pole (Nant.) 2. a wooden shaft fitted to front of a cart to attach horses (Nant.) 3. a handle, of a scythe or the like (Nant.) PORAGE – porridge: 1. an oatmeal gruel (Nant.) 2. a pottage or soup of stewed vegetables, herbs etc. (Nant.) PORRINGER, PORENGNAR, PRONGER – an earthenware [or pewter] porridge bowl, often with a lid and handle (Ips.) PORTAL – a wainscot framed screen attached to the inside of a door to keep out the cold (Ips.) PORTEGEWE, PORTEGUE – portague: a Portugueses gold coin, the great ‘Crusado’ current in the sixteenth century was worth between £3 5s. 0d. and £4 10s. 0d. (Nant.) PORTMANTUA – portmanteau: 1. a case or bag for carrying clothing (Nant. & Ips.) 2. a clothes-rack (Nant.) POSNET, POSSENETT – an iron pot with a handle and three feet (Nant., Worc. & Ips.) POT(T)ENGER, POTTINGER – porringer: bowl often with cover and handle. (Worc. & Nant.) See Poddinger POTTLE, POTT, POTTELL – a pot or tankard containing a pottle, or two quarts (Nant., Worc. & Ips.) potocks, pottocks – pothooks (Nant. & Ips.) pottrack – a pot-rack (Nant.) POWDRING, POULDRINGE, PUDDERINGE TUB, TROUGH – a tub used for salting meat (Ips. & Worc.) 19 praysers – appraisers (Nant.) PRESSE – 1. a cupboard (Nant.) 2. a tall cupboard with doors and shelves for storing bed linen, etc (Ips.) 3. a mould or form (as in a cheese-press) (Nant.) PRINES – preen: a half round piece of wood with a handle set with wire teeth, used by clothworkers when picking or dressing wool flocks (Ips.) PROUFFE – (armoury) proof: armour of proof: armour of a high degree of strength (Nant.) PRYCHYLLS – blacksmith’s tool for putting nail holes in horseshoes (Worc.) prysed – appraised (Nant.) PUKECOLOUR – a dark colour used for woolen goods (Nant.) PUMISTONES – pumice stone: used for smoothing, polishing or cleaning leather, parchment, paper, etc (Ips.) PUNCHIN – puncheon, a pointed tool for piercing (Ips.) pyllets, iron – perhaps iron pellets (Ips.) PYNSON – pincers (Ips.) QUARRELL – quarrel: a square tile (Nant.) quishes, quishines, quishions, quishons, quyshions, quysshens – cushions (Nant.) QUARTERS – the skirt of a coat or other garment (Ips.) (MUSTARD) QUERN – a small hand mill designed for grinding mustard seed (Ips.) queshions, quisins – cushions (Ips.) QUILL GOLD – gold thread (Worc.) quoffers – coffers (Nant.) QUORDITT STOOLE – a corded stool: the top made either of cords or of corded and ribbed material, like corduroy (Nant.) quishions, quyshyns – cushions (Worc.) RACE of IRON – racks, a set of iron bars to hold the spit (Ips.) RACKES – set of bars used to support a spit (Nant.) RAFT – rafter (Ips.) RATS COLOUR – probably black (Ips.) RAYLE – rail: upper part of an infant’s nightdress (Ips.) READING, REDING – a coarse cloth, used for sheets (Nant.) REDDLE – red ochre (Worc.) REEL – either the spool of a spinning wheel, or the wheel itself, or a frame used to hold bobbins (Ips.) REELES – a reel on a spinning wheel, on which thread was wound from the distaff (Nant.) REPERRELL – reparel: fittings, furniture, apparel (Nant.) REST – the stand for a musket whilst it is being fired. (Ips.) reysynges – raisons (Worc.) RIDLE – a sieve (Nant.) rie – rye (Nant.) RIPPLE – a toothed instrument used in cleaning flax or hemp from the seeds (Nant.) RODE DAY – Rood Day: 1. Holy Cross Day, 14 September (Nant.) 20 2. Feast of Invention of the Cross, 3 May (Nant.) 3. Good Friday (Nant.) roged blankets – see under rug (Ips.) ROSE WATER – water distilled from roses and used as a perfume (Ips.) rosen – resin or rosin (Ips. & Worc.) ROSTEN – probably a roasting iron (Ips.) rougges – rugs RUG – a rough woollen material (Ips.) RUNDGE – runge: a water-tub used by salt-makers, tanners and brewers (Nant.) RUNDLET – runlet: a cask or vessel of varying capacity (large ones varied between 12 and 18.5 galls, small ones between a pint and 3 to 4 galls) (Nant.) RUSSETA – coarse cloth a reddish brown colour (Ips.) RYEING SIVE – object used for sifting (Worc.) RYNES – bark (Worc.) SACK – a general name for a class of white wine imported from Spain (Ips.) saed – sawed (Nant.) SADWARE – heavy or dark coloured goods (Worc.) [Also, and more frequently, pewter flatware.] SAGGS, SEG – rushes (Ips.) SALE WARE – made to be sold, or ready made, or of inferior quality (Ips.) SALLETT – 1. (armoury) sallet: light headarmour (Nant.) 2. iron vessel (Worc.) SALLETT OYLE – salad oil (Nant.) SALT – a salt-cellar (Nant. & Ips.) SARSENET, SARCENETT – a fine soft material or silk (Ips. & Worc.) SATTINISCE – satin: a silk cloth with warp predominating over weft, giving a very smooth warp face (Ips.) SAUCER, SASER – a dish used to hold sauce, not as today to stand a cup on (Ips.) SAUNDERS – sandalwood (Worc.) SAUSE – 1. a saucepan (Nant.) 2. a saucer, a dish or deep plate in which sauces or condiments were kept (Nant.) SAVE – safe: a (ventilated) chest for storing provisions (Nant.) SAVEGARDE – safeguard: an outer skirt worn by women to protect their dress when riding (Nant.) SAY(E) – a fine silk or serge (Nant.) – a delicate serge or woollen cloth made of worsted yarns and usually dyed black (Ips.) – type of cloth, serge (Worc.) SCARVE – narrow loom (Worc.) SCON(N)CE – 1. a candlestick with screen and handle (Nant.) 2. a wall plate with one or more projecting sockets for candles (Ips.) 3. a screen (or seat) set near the fire place (Nant.) SCOTCH PLADE – Scottish plaid (Ips.) 21 SCOTTISH WORK – fabrics woven in Scottish plaid patterns (Ips.) SCARSE, SCRISES, SKRUSE – probably the plural of skraier (q.v.) (Ips.) SCUMMER, SCUMBER, SKEMER, SKOMER, SKUMMER – skimmer, either of iron to take ash from the hearth, or of some other metal for use as a skimmer (Ips.) See Skimer for alternative definition. SCUPPIT, SCOPET – a hollow shovel (Ips.) SEA BED – See Bed SEACARD – either the card of the mariner’s compass or a chart. SEACOLES – coal: called seacoal because brought by sea from Newcastle (Ips.) SEARCHE – sieve (Nant.) secks – sacks (Nant.) SEDGE – siege: a seat, bench or form (Nant.) SEEING GLASS – a mirror (Nant.) SEELD – ceiled or pannelled (Ips.) seife, sive – a sieve (Nant.) selete – see skillet (Ips.) SEME – horse or cart load (Worc.) SENDALL – sendal: thin silken material (Worc.) SERCHE – sieve or strainer (Worc.) SERSENGLE, SERSINGLE – surcingle: a horse-girth (Nant.) SETERN – cistern (Ips.) SETTING STICK – a rod used for stiffening the plaits or ‘sets’ of ruffs (Nant.) SETTELEBEDSTEDE – settle bedstead (Ips.) SHACKYELVE – shack: grain fallen from the ear, used for feeding pigs, poultry, etc; yelve: a rake or fork (Nant.) SHAFTES – shafts: long thin flat rods of wood on which were stretched healds, the looped cords with a centre eye used in looms to control movement of the warp threads (Ips.) SHALVES, SHULFFES – shovels (Ips.) SHAWE – shaw: a small wood or copse, especially forming the border of a field (Nant.) SHEAWHES – shoes (not necessarily footwear, e.g., shovels) (Nant.) SHETE – shet; sheat: a young hog (Nant.) shete, shitt, shyte – sheet (Nant.) SHERBORD PLANCK – shearboard plank: the board on which the shearman cut the cloth (Ips.) SHETELL – shuttle (Ips.) shilfes, shilffes, shilves – shelves (Nant.) SHINGELL – shingle: thin flat piece of wood, used as a tile (Nant.) SHOOVINGHORN – shoe horn (Ips.) SHREDS, SHREDEN – patchwork (Ips.) SIGHE, SYE – a strainer (especially for milk), a sieve (Nant.) SILED – ceiled, pannelled (Nant.) SINCKESTON – sinkstone: a stone basin or sink, with an outlet or drain (Nant.) SKALES, SKELS – scales (Nant.) SKE(A)LE, SKEELE, SKYL(L)E – bucket (Worc.) SKEANE, SKEYNE – skene: knife or dagger (Worc.) SKELLET, SKELLIT, SCELLETT – skillet: a small metal pan with a long handle (Nant.) SKEY of TASEL – probably a measure of teasels, which were used to raise the nap on cloth (Ips.) 22 SKILLET, SKELLIT, SKLYTE, SELETE – 1. a pot with short legs and a long handle for setting in the fire (Ips.) 2. a thin brass perforated implement for skimming cream off milk (Ips.) SKIMER, SKUMMER, SKYMER – a wooden bowl at the end of a long handle, used for skiming the pan (Nant.) SKRAIER – skray: a low wooden frame with cross pieces used for laying cloth upon (Ips.) skrane – screen (Ips.) SKUTCHIN of ARMES – escutcheon of arms: shield with armorial bearings (Ips.) SKULL – (armoury) a steel cap (Nant.) SLAYES – the weaver’s reeds, the wooden frames holding the reeds and driving home the weft. See also stayes (Ips.) SLEPPINGE, SLIPPINGE – slipping: a skein or hank of yarn (Nant.) SLICKSTONE – a stone for smoothing and polishing paper, linen, etc (Ips.) SLIVER – a small wooden implement used in yarn spinning (Ips.) SNYVELL – snaffle: a simple form of bridle bit (Ips.) SPERATE DEBTS – debts likely to be paid (Worc.) SOCAGE – (legal term) the lowest form of free tenure (Nant.) SOLLER – solar: upper chamber (Ips.) SORREL GELDING – a horse between bright bay and yellow chestnut, with mane and tail of red or white (Ips.) SPECIALITY – (legal term), a special contract, bond or article in an agreement (Nant.) SPENCE – a foodstore or food-cupboard (Nant.) SPIT – of various types, but used for roasting meat (Ips.) SPLENTED – made of splents, splints or strips of wood etc. (Nant.) SPLENTS – (armoury) a pair of splints: two pieces of armour, made of strips of overlapping metal, used to protect the elbows (Nant.) SPLYTTER SEIFFES, SKEP – a sieve or basket made of split wood (Ips.) SPOALES – spools: wooden reels for winding yarn (Ips.) spomes – misspelling for spoons (Ips.) SPRUCE JERKIN – a jerkin made of leather from Prussia (Nant.) SPRUZE POTT – 1. a pot made of spruce-fir wood (Nant.) 2. a pot made in Prussian metal or style (Nant.) SPUERE ROYALL – a large spewer, bowl or vomitory (Nant.) STAFE – (armoury) stave: rest for a musket (Ips.) STAINED CLOTH, STAYNING – cloth or canvas ornamented with coloured designs, to be hung on walls, both for decoration and to keep out draughts (Ips.) STALL – a stand for a cask (Nant.) See still. STAMEL – a coarse woollen cloth usually dyed red (Ips.) STANDISH (Ips.), STANDICH, STANDISHE (Nant.) – a tray of silver or other metal for inkstand and pens (Ips.) – standish: a writing-stand or ink-stand (Nant.) STANE – a stain or substance used as a dye (Nant.) STAYES – the wooden frame holding the weaver’s reed. See slayes (Ips.) STAY STOOL – perhaps a stool with stays, or stretchers, or with arms and back (Ips.) 23 STEARCE – cannot be traced (Ips.) STERKE, STIRKE – a one- or two-year old bullock or heifer (Nant.) STEWKE – stouk: the handle of a pail or other vessel (Ips.) STICKES – rolls of cloth (Worc.) STILL – a stand for a barrel or tub (Ips.) STILL AND BOTTOME – apparatus for distillation, and last portion of liquid in a still or cask (Nant.) STILLATORIE, STILLYTORIE – stillatory: a still (Nant. & Worc.) STOCK – a stand (Ips.) STOCKYARD – a place where animals are kept (Nant.) stokeyard – stockyard (Nant.) STONED HORSE – a stallion (Ips.) STOLE (CLOSSE STOLE) – chamber pot with a lid (Nant.) STOOND, STOUND, STOWND – variations of stand: a wooden vessel, an open tub or barrel (Nant.) stooulle, stoylle – a stool (Nant.) STOWER TUB and COVER – store tub and cover (Ips.) STRAKE – iron sectional rim of a wheel (Ips.) STRIKE – 1. a bushell (Worc.) 2. a measuring vessel of a bushel capacity (Worc.) STUFFE – a woollen worsted cloth without nap or pile (Ips.) STYTH – stith: a blacksmith’s anvil (Ips.) SUCKETT – fruit preserved in sugar (Worc.) SUCKLUNS BOX – a feeding box of wood (Ips.) suster – sister (Nant.) SWAGE – tool or die for shaping metal (Worc.) SWEK – sweak: a swing-bar in a fireplace for kettles etc. (Nant.) SWINGLE HAND – a wooden instrument for scraping and cleansing flax (Nant.) swynestye, swynstye – a pigsty (Nant.) (Open) SWYNE – unspayed sow (Ips.) SYDELEPE – seedlip: a hopper or basket used to hold the seed when sowing (Ips.) TABLE, TABLES – 1. a table with legs attached (Nant.) 2. a board put upon trestles (the frame) to make a table (Nant. & Ips.) 3. a board or tablet with writing or a picture on; hence, such a picture or inscription (Nant.) 4. a pair of tables, or playing tables; the folding leaves of a backgammon board (Nant.) TABLE FOR COCKING – a portable frame for cock-fighting (Nant.) (CAYVINGE) TABLE – see Keyveing table (Nant.) TAFFETY, TAFFA – taffeta, a silk cloth of varying grades and finishes (Ips.) TAINTER, TENTER – a frame for stretching cloth (Ips.) TALLETTES – lofts (Worc.) TALLOW – animal fat used for dressing leather, making candles and soap (Ips.) tancket – ? tankard (Worc.) 24 TAPESTRY, TASTRE, TAPPERY – a handwoven fabric, in which the pattern is woven during manufacture, used to hang on walls (Ips.) TARN – see t(o)urne TASSEL – teasel: teasel-heads (or mechanical substitutes) used to tease cloth to raise a nap upon the surface (Nant.) TAVERN – cellar (Worc.) TAWE – taw: tawed leather; white leather made by steeping the leather in alum and salt (Nant. & Worc.) TEITHECORNE AND HAY – tithe corn and hay: corn and hay due in payment of tithe (Nant.) TEIRE – tear, tare: the finest fibre of flax or hemp (Nant.) TELLIES – net or thread (Nant.) TELTES – tilt: a canvas cover for a cart or wagon (Ips.) TERCE – a cask of 42 gallons (Ips.) TESTER – canopy, either of wood or cloth, over a bedstead, supported on four posts (Ips. & Worc.) – the vertical part of a bedhead, ascending to the canopy (Nant.) THRASHATT – a threshing tool (Nant.) THRAVE – 1. two shocks or stooks of corn, of twelve sheaves (Nant.) 2. a measure of straw, fodder, etc. (Nant.) 3. a bundle (Nant.) thrid – third (Nant.) THROM, THRUM CLOTH – tufted or fringed cloth (Worc.) THRUMD – thrum: cloth with tassels, or a fringe of threads (Nant.) THRUMMED CUSHIONS – cushions with a fring of thread or tassel (Ips.) TICKE, TICKEN, TICKING – tick: the case in which a filling of feathers etc., was put to make a mattress or bolster (Nant.) TICKNEY WARE – a coarse kind of earthenware derived from Ticknal in Derbyshire (Nant.) TINWARE – vessels made of tin etc. (Nant.) TIRNEWARE – turned ware: wooden vessels etc., turned on a lathe (Nant.) TISSUE – fine material, inlaid with gold thread etc., or a delicate material (Nant.) TORT – retort: a vessel used in distilling (Ips.) TOW – 1. two (Nant.) 2. the coarse part of hemp or flax (Nant. & Ips.) TOWCHFLAX – used as tinder (Ips.) TOWERCUMB – wire comb, used for straightening hemp (Ips.) toyether – together (Nant.) TRAIN OIL – oil obtained from fish, seals or whales and used in making soap, in lamps and in textile manufacture (Ips.) [Also used in leather making.] TRAMEL, TRANEL, TRAMILLES – a large hook from which the cooking pot was suspended over the fire (Ips.) TRANSOME, TRAWNSOME – bolster (Ips.) TRAVEIT, TREVEN, TREWET, TRIVET – a stand for a pot, etc., placed over a fire for heating or cooking (Ips.) TREEN, TREN, TRENE, TRAYNE, TRYNE WARE – articles made of wood (Nant. & Worc.) 25 TREAN, TREEN, THREN, THRENINGE, TRYING, TRENNYNGE WARE (Ips.) – small articles made of wood (Ips.) TRENCHER(E) – a plate of wood or metal or earthenware (Nant. & Ips.) TRESSELL, TRESSLE, TRESTILL – 1. a trestle (Nant.) 2. a three-legged stool (Nant.) triffles – trifles: of no importance (Nant.) TRIMMER – canopy (Worc.) TRINDLE – see Truccle (Nant.) troes, trouch, trogh, troughe – trough(s) (Nant.) TRUNDELLES – iron hoops for wheels (Ips.) TRUCCLE, TRUCKLE, TRUNDLE, TRUTTELL, TRINDLE BED – a truckle bed: a low bed on wheels or castors (usually pushed beneath a high bed when not in use) (Nant.) troes, trouch, trogh, troughe – trough(s) (Nant.) TRUMPERE, TRUMPERRY – trumpery: worthless stuff (Nant.) TUMBRILL – a two-wheeled cart (Ips.) TURKEY WORK – a fabric in which a woollen pile is knotted into a canvas backing by hand, piece by piece, in imitation of the rich texture of Turkish carpets (Ips.) T(O)URNE, TARN – 1. spindle (Worc.) 2. spinning wheel (Worc.) TUNDISHE – vessel with a funnel at the bottom, used in brewing (Worc.) TURNELL, TORNELL – turnel: a (shallow oval) tub, used in salting, or to put under a cheese-press (Nant.) TWIGEN, TWIGGEN – made of wicker, or rush work (Nant.) TWILLY – course linen or woollen fabric (Worc.) TWILT – 1. a woven fabric with parallel diagonal ribs (Ips.) 2. a frame for making this (Ips.) 3. a variant of quilt (Ips.) TWINTER – a two-year old animal (cow, sheep, etc. (Nant.) twylshete – a twill sheet (Nant.) TYNDALE – The Book of Tyndale, Barnes and Frith: a collective edition of the works of these Protestant martyrs, published by Foxe in London in 1573 (Nant.) unkle – uncle (Nant.) ure, uyre – ewer (Nant.) UTING VAT – vat in which barley was ‘yoted’ or soaked before making malt (Worc.) VALANCE, VALLANES – a curtain or border of drapary hanging around the frame of a bedstead as a screen (Nant. & Ips.) VENISONS – hose or breeches of a fashion introduced from Venice (Ips.) VERDYGRECE – verdigris: copper salt used in dyeing (Worc.) VERGES – verjuice: the acid juice of crab-apples or grapes, used in cooking, as a condiment, or for medicinal purposes (Nant. & Worc.) VIRGYNALLS – virginals: a two-keyboard musical instrument, hence ‘a pair of virginals’ (Nant. & 26 Ips.) VOYDEAR, VOYDER – a waste-basket (Nant.) vyells – files (Worc.) WACKBOLE – ? an implement for beating the seed from flax (Ips.) WADEHOUSE, WADHOUSE – a storeroom for cloth in bundles, wads (Nant.) WADINOWL – wadmal: a coarse wollen material (Ips.) WAINESCOT, WENSCOT – wainscot: wood panelling (Nant. & Ips.) WALKERS YEARTHE – fullers earth: used to clean cloth (Worc.) WALLER – a brine-boiler in the saltworks (Nant.) WALLING, WALLYNG – 1. the right to make salt (Nant.) 2. the place were brine was boiled down into salt (Nant.) WARPINGS – bars of wood used in the preparation of the warp for weaving (Ips. & Worc.) warrehouse – warehouse, storeroom (Nant.) WASHING BLOCK – a wooden block on which clothes are beaten whilst being washed (Ips.) WASTING TURNELL – a tub used for boiling down or reducing (Nant.) waynyng calves – weaning calves (Nant.) wecere chayare – wicker chair (Ips.) WEDSBURIE WARE – earthenware from Wednesbury, Staffs. (Worc.) WEETING COMP – a brewing tub for ‘weeting’ or wetting (Nant.) weett – wet (Nant.) WHEELE BED, WHILE BED – a bed on wheels (Nant.) WHEELES, WHEILLES – 1. when in the house usually a spinning wheel (Nant.) 2. part of a lathe (Nant.) 3. a cheese press (Nant.) WETHER – a male sheep, especially a castrated ram (Ips.) WEY – 1. the watery part of the milk after the separation of the curds (Ips.) 2. a measure of cheese, in Suffolk 256 lbs (Ips.) WHICHOUSE, WICHOUSE, WICHEHOWSE – a building where brine is evaporated for making salt (Nant.) WHITCHE – a wooden bin, for meal, corn etc. (Nant.) whose – hose (Ips.) WHYMBLE (Worc.) WYMBLE (Ips.) – wimble: a tool for boring holes in wood (Ips. & Worc.) [Also a tool for making straw rope.] WHYNN – gorse used as a fuel (Ips.) wief, wyfe, wyffe – wife (Nant.) WILCH – a wicker strainer set upright in the mash-tub to prevent the grains running off with the wort (Ips.) WINNOW SHITT, WYNOW SHETE – 1. on the farm, a cloth used in the process of winnowing (Nant.) 2. in the house, a window-sheet, used in stead of a curtain (Nant.) WOLBED – bedcase stuffed with wool (Nant.) 27 wold – old (Worc.) WOMBE – the belly piece of a hide or skin (Ips.) WORSTED – wool yarn of superior quality and appearance spun from combed wool (Ips.) wotmell box – oatmeal box (Ips.) WOWNTYES GIRTES – wanty: a rope or band used to fasten a pack or load on a horse’s back; girt: a girth for a horse (Nant.) wymble – wimble (Ips.) (See Whymble) WYNDD STOOLE – probably a long-handled winnowing fan (Ips.) WYNDRING TOWEL – probably a winnowing stick (Ips.) YACKES – see Jacke (Nant.) YATELOCKES KAYES – keys to locks on gates (Nant.) YEELING, YEYLING HOUSE, TUB – in brewing, where the wort is put to work after the yeast has been added (Nant.) YELVE – a (dung or garden) fork (Nant.) YELVE RAKE – a (dung or garden) rake (Nant.) YERING CALVES – ? yearling calves: calves a year old (Nant.) yewer – ewer (Nant.) yngland – England (Nant.) yoare, yowe – ewer (Nant.) yolow – yellow (Nant.) yorne – iron (Worc.) yorthonware – earthen ware (Nant.) yower – ewer (Worc.) yron – iron (Nant.) 28 29 NON-STANDARD SPELLINGS IN THE GLOSSARY ades adze agyned alam alchimie alembic aleven alles almon almorie amry andiron apperne apry aquavitae aquavitie aqwally arcke arke armes armige arminge armorial armyn arras arris aumry aundyrons aungel awndeyron awndyron backyn badledor baile ballies ballowes bandeleer bandelerous bandolier barnaculs barosse barrill barro bason bassell basson bast battel battelder battledor bayes beake beakhern beanch beares becoren bedcase bedclothes bedcurtens bedframe bedhead bedknot bedstead bedstid bedstocke beeres beqweth beqwethez beqwthe bere bichorne billiment biquethe birling blanckquettes boll bolle bolstar bonting booke boolstrees boore boryes bosse bostocke botell boting bott bottome boulting bowcke bowke bowte brandarte branderd branderett brandert brandreth brasell brasen brason brassen brasson braste brawche brazil brede brendred brewhouse brigandine brigandyne broache broche brodwhitt brome bruehouse bruges brushwood bryck brylinge buckram buckrom buer buffen buffyn buffytt bukram bulter bulting burdine burding burgage burges bushell bushells busten bustine butrasses butteris buttres byckorne bydnot byk bykhorne byll cabbard cadace caddow caddowe caddus cades cadowe cadron caget caliver calles calliver calthorne calyver camomile canieskins cann cannipers capcase carcher cardes carell cartayne caul cauldron cauther cawthern cayvinge cealyver centre cepe cetls ceuerinn ceverine chaf chafeing chaferne chaffe chaffurn chaire chalder 30 chaldron chamlett charcher chaungeable chayare cheare cheere cheesefatts cheesefitts cheesefold cheire cheny chespettes chespottes cheverell chichen chiesefates chirne chist chorne chrache chruell chushine chushinges chushion clames clerke closse clowting clut clyftes cobarte cobbarde cobiron cobirons cobrens cobuge cobwart cockeloft cocnut coif colbarth colliver cologne colte combe commyn comp connipers coofer coolle coopery copp coppres copse corse corslet corslett coruse costrells couell coule coulter coumpe coumpehowse counterfett countersett cowched cowle cowmpe cowpery cowrse coyfe coyve crache cratch cresset cressett crewell crome crosscloth crosseclothe crowbar crowe cruese crusado cruse cubart cubbe cubbeard cubberd cubbert cubwart cuchin cullender cullenshon cuppe cushin cwort cyne dabnett darnacle darnix dawhter dayes diapor diapoure dight dishcloth dishes dobnet dor dornick dornikells dornix douarnenez drapary draughts dreeping dreping driping dublett ducate dusson dyall dyaper dyeing dymise dymyse earthware ellne enioye eshin esshien euerseers eyerne fages faggots fance farme fatt feoffement ferme fethar fettars firedog firegrate fireshoe fireshovel firkin flaskett flockebedde floss foodstore forceps forme foulte fourme fournys fowleing foxe friece friesado fring frisadoe frise frith frizado fryce fryse fryseado furnisse fuschene fustat fustian fustyan fyer fyne galles gallypot gan garratt garret gaunde gawbert gawn gere geyned girt girtes gladen glebe 31 goaf gobert gobirons golbart golbert golborne golburne gorstie govestead greoger gridyron grigiron grogram grome gruel gugge gurt guylt gyne gyned hable hadgsawe hagere hagge hake halberd halbert halles hamer hamperne hampron hancher handells handwoven hanginges harnes harquebus harth hassock hatchel hayfork headarmour healds heardes hearyn hede heffer heifer heriot herriott herryott hetchell hitt hodgeshead hol holbeard holberd hookwise hoope hoppet hoppitt horsemill horsemylle horstlocke horynge hotchell howpe huche hurdes hurds hussies iewer inbowed incle inkle inkstand inky ips ipswich jacke jarne jerkin jewelled joynt kandernes karchafe kayes keler kellar kercher kerger kersey kersye kes kettell keverlite keyveing kides kie kimnell kinderkin kindines kindinges kine kingdings kirtell kirtle knief kobbrons koltes koshines kosshens krage kye kyne kype kyrtle lach lactuce ladell lagaces lande landirons landyron langwel larderhouse lat latt latten latyn laver lavor leasow lectorne letice lettise ley lille limbeck linsey linseys lixiviation londyarn lyell lyncett lyncye lynk lynkes lynnes lyst mader madhooke mantua marke martillmas martinmas mashyn maskelin masklyn maslin masor masslen masslyne mastlin mastlyne mastyne materas matres matt maund mawndrell meale meashing measing measurie meath medlet melilot melilotus menging mentell messuage mesuage metclothe methe milche milkhouse milward’s minging minsin 32 mishing mislene mixen mixon mockado mockadowe monckcorne mongcorn montan morion morticed moult mountan moure moveable mown moytie muncorne murrens murrey murry muscoller musterdevillers musterville musyn mylkehouse mylne nacens napery napperye naprie narvall narwhal nauger neate neckarchafe neckenger neckerchief neentene neildworke nifle nivil nog noggen noggin nogin nutt nyldes ochre otes ouerseeors oyghng oyle oynians panelling panne pannear pannel pannelled pannelling pannes pannier parlare parlour partelette partlet pashell pattens pattyns payle paynted pearke peasmeakes pece pecke ped peece peele pennard pentes percell pese pestell pestill peticote petronel petronell petycote pewk philbed picke pickel pickelves piggin pigsty pikell pikle pillin pillion pillowe pincers pinnes pinsone pirle pithe plade plaits plough poake pocke poklead polaine polax poldavide poldavis pollax porage porengnar porringer portague portegewe portegue portmantua posnet possenett pothooks potinger potocks pott pottage pottell pottenger pottle pottocks pottrack pouldringe powdring powlax praysers presse prines prouffe prychylls prysed pudderinge pukecolour pullen pulleyne pumistones puncheon punchin pyggon pykehill pyllets pynson pype quarrell quern queshions quishes quishines quishions quishons quisins quoffers quorditt quyshions quyshyns quysshens rackes raisons rayle rec reddle reeles reparel reperrell reysynges ridle rie rivett roged rosen rosin rosten rougges royall ruff rundge rundlet runge 33 runlet russeta ryeing rynes sadware saggs sallet sallett saltworks sarcenett sarsenet saser satten sattinisce sause savegarde sawdren sawn scarse scarve scellett scon scopet scrises scumber scuppit seacard seacoal seacoles searche secks seedlip seeld seg seife seiffes seisin seives selete seme sendal sendall ser serche sersengle sersingle setern settelebedstede shackyelve shaftes shalves shawe shearboard shearman sheat sheawhes sherbord shet shete shetell shilfes shilffes shilves shingell shitt shoovinghorn shreden shuelefs shulffes shyte sighe siled sinckeston sinkstone sipresse sive skales ske skeane skeele skein skellet skellit skels skemer skene skep skey skeyne skimer skiming sklyte skomer skraier skrane skray skruse skummer skutchin skyl skymer slayes sleppinge slickstone slippinge snaffle snyvell soc socage spelt spence sperate spete splented splents splytter spoales spomes spones spruze spuere stafe stamel standich standish standishe stane stayes stayning stearce sterke stewke stickes stillatorie stillatory stillytorie stirke stith stockyard stokeyard stooks stoole stoond stooulle stouk stound stownd stoylle strake stuffe styth suckett suckluns surcingle suster swage sweak swek swingle swyne swynestye swynstye sydelepe sye tableware taffa taffety tallettes tancket tankard tappery tare tarn tasel tastre taw tawe tawed tawing teire teithecorne tellies teltes terce tewed thrashatt thrave thren threninge thrid throm thrumd ticke ticken 34 ticknal tickney tinware tirneware tornell tournai towchflax towelling towercumb toyether tramel tramilles tranel transome traveit travelling trawnsome trayne trean treen tren trene trennynge tressell tressle trestill treven trewet triffles trindle trivet troes trogh trouch troughe trowgh truccle truckle trumpere trumperry trundelles truttell tryne tubbe tumbrill tundishe turnel turnell twigen twiggen twilly twilt twinter twylshete tyndale unkle ure urne uting uyre valance vallanes vance verdigris verdygrece verjuice virgynalls vomitory voydear voyder vyells wackbole wadehouse wadhouse wadinowl wadmal wainescot wallyng wanty warrehouse waskot waynyng wecere wednesbury wedsburie weeting weett weft wenscot wether wey wheele wheeles wheilles whichouse whilst whitche whitish whymble whynn wiche wichehowse wichouse wickerwork wief wilch wimble wolbed wollen wolsye wombe woollen woolsey worc worcestershire wort wotmell wowntyes wyfe wyffe wymble wyndd wyndring wynow yackes yatelockes yearling yearthe yeeling yelve yewer yeyling yngland ynkle yoare yolow yorne yorthonware yoted yowe yron 35