Atomic orbitals _1_

							ATOMIC ORBITALS

      Chapter 5:
  Electrons in Atoms
        What do we know about
              electrons?

•   Negligible mass
•   Negative charge
•   Move very fast
•   Exist in clouds (“energy levels”) around the
    nucleus of atoms
S - orbital




          http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/QMech/
          h_ground.jpg
                         S - orbitals




http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/forbital.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.u
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S - orbital




     http://www.humboldt.edu/~rap1/Chem_resrc/orbitals/AtomMov_folder/s_orbs/
     3sNode.jpg
                         P - orbitals




http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/forbital.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.u
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P - orbital




  http://michele.usc.edu/classpages/chem105a/bau_mak/extras/orbital_2px.gif
P - orbitals




    http://www.ul.ie/~walshem/fyp/porbital.gif
           D - orbitals




http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/forbital.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.u
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             F - orbitals




http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/forbital.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.u
wsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/orbitals.html&h=937&w=1461&sz=50&tbnid=mJi56D-
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        Principal Energy Levels
Principal energy   Number of   Type of sublevel (# of
level              sublevels   orbitals)
n=1                1           1s

n=2                2           2s (1) 2p (3)

n=3                3           3s (1) 3p (3) 3d (5)

n=4                4           4s (1) 4p(3) 4d(5)
                               4f (7)
    Maximum Number of Electrons
Energy Level (n)   Max. # of Electrons

1                  2

2                  8

3                  18

4                  32
Aufbau Principle




       http://colossus.chem.umass.edu/genchem/whelan/class_images/Or
       bital_Energies.jpg
        Pauli Exclusion Principle

To occupy the same orbital, electons must have opposite spins
                      Hund’s Rule
One electron enters each orbital until all orbitals contain one
electron with the same spin direction
Orbitals and the Periodic Table




            http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/general/quantum_numbers/quantum_table1.
            gif
Orbital Energy Diagrams




          http://colossus.chem.umass.edu/genchem/whelan/class_images/Or
          bital_Energies.jpg