Artificial Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation 2.1 – Areas (Branches) of Artificial Intelligence
The study of Artificial Intelligence is always growing and there are many branches (areas) that you can study and be employed within. For the purposes of this topic you should become familiar with six of them.
Exercise 1 – Unscramble the following to identify the six areas of AI
Scrambled term smeag woekndgle sabes msdneo rtpexe meytsss santeg raulne rnkotesw Unscrambled term
Exercise 2 – Glossary of Terms
Use the internet or any available textbooks to define the following terms. Check your answers and ensure that your answers relate to AI. Also, state the source of your answer for every case. Artificial Intelligent Artificial Intelligent systems Knowledge Base Demons or Daemons Agents Expert Expert Systems Real-time data Neural networks Speech or voice recognition systems
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Expert Systems
Expert systems are the most common form of intelligent systems, and they provide recommendations or decisions about a problem. These systems are created using programming languages like Prolog or Lisp. To use an expert system, data about a problem is entered into the expert system. An inference engine then examines each part of the problem, and then using the facts and rules contained within its knowledge base, a response is given.
Knowledge base Facts Rules Models Database Working memory Facts Inferred facts Rule sequence
USER
User Interface
Inference Engine interprets rules has a control strategy
Components of an expert system
For example, an IT Help Desk Expert system help to diagnose computer problems. Data is entered by the user about the problem, The Expert system uses this to explore its knowledge base to determine possible solutions. The Expert system then provides its response/s back to the user.
Exercise 3 – Experience an online Expert System
Go to the following website http://www.vanguardsw.com/decisionscript/Examples.htm and work through the eDoctor Decision system and the Jupiter Cellular Decision system. After experiencing both Expert systems, think about them. Were they easy/hard to use? Were there sufficient answering options for you; were they too generalised or too specific? Did you get the response you expected or not? Were the responses generic or specific? Would you have done better with a guessing board? Were they the types of questions that a human would have asked? After you have reflected on the Expert systems answer the following questions: 1. What are some advantages of an expert system?
2. What are some disadvantages of an expert system?
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Exercise 4 – Develop your own Expert System
Knowledge Base A centralised repository for facts (information) and rules related to a particular topic. An intelligent system needs a knowledge base. In many cases ‘facts’ are stored as IF-THEN statements, such as IF the condition exists, THEN specify action of conclusion (aka Heuristic knowledge). A computer system that asks users a set of questions and compares their answers with a knowledge base. Deductions are made and then displayed to the user. Thus an expert system solves problems in a specific field using a rule-based scheme. These are used in the medical field, insurance field, banking field, for traffic navigation, etc. http://www.oswego.edu/~bouchard/protoroto/uses.php
Expert Systems
Use the Internet and go to http://www.site.uottawa.ca:4321/knowledgebases.html and check out the knowledge bases there. Remember that Expert systems use knowledge bases to solve problems. Here are two examples of simple expert systems that have been developed from a knowledge base. Study them both and then write up your own expert system for either a ‘penguin’ or something of your own choice
Common mammalian Pets 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IF the animal has live young THEN the animal is a mammal: GOTO 3 IF the animal lays eggs THEN the animal is not a mammal: GOTO 5 IF the animal barks THEN the animal is a dog: EXIT IF the animal purrs THEN the animal is a cat: EXIT Animal not recognised: EXIT Vehicles 1. 2. 3. 4. IF the object has an engine THEN the object is a vehicle: GOTO 3 IF the object does not have an engine THEN the object is not a vehicle: EXIT IF the object is smaller than a car THEN the object is a motorbike: EXIT IF the object transports people, goods and pets AND is smaller than a bus or truck THEN the object is a car: EXIT IF the object can transport more than 10 people at a time THEN the object is a bus: EXIT The object is a truck: EXIT
5. 6. A Penguin
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Exercise 5 – Word maze and Word Find
Find the following words in the word maze and then use these same words in the paragraph below. device user interaction
E R E S P O N S E Z Z L W K P Y N L G J
microphone number screen
N N L U S R O T A E R C S A X H I E N Q G K C V S S S U L E T E X E L S J C I V W I Z O K G T C I J U G F P J P T K R I R E S U U J R H B M N U F S W N V D E Q U N Y B A N A O P O T S E V E B Y T T Z
useful creators response
S O P H I S T I C A T E D G T F O Q N W E X S T X J E E O S N K I P H J J L E E F V N O C B G S R D I L M J P Q V F D K
sophisticated speak encounter
U J O N I A I V Y N L I N N W H C E P V L O I V O U E Q L E U A H V S Y V E B Z X N T J H I S R T G R M D E W I B R G I P L A Y E D T N E T E G B B C K J L E A O I T Q H C I C I T N H H E Z S P Z I E
limitations strategies entering
Y C I F R D N F A I A J E N R N S U V P T W M Y P E I A T R M L I X T E I M O P R L I F E C U I S H E K U A K K L N B W H J L R I Y C Y O P F T O M W O B S Y O
artificial exciting played intelligent simulate react
D A C A V X P S G K W U N M I O J A S U K S L V E E N O H P O R C I M S O P V H
An ______________ system can be defined as a computer system that receives data, through an input ______________ such as a mouse, keyboard or ______________, to produce an intelligent ______________. One aim of trying to develop computers with ______________ intelligence is to make them more ______________. Despite their ______________, artificial intelligence systems are considered to be one of the most ______________ fields of computer development. If you have used telephone directory assistance, for example, then you have been a ______________ of an artificial intelligence system. As you ______________ into the telephone, you are ______________ data. The ______________ sent back to you be the computerised assistant is the intelligent response (hopefully it is the correct number). Many games companies are designing artificial intelligence games that can match players’ abilities by altering tactics and ______________, rather than by improving the ability of opponents. If you have ______________ a video games released in the past year or so, you have probably encountered artificial intelligence, and sensed ______________ with a semi-intelligent creature existing somewhere on the other side of the ______________. These games are delivered using ______________ artificial intelligence programs that guide the decisions of the characters and ______________ their responses. The ______________ of artificial intelligence games have said that even they can’t predict exactly how their characters will ______________ in a given situation. No two players will ______________ the same reactions from game to game.
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