Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 1
Immigration DA
***Paperless Macros Enabled ***For Index, use document Map
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 2
Immigration DA .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Plan Encourages Illegal Immigration 1NC (1/2) ................................................................................................. 3 1NC (2/2) ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Uniqueness Extensions.......................................................................................................................................... 5 Link Extensions ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Internal Link ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Internal Link Extensions-Economy ..................................................................................................................... 8 Internal Link Extensions-Economy ..................................................................................................................... 9 Internal Link Extensions-Overpopulation ......................................................................................................... 10 Impacts ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Terrorism – Extensions 1/2................................................................................................................................ 12 Terrorism – Extensions 2/2................................................................................................................................ 13 Terrorism – Lashout .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Overpopulation .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Economy 1/2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 16 Economy 2/2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 Coercion 1/3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Coercion 2/3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Coercion 3/3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 Blocks ................................................................................................................................................................... 21 A2 Racism ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 A2 No Link ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS ............................................................................................................................ 23 A2 Increases Immigration ................................................................................................................................. 24 A2 Increases Immigration ................................................................................................................................. 25 AFF A2 Immigration Bad.................................................................................................................................. 26 AFF A2 Illegal Immigrants Hurt The Economy ............................................................................................... 27 AFF A2 Overpopulation .................................................................................................................................... 28 A2 California ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 A2 Spending ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 AFF A2 Utilitarianism Overview ...................................................................................................................... 31
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Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 3
Plan Encourages Illegal Immigration 1NC (1/2)
A. Uniqueness- Illegal Immigrants are leaving the country now due to lack of jobs Drash 09 (Thelma Gutierrez and Wayne Drash. ―Bad economy forcing immigrants to reconsider U.S.‖ CNN. 6/10/09. http://www.unc.edu/world/2009Seminars/Article_1_ Economic_impact_Latino_immigration.pdf. America's economic boom during the 1990s and 2000s created a high demand of day workers needed for anything from building homes to picking fruit and from working at slaughterhouses to working as nannies. Many of those jobs have since evaporated, resulting in more and more people -immigrants and native-born Americans -- flooding day labor job sites and standing on street corners in search of any type of work they can get. "All of them are competing for the few jobs being dispatched," Valenzuela said. Immigration experts say it's not yet clear how large an immigration exodus of Latin Americans is under way. But they say anecdotal evidence suggests day laborers, like Pablo, have begun packing -- a result of the economy and tougher immigration enforcement. For some immigrants, the experts say, the reasons for toughing out the U.S.
economic depression outweigh the reasons for leaving, including: • One or two days of work per month at $8 an hour is often better than what they can make back home; • Tougher border enforcement along the U.S.-Mexico border has made it harder for them to return once they leave; • Smuggling
costs to get into the United States from Mexico have skyrocketed from about $1,500 three years ago to about $6,000 today. B. Link-Free Healthcare Systems Attract illegal Immigrants – Illinois “All Kids Plan” Proves Melchior 07 (Jillian Melchior. The Heartland Insititute. Health Care News. 08/01/2007: http://www.heartland.org/publications/health%20care/article/21745/Illinois_All_Kids_Plan_Attr acts_Immigrants.html) The program consumes too much tax money and encourages illegal immigrants to settle in Illinois. "Illegal immigration is not a victimless crime," Pulido said, "and it's turning out that the American taxpayer is footing the bill for the benefits package for illegal aliens. We are now a magnet for all these immigrants in all other states to come to Illinois to get free health care for their children. Illinois is broke. We are broke. It's not like we have this endless pot of money." All Kids statistics offer no insight into how many children of illegal immigrants are enrolled. Kurtenbach
said her office does not keep immigration data. Though 22.12 percent of the children enrolled are Hispanic, administrators don't know whether
applications, available online in both Spanish and English, ask applicants to submit proof of lawful immigration status, but the application notes "receiving most public health benefits should not affect a person's immigration status."
the majority speak Spanish. All Kids
C. Illegal aliens distract resources providing cover for terrorism Kane and Johnson, 06 (Tim and Kirk, Phd is Bradley Fellow in Labor Policy and Phd is a Senior Policy Analyst in the Center for Data Analysis at The Heritage Foundation, The Real Problem with Immigration... and the Real Solution, March 1, 2006, http://www.heritage.org/research/immigration/bg1913.cfm) Typical illegal aliens come to America primarily for better jobs and in the process add value to the U.S. economy. However, they also take away value by weakening the legal and national security environment. When three
out of every 100 people in America are undocumented (or, rather, documented with forged and faked papers), there is a profound security problem. Even
though they pose no direct security threat, the presence of millions of undocumented migrants distorts the law, distracts resources, and effectively creates a cover for terrorists and criminals.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 4
1NC (2/2)
D. Terrorism causes a nuclear attack and extinction Los Angeles Times, June 18, 2002
Even the experts among us, Foggy Bottom wonks and think-tank philosophers, had dared to dream of a world free of the damoclean sword of mutual assured destruction. "The simple truth is that people simply forgot about nuclear danger for about a decade, and there were some pretty good reasons for doing so. I had a feeling like that myself," says Jonathan Schell, whose hair-raising tome, "The Fate of the Earth" (Knopf, 1982 ), helped fuel the nuclear freeze movement of the early 1980s. But in the bleak months since Sept. 11, the phantom menace of
back with a vengeance--stalking our imaginations, confounding our leaders, confronting
nuclear catastrophe has come us with a host of atomic
terrors hitherto barely imagined: hijacked airliners rammed down the throats of nuclear power plants; "dirty bombs" spraying lethal radiation and rendering huge swaths of cities uninhabitable for years to come. Looming over these lesser catastrophes is the threat of an actual nuclear weapons attack. After the lull of the '90s, we're learning to start worrying and fear The Bomb all over again. Only now America
must face the possibility of dealing with more than just one or two mega-adversaries capable of sending our entire country up in a mushroom cloud. Now
we're conjuring up visions of a suitcase bomb detonated at Times Square, a 10-kiloton dose
of megadeath delivered in a truck to downtown Los Angeles or Chicago. Or a regional conflict, like the present one pitting India against nuclear rival Pakistan over the disputed Kashmir territory, escalating into global Armageddon. On the one hand ,
we're being confronted anew with the sublime terror of extinction; on the other, with the banality and ridiculousness of a
threat to our lives and our civilization from something that may be lurking in a briefcase, a pair of Hush Puppies or, as in the new Hollywood blockbuster "The Sum of All Fears," a cigarette-vending machine.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 5
Uniqueness Extensions
Immigrants are leaving-due to stricter enforcement and Bad economy Drash 09 (Thelma Gutierrez and Wayne Drash. ―Bad economy forcing immigrants to reconsider U.S.‖ CNN. 6/10/09. http://www.unc.edu/world/2009Seminars/Article_1_Economic_impact_Latino_immigration.pdf. Steven Camarota with the Center for Immigration Studies, a Washington-based think tank that seeks a "pro-immigrant, low-immigration vision," said Census data indicate that more than 1 million illegal immigrants left last year, a departure that began even before the nation's economy took a turn for the worse toward the end of the year. He said better border enforcement and workplace raids on illegal immigrants "let people know that the immigration law was back in business." With illegal immigrants returning home, he said, "It's certainly good for two groups: taxpayers and less educated natives." The lack of work in the United States has had a trickle down effect in the immigrants' countries of origin. The money sent back home by Mexican immigrants in 2008 fell for the first time since record-keeping began 13 years ago. The remittances dipped 3.6 percent, from $26 billion in 2007 to $25 billion, according to Mexico's central bank. Remittances are Mexico's second-largest source of foreign income, behind only oil. Other Latin American countries also have seen money sent from immigrants in the United States slow.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 6
Link Extensions
Free Healthcare Systems Attract illegal Immigrants – Illinois Proves Melchior 07 (Jillian Melchior. The Heartland Insititute. Health Care News. 08/01/2007: http://www.heartland.org/publications/health%20care/article/21745/Illinois_All_Kids_Plan_Attr acts_Immigrants.html)
Nobody knows exactly how much health care for the children of illegal immigrants costs Illinois taxpayers, but some say it's too much. The Illinois All Kids health care program provides uninsured children health care ranging from doctor's visits to hospital stays. Proponents say the program helps children who would not otherwise receive care. "Governor [Rod] Blagojevich realized that
there are thousands of parents in Illinois who worked hard--sometimes two to three jobs--to make ends meet and put food on the table, and yet access to affordable health care for their children was still out of reach," said Teresa Kurtenbach, spokesperson for Illinois Healthcare and Family Services. But the program complain it swallows taxpayer money, hurts
American citizens, and encourages illegal immigration.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 7
Internal Link
Illegal Immigrants Increase Taxes to pay for Medicaid Melchior 07 (Jillian Melchior. The Heartland Insititute. Health Care News. 08/01/2007: http://www.heartland.org/publications/health%20care/article/21745/Illinois_All_Kids_Plan_Attr acts_Immigrants.html) Unlimited access to All Kids also hurts veterans and senior citizens, Pulido said, because rising property taxes--directly related to the expense of education and health care for illegal immigrants--forces them to sell homes they've owned for years but can no longer afford. Likewise, wounded Illinois veterans are the lowest paid nationwide, she said. "I believe if we just take it into a smaller context, I used to feed my own kids before I feed the kids down the street," Pulido said. Ng'andu said Americans need to look at the broader picture.
"This isn't about investing in the health of our children or the health of our senior citizens," Pulido said. "We need to invest in the health of our country as a whole."
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 8
Internal Link Extensions-Economy
Illigeal Immigration Hurts the US economy because it attracts unskilled workers. Malanga 09 (Steven Malanga. ―The Manhattan Institute ― ―How Unskilled Immigrants Hurt Our Economy.‖ 2009. http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_3_immigrants_economy.html) As the floodgates of legal immigration opened, the widening economic gap between the United States and many of its neighbors also pushed illegal immigration to levels that America had never seen. In particular, when Mexico‘s move to a more centralized, state-run economy in the 1970s
produced hyperinflation, the disparity between its stagnant economy and U.S. prosperity yawned wide. Mexico‘s per-capita gross domestic product, 37 percent of the United States‘ in the early 1980s, was only 27 percent of it by the end of the decade—and is now just 25 percent of it. With Mexican farmworkers able to earn seven to ten times as much in the United States as at home, by the 1980s
an unusual coalition of business groups, unions, civil rights activists, and church leaders thwarted the call for restrictions with passage of the inaptly named 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, which legalized some 2.7 million unauthorized aliens already here, supposedly in exchange for tougher penalties and controls against employers who hired illegals. The law proved no deterrent, however, because supporters, in subsequent legislation and court cases argued on civil rights grounds, weakened the employer sanctions. Meanwhile, more illegals flooded here in the hope of future amnesties from
Congress, while the newly legalized sneaked their wives and children into the country rather than have them wait for family-preference visas. The flow of illegals into the country rose to between 300,000 and 500,000 per year in the 1990s, so that a decade after the legislation that had supposedly solved the undocumented alien problem by reclassifying them as legal, the number of illegals living in the United States was back up to about 5 million, while today it‘s estimated at between 9 million and 13 million. The
illegals were pouring across our border at the rate of about 225,000 a year, and U.S. sentiment rose for slowing the flow. But
flood of immigrants, both legal and illegal, from countries with poor, ill-educated populations, has yielded a mismatch between today’s immigrants and the American economy and has left many workers poorly positioned to succeed for the long term. Unlike the immigrants of 100 years ago, whose skills reflected or surpassed those of the native workforce at the time, many of today’s arrivals, particularly the more than half who now come from Central and South America, are farmworkers in their home countries who come here with little education or even basic training in blue-collar occupations like carpentry or machinery. (A century ago, farmworkers made up 35 percent of the U.S. labor force, compared with the under 2 percent who produce a surplus of food today.) Nearly two-thirds of Mexican immigrants, for instance, are high school dropouts, and most wind up doing either unskilled factory work or small-scale construction projects, or they work in service industries, where they compete for entry-level jobs against one another, against the adult children of other immigrants, and against native-born high school dropouts. Of the 15 industries employing the greatest percentage of foreign-born workers, half are low-wage service industries, including gardening, domestic household work, car washes, shoe repair, and janitorial work. To take one stark example: whereas 100 years ago, immigrants were half as likely as native-born workers to be employed in household service, today immigrants account for 27 percent of all domestic workers in the United States.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 9
Internal Link Extensions-Economy
Illegal Immigrants Hold Back our Economy-By hampering farmers Malanga 09 (Steven Malanga. ―The Manhattan Institute ― ―How Unskilled Immigrants Hurt Our Economy.‖ 2009. http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_3_immigrants_economy.html) In many American industries, waves of low-wage workers have also retarded investments that might lead to modernization and efficiency. Farming, which employs a million immigrant laborers in California alone, is the prime case in point. Faced with a labor shortage in the early 1960s, when President Kennedy ended a 22-year-old guest-worker program that allowed 45,000 Mexican farmhands to cross over the border and harvest 2.2 million tons of California tomatoes for processed foods, farmers complained but swiftly automated, adopting a mechanical tomato-picking technology created more than a decade earlier.
Today, just 5,000 better-paid workers—one-ninth the original workforce—harvest 12 million tons of tomatoes using the machines.
The savings prompted by low-wage migrants may even be minimal in crops not easily mechanized. Agricultural economists Wallace Huffman and Alan McCunn of Iowa State University have estimated that without illegal workers, the retail cost of fresh produce would increase only about 3 percent in the summer-fall season and less than 2 percent in the winter-spring season, because labor represents only a tiny percent of the retail price of produce and because without migrant workers, America would probably import more foreign fruits and vegetables. ―The question is whether we want to import more produce from abroad, or more workers from abroad to pick our produce,‖ Huffman remarks. For American farmers, the answer has been to keep importing workers—which has now made the farmers more vulnerable to foreign competition, since even minimum-wage immigrant workers can’t compete with produce picked on farms in China, Chile, or Turkey and shipped here cheaply. A flood of low-priced Turkish raisins several years ago produced a glut in the United States that sharply drove
down prices and knocked some farms out of business, shrinking total acreage in California devoted to the crop by one-fifth, or some 50,000 acres. The farms that survived are now moving to mechanize swiftly, realizing that no amount of cheap immigrant labor will make them competitive.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 10
Internal Link Extensions-Overpopulation
Illegal immigration causes overpopulation in the US LCT.org 07 (Legal cyber tips.org . ―What Kinds Of Problems Do Illegal Immigrants Cause.‖ 2008. http://www.legalcybertips.com/immigration/What-Kinds-of-Problems-Do-IllegalImmigrants-Cause.html) Illegal immigration causes over population and as a result there is shortage of basic amenities like potable drinking water, food, energy resources and residential land. Other
problems caused by illegal immigration include racial violence, increased crime rate, corruption and promotion of terrorism. Many times it has been seen that security officials exchange sensitive and confidential information in exchange for sex, money or expensive gifts. Many illegal immigrants indulging in securing this type of confidential information are employed by foreign governments. So, illegal immigrants can also pose a risk for national security. Healthcare is also affected by illegal immigration. Diseases like SARS, AIDS, Tuberculosis, Ebola are wide spread across the world because of illegal immigration.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 11
Impacts
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 12
Terrorism – Extensions 1/2
Nuclear terrorism means nuclear omnicide Louis Rene Beres, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, TERRORISM AND GLOBAL SECURITY, 1987, p. 42-3 Nuclear terrorism could even spark a full scale war between states. Such a war could involve the entire spectrum of nuclear conflict possibilities, ranging from a nuclear attack upon a non-nuclear state to systemwide nuclear war. How might such far reaching consequences of nuclear terrorism come about? Perhaps the most likely way would involve a terrorist nuclear assault against a state by terrorists hosted in another state. For example, consider the following scenario: Early in the 1990s, Israel and its Arab state neighbors finally stand ready to conclude a comprehensive, multilateral peace settlement. With a bilateral treaty between Israel and Egypt already many years old, only the interests of the Palestinians, as defined by the PLO, seem to have been left out. On the eve of the proposed signing of the peace agreement, half a dozen crude nuclear explosives in the one kiloton range detonate in as many Israeli cities. Public grief in Israel over the many thousand dead and maimed is matched only by the outcry for revenge. In response to the public mood, the government of Israel initiates selected strikes against terrorist strongholds in Lebanon, whereupon Lebanese Shiite forces and Syria retaliate against Israel. Before long, the entire region is ablaze, conflict has escalated to nuclear forms, and all countries of the area have suffered unprecedented destruction. Of course, such a scenario is fraught with the makings of even wider destruction. How would the United States react to the situation in the Middle East? What would be the soviet response? It is certainly conceivable that a chain reaction of interstate nuclear conflict could ensue, one that would ultimately involve the superpowers or even every nuclear weapon state on the planet. Terrorism causes global war and the destruction of civilization Walter Laqueur, Historian, Kirkus Reviews, 6-1-1999, ln
Terrorism is nothing new. Fanatical groups have been wreaking havoc from time immemorial. Today two things have changed that together transform terrorism from a ''nuisance'' to ''one
facing mankind.'' First terrorists be they Islamic extremists in the Middle East, ultranationalists in the US, or any number of other possible permutations seem to have changed from organized groups with clear ideological motives to
of the gravest dangers
There are no longer any moral limitations on what terrorists are willing to do, who and how many they are willing to kill. Second, these unhinged collectivities now have ready access to weapons of mass destruction. The technological skills are not that complex and the resources needed not too rare for terrorists to employ nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons where and when they wish. The consequences of such weapons in the hands of ruthless, rootless fanatics are not difficult to imagine. In addition to the destruction of countless lives, panic can grip any targeted society, unleashing retaliatory action which in turn can lead to conflagrations perhaps on a world scale. To combat such terrorist activities, states may come to rely more and more on dictatorial and authoritarian measures. In short, terrorism in the future may threaten the very foundations of modern civilizations. On all of this,
small clusters of the paranoid and hateful bent on vengeance and destruction for their own sake.
Laqueur is quite convincing. Useful, too, is his elaboration on the nature of the various terrorist threats we face. Yet he too often falls back on questionable, if not offensive, opinion. He asserts, for instance, that in non-Western countries ''human lives count for less,'' and so the danger of terrorism in these countries is greater. This is simply unacceptable doggerel.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 13
Terrorism – Extensions 2/2
Unchecked terrorism will result in extinction Yonah Alexander, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the United States. ―Terrorism myths and realities,‖ The Washington Times, August 28, 2003 Unlike their historical counterparts, contemporary terrorists have introduced a new scale of violence in terms of conventional and unconventional threats and impact. The internationalization and brutalization of current and future terrorism make it clear we have entered an Age of Super Terrorism [e.g. biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear and cyber] with its serious implications concerning national, regional and global
security concerns. Two myths in particular must be debunked immediately if an effective counterterrorism "best practices" strategy can be developed [e.g., strengthening international cooperation]. The first illusion is that terrorism can be greatly reduced, if not eliminated completely, provided the root causes of conflicts - political, social and economic - are addressed. The conventional illusion is that terrorism must be justified by oppressed people seeking to achieve their goals and consequently the argument advanced by "freedom fighters" anywhere, "give me liberty and I will give you death," should be tolerated if not glorified. This traditional rationalization of "sacred" violence often conceals that the real purpose of terrorist groups is to gain political power through the barrel of the gun, in violation of fundamental human rights of the noncombatant segment of societies. For instance, Palestinians religious movements [e.g., Hamas, Islamic Jihad] and secular entities [such as Fatah's Tanzim and Aqsa Martyr Brigades]] wish not only to resolve national grievances [such as Jewish settlements, right of return, Jerusalem] but primarily to destroy the Jewish state. Similarly, Osama bin Laden's international network not only opposes the presence of American military in the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq, but its stated objective is to "unite all Muslims and establish a government that follows the rule of the Caliphs." The second myth is that strong action against terrorist infrastructure [leaders, recruitment, funding, propaganda, training, weapons, operational command and control] will only increase terrorism. The argument here is that law-enforcement efforts and military retaliation inevitably will fuel more brutal acts of violent revenge. Clearly, if this perception continues to prevail, particularly in democratic societies, there is the danger it will paralyze governments and thereby encourage further terrorist attacks. In sum, past experience provides useful lessons for a realistic future strategy. The prudent application of force has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for short- and long-term deterrence of terrorism. For example, Israel's targeted killing of Mohammed Sider, the Hebron commander of the Islamic Jihad, defused a "ticking bomb." The assassination of Ismail Abu Shanab - a top Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip who was directly responsible for several suicide bombings including the latest bus attack in Jerusalem - disrupted potential terrorist operations. Similarly, the U.S. military operation in Iraq eliminated Saddam Hussein's regime as a state sponsor of terror. Thus, it behooves those countries victimized by terrorism to understand a cardinal message communicated by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on May 13, 1940: "
A terrorist attack escalates to a global nuclear exchange Patrick Speice, JD, 2006, William & Mary Law Review, February, p. 1437-8 Accordingly, there is a significant and ever-present risk that terrorists could acquire a nuclear device or fissile material from Russia as a result of the confluence of Russian economic decline and the end of
stringent Soviet-era nuclear security measures. Terrorist groups could acquire a nuclear weapon by a number of methods, including "steal[ing] one intact from the stockpile of a country possessing such weapons, or ... [being] sold or given one by such a country, or [buying or stealing] one from another subnational group that had obtained it in one of these ways." Equally threatening, however, is
Very little material is necessary to construct a highly destructive nuclear weapon. Although nuclear devices are extraordinarily complex, the technical barriers to constructing a workable weapon are not significant. Moreover, the sheer number of methods that could be used to deliver a nuclear device into the United States makes it incredibly likely that terrorists could successfully employ a nuclear weapon once it was built. Accordingly, supply-side controls that are aimed at preventing terrorists from acquiring nuclear material
the risk that terrorists will steal or purchase fissile material and construct a nuclear device on their own. in the first place are the most effective means of countering the risk of nuclear terrorism. Moreover, the end of the Cold War eliminated the rationale for maintaining a large military-industrial complex in Russia, and the nuclear cities were closed. This resulted in at least 35,000 nuclear scientists becoming unemployed in an economy that was collapsing. Although the economy has stabilized somewhat, there are still at least 20,000 former scientists who are unemployed or underpaid and who are too young to retire, raising the chilling prospect that these scientists will be tempted to sell their nuclear knowledge, or steal nuclear material to sell, to states or terrorist organizations with nuclear ambitions. The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and
terrorist attack with a nuclear weapon would be devastating in terms of immediate human and economic losses. Moreover, there would be immense political pressure in the United States to discover the perpetrators and retaliate with nuclear weapons, massively increasing the number of casualties and potentially triggering a full-scale nuclear conflict. In addition to the threat
posed by terrorists, leakage of nuclear knowledge and material from Russia will reduce the barriers that states with nuclear ambitions face and may trigger widespread proliferation of nuclear weapons. This proliferation will increase the risk of nuclear attacks
material to terrorist groups that seek to cause mass destruction in the United States are truly horrifying. A
the likelihood that regional conflicts will draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.
against the United States or its allies by hostile states, as well as increase
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 14
Terrorism – Lashout
Terrorism causes the U.S. to lash out, precipitating global war Nicole Schwartz-Morgan, Assistant Professor of Politics and Economics at Royal Military College of Canada, 10/10/2001, ―Wild Globalization and Terrorism,‖ http://www.wfs.org/mmmorgan.htm The terrorist act can reactivate atavistic defense mechanisms which drive us to gather around clan chieftans. Nationalistic sentiment re-awakens, setting up an implacable frontier which divides "us" from "them," each group solidifying its cohesion in a rising hate/fear of the other group. (Remember Yugoslavia?) To be sure, the allies are trying for the moment to avoid the language of polarization, insisting that "this is not a war," that it is "not against Islam," "civilians will not be targeted." But the word "war" was pronounced, a word heavy with significance which forces the issue of partisanship. And it must be understood that the sentiment of partisanship, of belonging to the group, is one of the strongest of human emotions. Because the enemy has been named in the media (Islam), the situation has become emotionally volatile. Another spectacular attack, coming on top of an economic recession could easily radicalize the latent attitudes of the United States, and also of Europe, where racial prejudices are especially close to the surface and ask no more than a pretext to burst out. This is the Sarajevo syndrome: an isolated act of madness becomes the pretext for a war that is just as mad, made of ancestral rancor, measureless ambitions, and armies in search of a war. We should not be fooled by our expressions of good will and charity toward the innocent victims of this or other distant wars. It is our own comfortable circumstances which permit us these benevolent sentiments. If conditions change so that poverty and famine put the fear of starvation in our guts, the human beast will reappear. And if epidemic becomes a clear and present danger, fear will unleash hatred in the land of the free, flinging missiles indiscriminately toward any supposed havens of the unseen enemy. And on the other side, no matter how profoundly complex and differentiated Islamic nations and tribes may be, they will be forced to behave as one clan by those who see advantage in radicalizing the conflict, whether they be themselves merchants or terrorists. Terrorism leads to nuclear war Gregg Easterbrook, visiting fellow @ Brookings, 11-2-2001, CNN, p ln Terrorists may not be held by this, especially suicidal terrorists, of the kind that al Qaeda is attempting to cultivate. But I think, if I could leave you with one message, it would be this: that the search for terrorist atomic weapons would be of great benefit to the Muslim peoples of the world in addition to members, to people of the United States and Western Europe, because if an atomic warhead goes off in Washington, say, in the current environment or anything like it, in the 24 hours that followed, a hundred million Muslims would die as U.S. nuclear bombs rained down on every conceivable military target in a dozen Muslim countries.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 15
Overpopulation
Overpopulation causes nuclear war – text modified Paul Ehrlich & Anne Ehrlich, Stanford Biologists, The Population Explosion, 1990 p 174-5 The population explosion contributes to international tensions and therefore makes a nuclear [war] holocaust more likely. Most people in our society can visualize the horrors of a large-scale nuclear war followed
by a nuclear winter.' We call that possible end to our civilization "the Bang." Hundreds of millions of people would be killed outright, and billions more would follow from the disruption of agricultural systems and other indirect effects largely caused by the disruption of ecosystem services. it would be the ultimate "death-rate solution" to the population problem-a stunning contrast to the humane solution of lowering the global birthrate to slightly below the death rate for a few centuries. As this is written (mid-1989), it fortunately seems that the chances of the Bang have lessened. New-minded leadership in the Soviet Union is for the moment in the ascendancy. President Mikhail Gorbachev, along with a few other world leaders, seems to be aware that environmental security is at least as important as military strength in providing security to nations, and appears to be doing everything possible to damp down the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. An apparently more pragmatic government also is in place in the United States, although it is still too soon to tell whether the superpowers are on the road toward massive nuclear-arms reduction and true reconciliation. What is certain is that the structure of military forces around the world still provides plenty of chances for local conflicts to escalate into Armageddon even in the face of growing East-West rapprochement. There remains the problem that, as the world gets further and further out of control, crazies on both the left and the right may exert increasingly xenophobic pressures on national governments. The rise of fundamentalism in both East and West is a completely understandable
Those struggling to achieve a permanently peaceful world still have much work to do, especially as growing and already overpopulated nations struggle to divide up dwindling resources in a deteriorating global environment.
but not at all encouraging sample of what the future may hold in terms of conflict.
Overpopulation causes biodiversity loss and human extinction Edward Otten, Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati, 2000-2001, http://www.ecology.org/biod/population/human_pop1.html The exponential growth of the human population, making humans the dominant species on the planet, is having a grave impact on biodiversity. This destruction of species by humans will eventually lead to a destruction of the human species through natural selection. While human beings have had an effect for the last 50,000 years, it has only been since the industrial revolution that the impact has been global rather than regional. This global impact is taking place through five primary processes: over harvesting, alien species introduction, pollution, habitat fragmentation, and outright habit destruction.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 16
Economy 1/2
Economic decline causes extinction Lt. Col, Tom Bearden, PhD Nuclear Engineering, April 25, 2000, http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/042500%20-%20modified.htm
Just prior to the terrible collapse of the World economy, with the crumbling well underway and rising, it is inevitable that some of the [wmd] weapons of mass destruction will be used by one or more nations on others. An interesting result then---as all the old strategic studies used to show---is that everyone will fire everything as fast as possible against their perceived enemies. The reason is simple: When the mass destruction weapons are unleashed at all, the only chance a nation has to survive is to desperately try to destroy its perceived enemies before they destroy it. So there
will erupt a spasmodic unleashing of the long range missiles, nuclear arsenals, and biological warfare arsenals of the nations as they feel the economic collapse, poverty, death, misery, etc. a bit earlier. The ensuing holocaust is certain to immediately draw in the major nations also, and literally a hell on earth will result. In short, we will get the great Armageddon we have been fearing since the advent of the
nuclear genie. Right now, my personal estimate is that we have about a 99% chance of that scenario or some modified version of it, resulting.
Decline in the economy causes war Walter Russell Mead, contributing editor to Opinion and a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Los Angeles Times, August 23, 1998, p. M1
Even with stock markets tottering around the world, the president and the Congress seem determined to spend the next six months arguing about dress stains. Too bad. The United States and the world are facing what could grow into the greatest threat to world peace in 60 years. Forget suicide car bombers and Afghan fanatics. It's the financial markets, not the
Think about the mother of all global meltdowns: the Great Depression that started in 1929. U.S. stocks began to collapse in October, staged a rally, then the market headed south big
terrorist training camps that pose the biggest immediate threat to world peace. How can this be? time. At the bottom, the Dow Jones industrial average had lost 90% of its value. Wages plummeted, thousands of banks and brokerages went bankrupt, millions of people lost their
the biggest impact of the Depression on the United States--and on world history--wasn't money. It was blood: World War II, to be exact. The Depression brought Adolf Hitler to
jobs. There were similar horror stories worldwide. But power in Germany, undermined the ability of moderates to oppose Joseph Stalin's power in Russia, and convinced the Japanese military that the country had no choice but to build an
Let the world economy crash far enough, and the rules change. We stop playing "The Price is Right" and start up a new round of "Saving Private Ryan."
Asian empire, even if that meant war with the United States and Britain. That's the thing about depressions. They aren't just bad for your 401(k).
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 17
Economy 2/2
Recession would cause wars worldwide Bernardo V. Lopez, BusinessWorld, September 10, 1998 What would it be like if global recession becomes full bloom? The results will be catastrophic. Certainly, global recession will spawn wars of all kinds. Ethnic wars can easily escalate in the grapple for dwindling food stocks as in India-PakistanAfghanistan, Yugoslavia, Ethiopia-Eritrea, Indonesia. Regional conflicts in key flashpoints can easily erupt such as in the Middle East, Korea, and Taiwan. In the Philippines,
as in some Latin American countries, splintered insurgency forces may take advantage of the economic drought to regroup and reemerge in the countryside. Unemployment
. Famine can be triggered in key Third World nations with India, North Korea, Ethiopia and other African countries as first candidates. Food riots and the breakdown of law and order are possibilities. Lopez continues
worldwide will be in the billions Unemployment in the US will be the hardest to cope with since it may have very little capability for subsistence economy and its agrarian base is automated and controlled by a few. The riots and looting of stores in New York City in the late '70s because of a state-wide brownout hint of the type of anarchy in the cities. Such looting in this most affluent nation is not impossible. The weapons industry may also grow rapidly because of the ensuing wars. Arms escalation will have primacy over food production if wars escalate. The US will depend increasingly on weapons exports to nurse its economy back to health. This will further induce wars and conflicts which will aggravate US recession rather than solve it. The
US may depend more and more on the use of force and its superiority to get its ways internationally. The public will rebel against local monopolies. Anarchy and boycotts will be their primary weapons against cartels especially on agricultural products such as rice and vegetables, which are presently in the hands of a few in most Third World nations . Global recession will test the limits of human cooperation and sharing in the name of survival. Grants and aids will decrease. Rescues and international funding for advocacy NGOs will disappear rapidly. Coupled with disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, climatic aberrations like the El Nino, global recession will
degrade a step further.
Economic collapse leads to war (this evidence is gender paraphrased) Norman Bailey, Senior director of International Economic Affairs, The World and I, 1990, p. 3334
The thirties, after all, began three months after the inception of the Great Depression arid ended four months after the start of World War II. This was not a
. Tens of millions were killed and maimed in the Second World War. If another historical credit liquidation cycle is allowed to take place in the usual chaotic fashion the chances of another global armed conflict will be greatly increased—this time not only would hundreds of millions (rather than tens of millions) be killed or wounded, but the very hopes and the future of [hu]mankind.
coincidence
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 18
Coercion 1/3
COLLECTING AND USING TAX MONEY IS COERCIVE Frederick Mann, Misses, WHY YOU MUST RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND COERCION, 2003, p. http://www.buildfreedom.com/power/powerx/1.html We also need to examine indirect coercion. When I buy gas for my car, part of my money goes to "government" bureaucrats in the form of "taxes." Whenever I pay "taxes," I'm being coerced indirectly, and I'm also indirectly supporting the coercion perpetrated by terrocrats (terrorist bureaucrats or coercive political agents) -- by paying their wages to practice more coercion. Terrocrats use this "tax"-money to pay more terrocrats to further coerce others through their "tax" and other "systems," and to murder people during their "wars," amongst countless other atrocities (like the massacre at Waco). B. EVERY INVASION OF FREEDOM MUST BE REJECTED Sylvester Petro, professor of law, Wake Forest University, Spring 1974, TOLEDO LAW REVIEW, p. 480. However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway – ―I believe in only one thing: liberty.‖ And it is always well to bear in mind David Hume‘s observation: ―It is seldom that liberty of any kind is lost all at once.‖ Thus, it is unacceptable to say that the invasion of one aspect of freedom is of no import because there have been invasions of so many other aspects. That road leads to chaos, tyranny, despotism, and the end of all human aspiration. Ask Solzhenitsyn. Ask Milovan Djilas. In sum, if one believes in freedom as a supreme value, and the proper ordering principle for any society aiming to maximize spiritual and material welfare, then every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 19
Coercion 2/3
C. A RADICAL FRAMING OF LIBERTARIAN POLITICS IS CRITICAL BY RELENTLESSLY ATTACKING STATIST POLICIES WE CAN USHER IN A CAPITALIST UTOPIA GENDER PARAPHRASED Murray Rothbard, Dean of Austrian School, Head of Mises Institute, FOR A NEW LIBERTY, 1973, p. http://www.mises.org/rothbard/newlibertywhole.asp#p263.
There is another vital tactical reason for cleaving to pure principle. It is true that day-to-day social and political events are the resultants of many pressures, the often unsatisfactory outcome of the push-and-pull of conflicting ideologies and interests. But if only for that
it is all the more important for the libertarian to keep upping the ante. The call for a two percent tax reduction may achieve only the slight moderation of a projected tax increase; a call for a drastic tax cut may indeed achieve a substantial reduction. And, over the years, it is precisely the strategic role of the "extremist" to keep pushing the matrix of day-to-day action further and further in his direction. The socialists have been particularly adept at this strategy. If we look at the socialist program advanced sixty, or even thirty years ago, it will be evident that measures considered dangerously socialistic a generation or two ago are now considered an indispensable part of the "mainstream" of the American heritage. In this way, the day-today compromises of supposedly "practical" politics get pulled inexorably in the collectivist direction. There is no reason why the libertarian cannot accomplish the same result. In fact, one of the reasons that the conservative opposition to collectivism has been so weak is that conservatism, by its very nature, offers not a consistent political philosophy but only a "practical" defense of the existing status quo, enshrined as embodiments of the American "tradition." Yet, as statism grows and accretes, it becomes,
by definition, increasingly entrenched and therefore "traditional"; conservatism can then find no intellectual weapons to accomplish its
reason,
Cleaving to principle means something more than holding high and not contradicting the ultimate libertarian ideal. It also means striving to achieve that ultimate goal as rapidly as is physically possible. In short, the libertarian must never advocate or prefer a gradual, as opposed to an immediate and rapid, approach to his goal. For by doing so, he undercuts the overriding importance of his own goals and principles. And if (the libertarian) he himself values his own goals so lightly, how highly will others value them? In short, to really pursue the goal of liberty, the libertarian must desire it attained by the most effective
and speediest means available. It was in this spirit that the classical liberal Leonard E. Read, advocating immediate and total abolition of price and wage controls after World War II, declared in a speech, "If there were a button on this rostrum, the pressing of which would
overthrow.
The libertarian, then, should be a person who would push the button, if it existed, for the instantaneous abolition of all invasions of liberty. Of course, he knows, too, that such a magic button does not exist, but his fundamental preference colors and shapes his entire strategic perspective. Such an "abolitionist" perspective does not mean, again, that the libertarian has an unrealistic assessment of how rapidly his goal will, in fact, be achieved. Thus, the libertarian abolitionist of slavery, William Lloyd Garrison, was not being "unrealistic" when in the 1830s he first raised the glorious standard of immediate emancipation of the slaves. His goal was the morally proper one, and his strategic realism came in
release all wage and price controls instantaneously, I would put my finger on it and push!" the fact that he did not expect his goal to be quickly reached. We have seen in chapter 1 that Garrison himself distinguished: "Urge immediate abolition as earnestly as we may, it will, alas! be gradual abolition in the end. We have never said that slavery would be overthrown by a single blow; that it ought to be, we shall always contend." Otherwise, as Garrison trenchantly warned,
"Gradualism in theory is perpetuity in practice."
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 20
Coercion 3/3
GOVERNMENT COERCION DESTROYS THE VALUE TO LIFE AND CANNOT BE MORALLY JUSTIFIED Tibor Machan, PRIVATE RIGHTS & PUBLIC ILLUSIONS, 1995, p. 68-9. All governmental action that does not serve to repel or retaliate against coercion is antithetical to any respect for human dignity. While it is true that some people should give to others to assist them in reaching their goals, forcing individuals to do so plainly robs them of their dignity. There is nothing morally worthwhile in forced giving. Generally, for a society to respect human dignity, the special moral relations between people should be left undisturbed. Government should confine itself to making sure that this voluntarism is not abridged, no matter how tempting it might be to use its coercive powers to attain some worthy goal. A LIFE OF GOVERNMENT COERCION IS NOT WORTH LIVING BECAUSE IT IS NOT CONTROLLED BY THE PERSON WHO IS LIVING IT, DEATH IS PREFERABLE. Joseph Raz, philosopher, THE MORALITY OF FREEDOM, 1986, p. 307 One way to test the thesis of the primacy of action reasons is to think of a person who is entirely passive and is continuously led, cleaned, and pumped full with hash, so that he is perpetually
content, and wants nothing but to stay in the same condition. It‘s a familiar imaginary horror. How do we rank the success of such a life? It is not the worst life one can have. It is simply not a life at all. It lacks
activity, it lacks goals. To the extent that one is tempted to judge it more harshly than that and to regard it as a ‗negative life‘ this is because of the wasted potentiality. It is a life which could have been and was not. We can isolate this feature by imagining that the human being concerned is mentally and physically effected in a way which rules out the possibility of a life with any kind of meaningful pursuit in it. Now it is just not really a life at all. This does not preclude one from saying that it is better than human life. It is simply sufficiently unlike human life in the respects that matter that we regard it as only a degenerate case of human life. But clearly not being alive can be better than that life.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 21
Blocks A2 Racism
See Immigrant Case Negative under Racism
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 22
A2 No Link
1. Prefer our link evidence.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 23
AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 24
A2 Increases Immigration
Health care does not increase immigration. Brietta R. Clark Summer, 2008 Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles; J.D., University of Southern California Law School Beazley Institute for Health Law and Policy Annals of Health Law 17 Ann. Health L. 229 The Immigrant Health Care Narrative and What it Tells Us About the U.S. Health Care System A number of studies, as well as anecdotal evidence, undermine the asserted link between benefits availability and immigration decisions. Pro-access advocates always begin by noting that for years the data has shown that employment, not public benefit, is the primary motivator for illegal immigration or overstays. 140 No correlation has been shown in the rate of immigration and narrowing of benefits eligibility; illegal immigration has continued to grow despite the state and federal trend toward greater restrictions and stepped up enforcement over the last decade. 141 To counter the picture of the immigrant lured here by the prospect of getting
public benefits, critics of health policy exclusions offer a competing narrative of immigrants as self-reliant and less likely than citizens to seek public benefits, even those to which they may be entitled. They criticize statistics about the number of immigrant families on public
a demographer at the University of Southern California who has studied immigrants' use of public services found no evidence of large scale use of public benefits by unauthorized immigrants. 142 In fact, statistics show that immigrants tend to underutilize public benefits and generally have a net positive effect on the economy. 143 Considering the link between immigration and health care specifically reveals
assistance as painting a misleading and very narrow picture of immigrants' use of public resources. For example, an even weaker case for deterrence justifications. A direct connection between health care access and decisions to immigrate usually is not and cannot be made for two reasons. The first is inherent in the healthcare market: health
care tends to be given a much lower priority than [*255] employment, which is necessary for food and shelter, especially by people suffering from severe economic circumstances. 144 The second reason is that the type of health care complained about often is unanticipated emergency health care. 145
Even the "anchor baby" claim used by the Texas legislators to fight healthcare coverage for children of illegal immigrants is undermined by the Texas Hospital Association's own policy director who admits that "most illegal immigrants who go to major hospitals in Texas
Pro-access arguments that public health benefits are not a motivating factor for immigrants are also supported by the data on immigrants' use of health services. Studies show that immigrants, especially unauthorized immigrants, underutilize healthcare benefits. 147 Even legal immigrants and children of immigrants entitled to care tend to underutilize the healthcare system as a result of immigration-related benefit restrictions and enforcement policies. 148 Moreover, some data suggests that immigrants are much more
can show that they have been living here for years." 146 likely to pay for their health care than citizens in many cases, undermining the view of immigrants as welfare abusers. 149 For example, although there are many reasons why immigrants may have trouble getting insurance and may need to rely on public benefits or assistance initially, [*256] data suggests that this reliance tends to be temporary and that "within a decade, new immigrants in
All of this underlying-motivation data is consistent with a trend that many scholars and immigrants' rights groups have found to result from increased restrictions and stepped-up immigration enforcement. Illegal immigration continues and has even grown, despite the recent laws that make it increasingly difficult for unauthorized immigrants to live in the United States. 151 Illegal immigrants are still crossing the border, and they literally live as outlaws in hiding because these restrictionist policies have made life much harder for them. Many flock to urban areas where they can more easily "disappear" or blend in to society, while those in less urban areas try to avoid contact with others as much as possible. 152 These laws may deter immigrants from seeking certain kinds of benefits and keep them segregated in society, but they do not deter immigration decisions and they cannot deter immigrants' need for care for injury or illness that is beyond their control.
California moved up quickly to steadier jobs with more benefits, and the rates of uninsured immigrants dropped sharply." 150
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 25
A2 Increases Immigration
Health care doesn’t lure immigrants into the country. Marguerite Angelari 2008 Goedert Elder Law Professor & Director of the Elder Law Initiative and Elder Law Clinic at Loyola University Chicago. 2008 Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Beazley Institute for Health Law and Policy Annals of Health Law Summer, 2008 17 Ann. Health L. 279
Opponents of immigration hope, of course, that immigrants will leave the United States upon learning that they will no longer be eligible
data shows that immigrants do not come to or remain in the United States because of our healthcare system or other public benefits. 104 In fact, immigration has only continued to increase as benefits have been cut since 1996. 105 Even if opponents of immigration are correct, and cutting access to Medicare will deter immigration or lead immigrants to return home, the Medicare program will lose millions of dollars in payroll taxes from healthy young workers. 106 As the dependency ratio increases to fifty-nine elderly individuals and children for every 100 workers in 2005 to seventy-two elderly and children for [*290] every 100 workers in 2050, the United States needs all the workers it can get. 107
for Medicare, despite how long they work and even after they become documented. However,
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 26
AFF A2 Immigration Bad
Immigration is necessary to maintain Americas Population D'Agostino 06 (Joseph A. D'Agostino, “300 Million and Immigration: Separating the Issues.” 10/17/2006.
http//www.humanevents.com/millionandImmigrationseparatingtheissues)
America‘s population will reach 300 million people today. Those of us who see people as a resource will celebrate, especially since we recognize the need for more workers to support America‘s baby boomers in their impending retirement. Yet even many who have a propeople attitude and recognize our worsening worker-retiree ratio have problems with America‘s current immigration levels. Sometimes, this
be glad our nation is not dying out like those of Europe. The simple point: Population growth for America is good, while large numbers of unassimilated or unproductive immigrants are bad. Yet without some immigration, the United States’ population would continue aging indefinitely because her birthrate is so low. Even when accounting for the higher birthrate of immigrants, Americans‘ Total Fertility Rate is only 2.0 children per woman during her lifetime, on average. That is slightly less than the 2.1 needed for replacement. Remove all the immigrants, and Americans’ birthrate drops to suicidal French levels. It‘s true that the United States has experienced a massive increase in her foreign-born population since 1965, when Congress liberalized immigration laws. Contrary to what you might think, most immigration into the United States is legal, accounting for about one million new residents a year. The Census Bureau estimates that ―only” 500,000 illegal immigrants settle in the United States annually—although this may have gone up in the past few years as illegal immigration
spills over into hostility toward population growth per se. It‘s past time to separate these two issues, and increases. Right now, about 35 million residents of the United States are foreign-born, a high 11.7% of the population.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 27
AFF A2 Illegal Immigrants Hurt The Economy
Illegal Immigrants Perform Important tasks that are key to the US economy Aversa 09 (Jeannine Aversa. AP Economics Writer. ―Experts: Illegal immigrants help economy.‖ April 4, 2009. http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Xo2JtccaHWYJ:www.ggu.edu/about/headlines/attachment/ 04-04-06%2BBusiness%2BWeek%2B%2BConnelly.pdf+economy+hurt+by+illegal+aliens+site:.edu&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us) They pick fruit and vegetables and clip hedges. They hang drywall and clean houses, hotels and office buildings. The millions of illegal workers in the United States have come under a fresh spotlight as Congress and President Bush grapple with revamping the nation's immigration policies. Illegal workers' relationship to the economy is intricate. They are willing to work for lower wages than legal workers, helping to keep down prices. But illegal immigrants also can depress wages for unskilled, legal workers and strain local hospitals and schools. "There is not a simple economic case here. It iscomplex. It is interwoven, and it is very hard to extract," said Terry Connelly, dean of the Ageno School of Business at
Golden Gate University in SanFrancisco. "It is like pulling some sort of piece ofthread out of a fabric. If you pull that thread out, you don't know to what degree you have weakened the fabric. "
Immigrants Boost Businesses and Economic Activity Aversa 09 (Jeannine Aversa. AP Economics Writer. ―Experts: Illegal immigrants help economy.‖ April 4, 2009. http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Xo2JtccaHWYJ:www.ggu.edu/about/headlines/attachment/ 04-04-06%2BBusiness%2BWeek%2B%2BConnelly.pdf+economy+hurt+by+illegal+aliens+site:.edu&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us) From lawn services to meat packing, you name it. The primary benefit to consumers from illegal workers is lower prices," said Nariman Behravesh, chief economist at Global Insight. For businesses, cheap labor can translate into fatter profits. If owners use those profits to expand their businesses, it would boost economic activity. While consumers and businesses may
benefit from such cheap labor, the U.S. born-worker could be hurt by it, according to some research. Between 1980 and 2000, legal and illegal immigration reduced the average annual earnings of U.S.-born men by an estimated $1,700 or roughly 4 percent, according to research done in 2004 by George Borjas, economics professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. The situation was worse if one considers only the 10 million U.S.-born men who lack a high school degree. For them, the increased supply of
Atlanta found no evidence in 2003 that wages of higher-skilled U.S.-born workers were hurt by immigration,although lower-wage workers were affected
workers depressed wages by 7.4 percent, he found. Economists at the Federal Reserve banks in Dallas and
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 28
AFF A2 Overpopulation
There is no Basis to American Overpopulation arguments D'Agostino 06 (Joseph A. D'Agostino, “300 Million and Immigration: Separating the Issues.” 10/17/2006.
http//www.humanevents.com/millionandImmigrationseparatingtheissues)
And now, says CIS, ―The annual arrival of 1.5 million legal and illegal immigrants, coupled with 750,000 annual births to immigrant
who complain that Americans have too many children haven’t looked at the facts. Our birthrate is low and most of our population growth has come from increased longetivity—Americans have
never lived longer—and immigration. As baby boomers‘ children finish graduating from school, the proportion of school-age children who are offspring of immigrants will rise, providing the next pool of American taxpayers.
women, is the determinate factor—or three-fourths—of all U.S. population growth.‖ Those
Overpopulation is not caused by Immigrants-Suburban Sprawl has alt causes D'Agostino 06 (Joseph A. D'Agostino, ―300 Million and Immigration: Separating the Issues.‖ 10/17/2006. http//www.humanevents.com/millionandImmigrationseparatingtheissues) So America‘s population growth problems—suburban sprawl, crowded roads and schools, environmental degradation—are due to immigrants? Not at all. Immigrants have worsened some of America’s problems, but none are due to population growth per se. The problems of suburban sprawl and the accompanying congestion have come because of local governments’ halt to planning properly for growth more than anything else, but also because of America’s divorce revolution doubling many households, the movement of people away from rural areas, and Americans‘ desire for ever-larger homes. Yet, by 2050 at current rates of consumption, only 5.7% of America‘s land will be built up (currently 4.7% is). Discovered natural resources and environmental quality have been increasing in the United States for decades, but that will be the subject of a future article.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 29
A2 California
Immigrants Are not to blame for California’s Problems Weintraub 6/21 (Daniel Weintraub. The Sacramento Bee. ―The Conversation: Immigration & America: State problem but a federal responsibility.‖ June 21, 2009. http://www.sacbee.com/740/story/1962163.html) As California struggles to wrestle its budget back into balance, an ever-louder chorus of critics suggests there is an easy answer to the state's troubles: End all services to illegal immigrants. Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger waved away these concerns June 5 when he told the Bee editorial board that it is a "myth" that illegal immigrants are to blame for the state's budget problems. "Our budget is out of whack because we have self-inflicted wounds that the Legislature and this state has never really sat down and had the will to go and make the necessary changes that have to be made," he said. But the governor's answer
did not satisfy the critics, if The Bee's comment boards, letters and phone calls are any indication. Why not end those services, these people ask, before shutting down state parks, laying off public employees or cutting the safety net for U.S. citizens? It's a legitimate question, and its answer is more complicated than the governor's easy brush-off. People who disagree with him deserve to know more about which services illegal immigrants receive, how much those services cost, and what, if anything, can be done about it. According to the best information I could find, state government spends about $5 billion from its $91 billion general fund each year on services to illegal immigrants. The biggest share of that, about $1.2 billion, is in the public schools. The schools don't track immigration status, but reliable estimates of the number of illegal immigrants in the state and the number of children they have suggests that about 3.6 percent of California school children are in this country illegally.
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 30
A2 Spending
1. Children growing up in the United States will someday become citizens, workers, and taxpayers themselves, so current taxpayers can ensure a healthy future by insuring these children. 2. Immigrants are good for the economy Illegal Immigrants Perform Important tasks that are key to the US economy Aversa 09 (Jeannine Aversa. AP Economics Writer. ―Experts: Illegal immigrants help economy.‖ April 4, 2009. http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Xo2JtccaHWYJ:www.ggu.edu/about/headlines/attachment/ 04-04-06%2BBusiness%2BWeek%2B%2BConnelly.pdf+economy+hurt+by+illegal+aliens+site:.edu&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us) They pick fruit and vegetables and clip hedges. They hang drywall and clean houses, hotels and office buildings. The millions of illegal workers in the United States have come under a fresh spotlight as Congress and President Bush grapple with revamping the nation's immigration policies. Illegal workers' relationship to the economy is intricate. They are willing to work for lower wages than legal workers, helping to keep down prices. But illegal immigrants also can depress wages for unskilled, legal workers and strain local hospitals and schools. "There is not a simple economic case here. It iscomplex. It is interwoven, and it is very hard to extract," said Terry Connelly, dean of the Ageno School of Business at
Golden Gate University in SanFrancisco. "It is like pulling some sort of piece ofthread out of a fabric. If you pull that thread out, you don't know to what degree you have weakened the fabric. "
Immigrants Boost Businesses and Economic Activity Aversa 09 (Jeannine Aversa. AP Economics Writer. ―Experts: Illegal immigrants help economy.‖ April 4, 2009. http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Xo2JtccaHWYJ:www.ggu.edu/about/headlines/attachment/ 04-04-06%2BBusiness%2BWeek%2B%2BConnelly.pdf+economy+hurt+by+illegal+aliens+site:.edu&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us) From lawn services to meat packing, you name it. The primary benefit to consumers from illegal workers is lower prices," said Nariman Behravesh, chief economist at Global Insight. For businesses, cheap labor can translate into fatter profits. If owners use those profits to expand their businesses, it would boost economic activity. While consumers and businesses may
benefit from such cheap labor, the U.S. born-worker could be hurt by it, according to some research. Between 1980 and 2000, legal and illegal immigration reduced the average annual earnings of U.S.-born men by an estimated $1,700 or roughly 4 percent, according to research done in 2004 by George Borjas, economics professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. The situation was worse if one considers only the 10 million U.S.-born men who lack a high school degree. For them, the increased supply of workers depressed wages by 7.4 percent, he found. Economists at the Federal Reserve banks in Dallas and Atlanta
found no evidence in 2003 that wages of higher-skilled U.S.-born workers were hurt by immigration,although lower-wage workers were affected
Immigration Disadvantage Payne Griffin
MBHS Debate 31
AFF A2 Utilitarianism Overview
1. There is no way to measure the various degrees of happiness obtained from an action. Since humans have different perceptions and derive various amounts of happiness from different situations, then there is no possible way to tell which action causes the greatest amount of happiness and therefore Utilitarianism cannot function. 2. Contemplating consequences takes too much time. Since the possible outcomes of a situation are infinite, and the amounts of possible situations are infinite, then humans subjected to Utilitarian principles would spend all of their lives contemplating on the outcomes of their actions, rendering it impossible for society to function or for life to exist. 3. Human rights-violations Utilitarianism advocates the violations of human rights to achieve the greater good. However, rights-violations hold more weight than utils. 4. Utilitarianism cannot differentiate between right and wrong.
Since Utilitarianism holds that an action that results in the most happiness is the only “right” action, and all other actions are “wrong”, then it also advocates that other actions that are considered moral that do not achieve as much happiness as the other action are also “wrong”.