Syntax 2
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Now let’s change the NP rule again
Such that we have
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S NP VP VP V NP NP (DET) (ADJ) N
The unhappy book ate the green lambada (The sentence is syntactically well-formed, by the way)
Now you can diagram this sentence
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2
Figure out the two meanings
The girl hit the boy with a stick 爸爸給小明買鹹蛋超人 This is called syntactic ambiguity
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Deep and surface structure
Translate:
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“On the surface, George seems outgoing, but deep down he is sensitive and shy” The words used in a sentence The real meaning of the sentence
Surface structure
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Deep structure
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Deep and surface structure 2
1. The girl hit the boy with a stick
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One surface structure How many deep structures?
Can you give another sentence with the same meaning as 2?
2. The boy was hit by the girl
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3. The girl hit the boy 2 and 3 have
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The same deep structure Different surface structures
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Draw trees for 1-4. I will grade.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Roy laughed. Wayne hit Johnny. The students sang a nice song. I saw the man with the telescope
Give two Chinese translations Try to draw two trees
S NP VP
VP V (NP) NP (DET) (ADJ) N
New rules, for #4 only: VP VP PP PP P NP NP NP PP
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I saw the man with the telescope
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Complements
A complement an object (of a verb)
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Like fish here:
There is another kind of complement
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Sentential complement: New rule:
VP V S
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Complementizers (that, if etc.)
Simple enough:
Complementizer that is optional:
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Other complementizers may not be optional
Like if
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More rules:
CP COMP S VP V CP
*We wonder Tracy ate her fish. Does Chinese have a complementizer which means that? Give examples of its use, and draw trees.
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S NP aux VP
Draw phrase structure trees for the following utterances.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
John drinks. John drinks beer with a straw (吸管) Jane believes John drinks beer. John must drink beer. Jane wonders whether John must drink beer.
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爸爸給小明買鹹蛋超人
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