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D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y Glossary of Photographic Terms ASA Speed - Light sensitivity of film expressed in mathematical values. Equivalent to ISO (International Standards Organization) film speed ratings. The higher the number, the more sensitive the film is to light. Aberration - A lens flaw that produces degraded sharpness, lowered contrast, distorted shape or other imperfections in photographs. Ambient Light - Light already existing in an indoor or outdoor scene independent of any light supplied by the photographer. Aperture - An opening in a lens through which light enters. Aperture size is calibrated in f-numbers. The larger the f-number, the smaller the lens opening. Aperture Priority – A camera setting that automatically adjusts the shutter speed to correctly expose the picture once the photographer has set the desired aperture. Automatic Diaphragm - A lens aperture that stays at its widest opening until the moment of exposure, when it closes down to the aperture at which it is set. After the exposure, it returns to the widest opening. Automatic Exposure - A camera setting that automatically adjusts the lens aperture, shutter speed, or both, for proper exposure. Automatic Flash - An electronic flash that measures the amount of flash illumination reflected back by the subject. When enough light for a properly exposed picture is reflected to the flash, it stops the flash from emitting any more light. Automatic Focus - A camera or lens that automatically adjusts the focus by electronic means. Auto Winder - A motorized mechanism for advancing the film in a camera and recocking the shutter. B (Bulb) Setting - A shutter speed setting that allows the shutter to be open for as long as the shutter release is pressed. Used for taking time exposures. Bas-Relief - A darkroom technique that outlines the subject with a dark or light line. Bayonet Lens Mount - A method of mounting a lens onto a camera body. The lens is inserted into the camera and given a short turn to lock it into place. Except for a few instances, a bayonet mount camera will not accept bayonet mount lenses made by a different camera maker. Bellows - An accessory with flexible pleated material that goes between the camera and lens to extend the lens-to-film distance for close-up photography. Bracketing - Taking additional photos of a subject over a range of varying exposures and or white balances to ensure a correct exposure. Burning In - Adding more exposure/light to areas of an image that would otherwise be under exposed. Close-Up Lens - A lens or lens attachment that permits a lens to focus closer than normal. Usually sold in sets, with each close-up lens a different strength for focusing at varying distances. PacIfIc Northwest PhotographIng the Natural 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y Cold Mount - Means of mounting photos on cardboard with sheets of adhesive that require pressure instead of heat to make a permanent bond. Color Analyzer - An electronic instrument for color printing that compares the color and density of a negative to that of a reference negative that has been programmed into the analyzer. Color Temperature - A comparison of the color of a light source expressed in degrees Kelvin. Condenser Enlarger - An enlarger using one or more glass condenser lenses between the lamp and film plane to provide even coverage of light. Contact Paper - A slow speed black & white photo paper made primarily for making contact prints from negatives. Depth of Field - The distance range from the camera to the nearest and farthest points in a scene that are in sharp focus. Diazo Film - A monochromatic film that is sensitive to only ultraviolet light and is developed in ammonia fumes. Main photographic use is for making color title slides from high-contrast negatives. Dichroic Enlarger - An enlarger equipped with dichroic filters for color printing. Dichroic enlargers may have either a diffusion or condenser lamp-house. Dichroic Filters - Filters for color printing that are built-into enlargers. The color balance of dichroic filters is set by adjusting dials, instead of moving individual filters. Diffraction Filter - A clear filter on which tiny lines have been etched to create rainbow-colored bursts of light from point light sources in a scene. Diffusion Enlarger - An enlarger that reflects the light beam from the bulb off white walls of a mixing box positioned above the film carrier. Dodging - Reducing the exposure to areas of an image that would otherwise be too dark. Dry Mount - A method of mounting photographs onto heavy cardboard by using sheets of heat-activated adhesive tissue with a dry mount press or household iron. Emulsion - A light-sensitive coating on photographic film and paper. An emulsion is made up of silver halides and gelatin. Enlarging Paper - Photographic printing paper for making enlargements from negatives. Has faster emulsion speed (more light-sensitive) than contact paper. PacIfIc Northwest Cross-Screen Filter - A clear filter etched with a grid pattern which produces "starburst" flare patterns around point light sources in a scene. Daylight Film - Color film that is suitable for use in average daylight or with electronic flash without any filters needed. Daylight Tank - A film processing tank that can be used in normal room light once the film has been loaded into it in total darkness. Dedicated Flash - An electronic flash that is designed for specific camera makes and models. When the flash it attached to the camera and turned on, the camera's shutter speed and or lens aperture will be automatically adjusted to the correct setting. PhotographIng the Natural 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y Extension Tubes - Hollow metal tubes that go between camera and lens to pernd closer than normal focusing. The longer the extension, the closer the lens will focus. Ferrotype - A method of producing glossy finishes on fiber-base prints by squeezing them onto shiny ferrotype plates while damp and allowing them to dry. Fiber-Base Paper - Photographic paper consisting of light-sensitive emulsion coated on a durable paper base. Filter Size - The diameter of the filter retaining threads on the front of a lens. Fisheye Conversion Lens - A lens attachment that can be used with most wideangle, normal and telephoto lenses to take extreme wide-angle pictures. Fisheye Lens - An extreme wide-angle lens. Most fisheye lenses cover over 180 degree angle of view and may produce circle-shaped images. Flash Meter - An instrument for measuring the amount of light produced by a flash unit. Flash Synchronization - The adjustment and timing of camera and flash so that the flash fires when the camera shutter is open. Focal Length - The distance between the film and the optical center of a lens when the lens is focused at infinity. Graded Paper - Black & white photo paper that is manufactured in specific contrast grades. Guide Number - A rating of a flash unit's power. Can be defined as the proper exposure setting for a photo taken with the flash ten feet from the subject, multiplied by PhotographIng the ten. For example, a flash with a guide number of 56 will produce enough light for an exposure of f5.6 at ten feet. Hot Shoe - A standardized method of mounting an electronic flash on a camera. The hot shoe fittings on both the camera and flash have an electrical contact in the center that fires the flash when the shutter is released. Infrared Film - A black & white or color film that is sensitive to infrared light. Inter-negative - A copy negative made from a slide. Kodalith - A high-contrast black & white film made by Kodak. Lens Hood - A short conical-shaped tube that attaches to the front of a lens to shield it from extraneous light. Helps prevent lens flare, ghost images and loss of contrast. Lens Speed - The largest lens opening at which a lens can be set. A "fast" lens has a larger maximum opening than a "slow" lens. Light Meter - A device that measures the intensity of light. Can be either built into a camera or a separate hand-held instrument. Macro Adapter Lens - A lens attachment that permits a lens to focus much closer than normal. Macro Lens - A primary lens that can be focused from a very short distance out to infinity. May be a fixed focal length lens or a zoom lens. Mirror Lens - A type of long telephoto lens that uses several mirror optic surfaces to "fold" the light path, reducing the size and weight of the lens. Natural PacIfIc Northwest 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y Modeling Light - a relatively weak incandescent light bulb mounted in an electronic flash head next to the flash tube. The continuous illuminations from the modeling light make it possible to preview the lighting effect that will be produced by the flash. Motor Drive - A motorized mechanism for advancing the film in a camera and recocking the shutter. Mount Board - White, gray, black or colored cardboard onto which prints are mounted for display. Also called mat board. Multicoating - The application of several coats of materials to the surface of lens elements to improve light transmission and reduce reflections. Negative - A photographic image on which tones and colors appear the opposite of the original scene. NiCad Batteries - A type of dry cell battery that can be recharged an indefinite number of times. Normal Lens - A lens with a focal length of approximately the diagonal measurement of the film image area. A 50mm lens is considered the normal lens for 35mm photography. Normal lenses view the subject like unaided human eyes, neither reducing nor enlarging the subject size. PC/PC Extension Cord - A cord that goes between a camera and a flash unit's shutter cord to permit the flash to be positioned farther from the camera Parallax - The difference between the field of view seen through a camera's viewfinder and the image recorded on film by the taking lens. Parallax is due to the distance between the viewfinder and taking lenses on PhotographIng the rangefinder and twin lens reflex cameras and is most evident at close subject distances. SLR cameras do not have the problem of parallax because the subject is viewed through the taking lens. Perspective Control Lens - A lens design featuring optics that can be shifted to correct for converging vertical lines. Photograms - Photographs made without a camera by placing opaque objects on a sheet of paper, exposing to light and processing. Photograms have dark backgrounds and white silhouettes of the opaque objects. Polarizing Filter - A filter that removes reflections from water, glass and other surfaces. Polarizing filters may also have the effect of increasing color saturation. Posterization - An effect that separates normal tones into distinct tone ranges. Push Processing - The technique of overdeveloping film to compensate' for intentional underexposure. Commonly used to gain faster shutter speeds or greater depth of field than normally exposed and processed film will permit. Rangefinder Camera - A camera equipped with a rangefinder focusing system, which provides a double image of the subject in a small central area of the viewfinder. When the camera is in focus, the double image appears as a single image. Reflex - A camera design using mirrors or prisms to reflect the scene onto a ground glass focusing screen. Reproduction Ratio - The ratio of the actual size of an object to its reproduced size on film. A 1:1 ratio means life-size, a 2:1 ratio means 2X actual size and 1:4 ratio PacIfIc Northwest Natural 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y means 1/4 life-size. Resin-Coated Paper - Photographic paper that has a thin coating of plastic resin on the backside of the paper and in between the emulsion and paper support. RC paper absorbs less of the processing chemicals, requires a shorter wash and dries faster than fiber-base paper. Reticulation – An effect that creates an overall pattern in film by subjecting it to extreme changes in the temperature of processing solutions. Reversal Film - A type of film that produces positive images by being reversed from negative images during processing. Color slide films are reversal films. Reverse Adapter - An adapter ring that permits a normal lens to be mounted onto a camera backwards for improved results when taking extreme close-up photos. SLR - Single Lens Reflex camera, a type of camera design that permits the photographer to view through the imagetaking lens instead of a separate viewfinder window. Sabattier Effect - A darkroom technique that produces both negative and positive images on the same film or paper by reexposure to light partway through development. Shutter - A mechanism containing curtains, blades or plates that control the length of time film is exposed to light. Shutter Cord - A cord that couples a flash unit to a camera. Provides for synchronization between the shutter and flash. Shutter Priority A camera setting that PhotographIng the automatically adjusts the lens aperture to correctly expose the picture once the photographer has set the shutter speed. Skylight Filter - A very pale pink filter used with color film to reduce excess blue found in outdoor scenes. Commonly left on the lens all the time to serve as a lens protection. Slave Sensor - A device that fires a flash unit when it senses the light from another flash unit. The light from both flash units will be in synchronization with the camera. Solarization - An effect that reverses the image on film by extreme overexposure. Photos made by the Sabattier Effect are often referred to as having been solarized. Split Field Lens - A semi-circular close-up lens in a rotating mount. Attaches to the front of a lens and enables it to render near and distant objects in focus at the same time. Step-Down Ring - A filter size adapter ring that permits a lens to use filters smaller than the lens filter size. Step-Up Ring - A filter size adapter ring that permits a lens to use filters larger than the lens filter size. T -Mount - An interchangeable lens mounting system for typically used on slide duplicators, microscope and telescope attachments, lenses without automatic diaphragms, and other optical accessories. A T-mount is a metal ring with female threads on one side to screw onto the lens attachment and a male camera mount on the other side. Tele-Converter - A lens accessory that mounts between a camera body and normal, telephoto or telephoto zoom lenses to Natural PacIfIc Northwest 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y multiply the effective focal length. A 2X teleconverter will make an 80-200mm zoom lens seem like a 160-400mm zoom. Telephoto Lens - Lenses whose focal lengths are longer than 50mm (in 35mm photography). Telephoto lenses enlarge the subject size. Texture Screen - A clear material onto which a texture has been embossed or imprinted. A texture screen is placed on the photo printing paper or sandwiched with the negative to add the appearance of texture to a print. Thyristor - A type of circuitry used in automatic electronic flash units which return unused energy to the capacitor after each shot. This design reduces recycling time and power consumption substantially. Transparency - A positive photographic image viewed or projected by transmitted light. Color slides are transparencies. UV Haze Filter - A visually clear filter that removes bluish haze caused by ultraviolet light. Commonly left on the lens all the time to serve as a lens protector. Umbrella - A lighting accessory consisting of reflective fabric stretched over a metal frame. Used to reflect soft, even light onto a subject. Universal Screw Mount - A style of lens mounting. The universal screw mount has 42mm diameter threads on the lens mount. Variable Contrast Paper - Black & white photo paper whose contrast is controlled by using filters. Variable Focal Length Lens - A type of zoom lens that requires refocusing as it is zoomed. PhotographIng the View Camera - A style of camera consisting of a bellows connecting a lens support and film holder, mounted on a rail or pair of rails. View cameras offer the lens and film planes a great deal of unrestricted physical movement for controlling depth of field and perspective. Vignette - The darkening effect on the corners of an image. Commonly caused by lens hoods, filters and other lens attachments that reduce a lens' angle of view. Wide-Angle Lens - A lens with a focal length shorter than the normal lens. In 35mm photography, lenses shorter than 50mm are considered wide-angle lenses. Zone Focusing - A type of focusing system that has two or more focus settings for varying subject distance ranges, rather than a continuously adjustable focusing ring. Zoom Lens - A lens in which the focal length can be adjusted over a wide range. 8-bit image: An image containing 256 or fewer colors. 16-bit image: An image containing about 32,000 colors. Bit: Binary digit, the basic unit of digital information. Eight bits equal one byte. Burst mode: A setting on some cameras that allows several images to be recorded in rapid succession with one press of the shutter button. Byte: Eight bits. CCD: Charge Coupled Device. A photoelectric device that converts light information into electronic information. CCD Natural PacIfIc Northwest 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y digitizers employ of an array of sensors that collect and store light as a buildup of electrical charge. The resulting electrical signal can be converted into computer code and reconstructed to form an electronic image. CCD digitizers deliver exceptional image quality, reliability, and affordability. CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. Another type of image sensor chip used in digital cameras where the silicon wafer is etched with small circuits that allow for signal processing. CMOS devices use little power and do not produce as much heat as other forms of logic devices. Compact Flash: One of several types of removable memory cards used to store images in digital cameras. Downloading: Transferring data from one computer device to another. EV compensation: Exposure Value. A means to correct anticipated over or under exposure in a camera. File format: The system for encoding the information in a data file. Examples of file formats are JPEG, TIFF, GIF etc. GIF: A common image file format. Graphics Interchange Format. Gigabyte: 1,000 megabytes. Gray Card: An accessory card with a gray scale value of 18%. Used to get a correct exposure by taking a meter reading directly from the card. Grayscale: Shades of gray ranging from white to black. JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group format. A common image file format. PhotographIng the Kelvin: A measure of color temperature of light. I.e.: 5,200` K. Kilobyte: 1,000 bytes (kb). LCD: Stands for liquid crystal display. The LCD is the screen seen on most digital cameras. Megabyte: One million bytes (mb). Megapixel: One million pixels, (mp). Memory Stick: One of several types of removable memory cards used to store images in digital cameras. Metadata: Data stored along with image data in an image file. Metadata may include; date, exposure settings, lens data and etc. Sometimes referred to as EXIF data (Exchangeable Image Format). Metering Mode: A camera setting that reads the light levels of a scene through its auto exposure system. Noise: A digital term for the equivalent of graininess in an image. Pixel: Picture Element, The basic unit from which a video or computer picture is made. Essentially a dot with a given color and brightness value. The more pixels the higher the resolution of the picture. ppi: Pixels Per Inch. The number of pixels in a linear inch, used to define resolution of an image. Resolution: The ability of a lens or sensor to measure the angular separation of images that are close together. The number of pixels per linear inch, (ppi). Natural PacIfIc Northwest 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com D L Anderson P h o t o g r a p h y Smart Media Card: One of several types of removable memory cards used to store images in digital cameras. TIFF: A common image file format. Tagged Image File Format. USB: Universal Serial Bus. Allows the use of high speed connection of peripheral devices to a computer. A digital camera can download images with the included USB cable to a computer. Printers, scanners and many other devices use this system of connection to a computer or between digital devices. White Balance: The automatic or manual control of the balance of whites in a digital camera. Allows compensation for different color temperatures PhotographIng the Natural PacIfIc Northwest 26400 NW St. Helens Road  Scappoose  Oregon 97056 Phone: (503) 543 7294  Web: www.dlaphotography.com