PHYSIOLOGY - QUESTIONS FOR ORAL PART OF FINAL EXAMINATION:
EXCITABLE TISSUES 1. Survey of encoding the strenght of sensory stimuli 2. Physiology of receptive and conductile membranes 3. Transmembrane / resting / potential 4. Function of receptors, classification, sensory modalities 5. Reflex and reflex arc 6. Receptor / generator / potential 7. Nerve impulses, action potential 8. All-or-nothing law, refractory phases 9. Conduction of action potentials 10. Du Bois-Reymond´s law, Weiss-Hoorweg law of stimulation 11. Degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibres 12. Classification of neurones and synapses 13. Mechanisms of activation of postsynaptic neurones 14. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials 15. Mechanisms and types of postsynaptic inhibition 16. Mechanisms of presynaptic inhibition 17. Neuromuscular transmission 18. Function of the motor endplate /end plate potentials/ 19. Excitation -contraction coupling in skeletal muscles 20. Mechanisms of excitation of motor unit 21. Mechanisms of muscle contraction 22. Classification of skeletal muscles and muscle movements 23. Morphology and function of smooth muscles 24. Reflex arc and function of monosynaptic reflexes 25. Reflex arc and function of polysynaptic reflexes 26. Reflex arc and function of vegetative reflexes 27. Physiology of muscle spindle, alfa-gama coactivation RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 28. Function of the respiratory system 29. Function of the upper airways 30. Functional morphology of the tracheobronchial tree, function of the lower airways 31. Ciliary activity 32. Dead space, classification, determination 33. Functional morphology of gas-exchange regions 34. Exchange of respiratory gases, alveolocapillary barrier 35. Diffusion capacity of the lungs 36. Function of respiratory muscles 37. Intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures 38. Lung volumes and capacities 39. Ventilation, classification 40. Lung compliance 41. Alveolar surface tension, the first breath of newborns 42. Physiological role of the lung surfactant 43. Curve of relaxation pressures and maximum respiratory pressures 44. Work of breathing 45. Mechanisms of inspiration and exspiration 46. Concentrations of O2 and CO2 in the air and alveolar gas 47. Transport of oxygen in the blood
48. O2 - association-dissociation curve of haemoglobin 49. Factors modifying dissociation curve of haemoglobin 50. Transport of CO2 in the blood 51. Forms of the CO2 -transport in the blood 52. Hamburger effect, Bohr ´s effect 53. CO2 -association-dissociation curve of haemoglobin 54. Mechanisms of rhythmic breathing 55. Regulation of breathing 56. Inputs to the medullary breathing centres 57. Breathing and regulation of the blood-pH 58. Respiratory compensations of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis 59. Respiration under water 60. Decompression sickness 61. Respiration in high altitudes 62. Compensation of high-altitude-hypoxia 63. Pulmonary circulation 64. Effects of breathing and gravity on pulmonary circulation CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 65. Function of cardiovascular system 66. Physiological properties of cardiac muscle 67. Excitability of the heart 68. Conduction system of the heart 69. Contractility of cardiac muscle 70. Mechanism of the heart automatism 71. Action potential of the cardiac muscle 72. Action potential of the heart and its contraction 73. Basic shape of the ECG 74. Bipolar and unipolar limb leads of ECG 75. Cardiac cycle 76. Blood pressure in cardiac atria and ventricles 77. Heart sounds - phonocardiography 78. Excitacion-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle 79. Stroke volume of the heart 80. Cardiac output and its measurement 81. Heart rate 82. Energetics of cardiac muscle 83. Work output of the heart and its efficiency 84. Starling´s autoregulation law of the heart 85. Primary cardiomotor center 86. Afferents to the cardiomotor center 87. Distribution of the blood inperipheral circulation 88. Velocity of the blood flow 89. Humoral regulation of the heart 90. Arterial haemodynamics 91. Blood pressure 92. Measurement of arterial blood pressure 93. Pressure gradients in the circulation 94. Mechanism of hyperemia 95. Arterial pulse 96. Function and significance of microcirculation 97. Transcapillary exchange of fluids and substances
98. Effective filtration and resorption pressures in capillaries membrane 99. Function of the lymphatic system 100. Lymph production and flow 101. Composition of the lymph and transport of substances by the lymph 102. Interstial fluid and lymph 103. Venous haemodynamics 104. Changes in haemodynamics during the work 105. Neural regulation of the cardiovascular system 106. Humoral regulation of the cardiovascular system 107. Specific features of the heart circulation 108. Renal and skin blood circulations 109. Blood circulation in the brain and liver BLOOD 110. Functions and composition of the blood 111. Blood plasma, osmotic and oncotic pressures 112. Acid - base balance, pH of the blood 113. Functions of erythrocytes 114. Haemoglobin 115. Function of leukocytes 116. Lymphocytes and immunity 117. Blood coagulation 118. Haemostasis 119. Blood groups, Rh-factor 120. Transfusion of the blood 121. Haemopoiesis GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 122. Processes of gastrointestinal function 123. Excitation and contractions of smooth muscles 124. Autonomous control of the GIT motility 125. Hormonal control of gastrointestinal motility 126. Mastication, swallowing and function of the oesophagus 127. Motor functions of the stomach 128. Emptying the stomach 129. Movements of the small intestine 130. Movements of the large intestine 131. Defecation, disorders of the large intestine 132. Vomiting 133. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal secretion 134. Secretion of saliva 135. Neural regulation of saliva 136. Gastric secretions 137. Secretion of HCl 138. Regulation of gastric secretion 139. Pancreatic secretion 140. Composition of the pancreatic juice 141. Function of the liver and gallbladder 142. Secretion of bile 143. Function of bile salts 144. Enteric juice 145. Secretion in the large intestine
146. Gastrointestinal gas and flora 147. Composition of faeces 148. Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract 149. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal absorption 150. Digestion and absorption of saccharides 151. Digestion and absorption of aminoacids 152. Digestion and absorption of fats 153. Absorption of water, vitamins and minerals METABOLISM AND NUTRITION 154. Types of energy balance 155. Caloric values of the foodstuffs, caloric equivalent, respiratory quotient, metabolic mixture 156. Basal metabolic rate, basal conditions 157. Factors influencing basal metabolic rate 158. Total body energy expenditure 159. Method of indirect calorimetry 160. Specific dynamic action of the foodstuffs 161. Metabolism of carbohydrates 162. Metabolism of fats 163. Metabolism of proteins 164. Physiology of nutrition 165. Rational alimentation 166. Meaning of vitamins, minerals and trace elements in nutrition 167. Alternative alimentation 168. Regulation of food ingestion, hunger, specific hungers 169. Efficiency of physical performance, oxygen- debt CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 170. Functions of the CNS 171. Relations between the brain and the spinal cord – encephalization and corticalization 172. Blood flow and metabolism of the CNS 173. Cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier 174. Function of sensory division of the CNS, sensation and perception of the stimuli 175. Sensation and perception of pain 176. RAS (Reticular Activating System) 177. Wakefulness and sleep 178. Electroencephalogram (EEG), and evoked potentials 179. Functions of motor division of the CNS, classification of muscle movements 180. Functions of the pyramidal tract 181. Functions of the extrapyramidal tracts 182. Functions of the spinal cord in the control of body movements 183. Control of body movements and posture 184. Functions of basal ganglia 185. Functions of the cerebellum in the control of body movements 186. Projection and association areas of the cerebral cortex 187. Speech and aphasias 188. Functional specialization of cerebral hemispheres , sexual dimorphism 189. Learning and memory 190. Conditioning and habituation, motivation 191. Physiology of emotions
192. Function of the autonomic nervous system BODY TEMPERATURE AND THERMOREGULATION 193. Body temperature, measurement, biorhythms 194. Heat balance of the body 195. Mechanism of heat production 196. Heat losses 197. Reaction of the body to hot and cold environment 198. Fever and other disorders of thermoregulation 199. Brain thermoregulatory centres BODY FLUIDS AND RENAL FUNCTION 200. Body fluids and its subdivisions, function, composition 201. Glomerular function 202. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate 203. Renal tubular processes 204. Renal function tests 205. Function of the proximal tubule 206. Function of the loop of Henle and distal tubule 207. Regulation of volume and osmolality of body fluids 208. Kidneys and acid - base balance 209. Urine, composition, volume 210. Function of the urinary tract (from urinary calyces to the urethra) 211. Micturition SPECIAL SENSES 212. Smell 213. Taste 214. Cutaneous sensitivity 215. Pain 216. Vision - axial and spheric ametropias 217. Vision - function of the retina 218. Vision - colour vision, colour deficiencies 219. Binocular vision and three-dimensional visual perception 220. Hearing - function of the external and middle ear 221. Hearing - function of the inner ear 222. Vestibular functions ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 223. Mode of action of hormones and endocrine control 224. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland 225. Function of adenohypophysis 226. Function of neurohypophysis 227. Function of the thyroid gland 228. Function of parathyroid glands 229. Function of the adrenal cortex 230. Function of the adrenal medulla 231. Function of the testes 232. Function of the female reproductive system 233. Endocrine function of the pancreas 234. Response of the organism to stress
FINAL EXAMINATION - THE LIST OF PRACTICAL TASKS:
1. Determination of haematocrit value 2. Erythrocyte count 3. Determination of blood groups of AB0 system 4. Determination of haemoglobin content by spectrophotometry 5. Teichmann´s crystals 6. Leukocyte count 7. Leukogram (using of pre-prepared blood smear) 8. Determination of Rh factor 9. Determination of bleeding time by Duke 10. Model of blood vessel elasticity (Borelli model) 11. Blood pressure measurement 12. Reactive hyperaemia 13. ECG 14. Examination of arterial pulse 15. Measurement of vital capacity 16. Functional lung examination - spirometry 17. Determination of basal metabolism 18. Transport of food through the esophagus 19. Calculation and evaluation of the daily energy and nutrient consumption (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) 20. Determination of metabolism during physical work (energy expenditure, efficiency of work, oxygen debt, pulse oxygen) 21. Determination of visual acuity 22. Purkinje´s figures and keratoscopy 23. Ophtalmoscopy 24. Perimetry - Determination of visual field 25. Additive mixing of colours, successive and simultaneous contrast 26. Examination of colour vision 27. Tests with tuning forks 28. Audiometry 29. Otoscopy – examination of the external ear 30. Detection of taste sensation 31. Examination of the cutaneous sensitivity 32. Examination of reflexes in man 33. Calculation of the daily energy expenditure by using tables 34. Reaction of pupils to illumination and accomodation stimulus 35. Hering model of the respiratory system and paralellogram
FINAL EXAMINATION - THE LIST OF ORAL QUESTIONS:
1. Taking blood from a human and from laboratory animals 2. Measuring sedimentation rate of erythrocyte using the Fahreus – Westergren method 3. Determination of erythrocyte osmotic resistance 4. Haemolysis 5. Determination of the blood denisity and plasma density 6. Cross - matching (major and minor crossmatches) 7. Blood coagulation time determination by Lee-White method 8. Determination of prothrombin time by Quick 9. Lung and thorax relaxation curve 10. Observation and registration of intrapleural pressure changes 11. Breathing from non-relaxation positions of the chest 12. The influence of increasing CO2 and decreasing of O2 concentration on respiration 13. Demonstration of basic reflex respiratory changes of an anaesthetised animal 14. Analysis of respiratory gases (SPIROLYT) 15. Observation of physiological properties of a peripheral nerve of a from (virtual laboratory) 16. Determination of work and fatigue in humans (Moss´s ergograph) 17. Galvani experiments 18. Mechanical and physiological properties of the skeletal muscle - elasticity, firmness, excitability, contractility 19. Practical use of standard food tables 20. Evaluation of nutritional status - basic anthropometric measurements 21. Models of eye, demonstration of formation of a visual image on the retina 22. Examination of nystagmus in humans 23. Detection of olfactory sensation (Henning) 24. Purkinje´s figure 25. Stereoscopic vision 26. Examination of spinal reflexes in a frog and analysis of the reflex arc 27. Observation of physiological properties of cardiac muscle and the effect of ions and hormones on the heart 28. Auscultation of heart sounds 29. Functional tests of cardiovascular system (Orthostatic test, Ruffier test) 30. Effect of food components on salivary excretion 31. Measurement of reaction time
Assoc. Prof. Igor Béder, MD, PhD. Head of the Institute of Physiology