Broadband Wireless Consortium of India

¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Service Provider Aircel Bharti Airtel Idea Cellular MTNL Reliance Tata Teleservices Vodafone Essar VSNL CEWiT CEWiT/IIT Madras Broadband Wireless Consortium of India India Broadband Wireless Technology Requirements: November 2007 Executive Summary Ubiquitous broadband services in India can be a strong stimulator of GDP and per-capita income growth. It will enable efficient functioning of Government and private services, and enable personal growth of the Indian people and enhance their quality of life. In recognition of this, the Government of India has set aggressive targets to provide broadband connection across the country. Indeed, it is possible to exceed these seemingly stiff targets if the right price-performance point is achieved, as has happened in the case of cellular telephony. To reach the huge potential market that India represents, existing wired infrastructure is inadequate, and broadband wireless access (BWA) is unavoidable. Phenomenal growth in telecom services in the last few years primarily fuelled by wireless telephony is a testament to the role BWA is likely to play in the growth of broadband. This document is an effort by the Indian Service Providers subgroup of the Broadband Wireless Consortium of India (BWCI) to present a comprehensive view of the requirements of the Indian broadband wireless market. The service providers who have contributed to this effort are - Aircel, Airtel, BSNL, Idea Cellular, MTNL, Reliance, Tata Teleservices, Vodafone Essar and VSNL. In this document, we identify the services that service providers would like to provide Indian customers that will fuel the use of broadband connectivity, in order to meet and quite likely exceed the targets set by GOI. We present a detailed list of capabilities and features that service providers would like to see in the next-generation broadband wireless technologies. These cover both the wireless infrastructure and the core network, as well as the user terminals. We discuss a segmentation of the Indian broadband wireless market based on population density, and quantify the number of customers a service provider can expect to serve in each segment. These numbers are conservative in that we consider only households/SOHO and only a single customer in each. We further calculate the capacity and the bandwidth required by a service provider to serve the projected market size. While the projections are technology independent, we do relate the bandwidth requirement to the spectral efficiency offered by any technology. Last, we address considerations in spectrum allocations, and in seamless upgrade in a given band to a new technology. Contributors – Mr. P. Shekdar – Mr. T.V.Sriram / Mr. A. Agarwal – Mr. Makarand Pawar – Mr. A.K. Bhargava – Mr. K. Sridhar – Mr. Raja Srinivas – Mr. Sitapathy Chavali – Mr. P. Pashine / Mr.K. Pal – Dr. Srinivasan Gopalaswamy, Dr. Klutto Milleth – Prof. David Koilpillai, Prof. Bhaskar Ramamurthi 1 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Madras. Broadband Wireless Consortium of India About BWCI The Broadband Wireless Consortium of India (BWCI), launched in March 2007, is an initiative of the Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWiT). BWCI is a national forum of all the stakeholders in the broadband wireless market in India. BWCI membership includes service providers, equipment manufacturers / vendors, providers of technology services, semiconductor companies, R&D groups and Government agencies. More information about BWCI can be found on the website of CEWiT: www.cewit.org.in. During the BWCI inaugural meeting, it was identified that one of the urgent needs is a comprehensive view of the requirements of the Indian broadband wireless market. To specifically address this issue, the first meeting of the representatives of major Indian service providers was held in Mumbai on May 4, 2007. An Indian Service Providers subgroup was formed which includes the major Indian service providers: Aircel, Airtel, BSNL, Idea Cellular, MTNL, Reliance, Tata Teleservices, international standard bodies. Vodafone Essar and VSNL. Several meetings were subsequently held, resulting in this document. The requirements are being disseminated widely in About CEWiT The Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWiT), India, has been set up under a publicprivate initiative with the mission of making India a leader in the research, development, and deployment of wireless technology. It is an autonomous institution, temporarily headquartered at IIT CEWiT’s vision is to become a world-class research institution and a force multiplier for Indian wireless industry and research groups. This will enable India to become a leader in wireless technology and make it an engine of its economic growth. November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 2 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Broadband Wireless Consortium of India India Broadband Wireless Technology Requirements Outline / Main Topics 1. Introduction - Goals of broadband wireless service in the Indian context 2. Services and System Requirements 3. Indian Market Segments 4. Usage and Capacity Calculations 5. Spectrum Requirements November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 3 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • • • • • • • Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 1. Introduction - Goals of broadband wireless service in the Indian context Broadband service that pervades all regions of India has the potential to enhance the quality of life of the Indian people. A wide variety of applications including distance-education, telemedicine, e-governance, entertainment, as well as employment generation through high speed access to information and web based communication is enabled by broadband [1]. Internet access and thus access to information remains the fundamental driver though from the consumer point of view. In its Broadband Policy 2004, the Indian Government has set the following targets as a benchmark for future growth of broadband and internet in the country: 6 million internet subscribers and 3 million broadband subscribers by 2005 18 million internet subscribers and 9 million broadband subscribers by 2007 40 million internet subscribers and 20 million broadband subscribers by 2010 Current broadband number of 2 million is unrepresentative of the true market potential in India, as can be evidenced from the substantial target of 20 million taken by the Indian Government by 2010. Even while using the existing infrastructure (copper loop, fibre) in an optimum manner, it is difficult, if not impossible, to reach the huge potential market provided by the Indian population. Use of alternative technologies including broadband wireless access is unavoidable. In the Indian context, given that massive deployments of copper loop, cable or fibre is absent, especially in the rural areas, broadband wireless access (BWA) may be the first method of broadband access for huge sections of the population. The phenomenal growth of telecom services in India during 2002-2007, primarily fuelled by wireless telephony, is a testament to the important role that BWA would play in the growth of broadband. It must be pointed out here, that just as the low cost and rapid rollout of cellular telephony led to teledensity targets being repeatedly exceeded year after year, the modest targets given above for broadband penetration can also be exceeded if BWA technology with the desired capabilities becomes available at the right pricepoint. Given the current teledensity of 14%, India offers vast scope for growth of both telephony and broadband. A few of the stated physical targets for the eleventh five-year plan (2007-2012) specified in the Report of the Working Group on the Telecom Sector [1] are: To provide broadband connection on demand across the country by 2012 To provide 3G services in all cities/town with more than 1 lakh population To facilitate introduction of mobile TV To provide broadband connectivity to every secondary school, health centre, Gram Panchayat (i.e., village administration) on demand in two years 4 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • 1 Broadband Wireless Consortium of India To make India a hub for telecom manufacturing by facilitating establishment of telecom specific SEZs (Special Economic Zones). In this document, we identify the services sought by Indian consumers, and that will fuel the growth of broadband to meet the broad goals and targets of the Indian Government. These services dictate the requirements that will need to be satisfied by BWA systems and the technologies / standards that drive them. We also analyze the Indian market to estimate numbers for the customer size in different segments and calculate the system capacity that service providers have to support, based on usage models. Last, we also address spectrum allocation, and the flexibility needed in emerging standards to ease spectrum allocation. In Section II, we list both the basic and value-added revenue generating services that are possible with broadband technologies. We also look at the system requirements expected of BWA systems to enable these services, from the point of view of specifically Indian service providers, and more generally global service providers. We quantify the addressable Indian market in Section III, by making some simplifying assumptions and dividing the market into four segments, namely Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, and Rural. We arrive at an approximate number of customers that a service provider can expect to serve per cell in each of these segments. In arriving at these numbers, we consider only households / SOHO since we expect larger enterprises to be served by wire-line, fibre, or point-to-multipoint fixed (roof-top) wireless technologies1. We also do not consider multiple customers per household / SOHO, though this will likely happen as the market grows. In Section IV, we employ usage models to calculate the capacity requirement expected from the service providers to serve customer bases of different sizes. We also calculate the bandwidth that needs to be licensed to satisfy the capacity requirements, for different spectral efficiencies. Given the importance of BWA in enabling ubiquitous broadband service in India and hence in the growth of GDP, allocation of adequate spectrum for facilitating wireless broadband is recognized by the Indian Government as a major step towards achieving faster and equitable growth of broadband in the country. In Section V, we take a look at the desirable features in While it is conceivable that the same technology in the same frequency band can serve both mobile consumers and enterprises, it is more likely that the latter will be served more efficiently by a point to multi-point technology operating with near LOS links in a higher (less congested) frequency band. November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 5 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  market. Broadband Wireless Consortium of India spectrum allocation, and enabling requirements of the emerging wireless broadband technologies and standards to ease spectrum allocation. We also enunciate the need for standards to be such that service providers can upgrade seamlessly to the new technology in the bands that they are currently licensed to operate in, in a manner dictated by the growing November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 6 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • • • Service Internet browsing Video multicast Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 2. Services and System Requirements Much of the information in this section was compiled from inputs [2] provided by the members of the Indian Service Providers subgroup of BWCI. Broadband wireless access will enable Indian service providers to offer Basic services like voice-over-IP, e-mail, browsing, and MMS Value-added services like VPN, Multimedia applications, Video streaming, Audio Streaming, Games, Video Broadcast (Mobile TV) and Multi-cast, Video phone, Video conferencing and Video mail All these with the added advantage of mobility and easy portability Typical broadband applications along with the throughput required (for given features) is reproduced from an earlier publication of CEWiT [3] in Table 1, along with the mobility class for each application: Features DSL or cable modem quality Individual peak rate ~1Mbps Average (incl read time) 64kbps DL/16 kbps UL 25/30 frames per second, normal sized screen (640 x 480) 2-3 hrs of continuous feed @ 750 kbps – 1.5 Mbps (MPEG 4) Bursty, lower frame-rate acceptable, 1hr/1.5hr sessions 64 - 256 kbps Always on 512 kbps DL / 256 kbps UL sustained Low frame rate acceptable, delay acceptable Short sessions of few minutes 64 -256 kbps 20-30kbps Mobility Class Portable / Mobile Peak rate when mobile could be somewhat lower Portable Real-time Interactive Classroom/Video Conferencing, gaming Computing / Thin clients File transfer / conferencing uploads Background trickle (Audio, ticker broadcast etc) Portable Portable / Nomadic Portable / Nomadic Mobility optional Portable / Mobile Table 1: Typical broadband applications and throughput requirements Current broadband offerings vary between 256 Kbps to 2 Mbps, not necessarily sustained. A sustained throughput of 512 Kbps is likely to be standardized as a base need. Emerging BWA technologies must be able to offer this sustained rate in diverse deployment scenarios without requirement for line of sight – in different terrains and foliage / built-up scenarios, and in different weather conditions. They must also enable graceful degradation in case of load November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 7 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • • Broadband Wireless Consortium of India and disaster conditions. Offerings to Enterprise must be at a much higher sustained throughput (at least 2 Mbps), although the requirement of mobility can be relaxed. Ability to compete with DSL/Cable in terms of data rates, applications, and cost, as well as with mobile TV, IPTV etc. is very important for success of BWA, especially in urban areas, where wireless is not the only choice. Some of the requirements that need to be addressed sufficiently by the emerging technologies/standards and the product manufacturers are: Performance: o Improved spectral efficiency required from the technologies to enable service providers to fulfil market needs with the available bandwidth o Good interference mitigation and spectrum reuse even with cells as small as 100 m radius in dense areas o Good indoor penetration, since 85% of customers will be nomadic and indoors o Seamless mobility handling (handovers), preferably across multiple standards / access technologies (fixed-mobile convergence) o Ability to provide wider and deeper coverage, and ability to scale transmit power/link budget to address different market segments o Ability to provide consistent throughput in low SNR and high interference conditions, and operate with low power for human safety and interference considerations, and long battery life Features: o Backward compatibility must be ensured while evolving to new standards; it will be cost effective to continue to use existing hardware and infrastructure o Ability to provide multiple services on the same access (Triple play) o One handheld for multiple standards would be an attractive feature. The service providers are desirous of a scenario where the customer buys the handheld, and when he/she chooses a service provider, the SIM (or card) inserted gives the terminal the profile needed for the standard deployed by the service provider. Customer need not know about wireless standards. o The standards need to firmed up, and product offerings must have interoperability o High quality voice support is assumed as a base feature – In the absence of circuit switched service, voice-over-IP (VoIP) is an important requirement for the system. To enable VoIP, low latency is also an important requirement. o Lawful intercept facility must be provided for societal security o The customer terminal must be user self-installable November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 8 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • • • • • Broadband Wireless Consortium of India o QoS and security features are important Business/Cost perspective: o Attractive cost-performance combination o Multiple-models for terminals with different interfaces (Ethernet, USB, Serial, Battery backup for voice service) o Easy availability and affordability of Network Elements and CPEs o For retail segment, product variation in terms of form-factors and customization will be important o Development of complementary products: Hybrid access points, multi-band terminals These requirements throw up important areas of work for BWCI to focus on. Some of these are: Research and Coordination with companies working on technology development and research organizations o Active participation in international standardization efforts for the development of an efficient Air Interface and use of advanced antenna technologies, in order to specifically meet or exceed Indian market requirements such as the need for higher capacity, indoor penetration, and small cells o With operating bands spread over several regions of spectrum, with service providers looking at multi-technology deployments, and with manufacturers looking at CPEs supporting multiple standards, software-defined radio (SDR) is an important focus area o Cost-sensitive silicon development towards achieving the foregoing o Femtocells in cellular technologies to get wider and deeper coverage and better spectrum reuse o Improving receiver performance under wide varieties of field conditions and in presence of various sources of interference Interfacing with Government organizations for resolution of spectrum issues well in advance of technology roll-out. This will be achieved by interaction with WPC and TEC that are already members of BWCI. The BWCI focus should also enable global economies of scale for the Indian consumers and service providers. BWCI will enable adaptation and implementation of available technology at any given point to time to Indian requirements including spectrum availability (eg. 3.3 GHz band). November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 9 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  2.1. Core Network Broadband Wireless Consortium of India Most Indian service providers provide both cellular wireless and wire-line telephony services. Apart from telephony services, many service providers also provide broadband services at very competitive prices using wire-line technologies. While the incumbent (erstwhile monopoly) service providers have the lion’s share of the DSL deployment, other service providers deploy metro-ethernet and fibre-to-the-enterprise solutions in addition to DSL. Most service providers have been building an all-IP core network for providing broadband services. This core network is based on Gig-E rings that are deployed as a parallel network to the SDH network supporting telephony. It is expected that the core network of the BWA system will leverage as much of the existing broadband all-IP core network as possible. At any rate, it must have similar cost-efficiency and performance characteristics as the contemporary IP core network deployed in the wireline infrastructure. The core shall be based on an optimized and fast packet switched infrastructure, with high throughput and low latency. Real time and streaming services must be supported, as must be roaming and interconnection across all service provider networks. End-to-end IP transport infrastructure and core infrastructure sharing must be enabled. The use of a harmonized and shared transport network and infrastructure for all broadband services and all access bearers will be cost-effective. (As telephony moves over to IP-based technology, all services, including telephony, will ultimately be provided by a converged broadband core infrastructure.) The provisioning and customer care for broadband customers should be common, irrespective of the access technology. Broadband customers should get the same services on both the wire-line and wireless platforms. Indeed, the customer should be able to seamlessly move from one access platform to another depending on the location and availability of the access platform. 2.2. Global perspective: Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) project The NGMN project is an initiative by a group of leading mobile service providers to provide a vision for technology evolution beyond 3G, for the competitive delivery of broadband wireless services to further increase end-customer benefits. This group of service providers includes T- Mobile International AG & Co. KG, Orange SA, Vodafone Group PLC., KPN Mobile N.V., China Mobile, NTT DoCoMo and Sprint Nextel Corporation. In a whitepaper released by the Board Of NGMN Limited on 5 December 2006, "Next Generation Mobile Networks Beyond HSPA & EVDO," NGMN has come up with principles and recommendations for realizing the November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 10 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Broadband Wireless Consortium of India vision for technology evolution beyond 3G, without giving specific technology prescriptions [4]. These are summarized in Annex 1. November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 11 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  sectors in the cell. area. Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 3. Indian Market Segments (Addressable by Broadband Wireless) In this Section, we consider four main segments in the addressable market for broadband wireless access in India. Many of the numbers are derived from our earlier publication [3], while some numbers have been updated based on our current projections, using inputs from service providers [2]. In each market segment, the number of BWA customers for each service provider per cell is projected from the population density represented by the number of households and SOHO (small/home offices) per sq km. In this analysis, we thus do not consider multiple customers per household. It is also noted that we only calculate the capacity requirements and the population that needs to be served in a cell, we do not address the coverage issues and techniques needed to deal with null spaces if any between 3.1. Dense Urban Scenario (includes core areas of first-tier cities and towns, e.g. Mumbai) The Dense Urban market segment comprises of the core areas of first-tier cities and towns like Mumbai, and where typically the cell size is less than 1 km in radius. For this case, we project based on the example of Mumbai. The population is 16 million, 70% of which lives in an area of 600 sq km. This corresponds to about 3733 households per sq km, assuming a household size of 5 persons. Since alternative options for broadband access are more readily available in the dense urban scenario, we assume that only about 50% of these households would be customers of broadband wireless access. Assuming an average cell radius of 0.75 km, this comes to about 3300 potential BWA customers/cell. This comes to about 660 customers/cell/service provider, assuming 5 competitive service providers in the 3.2. Urban Scenario (includes core areas of second-tier cities and towns, e.g. Pune) The Urban market segment comprises of the core areas of second-tier cities and towns like Pune, and where typically the cell size can be about 1 km in radius. For this case, we project based on the example of Pune. The population is about 4.2 million, 70% of which lives in an area of 400 sq km. This corresponds to about 1470 households per sq km, assuming a household size of 5 persons. Since alternative options for broadband access are still readily available for second-tier cities, but perhaps not as readily as in first-tier cities, we assume that a slightly higher percentage of about 60% of these households would be customers of broadband wireless access. Assuming an average cell radius of 1 km, this comes to about November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 12 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 2800 potential BWA customers/cell. This comes to about 560 customers/cell/service provider, assuming 5 competitive service providers in the area. 3.3. Suburban Scenario (includes outer areas of cities and towns) In the suburban regions, we assume that there are about 400 households/SOHO per sq km, of which an even higher percentage of 70% could comprise the potential market for broadband wireless access. The cell radius for the suburban regions could vary from 1 km to 3 km. Assuming a cell radius of 2 km, this comes to about 3516 potential BWA customers/cell. This comes to about 700 customers/cell/service provider, assuming 5 competitive service providers in the area. In this calculation, it is assumed that the same technology/standard has sufficient coverage (up to 3 km) within regulatory constraints without capacity loss in the same bandwidth. If not, the customers/cell numbers will have to be adjusted to reflect the coverage loss. 3.4. Rural Scenario There are about 600000 villages in India [3]. Assuming a cell radius of 15 km (could vary from 10 km – 20 km), there are about 150 villages/cell. Assuming that each village has about 5 public access kiosks / schools, and 5 households on the average that can afford and will take broadband, there are 1500 customers per cell. This indicates a room for growth in number of service providers from 1 in the beginning to about 2 or 3. This comes to about 500-750 customers/service provider/cell. Since the coverage area is much larger, the capacity may reduce due to the use of less efficient modulation in order to maintain the desired link budget. However, this may be acceptable in the rural context. These numbers may be expected to be achieved in a time frame of 3 to 4 years from start of deployment. Beyond that time, there will likely be further growth in these numbers, also aided by improvements in the technologies and lowering of costs. This is the trajectory followed by cellular telephony in India, wherein the initial projection of 100-150 million customers has been increased to 400 million. Figure 1 summarizes the above analysis. November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 13 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information Room for growth from 1 to 2 or 3 service providers ~500-750 customers/service provider/cell (d) Figure 1: Market segmentation and user density November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 14   ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Broadband Wireless Consortium of India DENSE URBAN (Mumbai) • • • • • 70% of 16M in 600 sq km: ~3733 households per sq km 50% are BWA customers cell radius of 0.75 km Five competitive service providers assumed in each area ~ 660 customers/service provider/cell (a) URBAN (Pune) • • • • • 70% of 4.2M in 400 sq km: ~1470 households per sq km 60% are BWA customers cell radius of 1 km Five competitive service providers assumed in each area ~ 560 customers/service provider/cell (b) SUBURBAN • • • • • ~400 households / sq km 70% are BWA customers cell radius of 1 km - 3 km (use 2 km) Five competitive service providers assumed in each area ~700 customers/service provider/cell (c) RURAL PLAINS • • • • • About 600,000 villages Each village has 5 households who would take BWA and an equal number of public access/kiosks Cell radius ~ 15 km 150 villages BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • • • of 90 Mbps/cell. 2 3 Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 4. Usage and Capacity Calculations In [3], the authors have computed the cell size for each of the market segments: dense urban, suburban and rural, assuming 300 customers are served by each service provider in each sector of a cell. In this document, we first employ a usage model to answer the following questions: What is the sustained (average) throughput a service provider with fixed capacity provide? How many customers can a service provider with fixed capacity support? How much spectrum does a service provider need to license? In this usage model, we assume that for a service provider in a cell, about one-third2 of the customers are assumed to be connected concurrently in the busy hours. Any connected customer is assumed to be active (sending or receiving data at a sustained rate) for about one-third3 of the time. In other words, the connected customer is active at any time with a probability 1/3. This translates to about 10% of the customers being connected and active (on the average) at any time. With this usage model, we can calculate the sustained data rate per user that the service provider with a certain total capacity can provide, as a function of the total customers the service provider has in a cell. This is shown in Figure 2. From Figure 2, it is easy to see that with a total capacity of 30 Mbps/cell, a service provider can support a sustained rate of 512 Kbps for 600 customers in a cell. To support 900 customers in a cell at a sustained rate of 1 Mbps, the service provider needs a total capacity The amount of bandwidth a service provider has to license to support a desired total capacity, depends on the spectral efficiency achieved by the technology (standard) chosen. Figure 3 shows the bandwidth required versus data rate attainable for different spectral efficiencies. In this document, we define spectral efficiency in bps/Hz as that value which when multiplied by the total spectrum bandwidth available to the service provider gives the capacity per cell in bps. Note that this definition allows us to compare in a fair basis technologies that employ different spectrum re-use strategies across cells or sectors. 25% assumed in document released by TRAI [5] 25% assumed in document released by TRAI [5] 15 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in Sustained data rate per user (Kbps) Bandwidth / service provider (MHz) ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 110 90 70 50 30 Number of customers/cell Figure 2: Sustained data rate that can be provided for different sizes of customer base time 2 5 10 Data Rate in Mbps/cell Figure 3: Bandwidth required for different spectral efficiencies November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 16 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information 10% (90) 5% (45) 33% (300) N/A Multicast video streaming @ 1Mbps DL TOTAL bit-rate (per cell) Negligible 40 Mbps Table 2: Capacity calculation for 900 customers/cell considering different applications November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 17 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information   Trickle @ 30 kbps (e.g., radio) Negligible 300 X 30 kbps 9 Mbps N X 1 Mbps = N Mbps (82+N) Mbps           ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Broadband Wireless Consortium of India We now consider some example bandwidth allocations and the resulting capacities achievable for different spectral efficiencies. It can be seen from Figure 3 that with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, and spectral efficiency in the future of 5 bps/Hz or more, a service provider can get a total capacity of 100 Mbps/cell or more. This in turn would be sufficient to provide a customer base of 1000/cell a sustained data rate of 1 Mbps per user. However, for current or imminent deployments, a practical value of spectral efficiency is between 2 and 3 bps/Hz. Considering a conservative spectral efficiency of 2 bps/Hz on the ground, a bandwidth of 30 MHz/service provider is required to provide a customer base of 600/cell a sustained data rate of 1 Mbps per user. Over time, even as new and upgraded technology improves the spectral efficiency, the customer base and customer data-rate requirements will also grow, enabling more customers to be serviced better with a modest increase in bandwidth. This scenario is depicted in Figure 3. In Fig 10 of [3], capacity required in the uplink and downlink is calculated considering various broadband applications. We recalculate Fig 10 of [3] for a cell using a customer size of 900/cell. Although our projections for the different market segments in Section III varied between 500 and 750 customers/cell/service provider on the average, we use 900 customers/cell for the following calculation, since it is likely that the distribution of customers among the service providers will be unequal, with some service providers taking a greater share of the customer base than the average. We use nearly the same percentages of the customers for the different applications as used to calculate Fig 10 of [3], except for multicast application, which can potentially be received by all the customers. We denote the number of different multicasts using the broadband wireless access by a variable N (rather than as a percentage of the customers). The result is shown in Table 2. % (No.) of Customers 50% (450) Application and Average Rate Internet Browsing @ 64 kbps DL / 16 kbps UL (avg. rates) Computing / Thin client @ 512 kbps DL / 256 kbps UL File transfer/Conferencing uploads @ 256 kbps Bit-rate (Up link) 450 X 16 kbps 7 Mbps 90 X 256 kbps 22 Mbps 45 X 256 kbps 11 Mbps Bit-rate (Down link) 450 X 64 kbps 28 Mbps 90 X 512 kbps 45 Mbps Negligible ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Broadband Wireless Consortium of India For 18 multicasts (i.e. N=18), the downlink capacity required is 100 Mbps. Note that with a downlink capacity of 100 Mbps, 900 customers/cell can be supported with a sustained data rate of about 1.1 Mbps using the application-independent usage model described earlier. To calculate the capacity requirements for the service provider, we can thus choose either of these methods: the application-independent usage model, or the application-dependent model which will need more specific information on broadband usage habits. We now consider some example bandwidth allocations required for an operator to achieve the foregoing projected capacities of 100 Mbps downlink and 40 Mbps uplink. Assuming a technology/standard with a spectral efficiency of 5 bps/Hz, in TDD systems with the same spectral efficiency on both UL and DL, the total capacity of 40+100 = 140 Mbps can be achieved in a BW of 28 MHz, and the uplink, downlink rates can be ensured by using a UL:DL ratio of about 2:5 in the frame (or in a BW of 30 MHz, the uplink, downlink rates of 50 and 100 Mbps respectively can be ensured by using a UL:DL ratio of about 1:2 in the frame). If the spectral efficiency on the UL is lower, as is often the case, the bandwidth required will be higher. In FDD systems, since the spectrums allocated for uplink and downlink are usually equal in width, BW requirement is 20 MHz + 20 MHz. It is likely that both FDD and TDD systems will require similar total bandwidth once the lower spectral efficiency of TDD systems on the UL is taken into account. November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 18 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Operator 1 Operator 2 Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 5. Spectrum Requirements: BWCI views In this Section, we present the views of BWCI regarding the preferable allocation of spectrum for the emerging standards. To protect service provider investment, we also recommend that spectrum licensed by a service provider for an old technology be allowed to be used for a new technology that the service provider is desiring to upgrade to, provided certain conditions are met. We also provide a table of current spectrum allocations in India. 5.1. Time division duplex (TDD) based Standards: 5.1.1. Requirements on synchronization When different service providers use technology based on TDD (same or even different standards) in the same region of the spectrum, it is important to ensure that the TDD frames, including the uplink and the downlink portions, are time synchronized. This is necessary to ensure that there is no receiver saturation when the bands used by any two service providers are adjacent or close to each other. Thus TDD systems operating in the same region of the spectrum require provision for synchronization with an external clock (e.g. GPS). Figure 4 illustrates these requirements for two service providers using TDD systems operating in the same region of the spectrum. Frame DL UL DL Frame UL DL UL DL UL Figure 4: Synchronization requirements for TDD systems To enable the aforementioned synchronization and thereby ease spectrum allocation, emerging TDD standards must have • • Flexibility in frame duration, with say, 1msec step Flexibility in uplink/downlink ratio say, from 1:1 to 1:4 19 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • • • • • Broadband Wireless Consortium of India 5.1.2. Technology Upgrade A service provider licensed in a particular band for a TDD standard should be enabled to evolve to a new TDD based technology/standard in the same band provided the new standard has Flexible frame duration, uplink/downlink durations, and synchronization support Same or lower out-of-band emission spectral density Same or lower in-band EIRP Such an upgrade will allow the service provider to smoothly transition the customers from the old to the new technology. 5.2. Frequency division duplex (FDD) based Standards: 5.2.1. Preferable allocations When specifying FDD bands in new standards for a common application, like broadband wireless internet access, it is preferable that bands for uplink and downlink directions across the standards are harmonized. This is necessary to avoid saturation of a receiver located close to the base station of another technology which has its transmit band in the same region of the spectrum. Thus, it is better to ensure that all the uplink bands are placed together and the downlink bands are placed together. This will ease the requirements on the filters to be deployed in the receivers. However, when different service providers employing standards whose downlink/uplink bands are adjacent require coexistent operation, mitigation methods such as the use of filters, and spatial separation between antennas, etc. need to be incorporated. 5.2.2. Technology Upgrade A service provider licensed in a particular band-pair for a FDD standard should be enabled to evolve to a new FDD based technology/standard in the same band-pair provided the new standard has Uplink and downlink band definitions in harmony with the old standards operating in the band and adjacent bands Same or lower out-of-band emission spectral density 20 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  • It is noted that: • • • • Broadband Wireless Consortium of India Same or lower in-band EIRP Such an upgrade will allow the service provider to smoothly transition the customers from the old to the new technology. The following table shows the current spectrum allocation in India. Freq. Range 452.5-457.5 & 462.5-467.5 MHz 824-844 & 869-889 MHz 890-915 & 935-960 MHz 1710-1785 & 1805-1880 MHz 1850-1910 & 1930-1990 MHz Purpose/Comment 5+5 MHz for cellular mobile, particularly for rural areas (not yet allotted) Cellular mobile Cellular mobile (only parts of this band allotted) Only parts of this band, for cellular mobile Part of this band being investigated for potential allocation to cellular mobile 1880-1900 MHz 1920-1980 & 2110-2170 MHz 2010-2025 MHz 2.4-2.4835 GHz 2.535-2.655 GHz 2.7-2.9 GHz Micro cellular systems TDD IMT-2000 (3G) FDD mode (still to be implemented) IMT-2000 (3G) TDD mode (still to be implemented) EIRP 4W over 10+ MHz (250 mW/MHz) Delicenced (WiFi) Indian satellite applications, LMDS and MMDS Available for MMDS if protection ensured for Aeronautical radio navigation, location services 3.3-3.4 GHz 5.150-5.350 & 5.725-5.875 GHz 5.470-5.725 GHz Broadband MMDS, LMDS Max EIRP 200 mW (10 mW/MHz) Delicenced Indoor and outdoor wireless access (incl. RLAN) Max EIRP 1W (50 mW/MHz) 10.15-10.65 GHz 24.5-26.5 & 27.5-29.5 GHz Broadband LMDS Broadband LMDS, MMDS (High capacity only LoS systems) Table 2: Current spectrum allocation in India Only parts of some bands are currently allocated Some allocations are coordinated with other existing users The band 1900-1919 MHz is under trial for a possible CDMA allocation. DoT is conducting trials as per TRAI recommendation. Coordination with existing users in 2.3-2.4 GHz, 2.5-2.69 GHz, and 3.4-3.6 GHz to release some spectrum for broadband wireless has been recommended. [5] BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 21 ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  References • • Broadband Wireless Consortium of India [1] Report of the Working Group On The Telecom Sector For The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012), Government of India, Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, October, 2006. [2] Inputs/Feedback from members of Indian Service Providers Subgroup of BWCI including: Market Requirements Document – BWA, and Tele-conference inputs, Raja Srinivas, Tata Teleservices Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Presentation at First Meeting of Indian Operators, K. Sridhar, May 4, 2007, Mumbai. [3] Interim (3.5G) Broadband Wireless System for India – Framework, Requirments, Performance Needs, A. Jhunjhunwala, A, Kannan and B. Ramamurthi, CEWiT, India, March 2005 [4] Next Generation Mobile Networks Beyond HSPA and EVDO – A white paper by the Board of NGMN Limited – A consortium of T-Mobile, Orange SA, Vodafone Group PLC, KPN Mobile N.V., China Mobile, NTT DoCoMo, Sprint Nextel Corporation, Dec 2006 [5] Recommendations on Allocation and pricing of spectrum for 3G and broadband wireless access services, Report by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), September 27, 2006. November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 22 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢  Annex 1 NGMN Criteria [4]                                             Broadband Wireless Consortium of India The essential requirements recommendations are: for some functional criteria according to NGMN e2e QoS throughout all segments Seamless mobility management across all bearers with service continuity through a minimum of 120 km/hr Peak uplink data rates of 30-50Mbit/s Peak downlink data rates of over 100Mbit/s Always-on Support: Highly cost-effective always-on over PS Latency requirements (Roundtrip time): Core < 10 ms, RAN < 10 ms, < 30 ms e2e Spectrum efficiency: 3…5 X HSPA and EVDO Authentication support: xSIM based (including integrated networks) Security Support: Efficient ciphering, built-in VPN encryption, integrity of communication, secure voice, and protection against SPAM, Viruses, etc. Roaming Support: QoS based global roaming & interworking (as per class of services defined) Full compliance with latency & mobility recommendations Broadcast & Multicast Support: Support of broadcast, multicast and unicast services to subscribers of all environments, e.g. Fixed and Mobile Enablers & Services: Highly cost effective, personalised location / presence & group management capabilities with integrated service layer for fixed / mobile Real-time & Streaming Support: RT, conversational & streaming in PS across all required bearers Charging Support: Value based charging for integrated network Capacity: Equivalent to 60 concurrent VoIP sessions/Cell/MHz (when using the full bandwidth for VoIP) with subjective speech quality comparable to 3G AMR 12.2 kbps circuit switched service Integrated solutions providing inter-working with legacy networks and an access agnostic core network Reliability support: Avoids single points of failure and supports cost-efficient & fast automated recovery from failures These requirements are very applicable to the Indian market. In addition, to bring down the cost to performance ratio and enable rapid deployment of the wireless broadband services in India, some of the cost efficiency criteria in NGMN recommendations also apply: Maximises the reuse of existing assets such as sites and allocated spectrum Infrastructure sharing: Fully integrated multi-frequency sites IP backhaul & IP / MPLS backbone Self-organizing mechanisms: Plug and play installation, automated self-optimization, self-testing, and self-healing with efficient O&M support Backhaul Cost Minimization: Maximum throughput without proportional incremental cost, i.e. lowest cost per bit/s voice/data Cost Per MB: As close to xDSL as possible 23 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in ¤ ¡ ¥£ ¢            Broadband Wireless Consortium of India Support for efficient routing: Efficient routing (handle many types of traffic and services efficiently) Integration and Convergence: One integrated network with RAN, Core and Transport with convergence fixed & mobile where applicable Operator Service Management: IMS-like service management as the core of fully integrated network and as CS fades or is taken over by the PS domain Access Management: Access is negotiated between the terminal & network under the guidance of the network Operation and Maintenance: Carrier–grade Unified Network Management embracing network elements, services, bearers and devices including support for selfconfiguration, self-optimization, self-testing, and self-healing. The relative importance of the different requirements are shown graphically if Figure 5. Figure 5: Relative importance for various criteria November ’07 / India Broadband Requirements feedback@cewit.org.in 24 BWCI – Service Providers subgroup - Whitepaper BWCI Proprietary Information