Animal Science 224

ANS 224 Notes and Information ANS 224 Notes and Information .................................................................................................... 1 General Course Details ................................................................................................................... 3 Contacting Matthew Ellinwood and TAs ....................................................................................... 4 To make an appointment with Matthew Ellinwood .................................................................... 4 To contact the class and laboratory TAs ..................................................................................... 4 Students are to be informed early in the course and before using animals: .................................... 4 Policy for Accommodating Students with Disabilities ................................................................... 5 Course Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 5 Attend at least one dog or cat show during the semester. ........................................................... 5 Evaluation ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Grade Disputes ................................................................................................................................ 6 Academic Dishonesty ..................................................................................................................... 6 Useful Links .................................................................................................................................... 6 Exam I Materials ............................................................................................................................. 9 Lecture 1 Study Guide: Demographics and Companion Animals in Society ............................. 9 Lecture 2 Study Guide: Origins of the Dog and Cat ................................................................... 9 Lecture 3 Notes: Anatomy Overview ....................................................................................... 10 CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR)SYSTEM .......................................................... 10 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 10 UROGENITAL SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 10 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 11 LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE/HEMATOPOETIC SYSTEMS .................................................. 12 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 12 Lecture 3 Study Guide Questions: Anatomy ............................................................................ 12 Lecture 4 Notes: Introduction to Reproduction of the Dog and Cat ......................................... 13 Lecture 4 Study Guide Questions (Introduction to Reproduction) ........................................... 16 Lecture 5 Study Guide Questions (Reproduction Anatomy) .................................................... 16 Lecture 6 Study Guide Questions: Pregnancy and Cyclicity .................................................... 17 Lecture 7 Study Guide Questions: Lactation ............................................................................ 17 Lect 8 Study Guide Questions: Breeding Management ............................................................ 17 Lect 9 Study Guide Questions: Intro to Nutrition ..................................................................... 18 Lect 10 Study Guide Questions: Canine Nutrition ................................................................... 18 Lect 11 Study Guide Questions: Feline Nutrition..................................................................... 19 Lect 12 Study Guide Questions: Rabbit and Rodent Nutrition................................................. 19 Lect 13 Study Guide Questions: Exotic Birds .......................................................................... 19 Lect 14 Study Guide Questions: Bird Nutrition ....................................................................... 20 Lab Study Guide: Dog and Cat Breeds, Terminology and Registries ...................................... 21 Animal Handling Lab; Cats, Dogs, Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets........................................... 24 CATS .................................................................................................................................... 24 DOGS .................................................................................................................................... 25 RABBITS .............................................................................................................................. 26 GERBILS .............................................................................................................................. 28 HAMSTERS ......................................................................................................................... 30 CHINCHILLAS .................................................................................................................... 30 GUINEA PIGS...................................................................................................................... 31 FERRETS ............................................................................................................................. 32 MICE..................................................................................................................................... 33 RATS .................................................................................................................................... 33 Animal Handling Lab Study Guide Questions ......................................................................... 34 Anatomy Lab ............................................................................................................................ 35 Anatomy Lab Study Question................................................................................................... 37 Lab 6 Study Guide Questions: Assisted reproduction .............................................................. 37 Study Guide to Ethics and Companion Animals ...................................................................... 39 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Grade Adjustment Request Form (ANS 224) ........................................................................... 40 Evaluation form ANS 224 – Dr. N. M. Ellinwood ................................................................... 41 General Course Details Animal Science 224 Companion Animal Science N. Matthew Ellinwood, D.V.M., Ph.D. Spring 2009 Course Details Lectures: Mon. and Wed. 2:10-3:00 p.m., NSRIC 1131. Laboratories: Thurs. 8:00- 9:50, 10:00-11:50 or 12:10-2:00, 2:10-4:00 Kildee 2310 or elsewhere by previous announcement (email or on web). Labs will be extended lecture format, visiting guest lecturer/demonstrator, wet labs, or on campus field trips. Attendance at Lectures and Labs. While attendance is not required at laboratories and lectures, you are strongly urged to attend. The course structure is such that your grades will suffer if you do not attend. There will also be material discussed in class that may not be in the readings or on the lecture slides. For classes you are unable to attend, you are strongly encouraged to make sure you get a reliable copy of notes from class. Quizzes and Exams: There will be 16 unannounced quizzes that will be given in laboratory and lecture throughout the semester. There will be no make up quizzes for any missed class periods excused or otherwise. Exams will be scheduled three times during the semester. Pre-approved absence from exams will be accommodated. No make up exams will be given for absences that are not pre-approved. If you ever bring in a signed note from a Dr.at the student health service at ISU, you will be penalized one percentage point of your total grade!!!!! Textbook Available at book store. ―Companion Animals: Their Biology, Care, Health, and Management‖, Second edition, by Campbell, Corbin and Campbell. Online subscriptions possible. May be used at a future date for the 400 level companion animal class. A student can get along without this text, however it is a good resource. Furthermore, up to 5% of the multiple choice questions may be drawn from the text and may not have been discussed in class. Faculty N. M. Ellinwood: Course organizer, Lecture, Lab Instructor M. D. Kenealy: Introductory Nutrition Lecture and Lab A. Butters-Johnson: Introductory Behavior Guest Laboratory Speakers Misc. Updated class materials will be available ~ 1 day before lab or lecture on the class website Non-PowerPoint materials will be posted where possible, as part of this document. Hence this document will remain a living document, changing throughout the semester. Checking updates is advisable. Contacting Matthew Ellinwood and TAs regarding class oriented questions All questions regarding the material or details of the class should be directed to Dr. Ellinwood or TAs in person or via email. These questions will be discussed at weekly TA meetings to ensure uniformity of answers and to be certain all answers are shared uniformly with the class. Answers are made via email to the entire class, by a reply to the original send. Information identifying sender is removed. Matthew Ellinwood has an open door policy, and if he is available, you may come by and speak to him. He may also be available before and after class to answer questions, but you are encourage to first discuss questions with your TAs. To make an appointment with Matthew Ellinwood Jane Linn (picture to right) is Matthew Ellinwood’s administrative assistant and keeps his calendar. The most efficient method to schedule and appointment is to contact her by phone at (515) 294-1427 or to drop by her office in 2356 Kildee. If necessary this can be handled by email, but this tends to take up too much time back and forth (jlinn@iastate.edu). Please try to call or drop by first. To contact the class and laboratory TAs The TAs for the class have all taken ANS 224, are very knowledgeable of the subject matter, and are very helpful. They have all taken 224 and performed at a very high level in the class. They may be contacted before or after class to the degree they are available. They can also be contacted by email. Course Content Emphasis on cats and dogs Other species covered will include birds, rodents, and rabbits Topics to be covered and emphasized: Anatomy and handling Production, reproduction, growth development, behavior, and nutrition History, genetics, breeds Varied topics The place and use of companion animals in society Students are to be informed early in the course and before using animals: Live animals will be used in the course. Species used will include dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, ferrets, gerbils and chinchillas. No invasive procedures will be performed. No euthanasia will be performed. Students will not be exposed to potential zoonotic diseases or use of any other potentially hazardous agents. Animals used within the university are monitored by the University Committee on Animal Care. Problems and concerns related to animal use in the course are to be discussed with the instructor. The department executive officer or the Committee on Animal Care may then be contacted if resolution cannot be reached with the instructor. Non-animal instructional methods are not available as an alternative. Policy for Accommodating Students with Disabilities Please address any special needs or special accommodations with me at the beginning of the semester or as soon as you become aware of your needs. Those seeking accommodations based on disabilities should obtain a Student Academic Accommodation Request (SAAR) form from the Disability Resources (DR) office (515-294-6624). DR is located in Room 1076 of the Student Services Building on the main campus. If the student is unwilling to self disclose, the student assumes full responsibility for his/her academic performance. Course Requirements Attend at least one dog or cat show during the semester. The date and time of various dog or cat shows can be found below under various links. To gain credit for attending, you must submit some proof of attendance (a brochure, ticket stub, etc), and turn in a half to 1 page long description, in your own words, of what you enjoyed about the show. This is not a ―graded‖ assignment, but rather +/-, in that you receive credit or you don’t. It is designed to be enjoyable and not burdensome. Failure to complete this assignment will result in an incomplete which will stand until requirement is completed. Evaluation 10% - Quizzes and Extra Credit 16 Quizzes, unannounced, will be given in lectures and laboratories, and distributed throughout the semester. Each quiz will be worth 0.5 % of your total grade for a total of 8% points towards your grade from quizzes. 1% for handing in written evaluation 1% for fulfilling a course requirement yet to be determined 45% - Exams 1-3 15% each exam 45% - Final Exam 15% new material 30% cumulative material Grade Assignment Curve may be shifted down Curve will not be shifted up A 100-89.96% B 89.95-79.96% C 79.95-69.96% D 69.95-60% F <60% No minus grades awarded Plus grades may be awarded REMEMBER: These are not set guidelines. There is an excel sheet titled cumulative 224 grades, which show the average grades and specific breakpoints given in years past. Again, these are only guidelines to help you assess where you may be in the course relative to a final grade assignment. Final grades and alternative grade calculation: Grades will be distributed and letter grade ranges will be determined. An alternative grade calculation will then be conducted in which the grade on the final will be substituted for the grades of the previous 3 exams. The higher grade will be awarded. This approach to an alternate grade calculation is designed to help and or reward students in the following cases: Students who needed time to better figure out the course or instructors approach. Students who miss exams through no real fault of their own. Grade Disputes If you would like to make an inquiry concerning your grade on a test or quiz, you are encouraged to do so. It is not uncommon that errors can be made in grading, and you should not lose an opportunity to be appropriately recognized for your work. Only requests using the form in the appendix of this document, filled out and turned in to your lecture or lab TA with your quiz or test, will be accepted. Please file one form per quiz or exam being turned in. These must be filed with your TA within 2 weeks of the returned quiz or exam. One can dispute grades for clerical or mathematical errors such as an incorrect posting on the website, or for incorrect addition of deducted points. Please note that exams or quizzes being turned in for a disputed grade are subject to being entirely re-graded. In other words the entire exam will be re-graded, not just the disputed answer. Academic Dishonesty Academic dishonesty will not be tolerated Students who have any questions about what constitutes academic dishonesty should refer to the course catalogue, the student handbook, or: http://www.dso.iastate.edu/dept/judicialaffairs/homepage.htm Plagiarism of any sort will be treated as an academic dishonesty infraction. Coping from the internet is plagiarism. Useful Links Dog and Cat Show Links which list shows in Iowa and the Midwest Cat Shows Cat Federation of America Shows, Midwest region http://members.aol.com/abyjam/mwrshow.htm The American Cat Fanciers Association http://www.acfacats.com/show_schedule.htm Iowa Dog Shows http://www.infodog.com/panels/ia.htm AKC portal to events (can search for conformation events in Iowa, but you can run a new search for your event and location/State of interest as well). http://www.akc.org/events/search/index.cfm Links for Taxonomy http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Carnivora&contgroup=Eutheria Links for Registries Dogs AKC http://www.akc.org/ FCI http://www.fci.be/home.asp?lang=en Cats TCA http://www.tica.org/html/english/home/ CFA http://www.cfa.org/ ACFA http://www.acfacats.com/ General Utility A free encyclopedia, generally very accurate, but maintained in a voluntary manner, so may accumulate errors before they are corrected. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Academic Dishonesty at Iowa State University http://www.iastate.edu/~catalog/2005-07/geninfo/dishonesty.html The Delta Society http://www.deltasociety.org Dorland’s Medical Dictionary A searchable copy of Dorland’s medical dictionary on a site maintained by Merck. Definitions are good and have the advantage of supplying the etymology as well. http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcomm onzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd-a-b-000zPzhtm Eponyms Self styled as the world’s most comprehensive site of medical eponyms http://www.whonamedit.com/ Endocrinology An in process set of hypertexts from the Colo St Univ Animal Repro and Biotech Lab (this link to endocrinology) http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/index.html International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS), free (requires registration) administered out of Cornell http://www.ivis.org/signin.asp?url=http://www.ivis.org/home.asp Exam I Materials Lecture 1 Study Guide: Demographics and Companion Animals in Society For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in this class. 1. Discuss the statistics of ownership and number of cats and dogs in the United States and other countries as covered in class and as presented in the reading materials. 2. Discuss the peculiar role of dogs and cats as companion animals in the United States. 3. Discuss the demographic trends in the United States driving companion animal ownership 4. Discuss the elements of the human animal bond. Specifically what is the Delta Society and what are its objectives. Give examples of the benefit to humans of companion animal ownership listed on the Delta Society website. 5. Discuss the peculiar characteristics revealed by recent research on canine cognition vis a vis there ability to interact with humans. Lecture 2 Study Guide: Origins of the Dog and Cat For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in this lecture. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6 7 Discuss the origin (species) and development (time, location, and early purposes) of domestic dogs and cats. What are the potential mechanisms you can think of for domestication with regards to number of species, single versus multiple events, and/or continued admixture of species? Review the taxonomical classification of the domestic dog and cat Discuss the different kinds of evidence to arrive at taxonomical classifications. Relate the diet, social nature, etc. to the domestication of the dog and cat, relative to the developments in human culture at the time of domestication. What are the limitations of studying mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal DNA with regard to conclusions one may draw about domestication of a given species? Discuss the evolutionary common ancestor of the dog and cat. 8 What major developments in early pre-historic human culture coincided with major developments in the domestication of the dog and cat? How and why did these developments influence these domestication processes? Lecture 3 Notes: Anatomy Overview CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR)SYSTEM    Carry nutrients and fresh O2 throughout body Remove wastes from cells of the body Major components: o Heart—responsible for propulsion and movement of blood through body o Arteries, arterioles—carry blood away from the heart o Veins, venules—return blood back to the heart o Capillaries—site of gas exchange o Lymphatic system—drains extracellular fluid from tissues and returns it to the heart, absorb fat from intestines, and responsible for immune surveillance o Portal circulation—blood that passes through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart. One such system exists with capillary beds in the digestive track and the second in the liver. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM    Provides supply of O2 for the body and removes CO2 produced by cells Warms, humidifies, and filters inspired air Major components: o Trachea—contains cartilaginous rings to keep airway from collapsing o Lungs—houses the alveoli where gas exchange actually occurs o Diaphram and intercostals muscles—aid in expanding lungs allowing them to fill with air UROGENITAL SYSTEM     Filter waste materials from blood; store and expel urine Regulation of blood volume and body pH Male and female reproduction Major components: o Kidney: formation and collection of urine  Cortex—outermost layer of kidney that houses the nephron (functional unit of the kidney) where blood is filtered and active resorption and secretion takes place.  Medulla—middle section of the kidney where water and needed nutrients are filtered out o o o o Pelvis—collects the filtered urine before transferring it to the bladder via the ureter  Ureter-transport of urine Bladder—storage of urine: elastic sac where urine is stored until voided from body Urethra—elimination of urine: tube urine travels through to exit body Male reproductive structures—produce sperm and testosterone  Testes—hoses structures for sperm and testosterone production  Seminiferous tubules—site of sperm production  Leydig cells—surround the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone  Sertoli cells—protect the developing sperm cells from the detrimental effects of testosterone  Rete testis and efferent ductules—tubular system to transport sperm from the testis to the epididymis  Epididymis—site of sperm storage and maturation  Penis—structure which urine and ejaculate must pass through to exit body; deposits semen into vagina Female reproductive anatomy—produce oocytes (eggs), produce female hormones, and carry young until parturition  Ovaries—produce female gametes (ovum, oocytes); follicle produces estrogen; corpus luteum produces progesterone  Ovarian bursa and oviduct—collects ova and transports them to the uterus; site of fertilization  Uterus—tubular structure that supports the fetus through the placenta; responsible for contractions to expel fetus during parturition  Cervix—passageway between the uterus and vagina that serves mainly protective functions  Vagina—receives penis during copulation  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM    Digests and absorbs food Supplies body with needed nutrients Major components: o Esophagus—transports food and drink to stomach via peristalsis o Stomach—responsible for chemical breakdown of food; produces HCl and other digestive compounds o Small intestine  Duodenum—enzymatic digestion of ingesta: receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic enzymes.  Jejunum—longest section of small intestine; major digestion and absorption occurs  Ileum—connects to large intestine, site of continued absorption of nutrients. o Large intestine  Cecum—responsible for fermentation and absorption o o o o  Colon—responsible for water, salt, and some vitamin absorption  Rectum—fecal formation and storage Anus—where fecal material exits Liver—produces and secretes bile (generally to gall bladder), detoxification of nutrients, formation of major classes of blood proteins, metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Gall bladder—stores bile and excretes it into the duodenum Pancreas—produces digestive enzymes LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE/HEMATOPOETIC SYSTEMS    Filter lymph fluid and return to heart Production of blood and lymphocytes (immune functions) Major components: o Spleen—recycles red blood cells; produces lymphocytes o Thymus—maturation of and source of T-lymphocytes required for antibody production o Lymph nodes—filter lymphatic fluid to remove foreign particles that could cause disease, immune surveillance, immune response, immune cell proliferation. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM   Produce hormones to control other cells, organs or tissues Major components: o Pancreas—produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose concentrations; produces digestive enzymes for digestion o Thyroid—produces hormones to regulate mineral concentrations and energy regulation (thyroxine, calcitonin) o Parathyroid—regulates blood Ca2+ and P+ levels o Adrenal glands—produce steroid hormones: maintain water balance (mineralocorticoids), androgens (sex hormones), and carbohydrate, fat, and stress metabolism (glucocorticoids): produce adrenergic hormones, i.e. stress regulating hormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine) o Hypothalamus—regulates other endocrine glands (master control); effects on physiology, emotions, behavior, hunger, etc (GnRH, GHRH, TRH) o Pituitary gland—produce hormones regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, and water balance (GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH) Lecture 3 Study Guide Questions: Anatomy For the systems listed below, provide a brief description of the following: 1. Gross anatomical structure, ie what begins where joins to what structure 2. Physiological (ie functional) role of these various structures Systems: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Respiratory system Digestive system Urogenital/reproduction system Cardiovascular system Immune system Lecture 4 Notes: Introduction to Reproduction of the Dog and Cat Review of basic endocrinology to provide a better understanding of cyclicity Emphasis on hormones and organs/tissues/cells involved Nearly all biochemical compounds can be classified into four major categories Nucleic Acids Proteins (and amino acids and their derivatives) Lipids Carbohydrates Endocrinology (en·do·cri·nol·o·gy) (en‖do-krĭ-nol´ə-je) [endocrine + -logy]. The study of hormones, the endocrine system, and their role in the physiology of the body. (Dorland’s Medical Dictionary) Endocrine (en·do·crine) (en´do-krīn, en´do-krin) [endo- + Gr. krinein to separate] secreting internally (as opposed to exocrine), applied to organs and structures that release their products into the blood or lymph, and to substances (hormones) that exert specific effects on other organs. (Dorland’s Medical Dictionary) Hormone (hor·mone) (hor´mōn) [Gr. hormaein to set in motion, spur on]. a chemical substance produced in the body by an organ, cells of an organ, or scattered cells, having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of an organ or organs. (Dorland’s Medical Dictionary). Functionally speaking a chemical secreted by one set of cells which influences the activity of another set of cells, usually at some distance to the secreting cell type. Hormones can be classed biochemically, depending on ones scheme, into 3-4 groups Peptides and proteins (and perhaps including amino acid derivatives)* Steroids* Fatty acid derivatives Amino acid derivatives (e.g. thyroid) *todays notes will concentrate on members of these classes Overview: Know and understand table 10.1 in your text book and be able to integrate information from this lecture into that table. Anatomy Hypothalamus Small structure consisting of a collection of neurons at the base of the brain with wide ranging effects on the control of physiology, emotions, behavior, satiety and hunger, etc., and through interactions with the pituitary, a host of endocrinological functions including reproduction. Pituitary Small structure located below the base of the brain just under the hypothalamus. Composed of two portions, the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis A functional relationship of hormonal feed back, characterized anatomically, in part, by the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system, which is a portal circulation (ie a circulation which connects two capillary beds) connecting the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. Reproductive steroidogenic tissue (or cells) Testis-Leydig cells (named for Franz von Leydig, German anatomist (1821-1908). Also known as interstitial cells. Cells in the interstitiim of the testis (ie between the outsides of the seminiferous tubules), which secrete the androgen testosterone (ie the sterone, or steroid of the testis). Ovary-ovarian follicle and corpus luteum. Estrogen in the product of cells of the ovarian follicle, while progesterone in produced by the corpus luteum. Other players Sertoli cells (named for Enrico Sertoli, Italian anatomist (1842-1910). Also known as nurse cells. Cells within the seminiferous tubules of the testis, which convert the androgen testosterone to estrogen. Hence they are not strickly speaking steroidogenic, as they lack the ability to synthesize steroid hormones de novo from cholesterol, but rather simply convert on steroid to another. These cells function as the incubators or nurse cells for the developing male gametes. Hormones GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone. A small (10 amino acid) peptide produced by the hypothalamus, which reaches the anterior pituitary via the portal circulation, to bind its cognate receptors on gonadotrophs, which leads to the secretion by gonadotrophs of the gonadotrope hormones LH and FSH. LH Luteinizing hormone. A pituitary heterodimeric (common alpha subunit, specific beta subunit) glycoprotein gonadotrope important in ovulation and luteinization of the follicle in the female, and in stimulating Leydig cell testosterone production in the male. FSH Follicle stimulating hormone. A pituitary heterodimeric (common alpha subunit, specific beta subunit) glycoprotein gonadotrope important in follicle development and follicular estrogen production in the female, and support and stimulus for Sertoli cell functions in spermatogenesis in the male. Testosterone Androgenic sex steroid produced by the Leydig cells in the male. Critical in normal male development, maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, and in Sertoli cell support and function. Serves as a substrate for Sertoli cell conversion of testosterone to estrogen. Progesterone The progestational sex steroid. Produced by the cells within the luteinized post-ovulatory follicle of the ovary (corpus luteum). Supports growth of the endometrium, pregnancy, and prepartum mammary development. Estrogen The estrus (eg behavioral heat) causing sex steroid. Produced by the follicular cells of the ovarian follicle. Important in establishing beharioral heat, setting the stage for ovulation, and preparing the female reproductive tract for ovulation. In males it is produced by the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules, where it is critical for normal spermatogenesis. In the male it has a negative effect on FSH production. Endocrine Feed Back Loops and the Regulation of Complex Physiological Events. Levels of complexity in the regulation of endocrinologically complex events involves multiple tissues and regulation of a variety of cellular responses. These include: Multiple tissues involved in endocrine cascades and feedback loops Positive, negative and mixed feedback loops Tissue, cell, and sex and cycle specific expression or competency of Hormone receptors Hormone production Hormone release (Simple) Negative feedback loop example in the male Testosterone has a negative feedback on effect on GnRH secretion and resultant downstream hormones, so that a constant continuous, even, and regulated production of male gametes can occur. The analogy in class is that testosterone is always tapping slightly on the brakes, in order to achieve a constant speed of gamete production. (Simple) Positive feedback loop example in the female Estrogen, or estradiol has a positive feedback effect on GnRH release in the preovulatory phase of the female cycle. Relative to male gametogenesis, female gametogenesis is far more dynamic. A positive feedback loop is going to lead to increasing levels of hormones in the feedback loop. This is what is seen in the increasing pulsatile secretion of GnRH and LH leading up to the LH surge and ovulation in the female. Lecture 4 Study Guide Questions (Introduction to Reproduction) For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in a given class or laboratory. 1. 2. 3. 9 Discuss the physiochemical properties and physiological effects in males and females of the hormones discussed in class. Discuss the anatomical sites, both male, female, and shared, of hormone production and effects as covered in class. Discuss and give examples of negative feed back loops in reproductive endocrinology. Discuss the various mechanisms whereby complex hormonal regulation can take place. Lecture 5 Study Guide Questions (Reproduction Anatomy) For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in this class. 1. Discuss the anatomy of the female reproductive tract in the queen and bitch, with an emphasis on development, physiology and endocrinology with regard to: a. Gamete production b. Insemination c. Fertilization d. Pregnancy and Implantaion e. Unique feature of the bitch and queen related to the above topics 2. Discuss the anatomy of the male reproductive tract in the dog and the tom, with an emphasis on development, physiology and endocrinology with regard to: f. Gamete production g. Ejaculation h. Insemination i. Ovulation and Fertilization where appropriate Unique feature of the dog and the tom related to the above topics Lecture 6 Study Guide Questions: Pregnancy and Cyclicity For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in this lecture. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. For the queen or the bitch, discuss the estrous cycle and its subdivisions. For the various parts of the estrous cycle, what are the endocrine, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral changes seen? Discuss the development of the fetus in the dog and the cat relative to some major milestones, of both fetal development, and the dam’s reproductive physiology. How would you calculate parturition in the bitch or the queen? Discuss the options, and the relative ease of making the calculation, and the benefit of different methods. Discuss the adverse events that can be seen as part of the bitch or the queen’s reproductive cycle. Lecture 7 Study Guide Questions: Lactation For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in this lecture. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the adverse health events associated with the mammary glands and/or lactation? How would prevent or manage these risks and adverse events? What are the general percentages of different milk constituents in the queen and the dog, relative to each other and to other domestic species? In absolute terms, what are the ~ percentages? What is colostrums and why is it important? What are the adverse health events associated with or without receiving colostrum? Lect 8 Study Guide Questions: Breeding Management 1. 2. What are the tools necessary to manage a successful fertile breeding? What are the resources you will need to manage a breeding safely and reliably? 3. 4. What are adverse consequences that can be encountered in breeding? How would you prevent or otherwise manage breedings to limit these? What tools will you be able to use to calculate parturition both generally (with in a couple of days), and precisely (within hours)? Lect 9 Study Guide Questions: Intro to Nutrition 1. 2. Discuss the demographics of pet ownership with regard to the different species involved. What are some of the peculiarities of the pet food industry with regard to the status of owners as proxies for the consumer needs of pets, marketing, and health issues related to the pet food industry? Discuss some of the historical aspects of the pet food industry. What are the jurisdictional, regulatory, legal, and informational characteristics of pet food labels? What are the different types of dog and cat foods available, and what are their characteristics? Are they equivalent in cost, nutrition, and health benefits? 3. 4. 5. Lect 10 Study Guide Questions: Canine Nutrition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What are the relative dietary requirements in dogs at different stages of development? What are inborn errors of metabolism, and who discovered them? Why are they relevant to the study of nutrition in different species? How do enzymes, substrates, and products figure into metabolic errors and species specific requirements? What are essential fatty acids? What makes them essential? What are essential supplements needed in the dog, and why are they required? What is supplied to pups on home made formula, ie what does the milk contribute (protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitames etc). How would you prevent obesity? How would prevent orthopedic disease in a predisposed large breed dogs? Lect 11 Study Guide Questions: Feline Nutrition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are the relative dietary requirements in cats at different stages of development? Do cats show distinct preferences for food? What does not contribute to a cats sense of what makes food attractive? What are essential supplements needed in the cat, and why are they required? From an evolutionary stand point, looking at special requirements in the cat, what do you conclude about the make up of their diet during their evolution? What is hepatic lipidosis, and how would you prevent it? What are some of the underlying basic physiology issues in the cat that may predispose them to hepatic lipidosis? Lect 12 Study Guide Questions: Rabbit and Rodent Nutrition 1. Describe the unique aspects of the rabbit digestive tract? What makes like or unlike a carnivore/omnivore versus a ruminant herbivore? 2. Do cats show distinct preferences for food? What does not contribute to a cats sense of what makes food attractive? 3. 4. 5. What are cecotrophs? Discuss in detail. What are common source of feed for rabbits, and what does each supply? Discuss the use of alfalfa versus timothy hay based pellets? 6. For the gerbil, chinchilla, hamster, and Guinea pig, what about their requirements will be different from the standard rodent (mouse or rat) chow. Lect 13 Study Guide Questions: Exotic Birds Discuss the type (species grouping or taxonical grouping), region of origin, relative size, lifespan, pet qualities, and suitability for different types of owners for the following type of companion animal birds: 1. 2. Canary Budgerigars 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Cockatiel Amazon Conure Cockatoo McCaw African Gray Parrot Love Birds Lect 14 Study Guide Questions: Bird Nutrition 1. 2. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? Describe and detail unique aspects of the avian digestive track? 3. Describe bird feeding and preferences and how this may impact health from a nutritional standpoint? 4. 5. How can both environmental enrichment and nutrition be met in feeding birds? Discuss some of the intoxicants birds are sensitive to? Lect Study Guide Questions: Parasites 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? A A A A Lect Study Guide Questions: Facilities 1. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. S S S S s Lect Study Guide Questions: Zoonoses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? S S S S s Lect Study Guide Questions: Vaccination 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? A A A A a Lect Study Guide Questions: Genetics 1. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? Lect Study Guide Questions: Dog Coat Color 1. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. W W W W d Lect Study Guide Questions: Feline Coat Color 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? D D D D d Lect Study Guide Questions: Growth and Development 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? A A A A a Lect Study Guide Questions: Simple Genetic Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? A A A 5. 6. A a Lect Study Guide Questions: Complex Genetic Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discuss innate bird physiology and how influences their dietary or metabolic needs? 1 1 1 1 Lab Study Guide: Dog and Cat Breeds, Terminology and Registries For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in this laboratory. Discuss the canine specific terminology for the external anatomy of the dog. Discuss and give examples of the appropriate canine and feline terminology for male, female, young, parturition, and breeding animals. Knowledge about early development of the domestic dog has come to use in what two ways? Discuss the merits of these two techniques. Depending on the methods used there were 4-5 types of domestic dogs as long ago as 4000 ybp. Discuss these types of dogs, and give examples of breeds that might be the modern day descendants. Discuss the mechanisms both practical and historical which has lead to today’s variety of purebred dogs. Discuss the two main registration organizations of purebred dogs covered in class, and know how they classify dogs, and examples of members of each. Discuss the various coat colors seen in lab including examples of breeds/species were applicable for the following coat colors: 6. brindle 7. harlequin 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. dilution black with tan points agouti black saddle Merle tabby (blotched and mackerel) Silver Tyrosinase points (Siamese points) Silver Orange Tortoiseshell Calico Discuss the main cat registries listed in class. Discuss examples of specific breeds mentioned in class. Animal Handling Lab; Cats, Dogs, Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets CATS Felis Catus Origin:  Thought to have been domesticated in the near east, about 9,500 years ago from the European wild cat: felis silvestris  Male – Tom, Sire  Female – Queen, Dam  Young - Kittens Diet:  Cats are obligate carnivores, and cannot live on an unsupplemented vegetarian diet, because they cannot synthesize several required nutrients which are absent or rare in plant food.  This applies mainly to taurine, vitamin A, and to certain fatty acids (such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, both omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids)  Cats can be fussy eaters, possibly due to the mutation causing the loss of ability to taste sugars  cats can voluntarily starve themselves indefinitely despite being presented with palatable food, even a food which they had previously readily consumed; the sudden loss of weight can cause a fatal condition called hepatic lipidosis Approach:  Read body language - purring, kneading of paws, hissing  Be aware of paws and teeth - defense mechanisms  Cats possess rather loose skin; this enables them to turn and confront a predator or another cat in a fight, even when it has a grip on them Defense Mechanisms:  Claws  Mouth (teeth) Restraint:  Scruff- loose skin above shoulder blades ( ideal for restraint )  Roll in towel  Muzzles - easy to breath, but unable to see  Support body when transporting  Proper holding- carry face down in front of you Behavior:  Harder to train cats than dogs - they are less likely to want to please you Handling:  Like to be rubbed  Support body DOGS Canis Familiaris Origin:  DNA evidence suggests that domestication occurred in East Asia, about 15,000 years ago from wolves  Male – Dog, Sire, Stud  Female – Bitch, Dam  Young – Pups Diet:  Carnivorous animals with a monogastric stomach, consume mostly meat products, but can also utilize some vegetables and grains effectively  Common foods thought to be hazardous in dogs (amounts may vary): include chocolate (Theobromine poisoning), onions, grapes, raisins, some types of gum, certain sweeteners, and Macadamia nuts Essential Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Methionine, Arginine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, and Lysine (PVT MAT HILL) Unable to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as omega-3 and omega-6 (important components of plasma cell membranes); omega-6 is found in linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA). Dogs can synthesize AA from LA, but supplementation in their diet of LA is important.   Approach:  Approach from front       Let animal sniff back of hand May want to pet them on their eye level (less aggressive to them) Use eye contact to show you are in charge Pet under head - less aggressive, then may pet top of head Watch position of head - main defense mechanism Body language Restraint:  Laying position - push legs out from under them, gradually lay them down  Sitting position - strong hold in crook of arm  Muzzle - on aggressive dogs (tape, string, or rope also) Defense Mechanisms:  Mouth Voice Commands:  Calming - slow, low tones  Discipline - firm, short, low tones  Praise - happy tone, quick and higher pitched RABBITS Origins: Order: Lagamorpha Behavior:                   Characteristically timid and excitable; mild tempered 190 degree vision Active, curious animals that spend a lot of time exploring objects in their environment Adept at escaping from unsecured cages Normally sit on all four feet, with their body weight evenly distributed and the head held level with the top of the back. (aka Planitgrade stance) Move around cage by hopping and occasionally standing on their hind legs Rid majority of heat from ears If hot, stretch out on its side or stomach with its head resting on cage floor Frightened rabbit may race around cage, kicking with its hind legs, or it may cower in the corner Occasionally, especially when stressed or frightened, they may attempt to bite or jump at handler Urine dribbling may be a sign of insecurity/excessive marking May show aggressiveness or fear by stomping its hind feet Pressing the head gently to the floor is interpreted as a dominant sign When injured or extremely frightened, may emit a high-pitched scream Sensitive to noise and may react violently to loud or sudden sounds – house as far away as possible from noisy locations Wild rabbits keep toenails worn down by digging and running – need to trim More active at twilight than during the day Feed and drink water mostly in late afternoon and early evening and sleep during the day  Coprophagic – in order to recycle protein, water and B vitamins General Handling & Restraint:  Scruff and support body  May occasionally resist handling, endangering themselves and their handlers  Gentle but firm manual restraint often causes relaxation and stops struggling  Restrain during transport  Skeleton comprises only 8-10% (7%?) of body weight – back breaks easily Reproduction:  Female – doe  Male – buck  Offspring – kids  Polygamous – do not form permanent bonds  Puberty: female 4-9 mo; male 6-10 mo  Male can breed up to 5x a week (1 buck can service up to 10-15 does)  Aggressive breeding behavior – pursuit, tail flagging, urination, squealing, and combat are exhibited  Doe is taken to buck’s cage – doe is territorial and may fight with a buck brought to her cage. Leave pair together 2-10 minutes, if mating does not occur, the doe should be taken to another buck’s cage  In the doe’s cage the buck may show more interest in territory marking than in copulation  Do not have a true estrous cycle but do have certain rhythmic periods during which they are receptive to bucks  Most reliable indicator of receptivity is lordosis  Breeding animals – 14-16 hours of light per day  Induced ovulator (ovulates after mating has occurred) – like cat or ferret  Pseudopregnancy, due to sterile matings or excitement from nearby bucks, usually last 15-17 days  Gestation – 29-35 days  Need nest box – pulls fur from herself to line nest in the last 3-4 days of gestation; a pseudopregnant doe will often pull hair and build a nest but does not keep the nest clean  Parturition known as kindling  May have 5 litters per year  Kindling: usually occurs in the morning and should be complete within 30-60 min; complications in kindling are rare; anterior and breach positions are normal  Does with new litters, especially first-litter animals, should not be disturbed to prevent them from killing their young or abandoning the nest  Cannibalism may occur with dead or deformed kits, placentophyagy, environmental disturbances, low energy diets or first litter does  Do not retrieve kits that fall out of the nest  Does typically nurse once per day for 3-5 minutes  Example client calls up to say doe that appears to ignore her kits for long periods of time  Wean kids at 4-6 wks of age Husbandry:                   Optimum room temperature 61-72F reduce amount of shedding and subsequent problems with gastrointestinal blockage by hair balls 40-60% humidity House separately – males may castrate each other Indirect bedding system (bedding in pan under cage floor) Lower half of the sides, back and front of cage are solid – prevents spraying urine out of the cage Spaces in cage floor must be small enough to prevent catching its feet but large enough to allow fecal pellets to fall through to the pan below Will urinate and defecate in one area of the pen Can housetrain Water bottles and feeders must be fastened securely May play with sipper tubes Stop eating when deprived of water Train rabbits to use automatic system Feed pelleted diets – feed by nibbling or gnawing If allowed out in the house, watch out for electrical cords and poisonous plants Tend to overeat if fed ad libitum so are fed measured amounts 1st sign of illness – loss of appetite Unable to vomit Blood collection – marginal ear vein, central artery of ear, jugular (able to constrict marginal ear vein to resist bleeding) Environmental Enrichment:  Hay cubes, fresh hay, Honey Nut Cheerios, large wiffle balls, shower curtain rings to hang on cage, Nylabones, hard plastic bottles Diseases: Sniffles – Pasteurella Ear mites Heatstroke Hairballs Coccidian – diabetes GERBILS Origins:  Mongolian Gerbil (also known as the jird, sand rat, and desert rat).  Order: Rodentia  Natural habitat is the deserts of Mongolia and China.  The common coat colors are: o agouti (light buff to white ventrum with mixed white, yellow, and black hairs dorsally, giving it an overall brown color). o May also be black, grey, white, cinnamon, and piebald.  They weigh anywhere from 55-100 grams with males being bigger. Behavior:  Gerbils are clean, friendly, curious, quiet and have little odor and waste. They rarely bite or fight.  diurnal: they are active off and on during the day usually in the mornings and evenings.  They are most active at night.  Thump with their rear legs to attract attention or express aggressiveness.  Like to burrow and can make elaborate tunnels if given the cage space and materials.  If they escape from their cages, they do tend to return to them. Also they will normally go to the middle of the room and sit up on their haunches to check things out. Handling:  Grasp at the base of the tail only (degloving).  Grasp scruff of neck. They do tend to jump to get away and can leap great distances and are very quick. Anatomy/Physiology:  They have long tails unlike the hamster with a tuft of hair at the end.  Sebaceous gland along midline. It is most prominent in breeding males. Housing:  Gerbils in general are clean animals producing little waste.  In general the larger the cage the better.  They should have some sand either as bedding or in a bowl for dust baths.  Cedar bedding is not recommended – can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Bedding can consist of hardwood chips, wood shavings, or recycled paper pellets, at least 1 inch in depth.  Provide somewhere where they can hide.  Gerbils Need hideaways, tubes, and/or exercise wheels. Nutrition:  Feed pelleted rodent chow food ad libitum.  Stay away from too many treats. For example, feeding sunflower seeds can cause them to become fat. Reproduction:  Sexing done by anogenital distance (female’s is shorter, male’s is longer).  Monogamous pairing for life.  They have four pairs of teats.  Begin breeding at 10-12 weeks.  Estrus occurs every 6 days for 12-18 hours. Usually overnight.  They have a fertile postpartum estrus.  Gestation 24-26 days.  Average litter size is 5.  Wean at 21-28 days.  Rarely abandon or cannibalize pups. Other: Gerbils do tend to display spontaneous epileptiform seizures. Sudden stress, handling, or introduction to a novel environment may cause the seizures. Incidence is about 20% of the normal population. It appears to be inherited. HAMSTERS General Information:  Chew frequently, climb, hibernate, can be cannibals  Scent glands located over hips (sebaceous glands)  Cheek pouches  Like to burrow  Small urinary papillae - length to determine sex (males longer)  Need exercise  Nocturnal animals  Curious  Need toys Nutrition:  Diet - rodent chow pelleted diet  Sunflower seeds are favorite - can be bad due to high fat content CHINCHILLAS Origins and General Information:  Originated from South America—all descended from 11 animals brought into California in 1923  Grouped with guinea pigs  Life span of 10-15 years; up to 22 years in captivity  Come in many colors: beige, white, mosaic, brown, brown velvet, silver Reproduction:  Females have 3 openings; males have 2 and males have thicker necks and no scrotal sack  Female cycle is 28-35 days and gestation is 111 days  Litter size is 1-2, born furred with eyes open and teeth erupted  Wean at 6-8 weeks but will eat pellets at 1 week  Females have fertile postpartum estrus Behavior:  Very curious animals  Love to chew anything (open-rooted incisors)  Nocturnal—will sleep in hollowed-out log  Can jump very high and rapidly  Do not generally like to be petted  Nearly impossible to litter train but do not usually urinate outside of cage  Need to take dust baths (sand is okay); keeps fur very soft Nutrition:  Basically low nutrition and high roughage: in the wild would eat grass, fruits, seeds, roots, bark, and some cacti  If commercial chinchilla pellets are available it is best to use them. Also provide hay free choice  Should provide calcium and vitamin C supplements Handling:  Can sometimes cup in hand, but is best to grab tail and swing onto arm for support  Move quietly – can be spooked and will slip some fur if frightened (may spray urine up to 3 feet)  Restrain in the same manner as a rat (base of tail to move quickly, then grasp around thorax. DO NOT SCRUFF), with another person doing treatment or bleeding  Can bleed by cutting toenail short or using Saphenous vein Diseases:  Ringworm  Internal parasites – Giardia, coccidian, Cryptosporidia  30% have heart murmurs  Heat stress – if sum of temperature and humidity is equal to or greater than 150 it is dangerous – may cause seizures  Alopecia due to stress or fighting  Dystocia from fetal head size  Neoplasms are rare GUINEA PIGS Handling: Grasp around midsection and support bottom Breeding & Gestation:  Male – boar  Female – sow  Offspring - piglets  Breed females before 7 months of age  63 day gestation  litter size - 3-6 piglets  Offspring born fully haired, with eyes open  male- 3-4 months reaches mature size, female - 2-3 months reaches mature size  wean - 14-20 days Housing:  At least 7 inches of floor space  Flat surface, solid or slatted floors  70 - ideal temperature Diet:   Pelleted food - require Vit. C Grow teeth all throughout life Behavior: Can be vocal - chatter or squal FERRETS Mustela putorius furo Origins and General Information:  Ancestry dates back 40 million years  Been in North America about 300 years  Kept as pets or hunters of smaller animals  Illegal as pets in California, Hawaii, and other areas  Carnivorous predator  Many coat variants – fitch/sable, white, cinnamon, grey, chocolate, etc.  Ferrets molt  Sebaceous cysts typically removed at young age to prevent severe odor  Commercially raised have two dot tattoos in the ear Reproduction;  Males – hobs  Females – jills  Offspring – kits  Females are seasonally polyestrous  Gestation 41-42 days  Pseudopregnancy of 40-43 days if pregnancy does not occur  Sebaceous secretions and resulting odor increase during breeding season  Litter size: 1-18 kits (usually 8-10)  3-4 litters per year General Handling/Restraint:  May be picked up in same way as a small dog or cat  To restrain, scruff with one hand and hold rear legs with other hand  Ferrets will typically yawn when scruffed Nutrition:  Strict carnivores  Eat several times a day  Can feed ad libitum unless obesity is an issue  Avoid carbohydrates, especially sweet tasting types  Commercial feeds appropriate – typically prefer poultry over beef and fish  Always have fresh water available Diseases, etc.:     Distemper Intestinal parasites (e.g. coccidia) Adrenal tumors Cancer common in reproductive tracts of unaltered females MICE Mus musculus General Information and Behavior:  More mice used in research than any other species – over 400 strains  Life span: 1-3 years  Nocturnal  Groom constantly  Can tell when stressed – rough coat, hunched posture  Mice are timid, social, omnivorous, territorial and escape prone and have more of a tendency to bite than does a rat.  Stressors include temperature change, dusty bedding, single housing (to some extent), wrong nutrition, constant light, lack of exercise, and overcrowding Reproduction:  Mammary tissue almost to midline and over shoulders  Very prolific breeders  Whitten effect: Females housed together will become anestrus but will cycle within 24-72 hours of introduction of a male.  Bruce effect: If a female bred within 24 hours is exposed to a different male, the litter she is carrying may be aborted.  Sexually mature at 40-60 days  Gestation 19-21 days  Litter size 6-12  Weaning age 21 days  Male mice will care for the young.  Sexing: anogenital distance greater in male, open inguinal rings Handling/Restraint: Pick up by base of tail and support mid-section; Can scruff them above shoulders Nutrition: Feed hard food to keep incisors worn down RATS General Information:  Despite the association with Plague, Sorcery, and garbage, rats make good, clean pets and are easily trained.     They have basically the same anatomy as the mouse with the exception of the gall bladder. Rats do not have one. Porphrin staining: Harderian gland small amount is normal, excess can indicate stress. Life span: 2.5 – 3.5 years Stressors include temperature change, dusty bedding, single housing (to some extent), wrong nutrition, constant light, lack of exercise, and overcrowding Reproduction:  Sexually mature at 65-110 days  Gestation 20-22 days  Litter size 7-11  Weaning age: 21 days Handling/Restraint:  Restraint: base of tail to move quickly, then grasp around thorax. DO NOT SCRUFF.  Can use plastic bag or restraint tube for additional help  Bleeding sites: saphenous vein, tail Animal Handling Lab Study Guide Questions For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in a given class or laboratory. For the species listed below, provide a brief description of the following: 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. where, when and why the animals were domesticated important elements of animal handling to ensure the safety of the handler and the animal The appropriate sex specific and age specific terminology distinguishing the sex of the animals important elements of housing for the given species important elements of diet for a given species (if any) important reproductive aspects of management (if any) Species 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Dog Cat Mouse Rat Rabbit Gerbil Guinea Pig Chinchilla Ferret Hamster Names ________________________________________________________________________________ Section__________ Anatomy Lab Thoracic Components The __________________ is a double-lobed structure located in the neck and produces hormones, principally thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. The __________________ is an organ that consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth area to the stomach. The __________________ is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. (*Draw*) The __________________ is the membrane enclosing the heart; it consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane. The ___________________ is a lymphoid organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity. It is of central importance in the maturation of T-cells for the immune system. The ___________________ are respiratory organs whose principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to excrete carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. (*Draw*) The ___________________ is a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; it is also known as the windpipe. The ___________________ is a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contractions increases the volume of the thorax, inflating the lungs. Abdominal Cavity __________________ Responsibilities include chemical breakdown of food via HCl and enzymes. Rugae can be found here. (*Draw*) __________________ Responsibilities include digestion and absorption of feedstuffs. This structure is comprised of three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. __________________ Both an endocrine/exocrine gland, this structure is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes such as trypsinogen into the duodenum; secretes insulin and glucagon to maintain blood-glucose levels. (*Draw*) __________________ The three components of this structure are collectively responsible for fermentation, water absorption, and fecal formation/storage. ___________________ Site of fecal excretion. ___________________ Some responsibilities include secretion of bile and storage of glycogen. (*Draw*) The ________________ are endocrine glands chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline. ______________ Responsible for storing bile and releasing into duodenum. ______________ Responsible for recycling erythrocytes and producing lymphocytes. Part of the lymphatic system. Urogenital Components  Urinary System The ____________________ are a pair of organs that purify the blood by removing nitrogenous waste products and excreting them in the urine. They also control the fluid and ion levels in the body by excreting any excesses. Comprised of three main compartments. (*Draw*) The ____________________ are ducts by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder. The ____________________ is a membranous sac in humans and other animals, in which urine is collected for excretion. The ____________________ is the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen. Anatomy Lab Study Question For the questions listed below, writing a short paragraph answering the given questions should prove a useful foundation to important issues in this laboratory. For the systems listed below, provide a brief description of the following: 1. Gross anatomical structure, ie what begins where joins to what structure 2. Physiological (ie functional) role of these various structures Systems: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Respiratory system Digestive system Urogenital/reproduction system (emphasis on urinary track) Cardiovascular system Lymphatic/hematopoetic Lab 6 Study Guide Questions: Assisted reproduction 1. Discuss the instruments and equipment you would need to do vaginal cytology or artificial insemination. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Discuss the technique you would use when performing vaginal cytology in the bitch. Discuss the technique you would use in performing AI in the dog for a simple on site collection and insemination. Discuss the application of this technology in the dog, ie, why perform AI in the dog. What are the two, broadly speaking, types of AI one can perform in the dog, with respect to the state of, or handling of the semen? Why is AI not more commonly used in the cat. In what field does feline AI have an application? Describe all the adverse events that may be encountered when performing AI in the canine. Study Guide to Ethics and Companion Animals Ethics can be defined as: that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions. Moral can be defined as: principles or habits with respect to right or wrong conduct. Writing a paragraph exploring a given core ethical issue in the light of one of the listed current topics, or exploration of a current topic in light of the core ethical issues should prove a useful foundation to important issues in a given class or laboratory. Core Ethical Issues • • • • • • • • • • Innate value of animal The sentience of animals Animals well being Animals sensation of pain and distress Societies use of animals Personal obligations/responsibility Society’s obligations/responsibility Innate rights of animal Pain/self-aware/distress The issue of wild versus domestic animals Current Areas of Companion Animal Ethical Debate • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Research Mutilation – tail docks, ear crops, de-claw Euthanasia Puppy Mills Food Fighting Cruelty Ownership/slavery Economic value/welfare/medical problems Property/companions? PMU (horses) Greyhound/horse racing Spay/Neuter (positive/negative?), overpopulation Breed specific laws/legislation Shock/pinch collars Morals vs. Ethics Appendix Grade Adjustment Request Form (ANS 224) Name ________________________________ Section_______________________________ If you would like to make an inquiry concerning your grade on a test or quiz, you are encouraged to do so. Only requests using this form, filled out and turned in to your lecture or lab TA with your quiz or test, will be accepted. Please file one form per quiz or exam being turned in. These must be filed with your TA within 2 weeks of the returned quiz or exam. I am requesting a grade adjustment for the following reason (check all that apply). ____The posted grade does not match the grade on my quiz or exam. If checked please explain: ____The grade on my exam represents a mathematical error of the actual points deducted. If checked please explain: ____I have points deducted on my exam for questions which I believe are correctly answered. Please note that any quiz or exam turned in for this reason will be subject to a regarding of all answers, not just those disputed by the student. If checked please explain and be as specific as possible (use the reverse side of this page if necessary): Evaluation form ANS 224 – Dr. N. M. Ellinwood (Worth 1% point of extra credit if handed in before the end of the semester – feel free to continue answers on additional sheet) Please list any general observation you have about the class and/or instructors that you would like to bring to the attention of the instructor that may be useful in further course development Which lecture did you enjoy the most Which lecture did you enjoy the least In which lecture did you learn the most In which lecture did you learn the least Which lecture was the least useful Which lecture was the most useful Which lab did you enjoy the most Which lab did you enjoy the least In which lab did you learn the most In which lab did you learn the least Which lab was the least useful Which lab was the most useful What single area or focus would you like to see changed/added/expanded/limited