Obesity

Articles on obesity and its consequences Journal/Location Author Volume/Year Pages Amer J Clin Nutr Grundy 67/1998 497S499S Health Affairs Finkelstein et Web Exclusive/'03 al Pediatrics Berkey et al 105/2000 e56 Pediatrics Guijing Wang&Dietz 109/2002 81 New Eng. J. Medicine Gortmaker et 329/1993 al 1008-1012 The Journal of Pediatrics Gidding et al 127/1995 868-874 BMJ Chinn&Rona 322/2001 24-26 Amer J Pediatr Health Shear et al 78/1998 75-77 Annals of Internal Med. Johnston 103/1985 1068-1072 Int J of Obesity JAMA Hill&Silver 19/1995 423-430 2845-2848 Strauss&Polla 286/2001 ck Flegal&Troian 24/2000 o Int J of Obesity 807-818 New Eng J of Med Leibel et al 332/1995 621-627 Pediatrics Dietz 101/1998 518-25 Int J of Obesity Flegal et al 22/1998 39-47 Georgetown U Center on an Aging Society Journal of Nutrition Dietz 128/1998 411S414S Amer J Clin Nutr Bellizzi&Dietz 70/1999 173S-75S Amer J Clin Nutr Gunnell et al 67/1998 1111-18 Amer J Clin Nutr Wang et al 75/2002 971-77 BMJ Sahota et al 323/2001 1029 Circulation Sinaiko et al 99/1999 1471-76 JAMA Schwimmer et 289/2003 al 1813-1819 Pediatrics Committee Nutr 112/2003 424-30 Pediatrics Davison&Birc 107/2001 h 46-53 The Journal of Pediatrics Dietz 103/1983 676-686 Pediatrics Mei et al 101/1998 e12 Pediatrics Ogden et al 99/1997 e1 Amer J Pediatr Health Rimm&Rimm 66/1976 479-481 Pediatrics Troiano&Fleg 101/1998 al 497-504 Pediatrics Epstein et al 101/1998 554-70 Pediatrics Strauss 105/2000 e15 Pediatrics Freeman et al 99/1997 420-426 New Eng J of Med Whitaker et al 337/1997 869-873 Notes Overview of Second International Conference on Fats and Oil Consumption in Health and Disease. Said that Obesity could not be linked definitely to fat consumption. Research needs to be done on the ratio of fats to carbohydrates in diet. More than half of Americans are obese. 9.1% of total annual U.S. medical expenditures. Total cost may have been as high as 78.5 billion, half of which comes from Medicare and Medicaid. Clear increase in medical spending to do increasing prevelance of obesity. Says that increases in BMI were linked to TV for boys and girls, and in girls with higher caloric intakes and less physical activity. The study could not postiviely link dietary fat intake to increase in BMI. Discharges from hospital for obesity related diseases has increased over the year, which has led to significant increase in economic costs. These trends indicate a growing problem with obesity among American Youth. Being overweight in associated with lower social and economic status. Overweight women were less likely to be married, made less money, and had completed less school. Men were less likely to be married. Overweight people tend to come from lower income families, however, even adjusting for this overweight people still had lower social and economic status. This study examined two cohorts of children. The first group was examined in 1973 and followed up in 1981. The second in 1984 and then 1992. Both groups wer aged 7-9 at the start of the study. The later group was more overweight and more coronary risk factors at the follow up. Study of Scottish and English children. The prevalance of obesity increased for all groups studied. This study examined children from the Bogalusa Heart study. 5-14 years olds were studied. The examined children 5 times over 11 years and found that the prevalance of overweight changed from 15% to 24%. Reviews studies on childhood obesity. Shows some link to risk of diabetes. No link of coronary heart risk to childhood obesity. Shows link of psychological stress to obesity. Also shows a link between childhood obesity and adult obesity. This study analyzes 9 year old children's views on body weight. Overweight was associated with This prevlance of childhood obesity is rising, especially among minorities and souther states. This study analyzed the distribution in BMI in the US. For all age groups the heaviest people are getting heavier. However, for children and young adults, the thinner people are still thin. It isn't until middle and old age that there is an increase in BMI among all groups. Study suggests that the results indicate signifcant environmental factors in obesity and that instead of comparing individual, the population as whole needs to be studied. Studies the effects of weight loss and gain on energy expenditure. Loss in weight is accompanied by a decrease in energy expenditure. After weight loss energy expenditure is less than what one would expect for someone at that weight. So it makes it difficult to keep the weight off. Children experience social and and physical consequences as a result of obesity. Obese girls who applied to elite New England colleges were less likely to get in than thin girls with similar credentials. Obese women have been shown to complete fewer years of college and make less money, even compared to women with other chronic conditions. Also, obesity related diseases such as type II diabetes of increased among children. Also, there has been shown a link between obesity in childhood and obesity and health consequences in adulthood. studies prevalence of overweight and obesity in U.S. Breaks it down by age and gender. Overweight has increased, with the most obese categories increasing the fastest. Childhood obesity is on the rise. Linked to sedentary activity. Low-income children are more likely to be obese. Obese adolescents are likely to become obese adults. Obesity realted diseases cost almost as much as tobacco. Childhood obesity increased the incidence of adult morbidity and mortality. Men and women who were obese in adolescence were more likely to have CHD and diabetes. Also women had adverse psychosocial affects associated with adolescent obesity. Summary of workshop on obesity. Discussed what to use to measure childhood adiposity. Concluced that BMI was a good measure because it showed a strong correlation and was already in wide use. Showed that childhood obesity was linked to adult cardiovascular mortality. This may be due to the increased chance of obese children to become obese adults. Studied trends of childhood obesity in U.S., Brazil, China, and Russia. Obesity is increasing in all except for Russia during time period studied (approx. '71-'97). The difference in Russia is probably due to the decreased energy density of meals because of the economic situation. This study shows that childhood obesity is a worldwide problem and needs to be addressed. Studied the success of a school intervention that included teacher training, school meal modification, physical education, and curriculum. No real difference was noticed in children at the intervention schools than at the control schools except an increase in vegetable consumption. However, this was only a year long study. Studied the relationship of childhood obesity to health risk factors in young adults. They monitored children from the age of 8 until 23. Weight gain during childhood is more associated with risk factors than initial weight. Risk factors included increased blood pressure, fasting insulin levels, and cholesterol. Studied the health-realted quality of life of extremely obese children. These chidlren showed similar scores to children with cancer. Children with obstructive sleep apnea reported even lower scores. American Academy of Pediatrics policy on the prevention of childhood obesity. Talks about the prevlance of the problem and possible public policies and how pediatricians should get involved. Study of five year old girls weight related selfconcept. Overweight girls thought of themselves as less physically capable and as having less cognitive ability. Parental concern about children's weight increased these trends, regardless of the child's actual weight. This article is about the susceptibility, cause and management of childhood obesity. Recommends a family based approached and gives some treatment methods. This studied the increase in prevalence of childhood obesity among the low income population. Hispanics have the highest prevalence. studied prevalence of obesity among pre-school children. Found no change in prevalence among 2-3 year old children. They did find an increase among 4-5 year old children, especially girls. Hispanics had the highes prevalence. Obese women were 2.4 times more likely to have been obese as a child, regardless of their age. Weight control is needed early. There has bee an increase in the prevalence of childhood overweight since the 1960s. However, it is mostly the heavier kids getting heavier. Little change has been seen in the rest of the kids. Study covers the effectiveness of different treatments of pediatric obesity. Discusses the positive and negative side effects of treatments and give some recommendations. Studied children's self-esteem at 9-10 and then again four years later at 13-14. At 9-10 there was not much difference between obese and nonobese children. Howver, at 13-14 females showed significatnly decreased self-esteem, and males showed a moderate decrease. Obese children with less self-esteem were more likely to smoke and drink. In this study the prevalence of overweight among children doubled between 1973 and 1994. Also, in the last half the study the rate was higher than the first. The greatest increase in prevalence of obesity occurred among young adults aged 19-24. Obese children were more likely to be obese adults. Obese children with one obese parent had a 79% chance of being obese adults.