HIS-20028 State and Empire in Britain_ c

SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES HISTORY HIS-20028: State and Empire in Britain, c.1530-c.1720 Semester 2 - 2007-2008 Lecture Bibliography Much of what is called ‘British’ history is in fact the history of England or even of London and the south-east. This module will explore ‘Britain’ and ‘British history’ as complex and contested concepts through a focus on two troubled centuries when a British state emerged through English dominance over Wales, Ireland and Scotland, Celtic nations struggled to maintain a sense of history and identity, and a ‘British’ empire began to develop overseas. Developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are still relevant to current political debates, especially in Ulster and the Irish republic, while devolution in Wales and Scotland has also made the meaning of ‘Britain’ controversial in our own times. Through taking this module you should develop an understanding of the complex and contested nature of notions of Britain and ‘British’ history; of the interactions between the histories of Wales, Ireland, Scotland and England from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries; and of the degree to which a British identity developed in the early modern period. You should be able to understand and evaluate scholarly debates over these issues, and to appreciate the connections between historical debate and current political controversies. Timeline 1485: 1494: 1497: 1503: Henry Tudor, with considerable Welsh support, defeats Richard III at Battle of Bosworth and becomes king Henry VII of England. Poynings Law passed in Ireland: all legislation passed by the Irish Parliament has to be approved by the English Privy Council. Cornish rebellion. Death of John of Islay, last Lord of the Isles. Marriage of King James IV of Scotland to Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII; treaty of 'Perpetual Peace' between England and Scotland. 1 1513: James IV and many of the Scots nobility killed at Battle of Flodden (English victory). 1534: Act of Supremacy (England) Second treaty of 'Perpetual Peace' between England and Scotland. 1534-5: Rebellion of Earl of Kildare (Ireland); Kildare executed 1537. 1536: Pilgrimage of Grace (England). 1536Statutes establishing English law and administrative arrangements in Wales. 1541: Irish parliament passes Act declaring Ireland a kingdom, annexed to England. 1542: Death of James V of Scotland after defeat by England at battle of Solway Moss. 1543: Reformed Council of the North 1543: Act of Union completing the incorporation of Wales into England. 1545: First Jesuit mission to Ireland. 1547: Accession of Edward VI. English defeat Scots at battle of Pinkie. 1549: Western rebellion and Kett's rebellion (England). 1553: Accession of Mary Tudor (England). 1558: Elizabeth becomes Queen of England. 1559: Regent of Scotland, Mary of Guise, overthrown. 1560: Reformation in Scotland with English backing; French garrisons in Scotland withdraw. 1561: Mary Queen of Scots returns to Scotland from France (her husband King Francis II of France died 1560). 1566: Birth of Mary's son James (Later James VI of Scotland and James I of England). 1567: Mary forced to abdicate; flees to England 1568. 1569: Rising of the Northern Earls in Mary's favour. Regional Council for Connacht. 1570: Regional Council for Munster. 1576: Counties on the English model established in Connacht. 1579-83: Desmond rebellion in Leinster and Munster. 1585: English law imposed on Connacht; scheme for plantation (colonisation) of Munster. 1587: Execution of Mary Queen of Scots. 1594: Revolt of Hugh O'Neill (Earl of Tyrone) in Ulster. 1598: Victory of Tyrone at the battle of Yellow Ford: overthrow of the Munster plantation. 1601: Tyrone defeated at battle of Kinsale. 1603: Surrender of Tyrone ends the 'Nine Years War'. James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England. 1604: James adopts title of King of Great Britain. 1605: Anglo-Scottish border commission. 1607: English parliament fails to approve Union with Scotland. Flight of Tyrone and O'Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnell to continental Europe. 1609: Beginning of plantation in Ulster. Statutes of lona imposed on the Western Isles. 1618: Beginning of Thirty Years’ War in continental Europe (ends 1648 with Peace of Westphalia). 2 1625: 1628: ' 1632: 1634: 1637: 1638: 1639: 1640: 1641: 1642: 1643: 1644: 1645: 1646: 1647: 1648: 1649: 1650: 1651: 1652: 1653: 1654: Accession of Charles I; Act of Revocation of crown lands in Scotland. The Graces’: concessions promised to Old English in Ireland in exchange for financial contributions to the king. Thomas Wentworth (later earl of Strafford) appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland. Wentworth prevents Irish parliament confirming the Graces. Riots in Edinburgh on introduction of new prayer book. February: National League and Covenant in Scotland. First Bishops’ War. August: Scots' invasion of England (Second Bishops’ War). November: Meeting of 'Long parliament' in England, position secured by Scots. May: Strafford executed. August: Charles's settlement with the Scots. November: Irish rebellion. summer: outbreak of civil war in England. Confederation of Kilkenny established in Ireland. September: 'Cessation' – truce between king and Irish rebels. September: treaty – the 'Solemn League and Covenant' between English parliamentarians and Scots Covenanters. January: Scots army enters England. July: royalists heavily defeated in battle of Marston Moor (York). September: Montrose begins royalist fightback in Scotland with Irish and Highland troops. June: crushing royalist defeat at Naseby. September: Montrose crushed at battle of Philiphaugh. March: peace between Ormonde (royalist leader in Ireland) and Catholic confederacy. May: Charles surrenders to Scots army (delivered up to English 1647). October: abolition of episcopacy in England. Charles’s 'Engagement' with Scots. August: defeat of Scots/royalist army at battle of Preston. Royalist risings in Wales and England crushed. 30 January: execution of Charles I. 5 February: Charles II proclaimed king of Great Britain and Ireland in Edinburgh. August: Ormonde defeated in Ireland by English army. September, October: massacres at Drogheda and Wexford. 3 September: English army defeats Scots at Dunbar. July: 'Charles II' leads Scots army into England; crushed at Worcester 3 September; Charles escapes to France. October: Scotland incorporated into English republic. Act for Settlement of Ireland. Unsuccessful royalist rising in Scotland. Lord Protector Cromwell's ordinance for the union of England and Scotland. 3 December 1654 - May 1655: English naval expedition – the 'Western Design' – to the Caribbean fails except for acquisition of Jamaica. 1658: 3 September: death of Oliver Cromwell. 1660: 1 January: English army occupying Scotland, commanded by George Monck, enters England and begins process leading in May: to restoration of Charles II. Episcopal Church restored in England and Scotland. 1662: Ormonde Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; limited modification of Cromwellian land settlement (Acts of Settlement and Explanation, 1662, 1665). 1673: James, Duke of York, presumed heir to Charles II, becomes an open Catholic. 1679-81: unsuccessful attempts in England to exclude James from the succession. 1679-80: murder of Scots Archbishop Sharp; covenanting risings; suppressed by James Duke of York. 1685: accession of James II. Monmouth's rising in England, Argyll's in Scotland; both defeated. 1687: Catholic Lord deputy in Ireland (Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnell). Catholics admitted to civil and military office in all three kingdoms. 1688: James II overthrown; flees to France December. 1689: March: James lands in Ireland; his armies besiege Derry. Patriot parliament establishes liberty of conscience in Ireland. April: William and Mary crowned in London as Monarchs of England and Ireland. May: William and Mary accept Scots throne. July: 'prelacy' abolished in Scotland (Presbyterian church permanently re-established June 1690). July: Derry relieved. 1690: 1 July: William in Ireland defeats James at Battle of the Boyne. 1691: decisive defeat of Scots Jacobites at Aughrim. Surrender of Limerick and articles of Limerick end Irish war. 1692: Glencoe massacre (of Macdonalds by Campbells). 1698-9: Failure of Scots trading colony at Darien (Panama). 1701: Act of Settlement secures succession of English crown to Protestant House of Hanover. 1702: Accession of Queen Anne. 1703: Scots parliament passes acts asserting independence in foreign policy and modifying Act of Settlement. 1704: Catholics and Protestant dissenters excluded from public office in Ireland. 1705: Alien Act passed in England: Scotland to be treated as a foreign power if it rejects the regal union. 1707: Act of Union between England and Scotland after two years negotiation. 1 May: United Kingdom of Great Britain established. 1714: Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover as King of Great Britain and Ireland. 4 1715: Jacobite rebellion in favour of 'Old Pretender' [James, son of James II]. 5 Broad Surveys: (*worth buying) Jeremy Black, A History of the British Isles (2003), chapters 4, 5, 6 Patrick Collinson (ed.), The Sixteenth Century (Short Oxford History of the British Isles, 2002)* Barry Coward (ed.), A Companion to Stuart Britain (2003) Norman Davies, The Isles (2000), chapters 7 and 8 Steve Ellis and Christopher Maginn, The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450-1660 (2007)* Hugh Kearney, The British Isles. A History of Four Nations (1995) Allan Macinnes, The British Revolution, 1629-60 (2004)* Simon Schama, A History of Britain, volume two (2001) David Lawrence Smith, A History of the Modern British Isles. The Double Crown 1603-1707 (1998) [useful separate sections on each kingdom]* Jim Smyth, The Making of the United Kingdom 1660 –1800 (2001) Individual Nations J. C. Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland (1965) Keith Brown, Kingdom or Province? Scotland and the Regal Union 1603-1715 (1992) Thomas Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700-2000 (1999) Gordon Donaldson, Scotland James V-James VII (1965) R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland (1988) Rab Houston, The New Penguin History of Scotland (2001) Philip Jenkins, A History of Modern Wales (1992) T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (eds.), A New History of Ireland, III Early Modern Ireland (1991) [DN910.N3 in Nuffield - hard to find in OPAC] 6 Jenny Wormald, Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland 1470-1625 (1981/91) Important Essay Collections [for individual items see lectures] R. G. Asch (ed.), Three Nations - A Common History? England, Scotland, Ireland and British History c. 1600-1920 (1993). Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707. State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago (1996) B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts (eds.), British Consciousness and Identity. The Making of Britain 1553 -1707 (1998) S.J. Connolly (ed.), Kingdoms United? Great Britain and Ireland since 1500. Integration and Diversity (1999) S. Ellis and S. Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union: Fashioning a British State 1485-1720 (1995). A. Grant and K. Stringer (eds.), Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (1995) Allan Macinnes and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds), The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century. Awkward neighbours (2002) Lecture One: A History of Britain? Part One This lecture will discuss recent debates on the nature of ‘British history’, and introduce the concepts of state building and national identity. It will outline relationships between England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland in c. 1530. Start with Steven Ellis, ‘The limits of power: the English crown and the British Isles’ in Patrick Collinson (ed.), The Sixteenth Century (2002) Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (1983/1991) J. H. Elliott, ‘A Europe of Composite Monarchies’, Past and Present, 137 (November 1992) Steven G. Ellis, ‘From dual monarchy to multiple kingdoms: union and the English state, 1422-1607’ in Macinnes and Ohlmeyer (eds.), The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century. Awkward neighbours (2002) John Morrill, ‘The Fashioning of Britain’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) J.G.A. Pocock, ‘British history: a plea for a new subject’, Journal of British History 47 (1975) Mark Stoyle, ‘Cornish rebellions 1497-1648’, History Today, 47.5 (May, 1997), 22-8 M. Stoyle, West Britons: Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State (2002) Jenny Wormald, ‘The Creation of Britain: Multiple Kingdoms or Core and Colonies’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 2, (1992) Lecture Two: The Incorporation of Wales This lecture will discuss the incorporation of Wales into the English state in the 1530s, the impact of English law and administration, and the effect of the Protestant reformation. To what extent was Wales simply a province of England? 7 Brendan Bradshaw, ‘The Tudor Reformation and Revolution in Wales and Ireland: the origins of the British problem’ in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) Ciaran Brady, ‘Comparable Histories: Tudor reform in Wales and Ireland’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Steven Ellis, ‘Tudor State Formation and the shaping of the British Isles’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Philip Jenkins, ‘The Anglican Church and the unity of Britain: the Welsh experience 1560-1714’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Peter Roberts, ‘The English Crown, the Principality of Wales and the Council in the Marches 1534-1641’ in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) Glanmor Williams, Recovery, Reorientation and Reformation: Wales c. 14151642 (1987) Glanmor Williams, Wales and the Reformation (1997) Lecture Three: Anglo-Scottish Relationships c. 1530 - 1608 This lecture will trace Scotland’s move from a French alliance to an English alliance in the mid-sixteenth century and the relationships between English and Scots Protestant elites from the 1550s. It will also consider the AngloScottish border in the sixteenth century. The succession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of England as James I in 1603 intensified ideas of ‘Great Britain’ but the king’s plans for a broader institutional union were defeated. Keith Brown, Kingdom or Province. Scotland and the Regal Union 1603 -1715 (Palgrave, 1992) Jane Dawson, ‘Anglo-Scottish protestant culture and integration in sixteenth century Britain’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Jane Dawson, The Politics of Religion in the age of Mary Queen of Scots. The Earl of Argyll and the struggle for Britain and Ireland (2002) John Guy, My Heart Is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (2004) D. L. Smith, A History of the Modern British Isles (1998), chapter one; ‘1603: Union of the Crowns’ Jenny Wormald, Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland 1470-1625 (1981/91) Jenny Wormald, ‘James I, James VI and the Identity of Britain’, in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History (2005), chapter 4 Lecture Four: The Taming of Gaelic Ireland c. 1530 -1630 This lecture will trace the sporadic efforts to bring Ireland under English bureaucratic control. It will discuss the Nine Years war and the eclipse of the Gaelic chiefs of Ulster following the Nine Years War. Finally the lecture will cover the beginnings of plantation by Protestant Colonists in the early seventeenth century. Brendan Bradshaw, The Irish Constitutional Revolution of the Sixteenth Century (1979) 8 Brendan Bradshaw, ‘The Tudor Reformation and Revolution in Wales and Ireland: the origins of the British problem’ in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) Ciaran Brady, The Chief Governors. The rise and fall of reform government in Tudor Ireland (Cambridge, 1994) Ciaran Brady, ‘Comparable Histories: Tudor reform in Wales and Ireland’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Ciaran Brady, ‘England’s Defence and Ireland’s Reform: the dilemmas of the Irish Viceroys, 1541-1641’ in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British 1580-1650 (2001) Steven Ellis, Ireland in the Age of the Tudors (1985, 1998) Steven Ellis, ‘Tudor State Formation and the shaping of the British Isles’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Bruce Lenman, England’s Colonial Wars 1550-1688 (2001) W. Maley, ‘The British Problem in three tracts on Ireland’ in Bradshaw and Roberts (eds.), British Consciousness and Identity (1998) Lecture Five: Ireland and Scotland in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries For some of the Gaelic clans of the west of Scotland, the Isles and the east of Ireland, national boundaries were irrelevant - Scots Macdonalds and Irish Macdonnells were part of one social, political and military community. This lecture will discuss the close interactions between Ireland and Scotland in the sixteenth century and the complications produced by Scots Protestant settlement in Ulster in the seventeenth century. Jane Dawson, The Politics of Religion in the age of Mary Queen of Scots. The Earl of Argyll and the struggle for Britain and Ireland (2002) Steven Ellis, Tudor Frontiers and Noble Power (1995) Bruce Lenman, England’s Colonial Wars 1550-1688 (2001), chapter two Michael Mac Craith, ‘The Gaelic reaction to the Reformation’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) David Stevenson, Highland warrior: Alasdair MacColla and the Civil Wars (2003) Jenny Wormald, Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland 1470-1625 (1981/91) Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History (2005), chapters 4-5 T.C. Smout, A History of the Scottish people, 1560-1830 (1969/1998) Lecture Six: The Fall of the Stuart Monarchies In 1637/8 Charles I’s power was overthrown in Scotland, thus triggering rebellion in Ireland in 1641 and strengthening opposition in England. This lecture will explore the interaction of religious, political and national grievances in bringing down the British monarchy to 1643. Martyn Bennett, The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland 1638-1651 (1996), chapters 1, 2, 4 and 9 Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms (2007), chapters 1-3 Ann Hughes The Causes of the English Civil Wars (1998), chapter 1 9 Keith Lindley, ‘The Impact of the 1641 Rebellion on England and Wales’, Irish Historical Studies, 18 (1972-3) Allan Macinnes, The British Revolution, 1629-60 (2004) Kathleen Noonan, ‘"The Cruel Pressure of an Enraged and Barbarous People": Irish Identity and English Identity in seventeenth century policy and propaganda’, Historical Journal, 41 (1998) Conrad Russell, ‘The British Background to the Irish Rebellion of 1641’, Historical Research, 61 (1988) Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War (1990), chapters 2 and 5 Conrad Russell, ‘The British Problem and the English Civil War’, History 72 (1987), reprinted in Richard Cust and Ann Hughes (eds) The English Civil War (1997) David Scott, Politics and War in the Three Stuart Kingdoms (2003), chapter 1 Ethan Shagan, ‘Constructing Discord: Ideology, Propaganda and English responses to the Irish Rebellion of 1641’, Journal of British Studies, 36 (1997) D. L. Smith, A History of the Modern British Isles (1998), chapter 5, ‘The collapse of Multiple Monarchies’; chapter 6, ‘War in Three Kingdoms’ David Stevenson, The Scottish revolution 1637-1644 (1973) J. R. Young (ed.), Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil War (1997) Lecture Seven: The War in three Kingdoms The English Civil Wars (1642-51) were only one part of wide-ranging interconnected conflicts in all of Charles I’s kingdoms. This lecture will outline the major contributions made by the struggles in Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Cornwall to the outcome of the civil wars. Martyn Bennett, The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland 1638-1651 (1996), chapter 9 Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British (2003) Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms (2007) J. P. Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.), The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638-1660 (1998) Keith Lindley, ‘The Impact of the 1641 Rebellion on England and Wales’, Irish Historical Studies, 18 (1972-3). Allan Macinnes, The British Revolution, 1629-60 (2004) David Scott, Politics and War in the Three Stuart Kingdoms (2003) D. L. Smith, A History of the Modern British Isles (1998), chapter six, ‘War in Three Kingdoms’ D. Stevenson, Revolution and Counter Revolution in Scotland 1644-1651 (1977) J. G. A. Pocock, ‘The Atlantic Archipelago and the War of the Three Kingdoms’ in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) J.R. Young (ed.), Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil War (1997) D. Stevenson, Revolution and Counter Revolution in Scotland 1644-1651 (1977) Mark Stoyle, Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War (2005) 10 Lecture Eight: the conquest of Scotland and Ireland c.1649-60 This lecture will explore the strengthening of English control over Ireland and Scotland after the English executed Charles I in 1649. It will cover conquest and union under Cromwell and the land confiscations in Ireland and outline the situation in Britain and Ireland at the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Sarah Barber, ‘The formation of cultural attitudes: the example of the three kingdoms in the 1650s’ in Macinnes and Ohlmeyer (eds.), The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century: Awkward neighbours (2002) Sarah Barber, ‘Scotland and Ireland under the Commonwealth’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Martyn Bennett The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland 1638-1651 (1996), chapters 11-13 Ciaran Brady and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.), British Interventions in Early Modern Ireland (2005) Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms (2007), chapters 13-14 D. Hirst, ‘The English Republic and the Meaning of Britain’ in Journal of Modern History, 66 (1994) and also in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) Allan Macinnes, The British Revolution, 1629-60 (2004) David L. Smith, A History of the Modern British Isles (1998), chapter seven, ‘The British Republic’; chapter eight, ‘The Restoration of the British Monarchies’ David Stevenson, Revolution and Counter Revolution in Scotland 1644-1651 (1977) David Stevenson, ‘Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland’ in John Morrill (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (1990) Lecture Nine: The Glorious Revolution and the Making of Britain. The overthrow of the Catholic monarch James II (VII of Scotland) and his replacement by the Protestant William and Mary continues to influence historical understandings in Ulster with Protestants looking to the siege of Derry and the Battle of the Boyne as central to their current identities. An independent Scots parliament met for the last time in 1707 and a political union with England inaugurated the United Kingdom. These topics will be covered here. Toby Barnard, ‘Scotland and Ireland in the later Stuart Monarchy’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) S.J. Connolly, The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660-1760 (1992) Mark Goldie, ‘Divergence and Union: Scotland and Ireland 1660-1707’, in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) David Hayton, ‘Constitutional Experiments and political expediency 16891725’ in Ellis and Barber (eds.), Conquest and Union (1995) Ian McBride, The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology (1997) D. L. Smith, A History of the Modern British Isles (1998), chapter 13, ‘1707: Union of the Kingdoms’ 11 Jim Smyth, ‘The Communities of Ireland and the British State 1660 -1707’, in Bradshaw and Morrill (eds.), The British Problem c. 1534-1707 (1996) Jim Smyth, Making of the United Kingdom (2001) Lecture Ten: Empire, Religion and National Identity. This lecture will address the nature of Britishness c. 1720. Was Protestantism essential to British identity? How far were Scots, Irish and Welsh peoples also British? Was the Empire essentially an English creation? David Armitage, ‘Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1717’, Past and Present, 155 (1997) Nicholas Canny (ed.), The Origins of Empire. The Oxford History of the British Empire vol 1 (1998). Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (1992) Colin Kidd, ‘Protestantism, Constitutionalism and British Identity under the later Stuarts’ in Bradshaw and Roberts (eds.), British Consciousness and Identity (1998) Colin Kidd, British Identities before Nationalism (1999). Ian McBride and Tony Claydon (eds.), Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland (1998) Murray Pittock, Inventing and resisting Britain: Cultural identities in Britain and Ireland 1685-1789 (1997) 12