METABOLISM Chemistry 363 Spring 2009 Instructor: Dr. Nuran Ercal, Office: 236 Schrenk Hall, Phone: 341-6950 Email: nercal@mst.edu Time: 11:00 a.m.-12:15 p.m., Room 104 Centennial Hall. Web page for powerpoint slides: http://web.mst.edu/~nercal/lectures Office hours: 9:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. Tuesdays/Thursdays and by appointment as well. Text: Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer and Principals of Biochemistry by Lehninger, Nelson & Cox. Exams and Grading Exam 1 Exam II Exam III Tuesday, February 17: Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle Tuesday, March 19: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Hexose Monophosphate Pathway, and Gluconeogenesis Tuesday, April 28: Metabolism of Lipids, Urea Cycle, and Integration of Metabolism
Grading Policy: Each exam (Exam I, Exam II and Exam III) is worth 25% of your grade (75% of your total grade). The remaining 25% will come from the presentations. COURSE SYLLABUS Date Jan 13 Jan 15-Jan 22 Jan 27-Feb 5 Jan 10-Feb 12 EXAM I Feb 19 Feb 24-Feb 26 March 3-March 5 March 10-March 17 March 12 EXAM II Topic Metabolism: Introduction and basic concepts Glycolysis and catabolism of hexoses The citric acid cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Feb 17 Hexose monophosphate pathway Gluconeogenesis and substrates for gluconeogenesis Metabolism of glycogen Metabolism of lipids No class, spring recess March 19
March 23-March 30 No class, spring break
Apr 2-Apr 7 Apr 9-Apr 14 Apr 16-Apr 21 Apr 23-Apr 28 Apr 30-May 5 EXAM III
Amino acid oxidation and the production of urea Biosynthesis of amino acids Nucleotide biosynthesis Integration of mammalian metabolism Signal transduction pathways April 28
Details of the topics: Metabolism: Introduction and Basic Concepts. ATP, the universal currency of free energy Creatine phosphate as ~P reservoir NADH and FADH2, major electron carriers NADPH, major electron donor Economy of metabolism and activated carriers Water and fat soluble vitamins as cofactors Stages in the extraction of energy from foodstuff Regulation of metabolic process Glycolysis and Catabolism of Hexoses. Steps in glycolysis Energy conservation Energy yield in the conversion of glucose into pyruvate Entry of fructose and galactose into glycolysis Enzymes involved in glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle. Steps in citric acid (TCA) cycle Stoichiometry of citric acid cycle Enzymes involved in TCA cycle Control of TCA cycle The glyoxalate cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Redox potentials and free energy changes Pumps and electron carriers in the respiratory chain. Electrons are funneled into universal electron carriers Electrons passed through a series of membrane bound carriers Electron carriers function in multi-enzyme complexes Mitochondrial diseases Shuttle systems for mitochondrial oxidation Proton-motive force Catalytic units of ATP synthase Determination of rate of oxidative phosphorylation
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway Synthesis of five-carbon sugars Linkage between pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway in different tissues Role of TTP in Transaldolase reactions Drug induced hemolytic anemia Gluconeogenesis and Substrates for Gluconeogenesis Steps in gluconeogenesis Biotin, pyruvate carboxylase, oxaloacetate shuttle Regulation of gluconeogenesis Lactate and alanine formation in contracting muscle Metabolism of Glycogen Structure of glycogen Glycogen synthesis and breakdown UDP-glucose, activated form of glucose Effect of cyclic AMP cascade on glycogen metabolism Various hormones in regulation of blood glucose level Metabolism of Lipids Nomenclature of fatty acids Effects of triacylglycerols, coenzyme A, carnitine, acetyl CoA in lipid metabolism Enzymes required in fatty acid oxidation Ketone bodies, ACP Stoichiometry of fatty acid synthesis Eicosanoid hormones Amino Acid Oxidation and Production of Urea Metabolic fates of amino groups Ammonia formation from glutamate Glutamine carries ammonia to the liver Nitrogen excretion and steps in the urea cycle Urea s formed in the liver Linkage between TCA and urea cycle Regulation of urea cycle Pathways of amino acid degradation Biosynthesis of Amino Acids Overview of nitrogen metabolism Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen is fixed by enzymes of nitrogenase complex Incorporation of ammonia into biomolecules through glutamate and glutamine Biosynthesis of amino acids Synthesis of some amino acids from oxaloacetate an pyruvate Allosteric regulation of amino acid biosynthesis
Role of a-ketoglutarate and 3-phosphoglycerate in amino acid biosynthesis Molecules derived from amino acids Amino acids required for biosynthesis of porphyrins, creatine, glutathione Biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides Feedback control of purine , pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis Integration of Mammalian Metabolism Tissue-specific metabolism Specific functions of liver, adipose tissue, muscle, brain, blood Hormones: Communication among cells and tissues Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism: epinephrine, glucagon, insulin Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction Second messengers: cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium Ion channels gated by ligands Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation Signal transduction cascades (if time allows) Role cAMP on signal transduction pathway G proteins, protein kinase A, phosphoinosite cascade DAG and IP3 as second messengers Calcium as a second messenger Control of cell growth by tyrosine kinases Mutations on signal transduction proteins and oncogenes. Student Presentations Chapter 32: Sensory systems Chapter 33: The immune system Chapter 34: Molecular motors Chapter 35: Drug development