Objectives

Unit Eight Objectives Intensive Reading Practice Listening practice Reading Writing Communicative English I. Words:pose, encounter, survey, emerge, tend, span, excessive, alarm, decline, disaster, cattle, efficient, utilize, alter, significant, steadily, outstanding, available, recycle, survive, indifference, achieve, cure, spill, numerous, inhabitant, involve, accomplish II. Phrases:tend to do, at an alarming rate, wash away, keep…under control, be involved in I. Grammatical Structures to Learn: 1) But the fast development of world economy will bring about many new problems. 2) People seem to have forgotten ways to keep diseases under control. 3 ） Using fossil fuels for energy has not altered very much but wind energy use is increasing significantly. II. Grammar-- 定 语 从 句 （ attributive clause） III. The exercises about the text and grammar Part One ---- intensive reading Trends for the 21st Century I. Introduction The responsibility we have for the future begins when we recognize that we ourselves create the future --- that the future is not something imposed upon us by fate or other forces beyond our control. We ourselves build the future both through what we do and what we do not do. II. New words environmentalist 环保主义者 economy 经济 economist 经济学家 trend 趋势 span 持续时间 explosion 爆炸 disaster 大灾难 cattle 牛；家畜 breakthrough 突破 tumor 肿瘤 CAT scans 计算机化 X 射线轴向分层扫描 tuberculosis 肺结核 spill 液体）洒出，泼出 III. Text learning Pre-reading tasks: 1) Our environment is being polluted, what can we students do to prevent it? 2) Can we develop our economy at the cost of our environment? 3) Is there an energy crisis all over the world? Give some examples. Trends for the 21st Century What problems will our world encounter in the next 1,000 years? Social scientists and economists, farming experts and environmentalists pose this question and examine data, information from surveys. In every field, experts examine changes to understand the state of the field. To understand a country’s economy, economists check growth in an industry such as steel. To understand the state of business, they may look at the number of building permits for new houses. The information learned shows increases or decreases. Important trends emerge in each field. Population Population is important to every person on earth. People tend to live longer in most places. In central Europe, however, life span is dropping because health care is not what it was a few years ago. Factors affecting general health include excessive smoking and drinking of alcohol and polluted water supplies. The population explosion on our planet has been increasing at an alarming rate but the percentage of increase is decreasing. One out of every five people on earth is Chinese, yet China’s growth rate has slowed down. As the number of women going to school increases, the growth rate declines. Food Production The production of grain seems to be decreasing mainly because of climate changes. Natural disasters like storms and floods have washed away many crops. With less land for cattle and sheep, less meat like beef and lamb is being produced. Production of chicken, turkey and fish has increased, however. The amount of ocean fish has not increased, but fish farm production has. Fish farming is very efficient: producing a kilogram of fish utilizes less than 2 kilograms of feed, but it takes 2.2 kilograms of feed to produce 1 kilogram of chicken. One kilogram of beef requires 7 kilograms of grain. People, therefore, may eat less red meat in the future and more fish. Energy Using fossil fuels for energy had not altered very much but wind energy use is increasing significantly. Energy from nuclear power plants is steadily increasing but the problem of dangerous waste limits growth in many regions. Because many electrical companies consider nuclear energy too expensive, the trend is toward less dangerous sources of energy. While natural gas use increases, use of coal as fuel is decreasing. Natural gas, an outstanding energy fuel, can be used to heat homes, make electricity, and power cars. Economics As countries around the world trade more with one another, more products are available. But the fast development of world economy will bring about many new problems. With fewer trees, the paper industry is producing more paper from recycled materials but, unfortunately, damages the planet. The paper-making process uses large amounts of water, burns fossil fuels and produces much chemical waste. Automobile production is down; bicycle production is up. Crowded highways, high gasoline costs, and ease of bicycling are three reasons of the change. Health Three major health trends exist as we begin the new century. Health care is better than ever. Medical research breakthroughs include finding tumors early, and saving lives through CAT scans and surgery. Surviving cancer is a new trend. HIV/AIDS, however, is spreading quickly all over the world. The third major trend is toward an attitude of indifference. People seem to have forgotten ways to keep diseases under control. Although medical science had achieved control over several dangerous diseases, some are returning. For instance, tuberculosis, once a dangerous killer, was cured. Now the disease is appearing again. Nature Pollution continues to affect our forests and water. The bird population is decreasing because of oil spills and spreading cities. Seas and oceans are changing. Trees are cut down, more soil washes away, and water quality is affected. Many of these trees are in our rain forests where thick areas of plants and tress, home for many birds and animals, are disappearing. Conclusion Our challenges for this new century are clear. The problems of numerous inhabitants on this small planet will continue to be important to each of us. These challenges show that all of us need to be involved in solving the problems. May we find new ways to accomplish the task? IV. Language Points 1. •…farming experts and environmentalists pose this question and examine data, information from surveys.pose vt. •1) (formal) ask a question, esp. one that needs serious thought 提问，质询 e.g. e.g. pose a question 提问 构成威胁／挑战／危险／风险 •2) create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with 造成（威胁问题等） pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk 2. •Important trends emerge in each field.emerge •1) (from sth) come out of a dark, enclosed or hidden place （从暗处或隐蔽处）出现，浮现，露出 e.g. e.g. The swimmer emerged from the lake. 游泳者从湖水中浮出来。 调查过程中未发现新证据。 •2) (of facts, ideas, etc.) become known 暴露，露出真相，被知晓（事实意见等） No new evidence emerged during the investigation. 3. •People tend to live longer in most places. tend •1) (~ to) be likely to do or to happen because this is what often or usually happens 往往是 e.g. When I’m tired, I tend to make mistakes. 我累了就容易犯错误。 人们往往认为这个问题不会 People tend to think that the problem will never affect them. 影响到他们。 •2) (~ to/towards sth) take a particular direction or often have a particular quality 趋向，倾向，趋于 e.g. His views tend towards the extreme. Prices have tended downwards over recent years. length of time that lasts e.g. 持续时间 集中注意力的时间 他的观点趋于偏激。 近年来物件趋于下降。 n. the 4. •…life span is dropping because health care is not what it was a few years ago. span attention/concentration span 5. •Factors affecting general health include excessive smoking and drinking of alcohol and polluted water supplies.excessive adj. greater than what seems reasonable or appropriate; extreme 过度的， 超额的， e.g. excessive drinking 酗酒 excessive noise 太大的噪音excess n. (of sth) 过度，过分 e.g. 过 e.g. In an excess of enthusiasm I agreed to work late. excessively high price 我一时热情过度答应工作到很晚。 vt. be greater than 超 excessively adv. e.g. 过高的价格exceed The supply of the goods has exceeded its demand. 冲掉，冲走 这种产品供大于求。 6. •Natural disasters like storms and floods have washed away many crops.wash away: (of water) remove or carry sb/sth away to another place e.g. 部分小路已被海水冲坏。 Part of the path had been washed away be the sea. 7. •Using fossil fuels for energy had not altered very much but wind energy use is increasing significantly. altered v. become different; change （使）改变，改动 e.g. Property prices has altered significantly in recent years. Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame. 实。alteration n. 显著地，有重大意义地significance: 使… 受到控制 请管好你的狗。 importance 重要性 近年房地产价格变化非常大。 什么也改变不了我们要受指责这个事 significantly 8. •. People seem to have forgotten ways to keep diseases under control.  keep… under control e.g. Please keep your dog under control. 9. •These challenges show that all of us need to be involved in solving the problems. May we find new ways to accomplish the task?involve vt. •1) entail 包含，使成为必然部分或结果 e.g. Many of the crimes involve drugs. 许多犯罪都与毒品有关。 这份工作需要我在全国到 考试将包括回答一些关于 （formal） The job involves my traveling all over the world. 处跑。 The test involves answering questions about computer software. 计算机软件方面的问题。 •2) （be involved in sth） take part in or be affected by e.g. How many vehicles were involved in the crash? There was a serious incident involving a group of youths. 年轻人。 •3) sb (in sth/in doing sth) make sb take part in sth 使参加 e.g. We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations. 我们希望参加庆典的 人越多越好。 牵涉，牵连，被影响 这次撞车事故涉及多少辆车？ 有一起严重的事故牵涉到一群 V. Summary This passage tell us some trends for the 21st century.. While you are reading this passage, you should master languages points mentioned above. IV. Assignment 1. Review the language points 2. Do the exercises about Vocabulary, Structure and Translation. 3. Preview Part Iv and Part V Part Two -- the exercises Comprehension of the textI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 1. What problems will our world encounter in the next 1,000 years? A. Industry, economics, nature, housing, economics, nature, employment B. Food production, employment, population, health, economics, nature. C. Health, economics, nature, housing, economics, nature, employment. D. Population, food production, energy, health, economics, nature. 2. Experts examine changes _____. A. to understand the state of the field B. to understand a country’s economy C. to solve those problems D. to guide industry production. 3. In recent Europe, however, life span is ____. A. increasing B. longer C. going up D. going down 4. Why may people eat more fish in the future? A. Because fish need less feed. B. Because fish grow quickly. C. Because people like eating fish. D. Because fish is healthy food. 5. What continues to affect our forests and water? A. Population. B. The bird population. C. Seas and oceans. D. Pollutions. Keys: DADAD IV. Spell out the words with the help of the given definitions and the first letters. 1. come out of a dark, enclosed place (e__________) 2. use again (r__________) 3. make use of (u_____________) 4. excellent (o____________) 5. accomplish (a_____________) 6. investigation (s______________) 7. extreme (e______________) 8. change (a______________) 9. decrease (d_______________) 10. many (n______________) Keys: 1. emerge 2. recycle 3. utilize 4. outstanding 5. achieve 6. survey 7. excessive 8. alter 9. decline 10. numerous V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. available excessive alter achieve indifference significant efficient utilize tend 1. The government can’t afford to be __________ to public opinion. 2. Its findings provide the scientific foundation for rational _________ of land. 3. The new drug has great ____________ for the treatment of the disease. 4. Tickets are _____________ free of charge for the school. 5. I was impressed by the ____________ with which she handled the crisis. 6. Are you suffering from an _____________ of stress in your life? 7. His illness grew out of his _____________ to overwork. 8. An increase in cars has resulted in the _____________ of public transport. 9. They’re making some ______________ to the house. 10. Flying across the Atlantics for the first time was a great ________________. Keys: 1. indifferent 2. utilization 3. significance 4. available 5. efficiecy 6.excess 7. tendency 8. decline 9. alterations 10. achievement VI Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs. 1. The sun emerged ______________ behind the cloud. 2. The doctor cured him ______________ his cancer. 3. He had finally managed to break ______________ his fear. 4. The table takes ____________ too much room. 5. There is a growing trend ____________ earlier retirement. 6. Parts of the path had been washed ____________ by the sea. 7. The European Union has set strict limits _____________ levels of pollution. 8. We need to cut the article _____________ to 1,000 words. 9. We encourage students to study __________ their own pace. 10. People complain that prices of houses are going _____________ rapidly these days. Keys: 1.from 2. of 3. through 4. up 5. towards 6.away 7. on 8. down 9. at 10. up decline VII. (p.152): Rewrite the following sentences after the models. Model 1: But the fast development of world economy will cause many new problems. But the fast development of world economy will bring about many new problems. 1. She made various efforts to make a peaceful solution of the problem. 2. He caused a quarrel between his parents. 3. Scientists say that many factors produce changes in the weather. 4. You could only begin Mary’s misery. 5. The Second World War was produced by Hitler’s invasion of Poland. Keys: 1. She made various efforts to bring about a peaceful solution of the problem. 2. He brought about a quarrel between his parents. 3. Scientists say that many factors bring about changes in the weather. 4. You could only bring about Mary’s misery. 5. The second World War was brought about by Hitler’s invasion of Poland. Model 2：Surviving cancer(治好癌症) is a new trend. 1. _________________ (不准时) makes him unreliable. 2. _________________ (敲钟) marked the end of the old year. 3. _________________ (用慢火煮) makes tough meat tender. 4. _________________ (与他们争吵) is a waste of time. 5. _________________ (迷路) can be a terrifying experience. Keys: 1. Not being punctual. 2. A ringing of bells. 3. Slow cooking 4. Arguing with them 5. Being lost VIII. Study the model and translate the following sentences into English, using the phrase “keep under control” 1. 我国政府控制了禽流感。 2. 便衣警察们被告知要控制那个嫌疑人。 3. 大火终于被控制住了。 4. 这个调皮的男孩需要管教。 5.他再也不能控制住自己的感情了。 Keys: 1. Bird flu was kept under control by our government. 2. The plain-clothes policeman were told to keep the suspected man under control. 3. The traffic chaos was finally kept under control. 4. The naughty boy needs keeping under control. 5. He could not keep his feelings under control any longer. X. Translate the following sentences into English. Using the words or phrases in the brackets. 1. 在医疗改革的过程中，我们遇到了来自各方面的阻力。 2. 所有能找到的专家都被召集到了现场。 3. 他变得我几乎都认不出来了。 4. 他们的家庭背景使他们很难有机会在社会上取得成就。 5. 消防队员花了两个小时才把火势控制住。 Keys: 1. In the process of health care reform, we encountered resistance from all sides. 2. All the available experts were called to the scene. 3. He has altered so much that I can hardly recognize him. 4. Their family background gives them little chance of achieving in society. 5. It took the firemen two hours to keep the fire under control. Part Three . Grammar (融入课文讲解，不再单独进行) Attributive Clauses 1. •定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。 • 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词引出。 • 关系词有：关系代词或关系副词。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。 关系副词有： when, where, why 等。 2. 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词 •所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。 •关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 •1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： who / that 在从句中作主语 whom / that 在从句中作宾语 •2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换） 。 •3）which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 which / that 在句中作主语 which / that 在句中作宾语 3． 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词(when, where, why) • 可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 • 关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构 交替使用，例如： –There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. –Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. –His father died the year 十年前居住过的地方。 –Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? –He is unlikely to find the place 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 北京是我的出生地。 when （in which) he was born. where （in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四 4． 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： •用从句中的谓语动词判断用关系代词 / 关系副词。 及物动词后面无宾语， 就必须要求用关系代 词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 方法二： •准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词 / 关系 副词。  关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分。 –先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)。 –先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状 语) 。 5． 判断关系代词与关系副词 (方法 1) 方法一： 取决于从句中的谓语动词。 •及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词； •不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 （例） – This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. – I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.  判断改错： – This is the mountain village where I visited last year. – I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. – This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. – I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.  习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的 误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系 代词/关系副词。 •例 1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where A. where B. that B. that C. on which C. on which D. the one D. the one •例 2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. •答案：例 1 D，例 2 A •例 1 变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. •例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. •在句 1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用，只有 the one 既 做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。 •而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。 6． 限制性和非限制性定语从句 •1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。 –限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确； –非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常 用逗号分开。 •2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。 •3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第 三人称单数。 7. 介词+关系词 •1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 • 2）that 前不能有介词。 • 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。 –This is the house in which I lived two years ago. –This is the house where I lived two years ago. –Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? –Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 8. as, which 非限定性 定语从句由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句：  as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。  As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。 典型例题 •1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it A. what A. that B. that C. which C. that C. as D. he D. it D. it •2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. B. which B. which •3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. As 的用法 •例 1. the same… as；such…as 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). •例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. •As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词 know 要 用被动式。 9. 先行词和关系词二合一•1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) •2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用 all that 代替) 10. what/whatever; who/whoever; that/what •1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything –What you want has been sent here. –Whatever you want makes no difference to me. • 2) who= the person that；whoever= anyone who –（错）Who breaks the law will be punished. –（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. –（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. –（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. • 3) that 和 what 当 that 引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分 的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的 that 常可省略。What 只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代 词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。 – I think (that) you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice. – 11. 关系代词 that 的用法 1）不用 that 的情况  a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。  b) 介词后不能用。 2) 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况  a) 在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。  b) 在不定代词， anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时， 如： 只用 that， 不用 which。  c) 先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时，只用 that。  d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that。  e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 Keys to the exercises: I. Fill in each blank with a proper relative pronoun or relative adverb 1. No animals can do all the things _________ human beings can do. 2. This is a city __________ environment has been seriously polluted. 3. Can you suggest a time _________ it will be convenient to meet? 4. Is there a shop around _________ we can get food? 5. The summer of 1969, the year ________ men first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten. 6. He studied hard and later became a well-know writer, _________ was what his father had expected. 7. I still remember the summer _________ we had the big drought. 8. The real estate company from _________ we bought our house is bankrupt. 9. The tiles __________________ fell off the roof caused serious damage. 10. A doctor examined the astronauts _________ returned from space today. Keys: 1. that 2. where 3. when 4. where 5. when 6. which 7. when 8. which 9. which/that 10. who II. Complete each of the following sentences with the most appropriate word or words from the four choices marked A, B, C and D 1. The Thames, ___ is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years. A. that B. which C. when D. where 2. The weather turned out fine, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 3. It was an agreement the details ____could not be altered. A. that B. which C. of which D. on which 4. The person _____ I complain to is the manager. A. to whom B. whom C. whose D. which 5. He is the man ___ the pictures were stolen. A. whose house B. from which C. from whose house D. from whom 6. He often thinks of the days ___ he spent abroad. A. when B. on which C. that D. there 7. The Tower of London, ____ so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction. A. which B. where C. that D. there 8. The building ____ windows we can see from here is a primary school. A. who B. which C. whose D. that 9. The reason ____ Asian elephants are easily trained is ____ they have good memories. A. why … that B. what … that C. that … that D. why …what 10. Of all the books he writes, it is the only one ____ I dislike. A. which B. of which C. what D. that Keys: 1-5 BBCBC 6-10 CBCAD Part Four Reading practice Young Flyers When I was younger my imagination was one that wasn't grounded (v. 基于 ) by physics or any real common sense n. 常识） It was caught up in Peter Pan and the Loch Ness monster （n. （ . 妖怪） and I believed it… so did my two brothers: Brad my twin, and John who is two years older than me. When I was seven I became fixated on （集中在...上） birds, wondering what it would be like to fly like that, and decided to bypass v. 绕开） （ primary, high school and university education and become an aeronautical （adj.航空学的） engineer. I wanted to make an aeroplane (or a glider (n. 滑翔机)at least) to set my imagination free --- but it couldn't be done without a team, so I enlisted my brothers. I knew them: we all wanted to fly like all kids who hadn't met reality. We were excited, and set about our task. It would need careful planning. We got three planks (n.厚木板)of tongue and groove (n. 凹槽) pine from the timber pile at the back of the shed, and cut one into a short length, another into a medium length, and another into a long length. We nailed the short piece at one end of the long piece, and the medium piece about a quarter from the other end. We stood back to admire our masterpiece. A two-dimensional(adj.两维的) shape of an airplane lay on the shed floor. We had done it! My twin brother sat on it with joy: "Look guys. I'm flying! I'm flying!" He looked like a rodeo (n. 牛仔竞技表演) cowboy whipping his horse - unaware it was dead. "Okay, let's fly this puppy(n. 小家伙)," John said. So we dragged the two-metre length of wood up the tree next to the shed, and placed it in position to be pushed off the roof with somebody on it. "So who's going on it?" John said. We stared at each other. Then we took a long look down at the ground below. "You should go, Scott; you came up with the idea." John said. I looked at the plane. My imagination had run away. It didn't look like the plane I'd imagined at all, just planks of wood laid on one another. "John. Mum always says you're the oldest so you should make a good example of yourself. So you should go first," I said. (This very excuse earned John a lot of scars over the years). "Yeah!" Brad said, confident in my argument, or maybe frightened to be singled out. John took another look at that plank of wood. He looked scared. I was sure he wasn't going to do it, and we would end up (告终)dumping (v. 倾卸) it with the unfinished go cart and play swinging (n. 荡秋千) in circles on the clothes-line. "Alright" he said finally "but you have to push really hard, okay?" Brad and I nodded, and watched our brave brother man (vt. 在...就位) the position as pilot and prepare himself. I guess his courage was also due to the fact that there was the strong possibility he would experience flying over into the neighbour's backyard. "Ready?" we asked John. "Yep." "One, two, three… blastoff!(n. 发射)" We pushed him off the roof and watched in horror as the plane instantly(adv. 立即地) nose-dived and stabbed (v.刺) into the ground. Our brother landed on his feet for a moment before falling on his face --- the plane then fell backward onto him. He got up and began hopping (v. 单脚跳) carefully on one foot. "Are you alright John?" I called down to my brother. "I think I've jarred (vt.震动) my foot," he shouted. We climbed back down the tree and made sure his foot wasn't broken. The aeroplane would have to be modified, but that was for another day. Brad and I had learned from our brother. We went inside, turned on the TV, and who should we see but Mickey Mouse doing exactly what we had tried to do with only the aid of a broom stick (扫帚条子) --- we headed for the closet (n. 储藏 室). Language points 1. •…unaware it was dead.unaware adj. (not before noun) not knowing or realizing 没有意识到， 未察觉 e.g. He was completely unaware of the whole affair. 他对整件事一无所知。 She was unaware that I recognized her. 她没想到我认出了她。unawareness n. aware sth good because of sth you’ve done 博得，赢得 e.g. As a teacher, she earned the respect and admiration of her students. 作为老师，她博得了学生的尊敬和钦佩。 I need a rest. Think I’ve earned it, don’t you? 我需要休息一下，觉得我也应当歇歇了，是不是？ (opposite) 2. •This very excuse earned John a lot of scars over the years.earn vt. get sth you deserve, usu. 3. •…or maybe frightened to be singled out.single out： choose from a group for special attention 单独挑出 e.g. She was singled out for criticism/praise. 把她挑选出来批评／表扬。 He was singled out as the outstanding performer of the games. 他被选为这次运动会表现最出色的运动员。4. •I was sure he wasn't going to do it, and we would end up dumping it with the unfinished go cart…end up (n/V-ing / prep. / adj.) 最终 成为，最后处于 e.g. If he carries on driving like that, he’ll end up dead. 如果他继续那样开车，总有一天会把命丢掉。 At first they hated each other, but they ended up getting married. 刚开始他们互相仇恨，到最后却成了夫妻。 If you commit a crime, you’ll end up in prison 如果你犯了罪，下场就是进监狱。 In the pursuit of becoming sb, he ended up nobody. 他想成为大人物，结果却一事无成。 I. Answer the following questions according to the Text. 1. Why did the author and his brothers produce a plane? 2. How did they make the plane? 3. Why did John have to practice the plan? 4. What was the result of their flight? 5. What did the author learn from his old brother? Keys: 1. Because they wanted to become aeronautical engineers and made a plane to set their imagination free. 2. They got three planks of tongue and groove pine from the timber pile at the back of the shed, and cut one into a short length, another into a medium length, and another into a long length. They nailed the short piece at one end of the long piece, and the medium piece about a quarter from the other end. 3. Because their Mum always says John is the oldest so he should make a good example of himself. 4. The plane instantly nose-dived and stabbed into the ground. John landed on his feet for a moment before falling on his face – the plane then fell backward onto him. 5. His courage. Part Five Practical English 业务信函（Letters of Recommendation） 求职信  一、求职信的格式、用词和礼节 求职信是有目的地针对不同用人单位的一种书面自我介绍，书写一般以商业格式为标准，分开 头，中间和结尾三部分。首尾部份应注意礼貌，通常信的开始要先做自我介绍，如：姓名、学 校、所学专业等。中间部分是正文，是求职信的核心，形式多种多样，一般为自我条件展示、 工作展望等内容。在结尾处建议下一步的行动，联络地点、联络方式，以及最后的感谢语等。 这三部分的内容一般占三或四段，可以发挥创意的空间非常的大，不必死守规则，可灵活运用。 求职信应与履历分开，有话则长，无话则短，没有必要把简历的内容重复一遍。英文求职信的 模式与中文求职信格式相同。 二、礼貌的开头结尾 (一) 开头语 •1. In reply to your advertisement in Beijing Youth Daily of December 25, I respectfully offer my services for the situation. Trans..•2. Having heard that the situation of salesman in your company is vacant. I wish to offer my services for it. Trans..•3. So I must to say that I have long been hopeful of working for your hospital after graduation, I am sure that I have the privilege of serving in your hospital; I will greatly increase my experience and my education. Trans..•4. Dear Sir, after my graduation from college this fall, I am desirous of securing a position that will offer me opportunity in the field. •5. On looking over today's Economic Daily Times my attention was attracted by your advertisement for a senior clerk. Now as I am desirous of obtaining such a position, I should like to apply for it. Trans..(二) 结束语 •1. If you would like to know more about my ability, I can be available for an interview at any time convenient to you. Trans..•2. If you desire an interview, I shall be most happy to call in person, on any day and at any time you may appoint. Trans.. •3. Should you entertain my application favorably, I would spare to trouble acquit myself to your satisfaction. Trans.. •4. If you feel that I am suited for the job that you have in mind, please inform me of the time convenient for an interview. I hope to hear from you in the near future. Trans.. •5. I hope that you will give me an interview at some time convenient to you. Trans..•6. If there is further information that you wish in the meantime, please let me know. I can always be reached at the address given at the beginning of this letter. Trans..三、学历与能力介绍 (一)个人背景简介 •1. I am twenty-three years of age and graduated from the University of Michigan of the class of 2004. Trans..•2. I have excellent grades in all my subjects especially have a thorough knowledge of the English language. If you wish to look at these information it will be sent to you later. Trans..•3. I have received a good education and I have business knowledge and know the sales techniques. Trans.. •4. My English score were always on the top three of my class of sixty. I have learned to operate computer and I can type either in English or in Chinese. Trans..•5. I feel that I am competent to meet the requirement which you have specified. I graduated from Tokyo Commercial University, where have completed the four year course. Besides, I have had two years training in typewriting and also studied the English Language, including a year of Business English. Trans.. (二) 重点叙述能力 •1. I have been referred to you by my major advisor at college as a source of possible assistance in finding employment in the United States. I was employed as editor on a weekly newspaper. I have considerable editorial experience and am familiar with proofreading, rewriting, and production, as well as the more creative aspects of this type of work. Trans.. •2. •4. For the past two years I was employed as an assistant to the chief engineer of the American Food I should like to be considered an applicant for one of these positions. Trans.. For Should you give me a trial, I will do my utmost to afford you every satisfaction. Trans..•5. Corporation. Trans..•3. the last four years I have been employed as a senior accountant by a company of import and export where the wide field of work to be covered has given me a good knowledge of accounts. 四、 英文求职信范文 April 13, 2007 P.O. Box 48 Peking University Beijing, China 100013 Dear Sir/Madam: I was referred to you by Mr. Zhang, a partner with your Peking office, who informed me that the Shanghai office of your company is actively seeking to hire a Network Maintenance Engineer for your program. Your position requires top university, Bachelor or above in Computer Science or equivalent field and proficient in Windows 2000 and LINUX System. I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements. I will be graduating from Graduate School of Peking University this year with a M.S. degree. My studies have included courses in computer control and management and I designed a control simulation system developed with Microsoft Visual InterDev and SQL Server. During my education, I have grasped the principals of my major and skills of practice. Not only have I passed CET-6, but more important I can communicate with others freely in English. My ability to write and speak English is out of question. The enclosed resume outlines my credentials and accomplishments in greater detail. I would welcome an opportunity to meet with you for a personal interview. Sincerely, Deng Yun Exercise and keys: Complete the following letter according to the Chinese version. 尊敬的人事部经理： 本人需要一份工作，不是任何公司的任何工作，而是贵公司的一个职位。贵公 司不只是商店，而是大众都知晓的机构，无论是对员工还是对客户，它的公正、诚实的美 誉远近驰名。 在大学主修会计四年来，我早就想到贵公司会计部工作，今年七月即将毕业。 写此信时，不知贵公司目前是否有空缺，但是下列的资历促使本人冒昧提出申请。 （略） 宁红大学会计学院 （签名） 张元明 Attention of Personnel Manager, want a job. Not any job with any company, but a ________ (1) job with your company. Here are my reasons. Your organization is more __________ (2) just a business house. It is an institution in the minds of the local public. It has a ___________ (3) for fair play and honesty with both employees and customers alike. For the past four years, while ___________ (4) in accounting at college, I have had a secret ambition to work for your organization in the _____________ (5) department. I’ll graduate in July. As I write this letter, I am wondering if there is an opening at present, but here are my qualifications which prompt me to ____________ (6) an application now. (omitted) Yours faithfully, Zhang Yuanming Accounting School, Ninghong University Keys: 1. particular 2. than 3. reputation 4. specializing 5. accounting 6. make Part Six. English Salon Funny Questions 1. Why do film stars look so cool? Because there are so many fans. (fan 影迷，亦作风扇) 2. Why is the letter “t” so wet? Because it’s in the middle of water. 3. doctor, doctor I keep on lying. That's not true! 4. What did the sea say to the sand? Nothing, it just waved! •1．What goes all over the house，but touches nothing？ •2．Why is the letter “t” like an island？:•3．Why do you think B comes before C？ •4．My uncle has a brother，he is not my uncle．Who is he？•5．Why is a river rich？ •6．Why is autumn the best time for a lazy person to read a book？ •7． Why did the boy take a ladder to school？ •8．Two Japanese are standing on a hill．One is the father of the other's son．What's the relationship between the two Japanese？