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QWERTY
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QWERTY 1
QWERTY
QWERTY (pron.: /ˈkwɜrti/) is the most common
modern-day keyboard layout. The name comes from
the first six keys appearing on the top left letter row of
the keyboard and read from left to right:
Q-W-E-R-T-Y. The QWERTY design is based on a
layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter
and sold to Remington in the same year, when it first
appeared in typewriters. It became popular with the
success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, and remains
in use on electronic keyboards due to the network effect
of a standard layout and a belief that alternatives fail to
A QWERTY keyboard on a laptop computer
provide very significant advantages.[1] The use and
adoption of the QWERTY keyboard is often viewed as
one of the most important case studies in open standards because of the widespread, collective adoption and use of
the product.[2].
History and purposes
Qwerty is still used to this day. This layout was devised and created in the early
1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes, a newspaper editor and printer who lived
in Milwaukee. In October of 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early
writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden
and Samuel W. Soulé.[3]
The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows
of characters arranged alphabetically as follows:[3]
- 3 5 7 9 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
2 4 6 8 . A B C D E F G H I J K L M
The construction of the "Type Writer" had two flaws that made the product
susceptible to jams. Firstly, characters were mounted on metal arms or typebars,
which would clash and jam if neighboring arms were pressed at the same time or
in rapid succession.[4] Secondly, its printing point was located beneath the paper
carriage, invisible to the operator, a so-called "up-stroke" design. Consequently,
jams were especially serious, because the typist could only discover the mishap
by raising the carriage to inspect what he had typed. The solution was to place
commonly used letter-pairs (like "th" or "st") so that their typebars were not
neighboring, avoiding jams. Although QWERTY today is considered to slow
down typists, it was originally designed to speed up typing by preventing Keys are arranged on diagonal
columns, to give space for the levers.
jams.[4][5] Every word in the English language contains at least one vowel, but on
the QWERTY keyboard only the letter "A" is located on the home row, which
requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for most words.
Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the
original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of letter-pair frequency by educator Amos Densmore,
brother of the financial backer James Densmore, is believed to have influenced the arrangement of letters, but was
QWERTY 2
later called into question.[6]
In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, O to Z, right-to-left.[7] In April
1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowels,
A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows:[8]
23456789-
AEI.?YUO,
BCDFGHJKLM
ZXWVTSRQPN
In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden
Type-Writer to E. Remington and Sons. The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's
mechanics and was ultimately presented as follows:[9]
23456789-,
QWE.TYIUOP
ZSDFGHJKLM
AX&CVBN?;R
After it purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments which created a keyboard with what is
essentially the modern QWERTY layout. Their adjustments included placing the "R" key in the place previously
allotted to the period key. This has been claimed to be done with the purpose of enabling salesmen to impress
customers by pecking out the brand name "TYPE WRITER" from one keyboard row but this claim is
unsubstantiated.[9] Vestiges of the original alphabetical layout remained in the "home row" sequence DFGHJKL.[10]
The modern layout is:
1234567890-=
QWERTYUIOP[]\
ASDFGHJKL;'
ZXCVBNM,./
The QWERTY layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to
include both upper and lower case letters, via a shift key.
Much less commented-on than the order of the keys is that the keys are not on a grid, but rather that each column
slants diagonally; this is because of the mechanical linkages – each key being attached to a lever, and hence the
offset prevents the levers from running into each other – and has been retained in most electronic keyboards. Some
keyboards, such as the Kinesis or TypeMatrix, retain the QWERTY layout but arrange the keys in vertical columns,
to reduce unnecessary lateral finger motion.[11][12]
QWERTY 3
Differences from modern layout
Substituting characters
The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's
1878 patent includes a few differences from
the modern layout, most notably in the
absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each
of the remaining numerals shifted one
position to the left of their modern
counterparts. The letter M is located at the
end of the third row to the right of the letter
L rather than on the fourth row to the right
of the N, the letters X and C are reversed,
and most punctuation marks are in different
positions or are missing entirely.[13] 0 and 1
were omitted to simplify the design and Latham Sholes's 1878 QWERTY keyboard layout
reduce the manufacturing and maintenance
costs; they were chosen specifically because they were "redundant" and could be recreated using other keys. Typists
who learned on these machines learned the habit of using the uppercase letter I (or lowercase letter L) for the digit
one, and the uppercase O for the zero.[14]
Combined characters
In early designs, some characters were produced by printing two symbols with the carriage in the same position. For
instance, the exclamation point, which shares a key with the numeral 1 on modern keyboards, could be reproduced
by using a three-stroke combination of an apostrophe, a backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by
printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical typewriters (the carriage
was heavy and optimized to move in the opposite direction), a more professional approach was to block the carriage
by pressing and holding the space bar while printing all characters that needed to be in a shared position. To make
this possible, the carriage was designed to advance forward only after releasing the space bar.
The 0 key was added and standardized in its modern position early in the history of the typewriter, but the 1 and
exclamation point were left off some typewriter keyboards into the 1970s.[15]
Contemporary alternatives
There was no particular technological requirement for the QWERTY layout[9] since at the time there were ways to
make a typewriter without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism that had required it to be devised. Not only were there
rival machines with "down-stroke" and "frontstroke" positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of
typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include Thomas Edison's 1872 electric print-wheel
device which later became the basis for Teletype machines; Lucien Stephen Crandall's typewriter (the second to
come onto the American market) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve; the Hammond typewriter of 1887
which used a semi-circular "type-shuttle" of hardened rubber (later light metal); and the Blickensderfer typewriter of
1893 which used a type wheel. The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard was also non-QWERTY, instead having
the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the home row, these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in
the English language.[16]
QWERTY 4
Properties
Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand
can prepare to type the next letter making the process faster and more efficient. However, when a string of letters is
done with the same hand, the chances of stuttering are increased and a rhythm can be broken, thus decreasing speed
and increasing errors and fatigue. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only the left hand
than the right hand. In fact, thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple
of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand.[17] In addition, most typing strokes are done with the left
hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left-handed people but to the disadvantage of right-handed people.
Computer keyboards
The first computer terminals such as
the Teletype were typewriters that
could produce and be controlled by
various computer codes. These used
the QWERTY layouts and added keys
such as escape (ESC) which had
special meanings to computers. Later
keyboards added function keys and
arrow keys. Since the standardization
of PC-compatible computers and
Windows after the 1980s, most The standard QWERTY keyboard layout used in the US. Some countries, such as the UK
and Canada, use a slightly different QWERTY (the @ and " are switched in the UK); see
full-sized computer keyboards have
keyboard layout
followed this standard (see drawing at
right). This layout has a separate
numeric keypad for data entry at the right, 12 function keys across the top, and a cursor section to the right and
center with keys for Insert, Delete, Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down with cursor arrows in an inverted-T
shape.[18]
Diacritical marks and international variants
Different computer operating systems have methods of support for input of different languages such as Chinese,
Hebrew or Arabic. QWERTY is designed for English, a language without any diacritical marks. QWERTY
keyboards meet issues when having to type an accent. Until recently, no norm was defined for a standard QWERTY
keyboard layout allowing the typing of accented characters, apart from the US-International layout.
Depending on the operating system and sometimes the application program being used, there are many ways to
generate Latin characters with accents.
QWERTY 5
UK-Extended Layout
Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and above provide the UK-Extended layout that behaves exactly the same as the
standard UK layout for all the characters it can generate, but can additionally generate a number of diacritical marks,
useful when working with text in other languages (including Welsh - a UK language). Not all combinations work on
all keyboards.
• acute accents (e.g. á) on a, e, i, o, u, w, y, A, E, I, O, U, W, Y are generated by pressing the AltGr key together
with the letter, or AltGr and apostrophe, followed by the letter (see note below);
• grave accents (e.g. è) on a, e, i, o, u, w, y, A, E, I, O, U, W, Y are generated by pressing the backquote (`) [which
is now a dead key], then the letter;
• circumflex (e.g. â) on a, e, i, o, u, w, y, A, E, I, O, U, W, Y is generated by AltGr and 6, followed by the letter;
• diaeresis or umlaut (e.g. ö) on a, e, i, o, u, w, y, A, E, I, O, U, W, Y is generated by AltGr and 2, then the letter;
• tilde (e.g. ã) on a, n, o, A, N, O is generated by AltGr and #, then the letter;
• cedilla (e.g. ç) under c, C is generated by AltGr and the letter.
These combinations are designed to be easy to remember, as the circumflex accent (e.g. â) is similar to a caret (^),
printed above the 6 key; the diaeresis (e.g. ö) is similar to the double-quote (") above 2 on the UK keyboard; the tilde
(~) is printed on the same key as the #.
Like US-International, UK-Extended does not cater for many languages written with Latin characters, including
Romanian and Turkish, or any using different character sets such as Greek and Russian.
Notes:
• The AltGr and letter method used for acutes and cedillas does not work for applications which assign shortcut
menu functions to these key combinations. For acute accents the AltGr and apostrophe method should be used.
International variants
Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other
languages. There are a large number of different
keyboard layouts used for different languages written
in Latin script. They can be divided into three main
families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys
are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named
after the first six letters.
Alternatives to QWERTY
Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed
over the years, claimed by their designers and users to
be more efficient, intuitive and ergonomic.
Nevertheless, none has seen widespread adoption,
partly due to the sheer dominance of available
keyboards and training.[19] Although studies have Keyboard layout#QWERTY-based layouts for Latin scriptDifferent
keyboard layouts in Europe:
shown the superiority in typing speed afforded by
QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY National layouts Non-Latin
alternative keyboard layouts[20] economists Stan scripts
Liebowitz and Stephen E Margolis have claimed that
these studies are flawed and more rigorous studies are inconclusive as to whether they actually offer any real
benefits.[1] The most widely used such alternative is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard; another increasingly popular
QWERTY 6
alternative is Colemak, which is based partly on QWERTY and is therefore easier for an existing QWERTY typist to
learn while offering several optimisations.[21] Most modern computer operating systems support this and other
alternative mappings with appropriate special mode settings, but few keyboards are manufactured with keys labeled
according to this standard.
Comparison to other keyboard input systems
DVORAK and QWERTY have been compared by some people to other systems which involve keyboard input
systems, namely Stenotype and its implementations e.g. opensource PLOVER [22]. There are numerous advantages
to using these systems (namely a 700% increase in efficiency over QWERTY [23]) but they are fundamentally
different from ordinary typing. Words are input by pressing on several keys and releasing simultaneously but don't
require the keys to be pressed down in any order. Neither is the spacebar used. There is a learning hurdle in that hunt
and peck does not work. However, it is easy to write at 180-300 wpm. It is worth noting that PLOVER stenotype
theory required a stenotype machine prior to 2010; due to the inherent difficulties of chording QWERTY was
invented to allow cheap machines to be made that didn't jam up; stenotype was invented for maximum speed and
accuracy.
The first typed shorthand machines appeared around 1880, roughly current with QWERTY, but the first stenotype
machines appeared in 1913. Also, these machines' output needed to be interpreted by a trained professional,
comparable to reading Gregg shorthand, which was very much in vogue at the time and taught publicly until the
1980s. Gregg shorthand also didn't require much more than training and a pen, however machines gradually gained
traction in the courtroom. Modern PLOVER immediately provides translated output, making it very much like other
keyboard setups that immediately produce legible work.
Half QWERTY
A half QWERTY keyboard is a combination of an alpha-numeric
keypad and a QWERTY keypad, designed for mobile phones.[24] In a
half QWERTY keyboard, two characters share the same key, which
reduces the number of keys and increases the surface area of each key,
useful for mobile phones that have little space for keys.[24] It means
that 'Q' and 'W' will share the same key and the user has to press the
key once to type 'Q' and twice to type 'W'.
Displaced QWERTY
Also designed for mobile devices, the displaced QWERTY layout
allows for the increase of button area by over 40% while keeping the
same candybar form factor. Entering, spacing and deleting are handled
by gestures over the text area, reducing the keyboard's screen footprint.
The layout is essentially a rearrangement of keys on the right half of
the keyboard under those on the left and, as such, should present a The Nokia E55 uses a half QWERTY keyboard
gentler learning curve to touch typists. It was first seen on the iPhone layout.
application "LittlePad".
QWERTY 7
References
[1] Liebowitz, Stan; Margolis, Stephen E. (1990), "The Fable of the Keys", Journal of Law and Economics 33 (1): 1–26, doi:10.1086/467198
[2] "Casson and Ryan, Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft’s Market Dominance"
(http:/ / papers. ssrn. com/ sol3/ papers. cfm?abstract_id=1656616). Papers.ssrn.com. . Retrieved 2011-01-31.
[3] US 79868 (http:/ / worldwide. espacenet. com/ textdoc?DB=EPODOC& IDX=US79868), Sholes, C. Latham; Carlos Glidden & Samuel W.
Soule, "Improvement in Type-writing Machines", issued July 14, 1868
[4] Rehr, Darryl, Why QWERTY was Invented (http:/ / home. earthlink. net/ ~dcrehr/ whyqwert. html),
[5] Rehr, Darryl. "Consider QWERTY" (http:/ / home. earthlink. net/ ~dcrehr/ whyqwert. html). . Retrieved 12 December 2011. "QWERTY's
effect, by reducing those annoying clashes, was to speed up typing rather than slow it down."
[6] Koichi Yasuoka: The Truth of QWERTY (http:/ / yasuoka. blogspot. com/ 2006/ 08/ sholes-discovered-that-many-english. html), entry dated
August 01, 2006.
[7] Koichi and Motoko Yasuoka: Myth of QWERTY Keyboard, Tokyo: NTT Publishing, 2008. pp.12-20 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=tEsAMggMKoMC& pg=PA8)
[8] Koichi and Motoko Yasuoka: Myth of QWERTY Keyboard, Tokyo: NTT Publishing, 2008. pp.24-25 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=tEsAMggMKoMC& pg=PA20)
[9] Koichi and Motoko Yasuoka: On the Prehistory of QWERTY (http:/ / kanji. zinbun. kyoto-u. ac. jp/ ~yasuoka/ publications/ PreQWERTY.
html), ZINBUN, No.42, pp.161-174, 2011.
[10] David, Paul A. (1985), "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY", American Economic Review (American Economic Association) 75 (2):
332–337, JSTOR 1805621
[11] Kinesis – Ergonomic Benefits of the Contoured Keyboard (http:/ / www. kinesis-ergo. com/ benefits. htm) – Vertical key layout
[12] Why TypeMatrix 2030 (http:/ / typematrix. com/ 2030/ why. php)
[13] US 207559 (http:/ / worldwide. espacenet. com/ textdoc?DB=EPODOC& IDX=US207559), Sholes, Christopher Latham, issued August 27,
1878
[14] Weller, Charles Edward (1918), The early history of the typewriter (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ earlyhistorytyp00wellgoog), La
Porte, Indiana: Chase & Shepard, printers,
[15] See for example the Olivetti Lettera 36 (http:/ / www. mrmartinweb. com/ type. htm#olivetti), introduced in 1972
[16] Shermer, Michael (2008). The mind of the market. Macmillan. p. 50. ISBN 0-8050-7832-0.
[17] Diamond, Jared (April 1997), "The Curse of QWERTY" (http:/ / discovermagazine. com/ 1997/ apr/ thecurseofqwerty1099/ ), Discover, ,
retrieved 2009-04-29, "More than 3,000 English words utilize QWERTY's left hand alone, and about 300 the right hand alone."
[18] Castillo, M. (2). "QWERTY, @, &, #". American Journal of Neuroradiology 32: 613.
[19] Gould, Stephen Jay (1987) "The Panda's Thumb of Technology." (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=pzj90slTTEIC& pg=PA59) Natural
History 96 (1): 14-23; Reprinted in Bully for Brontosaurus. New York: W.W. Norton. 1992, pp. 59-75.
[20] Paul David, "Understanding the economics of QWERTY: the necessity of history", Economic history and the modern economist, 1986
[21] Krzywinski, Martin. "Colemak - Popular Alternative" (http:/ / mkweb. bcgsc. ca/ carpalx/ ?colemak). Carpalx - keyboard layout optimizer.
Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre. . Retrieved 2010-02-04.
[22] http:/ / plover. stenoknight. com/
[23] http:/ / plover. stenoknight. com/ 2010/ 05/ ergonomic-argument. html
[24] "Half-QWERTY keyboard layout - Mobile terms glossary" (http:/ / www. gsmarena. com/ glossary. php3?term=half-qwerty-keyboard).
GSMArena.com. . Retrieved 2011-01-31.
External links
• Article on QWERTY and Path Dependence from EH.NET's Encyclopedia (http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/
puffert.path.dependence)
• QWERTY Keyboard History (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/qwerty.htm)
• QWERTY Keyboard in Mobiles (http://www.bakwaash.com/2011/07/05/mobile-phone-termonologies/)
Christopher Latham Sholes 8
Christopher Latham Sholes
Christopher Latham Sholes
Born February 14, 1819
Mooresburg, Montour County, Pennsylvania, United States
Died February 17, 1890 (aged 71)
Resting place Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A [1]
Nationality American
Known for [1]
"The Father of the typewriter"
Christopher Latham Sholes[2] (February 14, 1819 – February 17, 1890) was an American inventor who invented
the first practical typewriter and the QWERTY keyboard still in use today.[3] He was also a newspaper publisher and
Wisconsin politician.
Youth and political career
Born in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, Sholes moved to nearby Danville as a teenager, where he worked as an
apprentice to a printer. After completing his apprenticeship, Sholes moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1837. He
became a newspaper publisher and politician, serving in the Wisconsin State Senate 1848-1849, 1856–1857, and the
Wisconsin State Assembly 1852-1853.[4][5] He was instrumental in the successful movement to abolish capital
punishment in Wisconsin: his newspaper, The Kenosha Telegraph, reported on the trial of John McCaffary in 1851,
and then in 1853 he led the campaign in the Wisconsin State Assembly.[6] He was the younger brother of Charles
Sholes (1816–1867) who was a newspaper publisher and politician who served in both houses of the Wisconsin State
Legislature and as mayor of Kenosha, Wisconsin.[7]
The "Voree Plates"
In 1845, Sholes was working as editor of the Southport Telegraph, a small newspaper in Kenosha, Wisconsin.
During this time he heard about the alleged discovery of the Voree Record, a set of three minuscule brass plates
unearthed by James J. Strang, a would-be successor to the murdered Latter Day Saint prophet Joseph Smith, Jr.[8]
Strang asserted that this proved that he was a true prophet of God, and he invited the public to call upon him and see
the plates for themselves. Sholes accordingly visited Strang, examined his "Voree Record," and wrote an article
about their meeting. He indicated that while he could not accept Strang's plates or his prophetic claims, Strang
himself seemed to be "honest and earnest" and his disciples were "among the most honest and intelligent men in the
neighborhood." As for the "record" itself, Sholes indicated that he was "content to have no opinion about it."[9]
Christopher Latham Sholes 9
Inventing the typewriter
Typewriters had been invented as early as 1714 by
Henry Mill and reinvented in various forms throughout
the 1800s. It was to be Sholes, however, who invented
the first one to be commercially successful.
Sholes had moved to Milwaukee and became the editor
of a newspaper. Following a strike by compositors at
his printing press, he tried building a machine for
typesetting, but this was a failure and he quickly
abandoned the idea. He arrived at the typewriter
through a different route. His initial goal was to create
a machine to number pages of a book, tickets, and so
on. He began work on this at Kleinsteubers machine
shop in Milwaukee, together with a fellow printer
Samuel W. Soule, and they patented a numbering
machine on November 13, 1866.[10]
Sholes and Soule showed their machine to Carlos
Glidden, a lawyer and amateur inventor at the machine
shop working on a mechanical plow, who wondered if
the machine could not be made to produce letters and John Pratt's Pterotype, the inspiration for Sholes in July 1867.
words as well. Further inspiration came in July 1867,
when Sholes came across a short note in Scientific
American[11] describing the "Pterotype", a prototype
typewriter that had been invented by John Pratt. From
the description, Sholes decided that the Pterotype was
too complex and set out to make his own machine,
whose name he got from the article: the typewriting
machine, or typewriter.
For this project, Soule was again enlisted, and Glidden
joined them as a third partner who provided the funds.
The Scientific American article (unillustrated) had
figuratively used the phrase "literary piano"; the first
Wisconsin Historical Marker
model that the trio built had a keyboard literally
resembling a piano. It had black keys and white keys,
laid out in two rows. It did not contain keys for the numerals 0 or 1 because the letters O and I were deemed
sufficient:
3 5 7 9 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
2 4 6 8 . A B C D E F G H I J K L M
With the first row made of ivory and the second of ebony, the rest of the framework being wooden. It was in this
form that Sholes, Glidden and Soule were granted patents for their invention on June 23, 1868[12] and July 14.[13]
The first document to be produced on a typewriter was a contract that Sholes had written, in his capacity as the
Comptroller for the city of Milwaukee. Machines similar to Sholes's had been previously used by the blind for
embossing, but by Sholes's time the inked ribbon had been invented, which made typewriting in its current form
Christopher Latham Sholes 10
possible.[10]
At this stage, the Sholes-Glidden-Soule typewriter was only one among dozens of similar inventions. They wrote
hundreds of letters on their machine to various people, one of whom was James Densmore of Meadville,
Pennsylvania. Densmore foresaw that the typewriter would be highly profitable, and offered to buy a share of the
patent, without even having laid eyes on the machine. The trio immediately sold him one-fourth of the patent in
return for his paying all their expenses so far. When Densmore eventually examined the machine in March 1867, he
declared that it was good for nothing in its current form, and urged them to start improving it. Discouraged, Soule
and Glidden left the project, leaving Sholes and Densmore in sole possession of the patent.
Realizing that stenographers would be among the first and most important users of the machine, and therefore best in
a position to judge its suitability, they sent experimental versions to a few stenographers. The most important of
them was James O. Clephane, of Washington D.C., who tried the instruments as no one else had tried them,
subjecting them to such unsparing tests that he destroyed them, one after another, as fast as they could be made and
sent to him. His judgments were similarly caustic, causing Sholes to lose his patience and temper. But Densmore
insisted that this was exactly what they needed:[10][14]
"This candid fault-finding is just what we need. We had better have it now than after we begin manufacturing.
Where Clephane points out a weak lever or rod let us make it strong. Where a spacer or an inker works stiffly,
let us make it work smoothly. Then, depend upon Clephane for all the praise we deserve."
Sholes took this advice and set to improve the machine
at every iteration, until they were satisfied that
Clephane had taught them everything he could. By this
time, they had manufactured 50 machines or so, at an
average cost of $250. They decided to have the
machine examined by an expert mechanic, who
directed them to E. Remington and Sons (which later
became the Remington Arms Company), manufacturers
of firearms, sewing machines, and farm tools. In early
1873 they approached Remington, who decided to buy
the patent from them. Sholes sold his half for $12,000,
while Densmore, still a stronger believer in the
machine, insisted on a royalty, which would eventually
fetch him $1.5 million.[10]
Sholes returned to Milwaukee and continued to work
on new improvements for the typewriter throughout the
1870s, which included the QWERTY keyboard
(1873).[15] James Densmore had suggested splitting up Sholes typewriter, 1873. Museum, Buffalo and Erie County
Historical Society.
commonly used letter combinations in order to solve a
jamming problem caused by the slow method of
recovering from a keystroke: weights, not springs, returned all parts to the "rest" position. This concept was later
refined by Sholes and the resulting QWERTY layout is still used today on both typewriters and English language
computer keyboards, although the jamming problem no longer exists.
Sholes died on February 17, 1890 after battling tuberculosis for nine years, and is buried at Forest Home Cemetery in
Milwaukee.
Christopher Latham Sholes 11
Notes
[1] Weller, Charles Edward (1918). The Early History of the Typewriter. Chase & Shepard, printers. p. 75.
[2] In his time, Sholes went by the names "C. Latham Sholes", "Latham Sholes", or "C. L. Sholes", but never "Christopher Sholes" or
"Christopher L. Sholes".
[3] "Early Typewriter History," http:/ / www. mit. edu/ ~jcb/ Dvorak/ history. html.
[4] "Sholes, Christopher Pichon 1819 - 1890" (http:/ / www. wisconsinhistory. org/ dictionary/ index. asp?action=view& term_id=1741&
keyword=sholes). Wisconsinhistory.org. . Retrieved 2011-10-12.
[5] http:/ / www. legis. state. wi. us/ lrb/ pubs/ ib/ 99ib1. pdf
[6] "A Brief History of Wisconsin's Death Penalty" (http:/ / www. wisbar. org/ AM/ Template. cfm?Section=Home& CONTENTID=50092&
TEMPLATE=/ CM/ ContentDisplay. cfm). Wisbar.org. . Retrieved 2011-10-12.
[7] "Sholes, Charles Clark 1816 - 1867" (http:/ / www. wisconsinhistory. org/ dictionary/ index. asp?action=view& term_id=2625&
keyword=sholes). Wisconsinhistory.org. . Retrieved 2011-10-12.
[8] See "Voree Plates" at http:/ / www. strangite. org/ Plates. htm.
[9] Fitzpatrick, Doyle, The King Strang Story (National Heritage, 1970), pp. 36-37.
[10] Iles, George (1912), Leading American Inventors (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ leadingamericani00ilesrich), New York: Henry Holt
and Company,
[11] "Type Writing Machine." (http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ pageviewer?frames=1& coll=moa& view=50& root=/ moa/ scia/
scia1017/ & tif=00011. TIF& cite=http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ moa-cgi?notisid=ABF2204-1017-3), Scientific American,
New (New York) 17 (1): 3, 1867-07-06, , retrieved 2009-01-14
[12] "#79265" (http:/ / www. google. com/ patents?id=t7YAAAAAEBAJ). Google.com. . Retrieved 2011-10-12.
[13] "#79868" (http:/ / www. google. com/ patents?id=ErkAAAAAEBAJ). Google.com. . Retrieved 2011-10-12.
[14] Mares, G.C. (1909), The history of the typewriter, successor to the pen: An illustrated account of the origin, rise, and development of the
writing machine, London: Guilbert Putnam Reprinted by Post-era Books, Arcadia, CA, 1985.
[15] "The Sholes (QWERTY) Keyboard" (http:/ / cs. ttu. ee/ kursused/ itv0010/ maxmon/ 1874ad. htm). Cs.ttu.ee. . Retrieved 2011-10-12.
References
• Darryl Rehr. "The First Typewriter" (http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/firsttw.html). The QWERTY
Connection. Retrieved May 11, 2005.
• Who invented the typewriter? (http://www.typewriter.be/missinvention.htm)
• Sholes and Glidden typewriter (http://www.typewriter.be/missindustry.htm)
• US 79265 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US79265), Sholes, C. L., issued
1868
• US 79868 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US79868), Sholes, C. L., issued
1868
• US 182511 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US182511), Sholes, C. L., issued
1876
• US 199382 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US199382), Sholes, C. L., issued
1878
• US 200321 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US200321), Sholes, C. L., issued
1878
• US 207557 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US207557), Sholes, C. L., issued
1878
• US 207558 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US207558), Sholes, C. L., issued
1878
• US 207559 (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US207559), Sholes, C. L., issued
1878
Christopher Latham Sholes 12
External links
• Christopher Latham Sholes, The Wisconsin State Historical Society (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/
dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1741&keyword=sholes)
• Christopher Latham Sholes (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7656870) at Find A
Grave
Article Sources and Contributors 13
Article Sources and Contributors
QWERTY Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=538073860 Contributors: *drew, 098760sam, 1234567899876543210Z, 216.7.146.xxx, 2D, 321qwerty123, 4Petesake, 5 albert
square, 56uywm, 6x7, 94pjg, A. di M., A.h. king, A8UDI, A93hg, ABarnes94, ADGTHFan, AGK, ARUNKUMAR P.R, AT343, AaronRosenberg, AaronW, Abenyosef, Abomasnow, Access
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edits
Christopher Latham Sholes Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=538169240 Contributors: 11BreKi, 478jjjz, A8UDI, Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, Alcmaeonid, Andrea105, Anual,
Avenue X at Cicero, Barek, BaronLarf, Bcuda69, Beta16, Billgordon1099, Bobo192, Cheeseheadsarge, Chris the speller, Courcelles, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, David Gale, Discospinster,
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Mountain 5, LoneStarWriter82, Marek69, Marysunshine, Mato, Mattplayssoccer, Mgenerous, Nathaniel1996, Nick C, Nk, NuclearWarfare, Ohnoitsjamie, Orangemike, Owen, Pearll's sun, Philip
Trueman, Possum, Punkishlyevil, R'n'B, RFD, RUL3R, Reconsider the static, Redf0x, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Salamurai, Sannse, Sbb3, SebastianHelm, Seddon, Shazzimshazzam,
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Ticketautomat, Tide rolls, Tlmclain, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tombomp, Uncle Milty, VivaEmilyDavies, Waacstats, Wikipelli, Yyh9734, 262 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 14
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:QWERTY keyboard.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QWERTY_keyboard.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
MichaelMaggs
File:Continental Standard typewriter keyboard - key detail.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Continental_Standard_typewriter_keyboard_-_key_detail.jpg License:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Continental_Standard_typewriter_keyboard.jpg: Sommeregger derivative work: Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk)
Image:QWERTY 1878.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QWERTY_1878.png License: Public Domain Contributors: C.L. Sholes
Image:Qwerty.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Qwerty.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Azaghal of Belegost,
Davepape, Doggitydogs, EugeneZelenko, Gennaro Prota, GeoGab, HenkvD, LjL, Moberg, Mozaika2, Mysid, Pyerre, Simo Kaupinmäki, TZM, Vivaelcelta, Ymulleneers, Überraschungsbilder, 23
anonymous edits
File:Latin keyboard layouts by country in Europe map.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Latin_keyboard_layouts_by_country_in_Europe_map.PNG License:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Любослов Езыкин
Image:Nokia E55 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nokia_E55_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: James Nash
File:Sholes.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sholes.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Iles, George
File:Pterotype.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pterotype.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: George Carl Mares
File:Invention of the Typewriter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Invention_of_the_Typewriter.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
User:Sulfur
File:Sholes typewriter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sholes_typewriter.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: George Iles
License 15
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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