OBJECTIVES: From these practical, some of objectives are determined. There are: 1. To provide student with the skill in collecting insect in a proper ways. 2. To encourage student follow the flows in the museum collection such as collection, preservation, identification and labeling. 3. To introduce world of the insect and to introduced the order of the insect to the student. 4. To provide student to figure out the characters, habitat and the importance of the insect. 5. To provide student to figure out the adaptation that helping success insect. 6. To provide students a good information of the insect.
INTRODUCTION Insects is categorized in the Animalia Kingdom and the insects are belongs to the largest phylum of the animals known as arthropod. Insects divided into the 33 orders but only ten are most important. There are Odonata, Orthoptera, Blattara, Neutoptera, Dictyoptera, Hymenoptera. Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and
Insects are invertebrates that with the three pairs of the legs. The leg consists of the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and pretarsus. The legs are adapted for different types of the movement such as jumping, running and others. The body divided into the three regions. There are head, thorax and abdomen. Thorax is middle a body part. Thorax has three segments which is prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. Each of the thoraxes has a pair of the leg and some of the insects have a wing which is attached to the mesothorax and the metathorax. Mouthparts of the insects are modified to make the success of the insects. Mouth is modified for sucking, chewing, bites, sponging and siphoning. Usually has one pair of the antennae that which is used to sense vibrations, food and pheromones in the environment. Sensory hairs, which are sensitive to touch, cover the exoskeleton and antennae. The two pairs of the wings are used for the moving and fly. With the ability to fly, insects can escape from the predators, find mates, discover the new food sources and find the new places to lives. Insects are invertebrates with jointed appendages.
Insects act as pollinators such as bees, wasp, butterflies, moths and others. Insects also act as decomposers for the plant and animal, for example termites, ants and beetles. Termites and ants can be as soils modifiers such as termites and ants. In the other hand, insects are useful in the agriculture and forestry where insects act as biological control agents. But, insects also can cause disadvantages especially for the plant. Insects can destroy his crops by mechanically and sap sucking, such as grasshoppers, caterpillar and bugs. There also can be a vector of the bacteria, destroy wood and others that will harm to us.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT • • • • • • • • • • • Insect net Killing jar Forceps Insect pin Spreading board Pinning block Ethyl acetate Plastic bag Insect box Triangular paper Pinning block
METHOD Collecting :
1. The insect that want to collect is determined. The insect name, placed that insect found and name of the collector are recorded. 2. Killing jar are used to kill the insect such as Hemiptera order (Cicadidae), Coleoptera order (beetle), Hymenoptera order (bees), Diptera order (flies), Neuroptera , Orthoptera order (grasshopper), and Homoptera (aphids) . 3. One or two layer of tissues paper is placed at the bottom of the killing jar. Wet the tissues with the ethyl acetate.
4. The Lepidoptera order (butterflies) and Odonata order (dragonflies) are killing at their thorax first and placed it into the triangular paper to prevent bleaching of their colors at the wings. 5. Different killing jar are used to killing the insect and don’t put too many insect in the same killing jar. 6. The insect are transfer by using the forceps when the insect are ready to pin it. Pinning insect : 1. The insect are hold and the insect pin are push through the dorsal or top surface of the insect. 2. Suitable sizes of the insect pin are used for the insect. Insect pin number 3 is used for the moderate insect. 3. Usually the insect are pin by using the insect pin at their thorax. The insect are placed on the insect pin to make their body horizontal to the pinning surface. Example: • • Grasshoppers are pinned to the right of the prothorax. Butterflies and dragonflies are pinned through the middle of the thorax.
4. The insect are pushed within 25mm from the top of the pin gently by using pinning block without touching the insect. It wants to uniform the height of the insect are placed and look nice. 5. The insect are pin on the pinning board before dry it in the oven.
Dry Preservation
:
1. The insect that has been pin on the pinning board undergoes to the dry preservation where the insect are dry in the oven with the 50º-60º. 2. The insect wings are covered with the triangular paper to prevent damage of the wings. 3. The insect are keeping the collection box with the naphthalene.
LIST OF INSECT 1. LEPIDOPTERA O: Lepidoptera F: Satyridae O: Lepidoptera F: Nymphalidae O: Lepidoptera F: nymphalidae S: Precis altites O: Lepidoptera F: S: O: Lepidoptera F: Satyridae S: Neptis doryodana
S: Neptis doryodana S: Precis coentra O: Lepidoptera F: Papilionidae S: O: Lepidoptera F: S:
2. ODONATA O: Odonata F: Libellulidae S: erythrae O: Odonata F: Libellulidae S: servillia O: Odonata F: Gumphidae specularis O: Odonata F: Libellulidae Fluctuans O: Odonata F: Gumphidae O: Odonata F: Libellulidae S: Crocothenmis erythrae
Crocothenmis S:
Octogomphus S:
Crocothemis S: fabricius
3. NEUROPTERA O: Neuroptera F: Ascalaphidae S:
4. BLATTARIA O: Blattaria F: Blattidae S: Archiraga babaliana
5. HYMENOPTERA O: Hymenoptera O: Hymenoptera O: Hymenoptera
F: Pompolidae S: sceliphron formosum O: Hymenoptera F: Vespidae S: Vespa tropica O: Hymenoptera F: S:
F: Vespidae S: Provespa amomala O: Hymenoptera F: S:
F: Anthoporidae S: Platinopodh latipos O: Hymenoptera F: vespidae S: vespa tropica
6. ORTHOPTERA O: Orthoptera F: Pseudophylinae S: Onomarchus sp. O: Orthoptera F: Prygomorphidae S: Atractomorphe sp. O: Orthoptera F: tettigonidae S: Euconophalus palidus O: Orthoptera F: Acrididae S: Valanga nigricomis O: Orthoptera F: Gryllotalpidae S: Gryllotalp longipennis
7. COLEOPTERA O: Coleoptera F: Coccinelidae S: Epilachna indica O: Coleoptera F: Chrysomeslidae S: Lochmaea Caprea O: Coleoptera F: Scambueidae S: O: Coleoptera F: S: O: Coleoptera F: Scambueidae S: O: Coleoptera F: Scambaidae S: Anamolu sp.
8. DIPTERA O: Diptera F: Calliphoridae S: Phaenica sericata O: Diptera F: S:
9. HOMOPTERA O: Homoptera F: Cicadae S:Orientopeal trea aticola O: Hompotera F: Cicadae S: Tacua specioso O: Hompotera F: S:
10. HEMIPTERA O: Hemiptera F: Scitelleroidae S: O: Hemiptera F: Careidar S: Ancplocnemic phasiana
11. DICTYOPTERA O: Dictyoptera F: Mantidae S: Stagmomantis carolina O: Dictyoptera F: S:
DISCUSSION From these experiment, I have been faced a lot of problem. Lack of the skill and experience in collecting makes me have small quantities of the insect. The insect are too dried makes the body part such as leg are crunch. This situation makes the insect body part to damage. In the other hand the insect are damaged when the pinning activity. The insect are harden before pinning activities are one of the problem in this experiment. Lack of experience to handling the tools makes me difficult to catching the insect. To identify the insect based on the order keys. Different orders are different order keys. First we have to classify the insect into two group either they have a pair of wing or absent of the wing. After that the wings are value either the forewing is thick and hard such as grasshopper or the wing seems like membrane. For the Orthoptera order, the hind leg biggest than the fore leg to jumping. The fore wing overlapping with the hind wing and has a lot of vein at the hind wing. For example is grasshopper. If the hind legs are not big as the fore leg, the order goes to the Dictyoptera, such as mantids. For the Hemiptera order the insect are identified based on the wing. If the wings have a vein and the bodies are tiny with 5mm long then the insect belongs to the Hemiptera order. In the other hand, insect in the Hemiptera order has a sucking mouthpart. If the mouthpart are proboscis then the insect are classify into the Lepidoptera order. To identify Coleoptera order, the bodies are short and big. The fore legs are bigger than other leg. The big leg is for catching the prey. Every order shows their unique characteristic. Odonata order has a body with 15.0 to 80.0mm length, while the wing between 160 to 180mm lengths. Insect in this order has a short pair of antennae with the compound eyes. The mouthparts are for feeding. They have coupled of the wings. Insect in the Odonata order act as predator. Dragonflies are good example for the Odonata order. The insect in the Dictyoptera have a long pair of the antennae. They also have big eyes with the feeding mouthpart. They have a couple of the wing where the fore wings are thick and the hind wings are like membrane. This order divided into the suborder, Blattaria. Orthoptera has a feeding mouthpart. The fore leg with the big femur is to jumping. The wings are similiar Dictyoptera. The body size of the insect between 10 to 100mm lengths. Grasshopper and cricket are belongs to this order. Cicadidae is one of the examples in the Hemiptera order. The body size between 1.0 to 60.0 mm with the short and long antennae. The mouths are for sucking. Hemiptera order divided into two groups, Homoptera and
Heteroptera. Beetles are belonging to the Coleoptera order. They have two pairs of the wings where the fore wings are harden than the hind wing. They have various shapes of the antennae. The mouths are for feeding with the strong mandible.
CONCLUSION The insect has a different order with the different unique characteristic. Every of the body part of the insect have different function. From this experiment, I know the proper way to collecting, pinning, labeling and drying the insect.
REFERENCES
Pengantar Entamologi;
Mohammed Salleh Mohammed Said;
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Biology the Dymanics of Life; Alton Biggs, Chris Kapicka, Linda Lundgren; McGraw-Hill